The Effects of Environment

8/14/2019 The Effects of Environment

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THE EFFECTS OFTHE EFFECTS OFENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENT

PRESENTED BY,PRESENTED BY,

VIJAYAN.M.GVIJAYAN.M.GRAJEEV KUMAR BARNWALRAJEEV KUMAR BARNWAL

IV th YEAR MECHANICAL,IV th YEAR MECHANICAL,

VMKV ENGG. COLLEGE,VMKV ENGG. COLLEGE,


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PRINCIPLE OF ENVIRONMENTALPRINCIPLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL

CONTROLCONTROLNature has provided two almost inexhaustibleNature has provided two almost inexhaustiblesumps for maintaining a steady statesumps for maintaining a steady stateenvironment on earth. The first of these is theenvironment on earth. The first of these is the2.7 K background temperature of absolute2.7 K background temperature of absolutespace, which nature uses for heat rejection tospace, which nature uses for heat rejection toclose its heat balances.close its heat balances.

The second is the oceans, which serve to The second is the oceans, which serve to

close the material balances of its cyclicclose the material balances of its cyclicprocesses by accepting the combined runoffsprocesses by accepting the combined runoffsof the continents.of the continents.


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AN OVERVIEW OF ECOLOGYAN OVERVIEW OF ECOLOGY

Ecology is the study of the biosphere, aEcology is the study of the biosphere, ahypothetical system comprising the surfacehypothetical system comprising the surfaceof the earth and all the subsystemsof the earth and all the subsystems

necessary to maintain a steady-state life-necessary to maintain a steady-state life-support system.support system.

The thermal cycle is open, isenthalpic, and The thermal cycle is open, isenthalpic, andirreversible.irreversible.

Solar energy is utilized, becomes degraded,Solar energy is utilized, becomes degraded,and is finally rejected into outer space byand is finally rejected into outer space bymeans of long-wave radiation through themeans of long-wave radiation through theoptical window of the earths atmosphere.optical window of the earths atmosphere.


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MAJOR QUASI CYCLICMAJOR QUASI CYCLIC

PROCESSESPROCESSES

HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE,HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE,

CARBON CYCLE,CARBON CYCLE,

NITROGEN CYCLE,NITROGEN CYCLE,

POTASSIUM CYCLE,POTASSIUM CYCLE,PHOSPHOROUS CYCLE,&PHOSPHOROUS CYCLE,&

SULFUR CYCLE.SULFUR CYCLE.

These are almost closed cycles, which are These are almost closed cycles, which areoccasionally interrupted and renewed byoccasionally interrupted and renewed by

tech tonic geological upheavals.tech tonic geological upheavals.


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THERMAL DISCHARGESTHERMAL DISCHARGES

The total solar flux reaching the earth isThe total solar flux reaching the earth is

182 trillion kW; 32.4 trillion kW is utilized182 trillion kW; 32.4 trillion kW is utilizedin the hydrological cycle, wherebyin the hydrological cycle, wherebyfreshwater distilled from the oceans isfreshwater distilled from the oceans is

utilized on the continents by the plant andutilized on the continents by the plant andanimal kingdoms and finally drains backanimal kingdoms and finally drains back

into the ocean to complete the cycle.into the ocean to complete the cycle.

FIRST ASPECTFIRST ASPECT


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The second largest thermal dischargeThe second largest thermal discharge

is from industry. Because of keenis from industry. Because of keen

marketplace competition, thermalmarketplace competition, thermalprocesses have been selected to provideprocesses have been selected to provide

the most favorable cost/benefit ratio forthe most favorable cost/benefit ratio for

the consumer.the consumer.

SECOND ASPECTSECOND ASPECT


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Transportation is the third largestTransportation is the third largest

contributor to the heat island effect and thecontributor to the heat island effect and the

one with the worst side effects. Thermalone with the worst side effects. Thermaldischarge to city streets could be reduced todischarge to city streets could be reduced to

one-third its present value and petroleumone-third its present value and petroleum

stocks conserved if all-electric transportationstocks conserved if all-electric transportation

could be substituted economically for thecould be substituted economically for the

internal combustion engine.internal combustion engine.

THIRD ASPECTTHIRD ASPECT


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PRINCIPLES OF AIRPRINCIPLES OF AIR

POLLUTANTSPOLLUTANTS


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POLLUTIONPOLLUTION

How long does it take?How long does it take?Various articles in the household garbage take vastly different times to bio-degrade.Various articles in the household garbage take vastly different times to bio-degrade.

Banana peelBanana peel - 3-4 weeks.- 3-4 weeks.

Paper bagPaper bag - 1 month.- 1 month.

Plastic bagPlastic bag - 1 million years.- 1 million years.

Cotton rag -Cotton rag - 5 months.5 months.

Wool sockWool sock

- 1 year.- 1 year.

Aluminum canAluminum can - 200-500 years.- 200-500 years.

Leather shoeLeather shoe - 40-50 years.- 40-50 years.

Styrofoam cupStyrofoam cup - For ever- For ever

Tin canTin can - 50-100 years- 50-100 years

WoodWood - 10-15 years- 10-15 years

Glass bottleGlass bottle - Unknown- Unknown


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Ambient Air Quality StandardsAmbient Air Quality Standards


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AIR STANDARD ACTSAIR STANDARD ACTS

Clean Air Amendments, 1965Clean Air Amendments, 1965 Authorized federal control of newmotor vehicle emissions. Extended federal control to coverinternational Pollution originating.

Clean Air Act of November 21, 1967Clean Air Act of November 21, 1967 Under Public Law 90-148the states are held responsible for establishing local air quality

standards consistent with federal criteria.

Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977 New plants and newadditions to old ones must have the best available pollutioncontrol technology, and meet emission standards, including zerolevels for hazardous substances. A 90 percent reduction from

baseline in automotive emissions is required.

Clean Air Act of 1990Clean Air Act of 1990 its major requirements are to reduce SO2emission by 50 percent and to set emission standards for anumber of chemicals.


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Low-Emission AutomotiveLow-Emission Automotive

Propulsion SystemsPropulsion Systems

The automobile is a major source of air pollution andThe automobile is a major source of air pollution anda significant contributor to photochemical smog (causeda significant contributor to photochemical smog (causedby the products of photoreactions in the atmosphereby the products of photoreactions in the atmosphereorganic peroxides, peracids, hydroxy peracids,organic peroxides, peracids, hydroxy peracids,

peroxyacyl nitrate, and other Compounds). For everyperoxyacyl nitrate, and other Compounds). For every1,000 gal of gasoline consumed by an automobile1,000 gal of gasoline consumed by an automobileengine, there are discharged the following air pollutants,engine, there are discharged the following air pollutants,in pounds: carbon monoxide, 3,000; hydrocarbons, 200in pounds: carbon monoxide, 3,000; hydrocarbons, 200to 400; nitrogen oxides, 50 to 150; aldehydes, 5;to 400; nitrogen oxides, 50 to 150; aldehydes, 5;

sulphurcompounds, 5 to 10; organic acids, 2; ammonia,sulphurcompounds, 5 to 10; organic acids, 2; ammonia,2; solids, 0.3.2; solids, 0.3.


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Conventional Gasoline EnginesConventional Gasoline Engines

A major thrust aimed at the reduction of air pollutionA major thrust aimed at the reduction of air pollution

from automotive exhausts resulted in enactment offrom automotive exhausts resulted in enactment of

legislation to increase the fuel economy obtained bylegislation to increase the fuel economy obtained by

passenger cars. Commonly known as thepassenger cars. Commonly known as the corporatecorporate

average fuel economy (CAFE)average fuel economy (CAFE) program, theprogram, the

legislation sought to increase average fuel economylegislation sought to increase average fuel economy

from 18 mi/gal (1978) to 27.5 mi/gal (1985). Currentfrom 18 mi/gal (1978) to 27.5 mi/gal (1985). Current

average fuel economy for passenger cars is slightlyaverage fuel economy for passenger cars is slightly

above 28 mi/gal (1995).above 28 mi/gal (1995).


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CONCLUSION...?CONCLUSION...?


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THANK YOUTHANK YOU

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The Effects of Environment