The Effect of Trade Agendas on Regulatory Governance: When the EU Meets the Global South

8/13/2019 The Effect of Trade Agendas on Regulatory Governance: When the EU Meets the Global South

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The Effect of Trade Agendas onRegulatory GovernanceW EU M G S

A C. B

N. 57 | N 2013

WORKING PAPER


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2 | KFGWorking Paper No. 57 | November 2013

KFG Working Paper Series

Edited by the Kolleg-ForschergruppeT Tm Pw Ep

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x x E E U.

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KFG W P S, N. 57, N 2013, K-F (KFG) T T Pw E,F U B.

ISSN 1868-6834 (P)

ISSN 1868-7601 (I)

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The Effect of Trade Agendas on Regulatory Governance | 3

The Effect of Trade Agendas on Regulatory

Governance

W EU M Gb S

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C

1. I 5

2. T Nw T A: F GATT WTO B 6

2.1 From Negave to Posive Integraon at the Mullateral Level 6

2.2 Posive Integraon at the Interregional Level 7

3. I T N R G R 8

3.1 The Negoaon of Regulatory Commitments Across Agendas 9

3.2 Regulatory Governance Regimes: The Instuonal Seng and

Strategic Constellaons 11

4. EU M I N: A C-P

A R G R 13

4.1 The Trade and Cooperave Agendas: Norms and Capacity Building

Mechanisms 15

4.1.1 Trade Facilitaon 15

4.1.2 Educaon 17

4.2 The Strategic Constellaons: The Actors, Their Roles and Their Networks 19 4.2.1 Trade Facilitaon 19

4.2.2 Educaon 21

5. V P R G 24

6. S F R 27

R 29


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1. I1

D , w z z-

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w w - , , w w

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(D 2006).

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w (H/W 2010; T/

S 2011).

T w , ,

x w (D 2006; P 2007; R/S Cz 2006).

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w , (IPR), , -

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w.

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W z x ,

w w

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x w w w x N-S -

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1980,

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M 2013; M/C 2006).

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M (M). T x ,

1 T w K-F (KFG) T T

Pw E, F U B (2012-2013) w G R

F (DFG). I Tj A. Bz T R -

. M KFG J Fx . F , I w KFG

.


6/33


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w ,

(Lw 1996). T w :

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w,

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T :

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x w , ,

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, w z EU

G S.

2. T Nw T A: Fm GATT WTO B

2.1 From Negave to Posive Integraon at the Mullateral Level

T 25

. T G A T T (GATT, 1947) j

w , x

(F 2005; S 1996, 1999). Y , U R,

w WTO,

(D/H 2001). A j,

-

(S 1999: 45), w w

w x w (F 2005).

E z x w -

, x, (D B 2006)

WTO w w

(D/H 2001).2

F, WTO, x .

T z

w

, IPR, , ( ). T

.

2 F WTO, O (1997).


7/33


W z

q w , -

q (S 1999;

W 2005). Cq, w ,

, , w w -

, . A

x

,

(S 1999). A, w

, w

. I , q

w (S 1999: 71).

2.2 Posive Integraon at the Interregional Level

T w (Y/P 2006), (D/H 2001)

(D B 2006; W/A 2007)

. T C M M 2003 q

D R N-S (H/

W 2010; T/S 2011).

P . T w

WTO x. T w

, , w

. S, ,

w , w N-S . T,

z , N-S

z w.

T S-S N-S , w z ,

2000 (R/S Cz 2006). T

z (D

2006; P 2007).

W w q EU, E

. A

WTO (Bw 2006), w

, , (D 2001).3

3 T EU x Y/P (2006) Y (2007).


8/33


Hw, D D R , EU

- , , ,

, , w w

. T Gz S P (GSP), , - - , A A,

(EC 2004; Y/P 2006).

W L A, z

x .4Hw, w w

w

w. T w x ?

W / ? B (Lw

1964) , x

.

3. Ii T N R G Rim

F , x EU

x w z , -

(Bz/R 2007; Bz/MD 2011;

F/R 2003; T 2008). T , w

w G S, w

EU . F A ,

w L A, w , w -

w z EU,

w S (J 2008).

B , w x N-S -

S. T

L A, w , , (H 2004):C ,

. F, N-S : -

, x

w (Bz/MD 2011; S/T 2005).

G N-S -

z , I

. T

w w

4 F w , B (2010).


9/33


(S 1999: 70). T

- , w ,

w w ,

.

3.1 The Negoaon of Regulatory Commitments Across Agendas

W w

(W/A 2007), I (Bw .

1998), (

-) : , . R

w . I,

, ,

w . M,

w, , .

R w -

. E

w ,

, w w -

x (L-F 2011: 13; M 1985). F,

, ,

w ,

- , , x, - w

(S 1999). H, w z w -

, x -- w

-- , , -

.

B w w

Y (2007)

w .


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Table 1. Typology of regulatory commitments in trade negoaons

At-the-border Behind-the-border

Competition Traditional trade policy

- Agriculture (export subsidies,levies)

- Quantitative restrictions- Tariffs

Commercial policy

- Agriculture (subsidies)- Competition policy- Government procurement- Intellectual property rights- Investment- Subsidies- Trade facilitation- Trade-related investment

measures

Market failure (discriminatory import bans) Social trade policy

- Agriculture (multifunctionality)- Environment- Labor standards- Services- Technical barriers to trade

Source: Ow , Y (2007).

W --

,

, w

S : , ,

. F, --

x , x,

x . E Y

z, w w w. F, -

, z S . T -

w ,

, w z

(W . 2005: 842). T,

.

S, w , ,

. T -

,

(S 1999).


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3.2 Regulatory Governance Regimes: The Instuonal Seng and Strategic

Constellaons

W z , w - (P 2012), w

q S-

S, N-S WTO ,

(B 2010). F, x

:

, , z

(Lw 1964; W 1980). T -

T 1 x (Y 2007).

D ,

w -

, w x . B -

x w

, w x w

. T

. W

,

.

F, norms, w ,

w x- , w

, , - .5S, modes of assistance or capacity build-

ing measures ;

q.

Resources , z.6W

, type and number of actors ad-dressed , , w

. T x ,

- , - . T

, w, x .

D w w ,

x -

5 I w Tj Bz .

6 W z w w (TIR)

, Bz/MD (2011) -

TIR . T : , z.


12/33


, w x . F, cooperave

requirements x w q

. T w z ,

x .

Table 2. Instuonal seng: Two dimensions and their variaons

Source: Ow .

I , ,

w x . T

, - , ,

, CSO, , w w -

.7T w z x .

Table 3: Strategic constellaons

Actors

Mono-stakeholder Multi-stakeholders

Network

configuration

Regional Dyadic Regional Constellation Multiplex Regional Constellation

International Dyadic International Constellation

Multiplex International

Constellation

Source: Ow .

H,

w w . I ,

x . B (K

1982; R 1982), I

, w x .

T , - w.

7 J (2008; 2009) -

w, w w

z.

Nm R .

Ex- . -

Cpi bii

mim

T :

- F, , z

T :

-S - (, , z(CSO), )

C q:

- R


13/33


T x w w

EU M, w w - -

, w x . T -

w : . B - z . O

, z w

,

w . S,

--

, w (E . 2007: 3). T ,

x,

(C/M 2010),

, z w

, . I ,

, q z ,

. Cq,

. S, w ,

z w -

, . W

(V 2008: 19),

z , x

q. H, x -

w w w

.

T w ,

R S P (RSP) w E C (EC) j

EU w M, w 2000. T -

R I P (RIP) ,

x, w , ,

z, M EU-

M , , w w .

4. EU M Ii N: A C-Pi Ai

R G Rim

B , z w -

w EU M S

. T EU-M I Fw C A

(EMFICA) 1995 I A A :


14/33


z, , .8A

A, w 1999. A 15

( O 2012),

. I 2004, , w - EU-L A C (EU-LAC) S (M, M 2010). Hw,

EU . R

(B/B 2011). H, w ,

EU : -

RSP.

T , , w

, , -

, IPR, , . C,

EU w w , -

(F/O 2008). W x, w C (2002)

w 2000 x EU

w S w (L 2002).9T

w M w w : w

w , E w w w , , ,

, (L 2000: 7). F, w x

(M 2005: 5).

E

, w

, , z, . P

-- (B 2010). T w

- , () , ,

z w .

F, , z -

(Bz . 2008). P

, w - . T ,

(Bz/R 2009: 7).10

8 T Fw w x 1992 I-I C A, J D

22 D 1994, w z -

w , D P D 15 S 1995.

9 P L EU T C (1999-2004) -

EU

w WTO (L 2002: 2).

10 T : , ,

, G (2012); M/S (2009). M , Bz R (2012)

z ,


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B , w

w -

, , M .

4.1 The Trade and Cooperave Agendas: Norms and Capacity Building Mechanisms

4.1.1 Trade Facilitaon

T 2002-2006 RSP

M . I , M

, w , w

z , w - -

M , . T -

w

. I , w

w w q

.

Oz , w

Iz M, w j w M

(EC 2002: 29-30). I ,

. I , 26 w -

M , .11

T ,

A P M S 2002. C

E T A, M

w, , w .

T RSP 2007-2013, w :

, - , - . W ,

z -

. I,

w . F

, , , z .

I , ,

, w . C w

.

11 T w w

(44 )

(30 ).


16/33


w :

, , W C Oz (WCO)

Fw S S F G T.12

T j - w w -

w M w . A EU x ,

w M w w -

, j. P q

w . T, C S P (CSP) M

, . T w

, w w- M

.

T M

, w 70 50 M. M,

2002-2006 w - w

,

(EC 2007). I z

, M-EU C C Pj

(PADUEM), w w 2004 2007. L , PADUEM w

q z q . I

, z, ,

, w M

, z , .13E w

E T A, q x

(R S T 2006: 14).

T w EU-M B- N C

(BNC) (P 2008), w EU M, C -

, EC G D T F A,

M (B/B 2011). W 2010,

BNC. D BNC(B A, 2010), q

2004.

12 WCO w 1947 w E C E

E C- S G x -

-E C U GATT. O , S G w -

: E C, Oz E C- D

(OECD), C C, w C C- C (CCC). I 1994, CCC

177 ,

W C Oz. F , ://www.w./.x, 27M 2013.

13 F , ://www../ESP/01.x, 28 M 2013.


17/33


D ,

( )

x O 2012 (BNC 2012). Hw,

, EU-MJ C C C, B A S B

F .14

4.1.2 Educaon

E w EU M, z

, 15 w w

(FSE . 2009). A , w BNC. S,

z -

(B/Px B 2008). I ,

, z w -

w M , .

I M w

z , , P

M T S 1997. T -

2015.

EU w M 2002-2006 RSP

. B , , ,

, - z (NGO), ,

z w . A -

j

, -

z M, w -

. C

E w EU : - , , w, x x

, w M .

T j 2007-2013 RSP, w -

z , w

, . T

14 T x w , S

C C, T F R O (BNC 2012: 6).

15 E w WTO G A T S

(GATS). W , z w : ; -

; ; ; .


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, EU-M ,16 z w

x , w P

M E S 2006-2010. Tw 50

w , w 10 w j w z RSP. Pj CSP

L A . T

M w , w , ,

. O 2011 EU w j

.

F, 2007 A A P H E M S P (3 -

), w - w

, . T j-

x M w -

. I , M z

. S, S P M

E S (PASEM) (6,8 ), w w EU ,

E P

-

. C- EU M, PASEM :

,

q , . T

,

.

A x w -

, , EU

. W x

- w w w (B O 2009),

, , M w z

.

16 B w D C I, E P C

ww , E/M

, EU M S C, M EU

M S, w w w , EP (2007).


19/33


4.2 The Strategic Constellaons: The Actors, Their Roles and Their Networks

4.2.1 Trade Facilitaon

T EU , -

x w . T, M-EU

B F (MEBF) . C N 1997, -

G F

I, MEBF w x T B D.17I

w -

. E w , w

w . T w : ,

w w ()

.18

A 2001, MEBF M-EU

-M

- w. T : ;

, ; (MEBF

2001). T B A S B F w

30 -, - - (MEBF 2003: 12), w w

w

(P 2008: 93). T w w

, S A I Sz

C (IRAM, I A Nz C).19

M MEBF w B F A P

2002 M (EC 2002; L

2002). F, w EU ,

j. A C Ex R,

C P, EU w MEBF (P 2002). L ,

MEBF w 2004, w M, w , -

z , - .20I 2006, MEBF

P .

17 T T B D w

EU U S. F MEBF w

, ://..////-/-/#2-

6, 12 J 2013. T MEBF w 2008, .

18 Iw w MEBF x, B A, 21 N 2007

19 Iw w IRAM x, B A, 23 N 2007.

20 Iw w MEBF x, B A, 21 N 2007.


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A EU

, MEBF w x-

. I w S P

C M , j -w EU M.21F I-A D B (IDB), w -

z A, Bz EU, j w w

EU M

- . I , j w

. O x

w B T F.22T w

w w B A S P (S 2007), w

MEBF VII P C (L, O 2007). O

w z

A A (MEBF 2007: 4).

W , L

B A D, w E Sz w

. T E C Sz (CEN) E

C E Sz (CENELEC), w j E S

I, w E T S I (ETSI). T, MEBF -

w , w

. Hw, w z w

EU M, x x , w

w x .23

D x , M

w w

j,

(CCI-M 2012). M j z-

z M A Nz (AMN, A M

Nz), - - z. Rz C

M G (CMG),24AMN z .25I 1999, CMG w , w M

C Nz (CMN, C M Nz).26AMN z

21 Iw w IRAM x, B A, 23 N 2007.

22 S ://www..//j/j--,1303.?=RG-T1282, 25 M

2013.

23 Iw w IRAM x, B A, 23 N 2007.

24 T CMG x M, M F A E,

C B , .

25 F AMN j, ://www.../, 29 M 2013.

26 I 1991, IRAM w z z Bz, P U


21/33


w M. T ,

.

W M N (MN), AMN

w M . I , w w , AMN , I

Oz Sz (ISO), I E T C (IEC)

I T U (ITU). F , P

A S C (COPANT) EU , CENELEC CEN.

W , MEBF

, WCO

j, -

, w EU M (MEBF 2001). S, M z

w w (BNC 2012:

6).

F, - , EU q,

, M (M 2005: 1569).

W w , EU w -

w

. Hw, w C Mx

S C C C (F 2004; M 2005). O ,

EU-M M -

, ,

.27

4.2.2 Educaon

I M E

M. C , - 1991 M M E M (RME, R M

E M), w w C M C (CMC)

.28

CMN. P w .

27 T EU -

(F 2009).28 I 1995, RME w M , M E w

w (B/Px B 2008).


22/33


S , RME -

(G . 2012: 228). I j

z , w x -

z w (V/H 2010). T, RME : ,

. A, z E

S M (SEM, S E M) w

w , w SEM -

, w .

N, ,

(P 2001) w-

(Fq 2005; G . 2012). W SEM,

, : , ,

.29

T RME

z (G . 2012) w

. I , P M E S, 2006-2010,

2011-2015, w EU RSP 2007-2013

constutes an instance of polical coordinaon to integrate educaon to the necessary social, eco-

nomic and polical processes for the development of the people and naonal sociees. It designs and

executes policies to promote an educaon of quality for all, contribung thus to Mercosurs objecves

(Mercosur 2005: 9).

I w EU . I, EU -

w M j H

E M S P. G M R A

M A C (MARCA, P M A R) -

,30EU

M j . EU , z w - x

, E M B P.

W j RME , z , w

F T M w M ,

(B/Px B 2008).

29 B C - SEM.

30 I 2004, CMC E S F F

(M 2004). M US$ 30,000, US$ 2200

w 24 (M 2008).


23/33


T . z

z , .

F EU, w M x x-- z EC w x-

E (R 2010: 29). S 2003 w

2008, EU

w. T , w , E M ,

GATS , w EU x w E N

P, z (OECD/G8) w (EC 2006). F,

B Fw G x

E H E A (Z 2006). T z

x x, M.

A w x , ,

(R 2010).

W - , -

z. I ,

z, x . C, -

M w

w EU.

A , EU -

, w , -

w, I-A S R P U. T

M .

E SEM ,

2006, w F M E F (FEM, F E M)

w z, CSO M Oz S

E.31S z, NGO, w

w (V/H 2010).

I 2003, M E P (PEM, P E M)

z A, Bz, B, C, P U

, q . A - M

G U A (AUGM, A U G M). C

1991, w A, B, Bz, C,

P U , , -

.

31 S , M E F . F , E (2010).


24/33


T w w ,

CSO. Oz A E, I P F F

SES Bz A, , A C P C A

A B Oz G (ABONG) Bz. T - EU j

M z ,

w.

I , w - , , -

w - . T

j H E M S P, w w

, -

(CCI-M 2012).

T . A RME,

, . T

q q w M.32T -

, L A C S S (CLACSO) O

L P E (OLPED). T,

AUGM, w

x .33O , ,

. Hw, w M

S A w (B/Px B 2008).

5. Vi P Ri G

A w

, w

, w w , z T 4.

32 T P E M. F , ://www..

////.?=30595&=A&=1, 30 S 2013.

33 A ://www.../x.//q-, 30

S 2013.


25/33


Table 4. Trade facilitaon and educaon: A comparave assessment

Source: Ow .

T -

. Hw, w , w

. T w

, .

R , 2002-2006 2007-2013 RIP

w . Hw, ,

M-T Rw 2011-2013, x

, BNC. D

BNC M A P, w B

A S B F ,

, x j (ECONORMAS-M). I w : z. O ,

, w j

. F, , w w

w M, w EU .

I , (w

), . B w

M

w EU. W RSP M

,

WCO. T M ,

Trade facilitaon Educaon

Norms

Regional/Internaonal P : I (WCO)

P -

External-regional/Domesc-regional

P - x-

P -- : RME, ME, H E

Capacitybuilding

mechanisms

Type and amount ofresources

F, -z ,

-

F, z

Type and number of actorsaddressed

M -: z

z

A -

- : -, , , w--

CSO

Cooperave requirements (I) R R


26/33


z AMN. W

j B A A P, AMN w MN,

z - , I-A

COPANT, x- E , CENELEC CEN.

W , -. EU

, x x, w

w , M . A w, M

1991. S w

M E 1991,

. I -

- .

D -

,

z . Hw, .

W ,

x, z , , w

- . T ,

w w - CSO w

w . H, w , w

, w w , .

W w BNC

. T

. A

w - w q x, w

(B 2010). G - ,

w AMN. W - M ,

MEBF. C,

. Hw, MEBF -

. I , dyadic regional

constellaon, w -

x. E x ,

w A.

A ,

MEBF w w


27/33


.34F, w

w S P, IDB E z . G

, w ,

. T j -z x

. T w EU

, IDB.

I , w EU M

mul-regional constellaon, RME w ,

z, z NGO,

. B , x , -

w w (Y 2007: 796). T

z x w

- . S, w

. C w

M w - , w w w

- , - , - . F,

q,

x M w . A

w z EU,

M . T

EU w L A, w M

, , A, A-I, U-A A ALFA.

6. Sm Fi Rmk

T w -

w w EU M. T w

w x x .

W ,

M w -

, w EU. T -

MEBF. T q w

, , w

34 D x , MEBF w E M

. O j w

w (B 2010).


28/33


. W -

, w - ,

w w , . I ,

dyadic internaonal regulatory regime, w .

T z

, -

RME SEM 1990. T

RME , w w - . T

, , w CSO. T

M . C w

- ,

mulplex regional regulatory regime.

T . F, -

z

G S. S, w w

z - , -

,

. F,

, . F,

w EU M w

z w . S,

w w N-S -

. I , EU x w

w .

S EU

, , w EU

w. O , EU-M x

RME SEM. T, EU . W , x, x-

w, EU S w . I ,

w x S

w .

T : w w

G S. W

w z , -

w. T q

L A, G S.


29/33


R

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