THE EFFECT OF TEACHER CERTIFICATION ON THE QUALITY OF ENGLISH TEACHING AND LEARNING PROCESS (A QUALITATIVE STUDY IN SMA N 1 KLATEN)

7/31/2019 THE EFFECT OF TEACHER CERTIFICATION ON THE QUALITY OF ENGLISH TEACHING AND LEARNING PROCESS (A QU

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[EB BHHB@[ FH [BN@EBQ @BQ[DHD@N[DFG FG [EB ^RNOD[T FH

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%N ^rnod{n{dxb P{rkt dg PCN G > Lon{bg$

At=

H' KDNG NQKD ZRONGKNQD

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Kbjqbb fh Bkr`n{dfg dg Bgjodpe

BGJODPE KBYNQ[CBG[

[BN@EBQ [QNDGDGJ NGK BKR@N[DFG HN@RO[T

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19>9


2/223

NYYQFXNO

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{ebpdp buncdgbqp fh {eb Bgjodpe Kbynq{cbg{ fh [bn`ebq [qndgdgj ngk Bkr`n{dfg

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Pb`fgk @fgpro{ng{

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[qndgdgj ngk Bkr`n{dfg Hn`ro{t/ Pbabonp Cnqb{ Rgdxbqpd{t/ ngk n``by{bk np fgb fh

{eb qb~rdqbcbg{p hfq jb{{dgj ng Rgkbqjqnkrn{b Kbjqbb fh Bkr`n{dfg dg Bgjodpe'

Fg = Prqnlnq{n

Kn{b = Mngrnqt 19/ 19>9

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GDY' >899:1: >45:91 > 9>>


4/223

CF[[F

Bxbqt{edgj dp yfppdaob< gf{edgj dp dcyfppdaob'

[f ab n jffk {bn`ebq/ tfr enxb {f ab n jffk obnqgbq'


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KBKD@N[DFG

Ct Abofxbk Cfc/ Knk/ ngk Aqf{ebqp/ hfq n gbxbqbgkdgj pryyfq{ ngk ofxb

Ct Bgjodpe [bn`ebqp[eb qbnkbqp


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N@LGFZOBKJCBG[

Noenckroodene' Yqndpb ngk {englp ab {f Noofe {eb Nocdje{t hfq Edp

aobppdgj pf {en{ bxbg{rnoot {eb qbpbnqèbq `ng hdgdpe ebq {ebpdp np n ynq{dno

hrohdoocbg{ fh {eb qb~rdqbcbg{p hfq jb{{dgj rgkbqjqnkrn{b kbjqbb fh bkr`n{dfg dg

Bgjodpe' Faxdfrpot/ {ebqb nqb efgfqnaob ybfyob zef kbpbqxb ebq pyb`dno jqn{d{rkb

hfq {ebdq eboy {f {eb qbpbnqèbq' [ebqbhfqb {eb qbpbnqèbq zdpebp {f {engl=

>'[eb Kbng fh [bnèbq [qndgdgj ngk Bkr`n{dfg Hn`ro{t fh Pbabonp Cnqb{ zef enpjdxbg ybqcdppdfg {f {eb zqd{bq {f zqd{b {eb {ebpdp'

1'[eb Ebnk fh Bgjodpe Kbynq{cbg{ zef enp jdxbg ybqcdppdfg {f {eb zqd{bq {fzqd{b {eb {ebpdp'

0'Yqfh' Kq' Mflf Grqlnc{f/ C'Yk'/ {eb hdqp{ `fgpro{ng{/ zef enp abbg zdoodgj {fjdxb jrdkng`b ngk nkxd`b hqfc {eb abjdggdgj fh {eb {ebpdp zqd{dgj ry {f {eb

`fcyob{dfg fh d{'

;'Lqdp{dngkd/ P'P'/ {eb pb`fgk `fgpro{ng{/ hfq edp yn{dbg`b/ jrdkng`b/ prjjbp{dfg/ngk cbngdgjhro kdp`rppdfg'

2'Kqp' Zdkdtng{f/ C'Yk'/ {eb ebnkcnp{bq fh PCN G > Lon{bg/ Kqn'Em'Prodp{tfzn{d/ Kqp' Xno' Ancangj/ Kqp' [qdtfgf/ Kqn' Em' Blfpnqd/ zef eboy ebq

kbnodgj zd{e {eb qbpbnqè'

8'Ebq abofxbk hncdot/ hfq n gbxbq bgkdgj pryyfq{ ngk ofxb hfq {eb zqd{bq':'Kzd Botfgf/ P'P/ C'[qngp'P{rk'/ hfq noo {eb pryyfq{/ dgpydqn{dfg ngk cf{dxn{dfg'5'Kbkd Ebqgnkd/ hfq noo {eb pryyfq{/ cf{dxn{dfg/ ngk `fcyngdfg hfq {eb zqd{bq'4'

Ebq abp{ hqdbgkp/ Bu#YE[ fh BPN 199:&1995/ Nqdb/ Ktne/ Dhhng/ Ked{n/ Ngkqd/Njrgj/ Gfxd/ hfq {eb bxbqonp{dgj hqdbgkpedy'

[eb zqd{bq qbnod}bp {en{ {edp {ebpdp dp gf{ ybqhb`{' [ebqbhfqb/ peb jqn{bhroot

n``by{p bxbqt prjjbp{dfgp/ `qd{d`dpc/ ngk `fccbg{ hqfc {efpb zef `fg`bqg {f {edp

{ebpdp' Efybhroot/ {edp {ebpdp zdoo ab naob {f jdxb `fg{qdar{dfg ngk ab rpbhro hfq {eb

qbnkbqp bpyb`dnoot hfq {efpb zef nqb dg{bqbp{bk dg {eb pdcdonq p{rkt'

Prqnlnq{n/ 19 Mngrnqt 19>9

H' Kdng Nqkd Zrongknqd


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[NAOB FH @FG[BG[

[D[OB YNJB d

NYYQFXNO dd

NAP[QN@[ dx

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ODP[ FH [NAOBP ud

@ENY[BQ D= DG[QFKR@[DFG

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N'

[bnèdgj ngk Obnqgdgj Yqf`bpp

>'[ebfqdbp fh Obnqgdgj >>1'[ebfqdbp fh [bnèdgj >80'Bgjodpe Ongjrnjb [bnèdgj>5;'Bhhb`{dxb [bnèbqp' 1>2'Jbgbqno Yqdg`dyob fh Bhhb`{dxb [bnèdgj ngk Obnqgdgj 188'[eb @fcyfgbg{p fh [bnèdgj ngk Obnqgdgj Yqf`bpp 15


8/223


9/223

NYYBGKD@BP >>1


10/223

ODP[ FH NYYBGKD@BP

>' Nyybgkdu D = Dg{bqxdbz Yqf{f`fo >>11' Nyybgkdu DD = Hdbok Gf{b fh Dg{bqxdbz >>40' Nyybgkdu DDD = Hdbok Gf{b fh Fapbqxn{dfg >:2;' Nyybgkdu DX = Hdbok Gf{b fh Kf`rcbg{ Ngnotpdp 1912' Nyybgkdu X = Kf`rcbg{p 1958' Nyybgkdu XD = @fcyfgbg{p fhYfq{hfodf Nppbppcbg{' 1>4:' Nyybgkdu XDD = Ob{{bq fh Ybqcdppdfg 101


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ODP[ FH [NAOB

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12/223

dx

NAP[QN@[

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[BN@EDGJ NGK OBNQGDGJ YQF@BPP %N ^RNOD[N[DXB P[RKT DG

PCN G > LON[BG$' [ebpdp' Bgjodpe Kbynq{cbg{ fh [bnèbq [qndgdgj ngk

Bkr`n{dfg Hn`ro{t' Pbabonp Cnqb{ Rgdxbqpd{t/ Prqnlnq{n' 19>9'

[edp qbpbnqè dgxbp{djn{bp {eb bhhb`{ fh {bnèbq `bq{dhd`n{dfg fg {eb ~rnod{t fhBgjodpe {bnèdgj ngk obnqgdgj yqf`bpp dg {eb hfqc fh ~rnod{n{dxb p{rkt' [eb

rgkbqotdgj qbnpfg fh `fgkr`{dgj {edp qbpbnqè dp qbon{bk {f {eb yebgfcbgfg {en{

qb`bg{ot {ebqb nqb cngt npprcy{dfgp nafr{ {eb xnodkd{t fh {bnèbq `bq{dhd`n{dfg dg d{p

qbon{dfg {f {bnèbq yqfhbppdfgnodpc' [eb famb`{dxb fh {edp qbpbnqè dp {f dkbg{dht {ebbhhb`{p fh {bnèbq `bq{dhd`n{dfg dg qbon{dfg {f {eb ~rnod{t fh Bgjodpe {bnèdgj ngk

obnqgdgj yqf`bpp dg PCN G > Lon{bg' [eb yqfaobc fh {eb qbpbnqè dp= {f zen{ bu{bg{{eb {bnèbq `bq{dhd`n{dfg nhhb`{p {eb ~rnod{t fh Bgjodpe {bnèdgj ngk obnqgdgj yqf`bpp dgPCN G > Lon{bg'

[eb qbpbnqè znp `nqqdbk fr{ dg PCN G > Lon{bg hqfc Nrjrp{ {f F`{fabq 1994'

[eb pfrq`bp fh {eb kn{n nqb bxbg{p/ dghfqcng{p/ ngk zqd{{bg kf`rcbg{p' [eb kn{n nqb`foob`{bk {eqfrje gn{rqnodp{d` fapbqxn{dfg/ dg#kby{e dg{bqxdbz/ ngk kf`rcbg{ ngnotpdp'

Dg ngnot}dgj {eb kn{n/ {eb zqd{bq rpbp dg{bqn`{dxb cfkbo ngnotpdp dgòrkdgj qbkr`dgj

{eb kn{n/ yqbpbg{dgj {eb kn{n/ ngk kqnzdgj `fgòrpdfg'

[eb qbpro{ fh {eb qbpbnqè pefzp {en{ %>$ {eb Bgjodpe {bnèbqp dg PCN G >Lon{bg `qbn{b {bnèdgj ngk obnqgdgj n`{dxd{dbp zedè aqdgj nafr{ hrg ngk `ffybqn{dxb

znt fh obnqgdgj/ rpb xnqdfrp dg{bqbp{dgj cn{bqdnop ngk cbkdn/ ngk `fgkr`{ bxnorn{dfg

{en{ yqfcf{bp p{rkbg{p obnqgdgj%1$ no{efrje dg jbgbqno {eb Bgjodpe {bnèbqp dg PCNG Lon{bg `ng ab `fgpdkbqbk np yqfhbppdfgno {bnèbqp/ {ebqb nqb p{doo pfcb yfdg{p zedè

gbbk dcyqfxbcbg{ dg fqkbq {f `fgkr`{ cfqb bhhb`{dxb {bnèdgj ngk obnqgdgj yqf`bpp/

{ebt nqb= {eb obppfg yonggdgj ngk {eb xnqdb{t fh {bnèdgj ngk obnqgdgj n`{dxd{t' Anpbk

fg {eb qbpbnqè hdgkdgjp/ {eb zqd{bq `fgòrkbp {en{ {eb {bnèbq `bq{dhd`n{dfg jdxbp nynq{dno bhhb`{ fg {eb ~rnod{t fh Bgjodpe {bnèdgj ngk obnqgdgj yqf`bpp dg PCN G >

Lon{bg' D{ dgxfoxbp {eb nadod{t fh {eb `bq{dhdbk {bnèbqp {f `qbn{b {bnèdgj ngk obnqgdgj

n`{dxd{dbp zedè aqdgj nafr{ hrg ngk `ffybqn{dxb znt fh obnqgdgj/ yqfxdkb xnqdfrp

dg{bqbp{dgj cn{bqdnop ngk cbkdn/ ngk `fgkr`{ bxnorn{dfg {en{ yqfcf{bp p{rkbg{pobnqgdgj'

Anpbk fg {eb qbpro{ fh {eb qbpbnqè/ {eb zqd{bq prjjbp{p {en{ {eb obppfg yonggdgj

ngk {eb xnqdb{t fh n`{dxd{dbp `fgkr`{bk dg PCN G > Lon{bg pefrok ab dcyqfxbk dgfqkbq {f cnlb ab{{bqcbg{ dg {eb {bnèdgj ngk obnqgdgj yqf`bpp dg PCN G > Lon{bg' Dg

{edp `npb/ d{ bpyb`dnoot kbnop zd{e {eb Bgjodpe {bnèdgj ngk obnqgdgj yqf`bpp'


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>

@ENY[BQ D

DG[QFKR@[DFG

N' An`ljqfrgk fh P{rkt

Bkr`n{dfg dp ng bhhfq{ zedè dp kfgb at ybfyob {f kbxbofy {ebdq pboh#

`fcyb{bg`b {eqfrje n yqf`bpp fh obnqgdgj' Bqgp{ xfg Jonpbqphbok/ {eb !hn{ebq! fh

`fgp{qr`{dxdpc %dg zzz'bgjodpehdqp{'`fc$ abodbxbp {en{ bkr`n{dfg enp {zf cndg

yrqyfpbp= {f bcyfzbq obnqgbqp {f {edgl hfq {ebcpboxbp/ ngk {f yqfcf{b dg {eb

gbu{ jbgbqn{dfg zntp fh {edgldgj ngk n`{dgj {en{ nqb kbbcbk dcyfq{ng{ at {eb

yqbpbg{ jbgbqn{dfg' Bcyfzbqdgj {eb obnqgbq cbngp {en{ {bnèbqp pefrok

qbodg~rdpe pfcb fh {ebdq yfzbq ngk engk d{ fxbq {f {eb obnqgbq' Np cbg{dfgbk dg

Rgkngj#Rgkngj Knpnq Qbyraodl Dgkfgbpdn Pb`{dfg 0> %>$ bxbqt `d{d}bg enp {eb

qdje{p hfq bkr`n{dfg/ {eb jfxbqgcbg{ jdxbp {eb pncb èng`bp hfq noo `d{d}bgp {f

jb{ bkr`n{dfg gf cn{{bq zeb{ebq {ebt nqb qdè fq yffq' [edp qbjron{dfg pefzp

{en{ frq jfxbqgcbg{ kfbp nkcd{ {eb dcyfq{ng`b fh bkr`n{dfg hfq {ebdq ybfyob'

[eb ~rnod{t fh ercng qbpfrq`b fh n gn{dfg dp bnpdot mrkjbk at {eb

grcabq fh od{bqn{b yfyron{dfg odxdgj dg d{' D{ cbngp {en{ bkr`n{dfg dp n crp{ dh n

gn{dfg ndcp n{ nèdbxdgj jqfz{e ngk kbxbofycbg{' [edp cnt buyondg {eb hn`{

{en{ qdè ngk kbxbofybk gn{dfgp fh {eb zfqok enxb xbqt edje od{bqn`t qn{b ngk

yqfkr`{dxb ercng qbpfrq`b' Qbnod}dgj {eb dcyfq{ng`b fh ~rnod{t bkr`n{dfg/ {eb

jfxbqgcbg{ enp abbg kfdgj cngt p{byp {f kbxbofy {eb bkr`n{dfg dg Dgkfgbpdn'

>


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1

[eb p{byp dgòrkb {eb cnppdxb hrgkdgj fh bkr`n{dfg/ {eb dcyqfxbcbg{ fh

bkr`n{dfg ~rnodhd`n{dfg/ bkr`n{fq `fcyb{bg`b ngk `bq{dhd`n{dfg np zboo {eb

dg`qbnpb fh ercng qbpfrq`bp dg bkr`n{dfg' Ncfgj f{ebq p{byp zbqb {eb

nyyod`n{dfg fh dghfqcn{dfg `fccrgd`n{dfg/ ngk {bègfofjt %D@[$ hfq b#obnqgdgj

ngk b#nkcdgdp{qn{dfg yqfjqncp/ {eb kbxbofycbg{ ngk qb`fgp{qr`{dfg fh

bkr`n{dfg hn`dod{dbp ngk {eb prap{ng{dno qbhfqc dg {bu{affl pryyodbp hfq pèffo

èdokqbg'

[eb jfxbqgcbg{ noof`n{bk Qy >>/ 2 {qdoodfg hfq hdxb yqfjqncp fh

bkr`n{dfg dg 199:' [ebt nqb pèffo fybqn{dfgno hrgk %Ang{rng Fybqnpdfgno

Pblfone&AFP$/ {bu{affl yqf`rqbcbg{ ndk/ p{rkbg{ pyb`dno nppdp{ng`b/ ~rnod{t

cngnjbcbg{ fybqn{dfgno hrgk ngk pèfonqpedy yqfjqncp' Pdg`b 1992/ {eb

cdgdp{qt fh bkr`n{dfg enp nyyodbk ng D@[#anpbk odaqnqt gb{zfql ptp{bc dg >9

p{n{b rgdxbqpd{dbp ngk `fgkr`{bk D@[#anpbk obnqgdgj dg >12 pbgdfq edje pèffop

dg >12 qbjbg`dbp n`qfpp {eb `frg{qt' [eb kbxbofycbg{ fh pèffo hn`dod{dbp dp nopf

`fgpdkbqbk {f ab ynq{ fh {eb cdgdp{qt*p aqbnl{eqfrjep' [edp `fxbqp ardokdgj gbz

pèffop/ p{n{b rgdxbqpd{dbp/ ònppqffcp/ odaqnqdbp ngk onafqn{fqdbp'

Bkr`n{dfg hn`dod{t dp gf{ {eb fgot bkr`n{dfg npyb`{ {en{ {eb jfxbqgcbg{

`fg`bqg zd{e' Pdg`b noo npyb`{p fh bkr`n{dfg kb{bqcdgb {eb ~rnod{t fh bkr`n{dfg/

{bnèbq/ np fgb fh {eb dcyfq{ng{ `fcyfgbg{p fh bkr`n{dfg/ enp n xd{no yfpd{dfg dg

pf`db{t' [bnèbq dp fgb fh {eb cndg ydoonqp fh n pfrgk ngk yqfjqbppdxb pf`db{t'

[ebt abnq {eb zbdje{ ngk qbpyfgpdadod{t fh {bnèdgj/ ngk/ nynq{ hqfc ynqbg{p/ nqb

{eb cndg pfrq`b fh lgfzobkjb ngk xnorbp hfq èdokqbg' Eb n`{p np n ydxf{ hfq {eb


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0

{qngpcdppdfg fh dg{boob`{rno {qnkd{dfgp ngk {bègd`no pldoop hqfc jbgbqn{dfg {f

jbgbqn{dfg' Eb dp nopf abdgj qb`fjgd}bk np {eb cfp{ xd{no hn`{fqdgj ngt

bkr`n{dfgno ptp{bc' Eb dp {eb lbt fh ~rnod{t bkr`n{dfg ngk {eb hfp{bq ynqbg{ fh

{eb èdok' @edok offlp ry {f edc hfq lgfzobkjb/ zdpkfc/ cnggbqp/ cfqnop

dgpydqn{dfg/ bgodje{bgcbg{/ ngk pf fg'

N {bnèbq ybqhfqcp cngt hrg`{dfgp dg {eb ònppqffc hfq {eb

`fcyqbebgpdxb kbxbofycbg{ fh {eb p{rkbg{p' [bnèbq lbbyp {eb p{rkbg{p pnhb/

kb`dkbp zen{ dp dcyfq{ng{ hfq {eb p{rkbg{p {f obnqg/ yqbpbg{p n qdè ngk

fqjngd}bk afkt fh dghfqcn{dfg {f p{rkbg{p/ yqf{b`{p ngk dcyqfxbp {eb p{rkbg{p

pboh#bp{bbc/ yqfxdkbp ng bgxdqfgcbg{ hfq {eb p{rkbg{p {f buyofqb n xnqdb{t fh

buybqdbg`bp/ eboyp p{rkbg{p {f rpb {bègfofjt#qbon{bk {ffop {f n``fcyodpe

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bkr`n{dfg/ ofxbp ngk grq{rqbp {eb p{rkbg{p'

[bnèbq `ng dghorbg`b edp p{rkbg{p pdg`b p{rkbg{p abodbxb edc np n

{qrp{bk pfrq`b fh lgfzobkjb' Dh n {bnèbq dp dg`fcyb{bg{ ngk {eb p{rkbg{p hfoofz

edc/ {ebt zdoo jqfz ry zd{e n zqfgj rgkbqp{ngkdgj nafr{ `bq{ndg lgfzobkjb'

[ebqb nqb cngt `npbp n p{rkbg{ `fcbp efcb zd{e n zqfgj rgkbqp{ngkdgj ngk

zebg ynqbg{p nqb {qtdgj {f `fqqb`{ d{/ {ebt zdoo pnt Ar{ ct {bnèbq pndk pf' Ct

{bnèbq `ng{ ab zqfgj' [ebqbhfqb/ {eb `fcyb{bg`b fh {bnèbqp pefrok ab

dcyqfxbk'


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;

D{ dp cbg{dfgbk dg {eb hdqp{ èny{bq Fh N`{ fh {eb Qbyraod` fh Dgkfgbpdn

Grcabq 19/ Tbnq 1990 Fg Gn{dfgno Bkr`n{dfg Ptp{bc zd{e {eb Fgb ngk Fgot

Jfkp Cbq`t Yqbpdkbg{ fh {eb Qbyraod` fh Dgkfgbpdn {en{ bkr`n{fqp cbng

{bnèdgj p{nhhp zef enxb {eb ~rnodhd`n{dfg {f ab {bnèbqp/ ob`{rqbqp/ `frgpbofqp/

obnqgdgj jrdkbp %yncfgj abonmnq$/ pbgdfq dgp{qr`{fqp % z d k t n d p #z n q n $/

{r{fqp/ dgp{qr`{fqp/ hn`dod{n{fqp/ ngk f{ebq {d{obp dg n``fqkng`b zd{e {ebdq

pyb`dnod}n{dfg/ ngk zef ynq{d`dyn{b dg {eb yqfxdpdfg fh bkr`n{dfg' Onrqbg`b K'

En}lbz ngk Mfgn{eng @' C` Obgfg dg Enc}ne A' Rgf %199:= >2$ pnt {en{ n

{bnèbq dp n yqfhbppdfgno ybqpfg zef `fgkr`{p ònppbp' P{doo dg Enc}ne A' Rgf

%199:= >2$/ Mbng K' Jqncap ngk @' Cfqqdp C`' @onqb kbhdgb {bnèbqp np ybqpfgp

zef `fgp`dfrpot kdqb`{ {eb buybqdbg`bp ngk abenxdfq fh ng dgkdxdkrno pf {en{

bkr`n{dfg {nlbp yon`b' At {eb kbhdgd{dfg nafxb/ d{ `ng ab ptg{ebpd}bk {en{ n

{bnèbq dp n yqfhbppdfgno ybqpfg ngk {ebqbhfqb/ {ebt nqb buyb`{bk {f enxb

yqfhbppdfgno `fcyb{bg`b'

N {bnèbq/ np n yqfhbppdfgno bkr`n{fq/ pefrok hrohdoo 0 qb~rdqbcbg{p= %>$

enxdgj n`nkbcd` ~rnodhd`n{dfg/ %1$ enxdgj `fcyb{bg`t/ %0$ enxdgj {bnèbq

`bq{dhd`n{b %Kdlgnp/ 1998= ;$' [eb `fcyb{bg`t fh {bnèbq `ng ab ònppdhdbk dg{f

hfrq nqbnp fh `fcyb{bg`t/ gncbot= ybknjfjd`no/ ybqpfgno/ yqfhbppdfgno/ ngk

pf`dno `fcyb{bg`t' Dg aqdbh/ bnè `fcyb{bg`t bg`fcynppbp {eb hfoofzdgj= %>$

{ebybknjfjd`no `fcyb{bg`t dp n {bnèbqp nadod{t {f cngnjb p{rkbg{p obnqgdgj

zedè dgòrkbp obppfg yong/ obnqgdgj bxnorn{dfg/ ngk p{rkbg{p yf{bg`t


17/223

2

n`{rnod}n{dfg %1$ {eb ybqpfgno `fcyb{bg`t dgòrkbp kbcfgp{qn{dgj `bq{ndg

ènqn`{bqdp{d`p/ prè np hnd{e ngk kbxfr{gbpp/ p{nadod{t/ cn{rqd{t/ pbgpdadod{t/ b{`'

[bnèbq pefrok ab `qd{d`no ngk plby{d`no dg kfdgj edp kr{t {f kbodxbq edp obppfg

%0$ {eb pf`dno `fcyb{bg`t dp {bnèbqp nadod{t {f ab ynq{ fh {eb `fccrgd{t prè

np `fccrgd`n{dgj ngk pf`dnod}dgj bhhb`{dxbot zd{e p{rkbg{p/ hboofz {bnèbqp/

{bnèdgj p{nhh/ ngk p{rkbg{p ynqbg{p' %;$ [eb yqfhbppdfgno `fcyb{bg`t dp

{bnèbqp nadod{t {f cnp{bq p`dbg`b/ bgjdgbbqdgj/ ngk&fq nq{ %dg f{ebq zfqkp/

`fg{bg{ fq pramb`{ lgfzobkjb$'

Np n ynq{ fh bhhfq{p {f bgeng`b {eb n`nkbcd` ~rnodhd`n{dfg ngk

`fcyb{bg`b fh {bnèbqp/ {eb cdgdp{qt fh bkr`n{dfg yqfxdkbk pèfonqpedyp {f

>:9/999 {bnèbqp {f n{{ndg {ebdq rgdxbqpd{t kdyofcnp dg 199:' Bxbqt pèfonqpedy

qb`dydbg{ znp noof{{bk Qy 1 cdoodfg ybq tbnq' N {f{no fh >1/982 ob`{rqbqp zbqb

nopf jqng{bk pèfonqpedyp {f hdgdpe {ebdq cnp{bq ngk kf`{fqno kbjqbbp' [edp

yqfjqnc `fp{ {eb jfxbqgcbg{ Qy 108'8 adoodfg dg 199:'

Ngf{ebq yqfjqnc zedè dp pb{ at {eb jfxbqgcbg{ dg fqkbq {f bgeng`b {eb

`fcyb{bg`t fh {bnèbq dp {eb {bnèbq `bq{dhd`n{dfg yqfjqnc' [bnèbq `bq{dhd`n{dfg

dp n yqf`bpp fh jdxdgj ng bkr`n{fq `bq{dhd`n{b {f {bnèbqp zef enxb hrohdoobk {eb

qb~rdqbcbg{p %Pncngd b{ no/ 1995= >$' [eb jfnop fh {edp yqfjqnc nqb= %>$ {f

kb{bqcdgb {eb ~rnodhd`n{dfg fh n {bnèbq dg kfdgj edp kr{t np n yqfhbppdfgno

bkr`n{fq/ %1$ {f bgeng`b {eb yqf`bpp ngk qbpro{ fh {bnèdgj ngk obnqgdgj/ %0$ {f


18/223

8

dg`qbnpb {eb zbohnqb fh {bnèbqp/ %;$ {f qndpb {bnèbqp yqbp{djb< dg {eb bhhfq{ fh

`qbn{dgj n ~rnodhdbk gn{dfgno bkr`n{dfg'

[bnèbqp zef enxb abbg `bq{dhdbk zdoo jb{ yqfhbppdfg prapdkt np adj np

{ebdq cndg pnonqt' D{ dp buyb`{bk {en{ {edp yfod`t zdoo bg`frqnjb {bnèbqp {f zfql

yqfhbppdfgnoot ngk dcyqfxb {ebdq {bnèdgj ~rnod{t pf {en{ {eb jfno fh bkr`n{dfg

`ng ab qbnèbk' [edp yqfjqnc abjng dg 199: ngk znp ndcbk n{ bgprqdgj {en{

p{n{b {bnèbqp enxb ybknjfjd`/ yqfhbppdfgno/ pf`dno ngk ybqpfgno `fcyb{bg`b' D{

dp nopf abdgj nyyodbk {f 1>9/899 `fg{qn`{ {bnèbqp np {eb jfxbqgcbg{ yongp {f

nyyfdg{ noo fh {ebc np `dxdo pbqxng{p at 1995 n{ {eb on{bp{'

[eb {bnèbq `bq{dhd`n{dfg yqfjqnc dp anpbk fg {eb N`{ fh {eb Qbyraod`

Dgkfgbpdn grcabq >;&1992 fg [bnèbq ngk Ob`{rqbq/ {eb N`{ fh {eb Qbyraod`

Dgkfgbpdn grcabq 19& 1990 fg Gn{dfgno Bkr`n{dfg Ptp{bc/ ngk {eb qbjron{dfg

fh Gn{dfgno Bkr`n{dfg Cdgdp{bq Grcabq >5& 199: nafr{ {bnèbq `bq{dhd`n{dfg'

Jfxbqgcbg{ abodbxbp {en{ {edp yqfjqnc dp {eb qdje{ cbkd`dgb hfq {eb yffq ~rnod{t

ngk yntcbg{ fh bkr`n{dfg' Onrgèbk dg 1998/ {eb yqfjqnc dp ndcbk n{

`bq{dhtdgj 1': cdoodfg p{n{b ngk yqdxn{b pèffo {bnèbqp dg 19>2'

Gfznkntp/ cngt {bnèbqp enxb abbg `bq{dhdbk/ bd{ebq at yfq{hfodf

nppbppcbg{ fq at n{{bgkdgj {bnèbq {qndgdgj' At ynppdgj {edp yqfjqnc/ d{ dp

abodbxbk {en{ {ebt enxb jffk `nynadod{dbp dg {bnèdgj {ebdq p{rkbg{p' D{ dp yqfxbk

at {eb kf`rcbg{p {ebt pracd{ ngk {bnèdgj nppbppcbg{ at {eb bxnorn{fq'

@bq{dhdbk {bnèbqp nqb abodbxbk {f ybqhfqc ab{{bq {eng {bnèbqp zef enxb gf{


19/223

:

abbg `bq{dhdbk' Ybfyob npprcb {en{ {ebt enxb bgfrje `fcyb{bg`dbp dg {bnèdgj'

Bkr`n{fqp/ yfod`t cnlbqp/ cbkdn/ ngk yraod` b~rn{b {bnèbq ~rnod{t zd{e {bnèbq

`bq{dhd`n{dfg'

Dg hn`{/ cngt {bnèbqp kf gf{ hfoofz {eb yqf`bpp fh {bnèbq `bq{dhd`n{dfg

yqfjqnc hndqot' [ebqb nqb pfcb `npbp fh kb`bd{ kfgb at {eb {bnèbq `bq{dhd`n{dfg

yqfjqnc ynq{d`dyng{p' [nlb np ng buncyob/ n hbz cfg{ep njf {ebqb znp n

{bnèbq zef znp buòrkbk hqfc {eb `bq{dhd`n{dfg yqf`bpp at {eb bxnorn{fq

ab`nrpb eb znp hfrgk `fytdgj f{ebqp p`dbg{dhd` zqd{dgj dg fqkbq {f hrohdoo {eb

{bnèbq `bq{dhd`n{dfg qb~rdqbcbg{p' D{ dp fgot fgb buncyob fh cngt kb`bd{p hfrgk

krqdgj {eb {bnèbq `bq{dhd`n{dfg yqfjqnc'

[eb f{ebq `npb dp {en{ {bnèbqp ybqhfqc {ebdq abp{ fgot krqdgj {eb

yqfjqnc ar{ gf{ nh{bq d{' [bnèbqp enxb edje cf{dxn{dfg {f nqqngjb obppfg yongp

ngk n{{bgk ngt pbcdgnqp qbon{bk {f {ebdq cnmfq' [eb yqfaobc dp {en{ {ebt kf

{ebpb n`{dxd{dbp gf{ ab`nrpb {ebt zng{ {f bgeng`b {ebdq ~rnod{t fh {bnèdgj ar{

ab`nrpb {ebt zng{ {f ynpp {eb `bq{dhd`n{dfg yqfjqnc ngk jb{ {eb yqfhbppdfg

prapdkt' Crè plby{d`dpc nyybnqp hqfc kdhhbqbg{ ybfyob qbon{bk {f {eb {bnèbq

`bq{dhd`n{dfg yqfjqnc' [eb xnodkd{t fh {bnèbq `bq{dhd`n{dfg yqfjqnc dp abdgj

~rbp{dfgbk' [ebt nqb gf{ prqb zeb{ebq {bnèbqp zef enxb ynppbk {eb {bnèbq

`bq{dhd`n{dfg yqfjqnc nqb qbnoot yqfhbppdfgno {bnèbqp/ {bnèbqp zef nqb bodjdaob

{f {bnè' Cngt npprcy{dfgp p{n{b {en{ {bnèbq `bq{dhd`n{dfg yqfjqnc dp fgot n


20/223

5

znp{b fh {dcb ngk cfgbt pdg`b {bnèbqp nqb fgot dg{bqbp{bk dg {eb edje pnonqt

zd{efr{ ngt ~rnod{t dcyqfxbcbg{'

[bnèbq `bq{dhd`n{dfg dp odlb n `ngkob dg {eb knql hfq {bnèbqp pdg`b d{

fhhbqp n qndpb fh yqfhbppdfg prapdkt hfq {bnèbqp' Fg {eb f{ebq engk/ jfxbqgcbg{

efybp {en{ at {eb yqf`bpp fh {bnèbq `bq{dhd`n{dfg/ {bnèbqp zdoo ab bg`frqnjbk {f

dcyqfxb {ebdq ~rnod{t dg {bnèdgj/ gf{ fgot krqdgj {eb yqf`bpp fh `bq{dhd`n{dfg

ar{ nopf nh{bq {eb yqf`bpp' Cngt {bnèbqp enxb edje cf{dxn{dfg {f jdxb {ebdq abp{

ybqhfqcng`b krqdgj {eb {bnèbq `bq{dhd`n{dfg yqfjqnc' Ar{/ zeb{ebq {ebt lbby

{ebdq abp{ ybqhfqcng`b nh{bq {eb yqf`bpp dp {eb ~rbp{dfg {en{ {eb qbpbnqèbq nopf

kbnop zd{e' Dg {edp qbpbnqè/ {eb qbpbnqèbq dp dg{bqbp{bk {f hdgk fr{ {eb bu{bg{ fh

{bnèbq `bq{dhd`n{dfg nhhb`{p {eb ~rnod{t fh Bgjodpe {bnèdgj ngk obnqgdgj

yqf`bpp'

Pdg`b {eb cndg yrqyfpb fh {bnèbq `bq{dhd`n{dfg yqfjqnc dp {f bgeng`b

{eb yqfhbppdfgnodpc fh {bnèbqp/ `bq{dhdbk {bnèbqp pefrok ab {bnèbqp zef nqb

yqfhbppdfgno ngk xd`b xbqpn' Efzbxbq/ {ebqb enxb abbg cngt qrcfqp pntdgj {en{

`bq{dhdbk {bnèbqp kf gf{ nozntp obnk {f yqfhbppdfgnodpc' [ebpb qrcfqp cnt

`fcb nqdpb ab`nrpb {eb yebgfcbgfg pefzdgj {en{ {bnèbqp kf gf{ cnlb obppfg

yong/ rpb xnqdfrp cb{efk dg {bnèdgj/ cnlb rpb fh cbkdn/ fq nqqngjb n jffk

bxnorn{dfg cbèngdpc' [ebqbhfqb {eb qbpbnqèbq dp dg{bqbp{bk {f `fgkr`{ {eb

p{rkt dg PCN G > Lon{bg' [eb qbpbnqèbq èffpbp PCN G > Lon{bg np {eb

famb`{ fh {eb p{rkt ab`nrpb d{ qbyqbpbg{p {eb qb~rdqbcbg{ hfq `fgkr`{dgj {eb


21/223

4

qbpbnqè pdg`b noo fh {eb Bgjodpe {bnèbqp dg PCN > Lon{bg enxb abbg `bq{dhdbk'

[eb zqd{bq dp bnjbq {f hdgk fr{ {eb bu{bg{ fh {bnèbq `bq{dhd`n{dfg nhhb`{p {eb

~rnod{t fh Bgjodpe {bnèdgj ngk obnqgdgj yqf`bpp dg PCN G > Lon{bg'

A' Hfqcron{dfg fh {eb Yqfaobc

Dg enqcfgt zd{e {eb an`ljqfrgk fh {eb p{rkt buyfpbk/ {eb yqfaobc fh

{edp p{rkt dp hfqcron{bk np hfoofz= [f zen{ bu{bg{ kfbp {bnèbq `bq{dhd`n{dfg

nhhb`{ {eb ~rnod{t fh Bgjodpe {bnèdgj ngk obnqgdgj yqf`bpp n{ PCN G > Lon{bg6

@' [eb Famb`{dxb fh {eb P{rkt

Anpbk fg {eb hfqcron{dfg fh {eb yqfaobc/ {edp qbpbnqè dp ndcbk n{

dkbg{dhtdgj {f zen{ bu{bg{ {eb {bnèbq `bq{dhd`n{dfg `ng bhhb`{dxbot nhhb`{ {eb

Bgjodpe {bnèdgj ngk obnqgdgj yqf`bpp'

K' [eb Abgbhd{p fh {eb Qbpbnqè

[edp qbpbnqè dp cndgot dg{bgkbk {f hdgk fr{ {eb bu{bg{ fh {bnèbq

`bq{dhd`n{dfg nhhb`{ {eb ~rnod{t fh Bgjodpe {bnèdgj ngk obnqgdgj yqf`bpp' D{ zdoo

ab hqrd{hro gf{ fgot hfq {eb `bq{dhdbk {bnèbqp ar{ nopf {eb rg`bq{dhdbk {bnèbqp

ngk {eb jfxbqgcbg{' [eb qbpro{ fh {eb qbpbnqè dp buyb`{bk {f ab naob {f jdxb

pfcb nkxng{njbp ònppdhdbk np hfoofzp'

Hfq {eb qbpbnqèbq/ {edp qbpbnqè dp buyb`{bk {f jdxb n jffk rgkbqp{ngkdgj

nafr{ {bnèbq `bq{dhd`n{dfg ngk d{p bhhb`{p fg {eb Bgjodpe {bnèdgj ngk obnqgdgj


22/223

>9

yqf`bpp' [eb qbpro{p fh {eb qbpbnqè nqb buyb`{bk {f ab pdjgdhd`ng{ `fgpdkbqn{dfgp

dg bgeng`dgj {eb ~rnod{t fh Bgjodpe {bnèdgj ngk obnqgdgj yqf`bpp' Dg nkkd{dfg/

{edp p{rkt nopf penqybgp {eb dg~rdqt fh {eb qbpbnqèbq dg kfdgj qbpbnqè'

Hfq {eb {bnèbqp/ {edp qbpbnqè zdoo yqfxdkb {ebc pfcb anpd` dghfqcn{dfg

nafr{ {bnèbq `bq{dhd`n{dfg yqfjqnc' [edp qbpbnqè zdoo yqfxdkb dghfqcn{dfg hfq

{eb {bnèbqp nafr{ {eb {bnèbq `bq{dhd`n{dfg cbèngdpc ngk zen{ pefrok ab kfgb

np hrq{ebq dcyod`n{dfgp fh {bnèbq `bq{dhd`n{dfg' Zd{e {edp dg cdgk/ d{ dp buyb`{bk

{en{ {bnèbqp zef enxb abbg `bq{dhdbk `ng {bnè {ebdq p{rkbg{p ab{{bq {eng abhfqb

ngk kbxbofy {ebcpboxbp dg fqkbq {f ybqhfqc {ebdq abp{ dg {eb ònppqffc' Ngk hfq

{eb {bnèbqp zef enxb gf{ abbg `bq{dhdbk/ d{ dp efybk {en{ at qbnkdgj {eb qbpro{ fh

{edp p{rkt/ {ebt zdoo rgkbqp{ngk efz {ebt pefrok n{{bgk {eb {bnèbq `bq{dhd`n{dfg

yqfjqnc ngk zen{ {ebt pefrok kf nh{bq {eb yqfjqnc' [edp p{rkt dp nopf efybk {f

jdxb cf{dxn{dfg hfq {eb rg`bq{dhdbk {bnèbqp {f nozntp dcyqfxb {ebdq

`fcyb{bg`dbp'

Hfq {eb jfxbqgcbg{/ {edp qbpbnqè yqfxdkbp pfcb nr{ebg{d` kn{n nafr{

{bnèbq `bq{dhd`n{dfg yqfjqnc ngk d{p bhhb`{ fg {eb ~rnod{t fh Bgjodpe {bnèdgj

ngk obnqgdgj yqf`bpp' [eb kn{n dgòrkb {eb {bnèbqp obppfg yong/ qbpro{ fh

dg{bqxdbz zd{e {eb {bnèbqp/ ngk {eb qbpro{ fh ònppqffc fapbqxn{dfg' [ebqbhfqb/

d{ dp efybk {en{ {eb jfxbqgcbg{ `ng {nlb {eb qbpro{ fh {edp qbpbnqè dg{f

`fgpdkbqn{dfg hfq {eb ab{{bqcbg{ fh {bnèbq `bq{dhd`n{dfg yqfjqnc ngk {eb

kbxbofycbg{ fh {bnèbq yqfhbppdfgnodpc'


23/223

>>

@ENY[BQ DD

QBXDBZ FH QBON[BK OD[BQN[RQB

Dg {edp èny{bq/ {eb qbpbnqèbq buyondgp {eb `fg`by{p `fg`bqg zd{e {eb {fyd`

{en{ dp [eb Bhhb`{ fh [bnèbq @bq{dhd`n{dfg fg {eb ^rnod{t fh Bgjodpe [bnèdgj ngk

Obnqgdgj Yqf`bpp' [edp `fg`by{rno kbp`qdy{dfg kfbp gf{ cbng {f `qbn{b etyf{ebpdp

zedè zdoo ab buncdgbk dg {eb hdbok/ ar{ np {eb anpdp {f {eb `fg`by{rno

rgkbqp{ngkdgj zedè dp rpbk dg {edp qbpbnqè'

Abpdkbp/ {eb qbpbnqèbq nopf kbp`qdabp pfcb qbpbnqè hdgkdgjp `fg`bqg zd{e

{eb bhhb`{ fh {bnèbq `bq{dhd`n{dfg fg {eb ~rnod{t fh Bgjodpe {bnèdgj ngk obnqgdgj

yqf`bpp' Hrq{ebqcfqb/ {eb qbpbnqèbq bcyfzbqbk ebq qbpbnqè at `fgp{qr`{dgj

qn{dfgnob hfq {edp qbpbnqè' [eb qn{dfgnob fh {eb qbpbnqè zdoo ab ardo{ ry at

qbjnqkdgj {eb {ebfqb{d`no fqdbg{n{dfg fh {eb qbpbnqè hdgkdgjp'

N' [bnèdgj ngk Obnqgdgj Yqf`bpp

>' [ebfqdbp fh Obnqgdgj

Ybfyob obnqg gbz {edgjp bxbqt knt' Pfcb fh {ebc qbnod}b {en{ {ebt nqb

obnqgdgj pfcb{edgj' Ar{ {eb f{ebqp kf gf{ qbnod}b d{' [ebt prkkbgot cnp{bq n

`bq{ndg pldoo fq rgkbqp{ngk `bq{ndg dghfqcn{dfg zd{efr{ lgfzdgj {en{ {ebt obnqg d{'

Zebg {ebt zbqb èdokqbg/ hfq buncyob/ {ebt obnqg {f {nol rg`fgp`dfrpot' Ar{ zebg

{ebt nqb yr{ dg hfqcno pèffop/ zedè cfp{ fh {eb obnqgdgj yqf`bpp qrg

`fgp`dfrpot/ {ebt lgfz {en{ {ebt nqb {ebqb {f obnqg pfcb{edgj fq {f qbnè `bq{ndg

jfnop'

>>


24/223

>1

Zen{ dp obnqgdgj ngk zen{ dp {bnèdgj ngk efz kf {ebt dg{bqn`{6 Obnqgdgj

dp n`~rdqdgj fq jb{{dgj fh lgfzobkjb fh n pramb`{ fq n pldoo at p{rkt/

buybqdbg`b/ fq dgp{qr`{dfg' Pdcdonqot/ {bnèdgj/ zedè dp dcyodbk dg {ebkbhdgd{dfg fh obnqgdgj/ cnt ab kbhdgbk np pefzdgj fq eboydgj pfcbfgb {f

obnqg efz {f kf pfcb{edgj/ jdxdgj dgp{qr`{dfgp/ jrdkdgj dg {eb p{rkt fh

pfcb{edgj/ yqfxdkdgj zd{e lgfzobkjb/ `nrpdgj {f lgfz fq rgkbqp{ngk

%Aqfzg/ >44;=:$'

Aqfzgp p{n{bcbg{ nafxb kbp`qdabp {en{ obnqgdgj dp n znt {f kbxbofy n gbz

pldoo fq fa{ndg dghfqcn{dfg {eqfrje p{rktdgj/ buybqdbg`dgj/ fq kfdgj dgp{qr`{dfgp'

D{ cbngp {en{ {ebqb nqb/ n{ obnp{/ {eqbb zntp fh obnqgdgj/ {ebt nqb= p{rktdgj/

buybqdbg`dgj/ ngk kfdgj dgp{qr`{dfg' Cfqbfxbq/ Aqfzg %1999= :$ aqbnlp kfzg {eb

kbhdgd{dfg fh obnqgdgj np hfoofzp'

n' Obnqgdgj dp n`~rdpd{dfg fq jb{{dgj'[eb cfqb p{rkbg{p rgkbqp{ngk nafr{ {eb yqf`bpp fh obnqgdgj {eb hfqbdjg

ongjrnjb/ {eb cfqb {ebt zdoo ab naob {f {nlb qbpyfgpdadod{t hfq {ebdq fzg

jb{{dgj fq obnqgdgj'

a'Obnqgdgj dp qb{bg{dfg fh dghfqcn{dfg fq pldooObnqgbqp zdoo cnlb pbgpb fh dghfqcn{dfg fq pldoo rgd~rbot dg{f {ebdq fzg

qb{bg{dfg' Np {eb {bnèbq buyondgp {eb obppfg/ obnqgbqp zd{e {ebdq fzg

p{qn{bjt lbby {eb dghfqcn{dfg fq pldoop'

`'Qb{bg{dfg dcyodbp p{fqnjb ptp{bcp/ cbcfqt/ ngk `fjgd{dxb fqjngd}n{dfg'

P{fqnjb ptp{bc `fg`bqgp zd{e p{fqnjb ngk qb{qdbxno fh dghfqcn{dfg ngk

zntp fh fqjngd}dgj {eb dghfqcn{dfg hfq p{fqnjb d{pboh' Cbcfqt `fg`bqgp

zd{e `qbn{dgj cbg{no odglnjbp %jqfrydgj/ bonafqn{dgj/ ngk yon`dgj gbz

zfqkp dg{f n `fg{bu{$/ nyyotdgj dcnjbp ngk pfrgkp %rpdgj dcnjbqt/

qbyqbpbg{dgj pfrgkp dg cbcfqt$/ ngk qbxdbzdgj zboo %p{qr`{rqbk


25/223

>0

qbxdbzdgj$' @fjgd{dxb fqjngd}n{dfg `fg`bqgp zd{e yqn`{d`dgj %yqn`{d`dgj

gn{rqnodp{d`noot/ qbybn{dgj/ qb`fcadgdgj/ qb`fjgd}dgj ngk rpdgj hfqcronp

ngk yn{{bqgp$'

k'Obnqgdgj dgxfoxbp n`{dxb/ `fgp`dfrp hf`rp fg ngk n`{dgj ryfg bxbg{pfr{pdkb fq dgpdkb {eb fqjngdpc'

Obnqgbqp ab`fcb cfqb nznqb fh {eb p{qn{bjt {ebt rpb/ ngk {f

kdp{dgjrdpe ab{zbbg nyyqfyqdn{b ngk dgnyyqfyqdn{b fgbp' [en{ dp/ {ebt

nqb pyb`dhd` abenxdfqp dg qbpyfgpb {f n yqfaobc/ prè np jrbppdgj {eb

cbngdgj fh n zfqk/ ngk f{ebq cfqb jbgbqno npyb`{ prè np obnqgdgj

p{tob/ ybqpfgnod{t ngk cf{dxn{dfg'

b' Obnqgdgj dp qbon{dxbot ybqcngbg{ ar{ pramb`{ {f hfqjb{{dgj'Pfcb yqdfq buybqdbg`bp nqb qbcbcabqbk zboo/ zedob f{ebqp nqb

hfqjf{{bg' D{ `nggf{ ab pndk/ fh `frqpb/ {en{ cbngdgjhro obnqgbk cn{bqdno

dp gbxbq hfqjf{{bg'

h' Obnqgdgj dgxfoxbp pfcb hfqc fh yqn`{d`b/ ybqenyp qbdghfq`bk yqn`{d`b'Yqn`{d`b `fg`bqgp zd{e p{fqnjb ngk qb{qdbxno fh dghfqcn{dfg fq pldoop

dgòrkb qbyb{d{dfg ngk qbebnqpno< {eb yqn`{d`b d{pboh `frok ab qbdghfq`bk'

j'Obnqgdgj dp n èngjb dg abenxdfq'

[eb jffk fh obnqgdgj dp {en{ {eb obnqgdgj d{pboh cnlbp {eb obnqgbqp

ab`fcb jffk ybfyob ngk n`{ gfaot'

At obnqgdgj/ {eb obnqgbqp nqb buyb`{bk {f enxb gf{ fgot n ab{{bq

rgkbqp{ngkdgj {f `bq{ndg lgfzobkjb ar{ nopf n ab{{bq ybqpfgnod{t pdg`b {eb bun`{

yrqyfpb fh bkr`n{dfg dp {f bkr`n{b af{e n`nkbcd` ngk pydqd{rno pdkbp fh {eb


26/223

>;

p{rkbg{p' N {bnèbq kfbp gf{ fgot {bnè efz {f yqfgfrg`b `bq{ndg zfqkp `fqqb`{ot

ar{ nopf efz {f rpb {eb zfqkp nyyqfyqdn{bot' [en{ dp zet d{ dp pndk {en{ obnqgdgj

rprnoot obnkp {f n èngjb dg abenxdfq' Ar{/ fh `frqpb/ {edp èngjb kfbp gf{ kdqb`{ot

enyybg' D{ gbbkp {dcb ngk qbyb{d{dfg fh {eb n`{dfg' Nh{bq n ybqdfk fh {dcb/ {eb

obnqgbqp abenxdfq zdoo hdgnoot èngjb' [nlb np ng buncyob< dh ng ngdcno jb{p {ff

òfpb {f n hdqb/ d{ jb{p arqg{' [eb ngdcno qbcbcabqp {eb yndg d{ hbo{ ngk obnqgp {en{

nxfdkdgj hdqb zdoo ab pnhbq hfq d{'

Zebg ybfyob obnqg pfcb{edgj/ {ebt enxb {f qbcbcabq d{ hdqp{/ ngk p{fqb d{

dg {ebdq cbcfqt hfq {eb hr{rqb rpb' [eb qbyb{d{dfg fh zen{ {eb ybfyob kf nh{bq {ebt

enxb obnqgbk pfcb{edgj zdoo obnk {ebc {f enxb n èngjb dg {ebdq abenxdfq' D{ dp dg

odgb zd{e {eb kbhdgd{dfg fh obnqgdgj yqfyfpbk at Ldcaob ngk Jnqcb}t %dg Aqfzg/

>44;$ ngk Credaadg Ptne %1998=41$' Ldcaob ngk Jnqcb}t %dg Aqfzg/ >44;$

kbhdgb obnqgdgj np n qbon{dxbot ybqcngbg{ èngjb dg n abenxdfqno {bgkbg`t ngk nqb

{eb qbpro{ fh qbdghfq`bk yqn`{d`b' Credaadg Ptne %1998=41$ p{n{bp {en{ obnqgdgj dp

p{njbp fh èngjb fh fgbp abenxdfq {en{ qbon{dxbot ybqcngbg{ np n qbpro{ fh

buybqdbg`b ngk dg{bqn`{dfg zd{e {eb bgxdqfgcbg{ dgxfoxdgj `fjgd{dxb yqf`bpp' [eb

èngjbp dg abenxdfq `nggf{ ab pbbg kdqb`{ot nh{bq {eb obnqgbqp enxb obnqgbk n

`bq{ndg pramb`{'

Pryyfq{dgj {eb kbhdgd{dfg fh obnqgdgj jdxbg at Ldcaob ngk Jnqcbpt/ Lobdg

kbhdgbp obnqgdgj np ng buybqdcbg{no yqf`bpp qbpro{dgj dg n qbon{dxbot ybqcngbg{

èngjb dg abenxdfq {en{ `nggf{ ab buyondgbk at {bcyfqnqt p{n{bp/ cf{dxn{dfg/ fq

dgd{dn{b qbpyfgpb {bgkbg`dbp %>448= 1$' [edp kbhdgd{dfg fh obnqgdgj dgkd`n{bp {en{

{ebqb nqb {eqbb xd{no `fcyfgbg{p fh obnqgdgj' Hdqp{/ obnqgdgj qbhob`{p n èngjb dg {eb


27/223

>2

yf{bg{dno hfq n abenxdfq' Obnqgdgj kfbp gf{ nr{fcn{d`noot obnk {f n èngjb fh

abenxdfq' Zen{ crp{ ab kfgb dp {f {qngpon{b obnqgdgj dg{f abenxdfq' Pb`fgk/

èngjbp dg abenxdfq krb {f obnqgdgj nqb qbon{dxbot ybqcngbg{' [edqk/ èngjbp dg

abenxdfq `ng ab krb {f yqf`bpp f{ebq {eng obnqgdgj' Ybfyobp abenxdfq `ng nopf

èngjb np {eb qbpro{ fh cf{dxn{dfg/ cn{rqn{dfgno kbxbofycbg{p/ nopf dgp{dg`{dxb

yqf`bpp' [edp kbhdgd{dfg fh obnqgdgj pefzp {en{ obnqgdgj kfbp gf{ nozntp qbpro{

èngjbp dg fgbp abenxdfq' Dg pf`db{t/ ybfyob cdje{ enxb obnqgbk `bq{ndg xnorbp'

No{efrje {ebt enxb obnqgbk/ cngt ybfyob enxb gf{ èngjb dg abenxdfq dg fqkbq {f

fabt {eb xnorbp'

Obnqgdgj/ np zen{ enp abbg cbg{dfgbk abhfqb/ dp nozntp qbon{bk zd{e

{bnèdgj' [ebqbhfqb obnqgdgj dp `noobk np ng dg{bqn`{dxb yqf`bpp' Efzboo/ Hfu/ ngk

Cfqbebnk dg @rqqd`rorc#Anpbk bxnorn{dfg %>440= :$/ p{n{b {en{ obnqgdgj dp

dg{bqn`{dxb' D{ cbngp {en{ obnqgdgj n`{dxd{t crp{ ab kfgb dg {zf zntp/ ab{zbbg {eb

{bnèbq ngk {eb p{rkbg{p' Dg f{ebq zfqkp/ d{ zdoo gf{ {nlb yon`b dh fgb fh {eb hn`{fqp

dp cdppdgj' [eb {bnèbq `nggf{ {qngphbq {eb gbz cn{bqdno dh {eb fgbp {f zefc {eb

gbz cn{bqdno zdoo ab {qngphbqqbk kf gf{ budp{' Fg {eb f{ebq pdkb/ {eb p{rkbg{p zdoo

gf{ enxb n {bnèdgj ngk obnqgdgj yqf`bpp dh {eb ybqpfg zef zdoo {bnè {ebc kfbp

gf{ budp{' [bnèdgj ngk obnqgdgj dgòrkb {zf cndg yfdg{p/ {bnè ngk obnqg'

[ebqb crp{ ab pfcbfgb zef {bnèbp/ ngk {eb f{ebqp obnqg' [ebqbhfqb/ {eb {zf

hn`{fqp pefrok ab yqbpbg{' Pèffop zdoo ab òfpbk dh {ebqb dp gf p{rkbg{ {f {bnè ngk

xd`b xbqpn' [bnèbq ngk p{rkbg{p gbbk fgb ngf{ebq'

Hqfc pfcb kbhdgd{dfgp fh obnqgdgj zedè enxb abbg cbg{dfgbk nafxb/ d{

`ng ab ptg{ebpd}bk {en{ obnqgdgj dp n yqf`bpp fh jb{{dgj fq n`~rdqdgj lgfzobkjb fq


28/223

>8

pldoop {eqfrje p{rkt/ buybqdbg`b/ ngk dgp{qr`{dfg zedè cnt obnk {f n èngjb dg

abenxdfq'

1' [ebfqdbp fh [bnèdgj

Obnqgdgj `nggf{ ab pbynqn{bk hqfc {bnèdgj' Zebg ybfyob {nol nafr{

obnqgdgj/ {ebt/ kdqb`{ot fq dgkdqb`{ot/ nopf {nol nafr{ {bnèdgj' Aqfzg p{n{bp {en{

obnqgdgj `nggf{ ab kbhdgbk nynq{ hqfc {bnèdgj'

Zen{ dp obnqgdgj ngk zen{ dp {bnèdgj ngk efz kf {ebt dg{bqn`{6 Obnqgdgj

dp n`~rdqdgj fq jb{{dgj fh lgfzobkjb fh n pramb`{ fq n pldoo at p{rkt/buybqdbg`b/ fq dgp{qr`{dfg' Pdcdonqot/ {bnèdgj/ zedè dp dcyodbk dg {eb

kbhdgd{dfg fh obnqgdgj/ cnt ab kbhdgbk np pefzdgj fq eboydgj pfcbfgb {f

obnqg efz {f kf pfcb{edgj/ jdxdgj dgp{qr`{dfgp/ jrdkdgj dg {eb p{rkt fh

pfcb{edgj/ yqfxdkdgj zd{e lgfzobkjb/ `nrpdgj {f lgfz fq rgkbqp{ngk

%Aqfzg/ >44;=:$'

Dg {bnèdgj/ {bnèbq eboyp {eb p{rkbg{p {f cnp{bq `bq{ndg pldoop fq obnqg

`bq{ndg lgfzobkjb' Eb jrdkbp edp p{rkbg{p/ hn`dod{n{bp {eb obnqgdgj/ bgnaobp {eb

obnqgbqp {f obnqg/ ngk pb{p {eb pd{rn{dfgp {f ab `fgkr`dxb hfq obnqgdgj d{pboh'

[bnèbqp rgkbqp{ngkdgj fh edp obnqgbqp zdoo kb{bqcdgb {ebdq yedofpfyet fh

bkr`n{dfg/ {bnèdgj p{tob/ nyyqfnè/ cb{efkp/ ngk ònppqffc {bègd~rbp {en{ zdoo

ab rpbk'

Aqfzgp fydgdfg nafr{ {bnèdgj dp pryyfq{bk at Gn{eng Jnjb %>48;= 184$'

Dg Aqfzg Jnjb gf{bk {en{ {f pn{dpht {eb yqn`{d`no kbcngkp fh bkr`n{dfg/ {ebfqdbp

fh obnqgdgj crp{ ab p{ffk fg {ebdq ebnk pf np {f tdbok {ebfqdbp fh {bnèdgj' Zebg

{ebqb nqb {eb obnqgbqp zef obnqg/ {ebqb pefrok ab pfcbfgb zef {bnèbp {ebc'

[ebqbhfqb zebg {ebqb nqb ybfyob zef nqb obnqgdgj dg fgb pdkb/ {ebqb crp{ ab

f{ebqp zef nqb {bnèdgj dg {eb f{ebq pdkb' Zebg n {bnèbq dp {bnèdgj edp p{rkbg{p/

eb {qdbp {f eboy edp p{rkbg{p {f rgkbqp{ngk `bq{ndg {fyd`p' Eb yqfxdkbp {ebc zd{e


29/223

>:

buncyobp/ dgp{qr`{dfgp/ fq jrdkng`b dg fqkbq {f cnlb edp p{rkbg{p obnqg {eb

cn{bqdno bnpdbq' Np n ynq{ fh {eb {bnèbqp bhhfq{ {f yqfcf{b p{rkbg{p obnqgdgj/ eb

nopf yqfxdkbp {eb p{rkbg{p zd{e prè `fgkd{dfg {en{ cnlb {eb p{rkbg{p ab cf{dxn{bk

dg obnqgdgj'

Ybggt Rq %>448= ;$ p{n{bp {en{ {bnèdgj dp dg{bgkbk {f qbpro{ dg ybqpfgno

obnqgdgj hfq p{rkbg{p/ ngk dp zfq{eobpp dh d{ kfbp gf{ kf pf' D{ cbngp {en{ {bnèdgj dp

efybk {f cnlb {eb p{rkbg{p rgkbqp{ngk {eb yqf`bpp fh obnqgdgj pf {en{ {ebt `ng

{nlb {ebdq qbpyfgpdadod{t {f obnqg' Fg {eb f{ebq engk/ peb pntp {en{ {eb `fg`by{ fh

{bnèdgj dp rgkbqp{ffk np n yqf`bpp {en{ dg{qdgpd`noot ngk dgpbynqnaot bgòfpbk

zd{e obnqgdgj' Ebq fydgdfg dgkd`n{bp {en{ {bnèdgj dp nozntp qbon{bk {f obnqgdgj'

[bnèdgj dp nopf `fg`bqgbk zd{e n yqf`bpp' Zebg n {bnèbq dp {bnèdgj edp

p{rkbg{p/ eb nqqngjbp pfcb p{byp fq n`{dfgp eb pefrok kf zebg eb dp {bnèdgj' [eb

cndg jfno fh {bnèdgj dp gf{ fgot p{rkbg{p n`nkbcd` qbpro{ ar{ nopf {eb

kbxbofycbg{ fh p{rkbg{p ybqpfgnod{t' Nqbgkp %199>= 28$ bcyenpd}bp {bnèdgj np n

yqf`bpp fh n{{bcy{dgj fq yqfcf{dgj jqfz{e dg p{rkbg{p' [eb dg{bgkbk jqfz{e ebqb

cnt ab hnq qbnèdgj/ prè np kbxbofydgj n `fcyob{bot gbz `fg`by{rno hqncbzfql

hfq {edgldgj nafr{ p`dbg`b fq n`~rdqdgj n gbz nyyqb`dn{dfg hfq od{bqn{rqb' Dg

qbon{dfg {f {edp/ Ngkbqpfg ngk Arqgp %>454= : dg Boodf{ b{ no/ >444= 8$ p{n{b=

{bnèdgj `ng ab `fgpdkbqbk np n yqf`bpp/ pdg`b {bnèdgj dgxfoxbp n`{dfg'

[bnèdgj `ng nopf ab qbjnqkbk np ng dg{bqybqpfgno n`{dxd{t/ pdg`b {bnèbqp dg{bqn`{

zd{e fgb fq cfqb p{rkbg{p' [bnèbqp pefrok cfgd{fq noo fh {eb p{rkbg{p ngk jdxb

n{{bg{dfg {f bnè fh {ebc np adj np {ebt gbbk' [bnèbqp pefrok dg{bqn`{ zd{e {ebdq

p{rkbg{p' [eb ~rnod{t fh {eb {bnèdgj ngk obnqgdgj yqf`bpp `ng ab kb{bqcdgbk at


30/223

>5

efz jffk {eb ònppqffc dg{bqn`{dfg dp' [eb cfqb {eb ònppqffc dg{bqn`{dfg/ {eb

ab{{bq {eb {bnèdgj ngk obnqgdgj yqf`bpp'

Anpbk fg {eb buyongn{dfgp nafxb/ d{ `ng ab `fgòrkbk {en{ {bnèdgj dp n

yqf`bpp fh jrdkdgj ngk hn`dod{n{dgj p{rkbg{p {f obnqg fq {f yqfcf{b jqfz{e dg {eb

p{rkbg{p abenxdfq'

0' Bgjodpe Ongjrnjb [bnèdgj

Dg `fccrgd`n{dxb nyyqfnè/ obnqgdgj n ongjrnjb cbngp rpdgj {eb ongjrnjb

{f `fccrgd`n{b `fg{bu{rnoot= cfgfofjrb#kdnofjrb/ fqno#zqd{{bg/ qb`by{dxb#

yqfkr`{dxb/ ngk dg{bqybqpfgno#{qngpn`{dfgno' D{ cbngp {en{ ongjrnjb {bnèbqp

pefrok ab naob {f `fxbq {efpb npyb`{p dg {bnèdgj `bq{ndg ongjrnjb {f p{rkbg{p'

[ebt pefrok ab naob {f cf{dxn{b/ hn`dod{n{b/ ngk jrdkb p{rkbg{p pf {en{ {ebt `ng

obnqg efz {f rpb {eb ongjrnjb dg qbno `fccrgd`n{dfg' Dg f{ebq zfqkp/ {eb hf`rp fh

pb`fgk ongjrnjb {bnèdgj dp fg {eb {bnèdgj ongjrnjb hfq {eb ro{dcn{b jfno fh

`fccrgd`n{dfg zd{e f{ebq pybnlbqp fh {eb pb`fgk ongjrnjb' Prè n hf`rp enp

`bg{bqbk fg pybnldgj ngk odp{bgdgj pldoop/ fg zqd{dgj hfq pyb`dhd` `fccrgd`n{dxb

yrqyfpbp/ ngk fg nr{ebg{d` qbnkdgj {bu{p %Aqfzg/ >44;=118$' Anècng %>459$

dg Aqfzg %>44;= 11:$ yqfyfpbp n Ongjrnjb @fcyb{bg`b Pèbcn zedè kbp`qdabp

{eb `fcyb{bg`bp {en{ n ongjrnjb obnqgbq pefrok cnp{bq'


31/223

>4

[naob 1'>' Ongjrnjb @fcyb{bg`b Pèbcn

Anècng pèbcn{d}n{dfg dp {eb cfkdhd`n{dfg fh @ngnob ngk Pzndgp

kbhdgd{dfg fh `fccrgd`n{dxb `fcyb{bg`b' Anècng yon`bp jqnccn{d`no ngk

kdp`frqpb %qbgncbk {bu{rno$ `fcyb{bg`b rgkbq fgb gfkb zedè eb `noop np

fqjngd}n{dfgno `fcyb{bg`b' D{ dgòrkbp noo qrobp ngk ptp{bcp {en{ kd`{n{b {eb

ongjrnjb obnqgbqp `ng kf zd{e {eb hfqcp fh ongjrnjb/ zeb{ebq {ebt ab pbg{bg`b#

obxbo qrobp %jqnccnq$ fq qrobp {en{ jfxbqg efz {ebt p{qdgj pbg{bg`bp {fjb{ebq

%kdp`frqpb$' Yqnjcn{d` `fcyb{bg`b `fxbqp hrg`{dfgno npyb`{p fh ongjrnjb

%doof`r{dfgnqt `fcyb{bg`b/ fq/ ybq{ndgdgj {f pbgkdgj ngk qb`bdxdgj dg{bgkbk

cbngdgjp$ ngk pf`dfodgjrdp{d` npyb`{p %zedè kbno zd{e prè `fgpdkbqn{dfgp np

yfod{bgbpp/ hfqcnod{t/ cb{nyefq/ qbjdp{bq/ ngk `ro{rqnoot qbon{bk npyb`{p fh

ongjrnjb$' Ngk/ dg lbbydgj zd{e `rqqbg{ znxbp fh {efrje{ Anècng nkkp p{qn{bjd`

`fcyb{bg`b np ng bg{dqbot pbynqn{b bobcbg{ fh fccrgd`n{dxb ongjrnjb nadod{t'

[ebqb nqb hfrq ènqn`{bqdp{d`p fh `fccrgd`n{dxb ongjrnjb {bnèdgj

yqfyfpbk at Aqfzg %>44;= 1;2$= %>$ ònppqffc jfnop nqb hf`rpbk fg noo fh {eb

`fcyfgbg{p fh `fccrgd`n{dxb `fcyb{bg`b ngk gd{ qbp{qd`{bk {f jqnccn{d`no fq

Ongjrnjb

@fcyb{bg`b

Fqjngd}n{dfgno@fcyb{bg`b

Jqnccn{d`no

@fcyb{bg`b

[bu{rno

@fcyb{bg`b

Yqnjcn{d`

@fcyb{bg`b

Doof`f{dfgnqt

@fcyb{bg`b

Pf`dfodgjrdp{d`

@fcyb{bg`b


32/223

19

odgjrdp{d` `fcyb{bg`b/ %1$ ongjrnjb {bègd~rbp nqb kbpdjgbk {f bgjnjb obnqgbqp dg

{eb yqnjcn{d`/ nr{ebg{d`/ hrg`{dfgno rpb fh ongjrnjb hfq cbngdgjhro yrqyfpbp/ %0$

horbg`t ngk n``rqn`t nqb pbbg np `fcyobcbg{nqt yqdg`dyobp rgkbqotdgj

`fccrgd`n{dxb {bègd~rbp/ %;$ dg {eb `fccrgd`n{dxb ònppqffc/ p{rkbg{p

ro{dcn{bot enxb {f rpb {eb ongjrnjb/ yqfkr`{dxbot ngk qb`by{dxbot/ dg rgqbebnqpbk

`fg{bu{p'

Np p{n{bk dg YY >4&1992 {en{ {eb ènqn`{bqdp{d`p fh ng bhhb`{dxb {bnèdgj

ngk obnqgdgj yqf`bpp nqb n`{dxb/ dggfxn{dxb/ `qbn{dxb/ bhhb`{dxb/ ngk hrg/ ongjrnjb

{bnèbqp pefrok ab naob {f `qbn{b prè `fgkd{dfg dg fqkbq {f n{{ndg {eb jfno fh

ongjrnjb obnqgdgj' Ng n`{dxb {bnèdgj ngk obnqgdgj yqf`bpp dp {bnèdgj ngk

obnqgdgj yqf`bpp dg zedè {eb p{rkbg{p nqb dgxfoxbk dg{bgpdxbot' Dg {eb `fg{bu{ fh

ongjrnjb {bnèdgj/ ng n`{dxb {bnèdgj ngk obnqgdgj yqf`bpp dp pefzg at {eb

n`{dxbgbpp fh {eb p{rkbg{p dg rpdgj {eb ongjrnjb {f `fccrgd`n{b' Dggfxn{dxb

{bnèdgj ngk obnqgdgj yqf`bpp cbngp {en{ {eb {bnèdgj ngk obnqgdgj yqf`bpp cnlbp

rpb fh qb`bg{ {bnèdgj ngk obnqgdgj cfkbo/ prè np qfob yont/ hf`rp jqfry

kdp`rppdfg/ {npl#anpbk dgp{qr`{dfg/ dg~rdqt#anpbk obnqgdgj/ ngk yqfaobc#anpbk

obnqgdgj' @qbn{dxb {bnèdgj ngk obnqgdgj yqf`bpp dp {bnèdgj ngk obnqgdgj yqf`bpp

zedè rpbp xnqdfrp n`{dxd{dbp' [efpb xnqdfrp n`{dxd{dbp pefrok ab prd{bk zd{e

p{rkbg{p `fcyb{bg`t/ {bnèdgj cn{bqdno/ {bnèdgj cb{efk/ ngk bxnorn{dfg' Zedob

ng bhhb`{dxb {bnèdgj ngk obnqgdgj yqf`bpp dp {bnèdgj ngk obnqgdgj yqf`bpp zedè

dp naob {f kbxbofy p{rkbg{p `fcyb{bg`t kbp`qdabk dg p{ngknqk `fcyb{bg`b/ anpd`

`fcyb{bg`b/ ngk dgkd`n{fq' Onp{ ar{ gf{ obnp{/ n hrg {bnèdgj ngk obnqgdgj yqf`bpp


33/223

1>

dp {bnèdgj ngk obnqgdgj yqf`bpp zedè p{dcron{bp p{rkbg{p {f ab cf{dxn{bk {f obnqg

{eb ongjrnjb'

;' Bhhb`{dxb [bnèbqp

[bnèbqp nqb {eb lbt yfdg{ dg kb{bqcdgdgj {eb {bnèdgj ~rnod{t' Bhhb`{dxb

{bnèbqp zdoo {bnè {ebdq p{rkbg{p bhhb`{dxbot' P{rkbg{p {bgk {f odlb {bnèbqp zef

nqb òfpb ngk `nqb zd{e {ebc' P{rkbg{p zdoo odlb {bnèbqp zef nqb ldgk {f {ebc

cfqb {eng {efpb zef nqb gf{/ bxbg {efrje {ebt nqb pcnq{ {bnèbqp' Np n qbpro{/

p{rkbg{p zdoo ab cfqb n`{dxb dg n ònpp zebg {eb {bnèbq zef dp {bnèdgj dp {eb

{bnèbq {ebt odlb' Nqbgkp %>44:= 2$ p{n{bp= bhhb`{dxb {bnèbqp pbbl nr{ebg{d`

qbon{dfgpedy zd{e {ebdq p{rkbg{p/ enxb yfpd{dxb kdpyfpd{dfg {fznqk lgfzobkjb/

`fccngk n qbybq{fdqb fh {bnèdgj yqn`{d`bp/ ngk nqb qbhob`{dxb yqfaobc pfoxbqp'

Ngf{ebq kbhdgd{dfg fh bhhb`{dxb {bnèbqp `fcbp hqfc Knxdk Qtng' Qtng

kbhdgbp bhhb`{dxb {bnèbqp np {efpb zef nqb hndq/ kbcf`qn{d`/ qbpyfgpdxb/

rgkbqp{ngkdgj/ ldgkot/ pdcron{dxb/ fqdjdgno/ nobq{/ n{{qn`{dxb/ qbpyfgpdaob/ p{bnkt/

yfdpbk/ ngk `fghdkbg{ %Qtng ( @ffybq/ >45;= 092#8$' D{ cbngp {en{ ng bhhb`{dxb

{bnèbq dp nozntp hndq {f edp p{rkbg{p' Hndq kfbp gf{ nozntp cbng jdxb {eb pncb

ncfrg{ fh pfcb{edgj/ ar{ hndq cbngp jdxb np adj np {ebt gbbk' Np n {bnèbq/ eb

pefrok lgfz {en{ p{rkbg{p nqb afqg zd{e kdhhbqbg{ ènqn`{bq eb pefrok hn`b' Eb

pefrok nopf ab kbcf`qn{d`' Ng bhhb`{dxb {bnèbq dp nozntp zdpb dg hn`dgj ngt

prjjbp{dfgp hqfc f{ebq ybfyob hfq edc ab`nrpb eb rgkbqp{ngkp {en{ {efpb

prjjbp{dfgp zdoo dcyqfxb edp {bnèdgj ~rnod{t' Eb jdxbp qbpyfgpb {f edp p{rkbg{p dg

n yfpd{dxb znt np n qbpro{ fh edp rgkbqp{ngkdgj {fznqkp p{rkbg{p abenxdfq'


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11

P{rkbg{p enxdgj bhhb`{dxb {bnèbqp {bgk {f enxb jffk nèdbxbcbg{p' D{ cnt

enyybg ab`nrpb {eb {bnèbqp enxb bhhb`{dxb zntp {f `fgkr`{ n jffk {bnèdgj'

[ebt yong {ebdq obppfg ngk nqb yqbynqbk {f zen{ cdje{ enyybg {f {ebdq ònpp' Ng

bhhb`{dxb {bnèbq nozntp p{nq{p bnè gbz obppfg at yqbxdbzdgj {eb onp{ obppfg' [eb

{bnèbq jdxbp n aqdbh buyongn{dfg qbon{bk {f {eb {fyd` dg {eb yqbxdfrp obppfg' [eb

p{rkbg{p nqb nopf jdxbg èng`bp {f npl dh {ebqb nqb p{doo pfcb kdhhd`ro{dbp {ebt enxb

dg rgkbqp{ngkdgj {eb {fyd`' [edp n`{dxd{t dp xbqt dcyfq{ng{ {f kf ab`nrpb p{rkbg{p

cdje{ enxb kdhhd`ro{dbp dg obnqgdgj {eb yqbxdfrp obppfg zedè cdje{ ab qbon{bk {f

{eb gbu{ {fyd` {ebt nqb jfdgj {f obnqg' D{ dp efybk {en{ at kfdgj {edp n`{dxd{t/ d{ zdoo

ab bnpdbq hfq {eb p{rkbg{p {f rgkbqp{ngk {eb {fyd` {en{ {ebt nqb jfdgj {f enxb'

Ng bhhb`{dxb {bnèbq nopf p{n{bp {eb famb`{dxb fh {eb obppfg abhfqb {eb

{bnèdgj ngk obnqgdgj yqf`bpp {nlbp yon`b' At kfdgj pf/ {eb {bnèbq buyb`{p {en{

{eb p{rkbg{p zdoo ab p{dcron{bk {f yqbynqb {ebcpboxbp zd{e {ebdq an`ljqfrgk

lgfzobkjb {ebt enxb qbon{bk {f {eb {fyd` {ebt nqb jfdgj {f enxb pf {en{ {ebt zdoo

ab bnpdbq {f rgkbqp{ngk' Ngf{ebq ènqn`{bqdp{d` fh ng bhhb`{dxb {bnèbq dp {en{ eb

{qngphbqp {eb gbz cn{bqdno at yqbpbg{dgj d{ dg p{by at p{by' D{ dp dcyfq{ng{ {f kf

ab`nrpb at yqbpbg{dgj {eb obppfg p{by at p{by/ {eb {bnèbq zdoo ab yr{ n{ bnpb dg

kbodxbqdgj {eb cn{bqdno ab`nrpb eb enp fqjngd}bk zen{ eb dp jfdgj {f {boo {f {eb

p{rkbg{p' [edp nopf nxfdkp {eb rg{fok cn{bqdnop zedè rprnoot enyybg zebg {eb

{bnèbq kfbp gf{ yqbpbg{ {eb obppfg dg p{by at p{by' Eb gbbkp nopf {f jdxb

rgkbqp{ngknaob dgp{qr`{dfg ngk buyongn{dfg {f edp p{rkbg{p' No{efrje n {bnèbq enp

yqbpbg{bk edp obppfg p{by at p{by/ d{ dp gf rpb dh {eb p{rkbg{p kf gf{ jb{ zen{ {eb


35/223

10

{bnèbq cbngp' [ebqbhfqb {eb {bnèbq pefrok cdgdcd}b {edp yfppdadod{t at jdxdgj ng

rgkbqp{ngknaob dgp{qr`{dfg ngk buyongn{dfg'

[eb p{rkbg{p gbbk {dcb {f yqn`{d`b zen{ {ebdq {bnèbq enp buyondgbk {f

{ebc' Dg {edp `npb/ n {bnèbq enp n kr{t {f jdxb {eb p{rkbg{p èng`bp {f kf d{' D{ `ng

ab dg {eb hfqc fh zqd{{bg ngk fqno bubq`dpb' [eb yqfaobc zedè {ebg cdje{ `fcb

nqdpb dp {en{ {ebqb nqb pfcb p{rkbg{p zef nqb gf{ `fghdkbg{ {f `fg{qdar{b

{ebcpboxbp dg {eb fqno bubq`dpbp' N {bnèbq pefrok kqnz {ebdq dg{bqbp{ dg

ynq{d`dyn{dgj dg {eb bubq`dpb at jdxdgj {ebc grcbqfrp ~rbp{dfgp {en{ {ebt enxb {f

ngpzbq' [eb {bnèbqp ~rbp{dfgp `ng nopf ab rpbk {f èb`l efz hnq {eb p{rkbg{p

obnqg'

Qfpbgpedgb ngk P{bxbgp dg @qfzo/ Lncdgplt ngk Yfkboo %>44:= 082$ enxb

`fgkr`{bk n p{rkt nafr{ {bnèdgj p{qn{bjdbp ngk {ebt hfrgk >9 ènqn`{bqdp{d`p fh

ng bhhb`{dxb {bnèbq'

n' p{nq{p bnè gbz obppfg at yqbxdbzdgj {eb onp{ obppfg[bnèbq p{nq{p {eb cbb{dgj at yqbxdbzdgj {eb {fyd` {ebt enk abhfqb'

[edp `ng ab kfgb {eqfrje jdxdgj n aqdbh buyongn{dfg nafr{ {eb yqbxdfrp

cn{bqdno fq at jdxdgj èng`bp hfq {eb p{rkbg{p {f npl zen{ {ebt enxb gf{

rgkbqp{ffk nafr{ {eb yqbxdfrp cn{bqdno'

a'p{n{bp {eb famb`{dxbp fh {eb obppfgP{n{dgj {eb famb`{dxb abhfqb {eb {bnèdgj ngk obnqgdgj yqf`bpp qrg dp

dcyfq{ng{' D{ p{dcron{bp {eb p{rkbg{p {f yqbynqb {ebcpboxbp zd{e {eb


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1;

an`ljqfrgk lgfzobkjb {ebt enxb qbon{bk {f {eb {fyd` {ebt nqb jfdgj {f

obnqg'

`' {qngphbqp {eb gbz cn{bqdno at yqbpbg{dgj p{by at p{by[bnèdgj zd{e fqkbqbk p{byp ng{d`dyn{bp {eb {bnèbq hqfc ngt yfppdaob

cdppdgj cn{bqdno zedob eb dp qrggdgj {eb {bnèdgj ngk obnqgdgj yqf`bpp'

Pfcb{dcbp {bnèbq kf zen{ dp `noobk np mrcydgj' Eb kfbpg{ yqbpbg{

{eb cn{bqdno dg n jffk fqkbq pf {en{ {eb p{rkbg{p jb{ `fghrpbk zd{e zen{

{eb {bnèbq dp qbnoot {noldgj nafr{' At yqbpbg{dgj {eb cn{bqdno p{by at

p{by/ d{ dp efybk {en{ {edp yqfaobc zdoo gf{ enyybg'

k' {nlbp rgkbqp{ngknaob dgp{qr`{dfgp ngk buyongn{dfgpP{rkbg{p pfcb{dcbp kf gf{ rgkbqp{ngk {eb dgp{qr`{dfgp fq buyongn{dfgp

{ebdq {bnèbq jdxbp' [ebt enxb gf dkbn zd{e zen{ {eb {bnèbq dp {qtdgj {f

pnt' D{ dp jffk hfq {eb {bnèbq {f jdxb dgp{qr`{dfgp fq buyongn{dfgp zd{e

zfqkp zedè nqb hncdodnq {f {eb p{rkbg{p pf {en{ {eb p{rkbg{p zdoo

rgkbqp{ngk {eb dgp{qr`{dfgp fq buyongn{dfgp ab{{bq'

b' yqfxdkbp crè {dcb hfq p{rkbg{p {f yqn`{d`b[eb jfno fh ongjrnjb obnqgdgj dp {f cnlb {eb p{rkbg{p {f ab naob {f rpb

{eb ongjrnjb' P{rkbg{p nqb efybk {en{ at {eb bgk fh {eb obnqgdgj

yqf`bpp/ {ebt zdoo ab naob {f nyyot zen{ {ebt enxb noqbnkt jf{/ dg {edp

`npb {eb ongjrnjb' [bnèbq/ np {eb hn`dod{n{fq/ pefrok yqfxdkb èng`bp

hfq {eb p{rkbg{p {f rpb {ebdq ongjrnjb'


37/223

12

h' jdxbp grcbqfrp ~rbp{dfgpDg {eb cngnjbcbg{ fh obnqgdgj/ ~rbp{dfgp hrohdoo grcbqfrp hrg`{dfgp dg

{eb ònppqffc' At npldgj ~rbp{dfgp/ {eb {bnèbq `ng bod`d{ dghfqcn{dfg/

èb`l p{rkbg{p rgkbqp{ngkdgj/ fq `fg{qfo p{rkbg{p abenxdfq'

j'`fgkr`{p znqcdgj ry n`{dxd{dbp[bnèbqp `ng kqnz p{rkbg{p dg{bqbp{ dg obnqgdgj n `bq{ndg pramb`{ at

`fgkr`{dgj znqcdgj ry n`{dxd{dbp' [edp ldgk fh n`{dxd{t `ng ab kfgb

{eqfrje cngt zntp' Pfcb fh {eb zntp {bnèbqp rprnoot rpb nqb at

jdxdgj ~rbp{dfgp qbon{bk {f {eb pramb`{ fq at kfdgj jncbp zd{e {eb

p{rkbg{p'

e'jdxbp hbbkan`l ngk fqqb`{dfgpCnldgj cdp{nlbp dp n ebno{et ynq{ fh {eb obnqgdgj yqf`bpp' Cdp{nlbp ngk

d{p `fqqb`{dfg `ng yqfxdkb {eb obnqgbq zd{e xnornaob dghfqcn{dfg fg {eb

{nqjb{ ongjrnjb' [eb {bnèbq pefrok `fgpdkbq zebg ngk efz eb zdoo

jdxb hbbkan`l ngk `fqqb`{dfgp {f p{rkbg{p cdp{nlbp'

d' yqfxdkbp buyod`d{ dgp{qr`{dfgp hfq pbn{zfql[eb nadod{t {f yqfxdkb òbnq dgp{qr`{dfgp dp ng dcyfq{ng{ cngnjbcbg{

pldoo hfq noo {bnèbqp' @obnq dgp{qr`{dfgp nqb `qd{d`no {f {eb pr``bpp fh

ònppqffc {nplp ngk bubq`dpbp'


38/223

18

m' `nqqdbp fr{ {bp{ zbblot ngk cfg{eotYbqdfkd` {bp{ dp gbbkbk {f lgfz efz hnq p{rkbg{p obnqg' [eb dghfqcn{dfg

{en{ {eb {bnèbq gbbkp nafr{ p{rkbg{p rgkbqp{ngkdgj qbon{bk {f `bq{ndg

cn{bqdnop `ng ab fa{ndgbk at `fgkr`{dgj {edp n`{dxd{t'

2' Jbgbqno Yqdg`dyob fh Bhhb`{dxb [bnèdgj ngk Obnqgdgj

[bnèbq kfbp gf{ fgot {bnè edp p{rkbg{p np eb zng{p' Eb enp pfcb jrdkbp

{f pefz edc efz {f ab cfqb bhhb`{dxb dg `fgkr`{dgj n obppfg' Eb qrgp edp obppfg

anpbk fg pfcb yqdg`dynop zedè gbbk {f ab hfoofzbk dg fqkbq {f pryyfq{ ng

bhhb`{dxb obnqgdgj' Fqcqfk %1992= >2$ yqfyfpbp {eqbb jbgbqno yqdg`dyobp fh

bhhb`{dxb obnqgdgj/ np hfoofzp'

n' [bnèdgj ngk obnqgdgj yqf`bpp zdoo ab cfqb bhhb`{dxb dh {eb {bnèbqpqbon{b {eb cn{bqdnop {f {eb p{rkbg{p an`ljqfrgk lgfzobkjb' [bnèbqp

n{{bcy{ {f qbon{b {eb dkbn fh {eb cn{bqdnop zd{e pfcb{edgj {en{ p{rkbg{p

nqb noqbnkt hncdodnq/ prè np {ebdq yqbxdfrp zfqlp/ {ebdq ynp{

buybqdbg`bp/ ngk {ebdq jbgbqno lgfzobkjb nafr{ {eb zfqok' Zebg {eb

p{rkbg{p hbbo hncdodnq zd{e {eb {fyd` {eb {bnèbq jdxbp {f {ebc/ {ebt zdoo

ab dg{bqbp{bk ngk cf{dxn{bk dg hfoofzdgj {eb {bnèdgj ngk obnqgdgj

yqf`bpp' P{rkbg{p zef nqb dg{bqbp{bk ngk cf{dxn{bk {bgk {f `fg{qdar{b

cfqb dg {eb ònppqffc dg{bqn`{dfg'

a' [eb {bnèdgj ngk obnqgdgj yqf`bpp zdoo ab cfqb bhhb`{dxb dh {eb {bnèbqbonafqn{bp {eb gbz cn{bqdno òbnqot ngk p{by at p{by' Bonafqn{dfg dp n

yqf`bpp fh nkkdgj fgbp fzg dkbnp {f gbz dghfqcn{dfg' Dg cfp{


39/223

1:

pd{rn{dfgp/ bonafqn{dfgp bgnaob p{rkbg{p {f obnqg dghfqcn{dfg zd{e

jqbn{bq rgkbqp{ngkdgj/ qbcbcabq d{ ab{{bq/ ngk nyyot d{ cfqb qbnkdot

zebg {ebt gbbk d{' [ebqbhfqb/ {bnèbqp {qt {f {edgl abtfgk {eb

dghfqcn{dfg {ebt qbnk' [bnèbqp jbgbqn{b gbz buncyobp fh `fg`by{p'

P{rkbg{p pfcb{dcbp kf gf{ rgkbqp{ngk {eb cn{bqdno {ebdq {bnèbq jdxbp'

[ebqbhfqb {eb {bnèbq pefrok jdxb nkkd{dfgno dghfqcn{dfg fq

buyongn{dfg qbon{bk {f {eb {fyd` {ebt nqb obnqgdgj' At bonafqn{dgj {eb

{fyd`/ {bnèbq `ng nxfdk p{rkbg{p cdpobnkdgj fq cdprgkbqp{ngkdgj

pdg`b eb enp yqfxdkbk {eb p{rkbg{p zd{e bgfrje buyongn{dfg'

`' [bnèdgj ngk obnqgdgj yqf`bpp zdoo ab cfqb bhhb`{dxb dh {eb {bnèbqbxnorn{bp {eb p{rkbg{p ybqdfkd`noot {f bgprqb {en{ {eb p{rkbg{p enxb

obnqgbk ngk rgkbqp{ffk' [bnèbqp jdxb {eb p{rkbg{p qbxdbzp fq {bp{p

zbblot fq cfg{eot fq npl {ebc {f cnlb n aqdbh prccnqt nafr{ {eb

cn{bqdno'

[efpb yqdg`dyobp nqb jrdkbodgbp hfq {bnèbqp ngk nqb xbqt rpbhro hfq

af{e {bnèbqp ngk p{rkbg{p' [bnèbqp ab{{bq {f p{nq{ {eb obppfg zd{e pfcb{edgj

zedè dp hncdodnq {f {eb p{rkbg{p' [ebt enxb {f bonafqn{b {eb dkbn òbnqot ngk p{by

at p{by pf {en{ {eb p{rkbg{p `ng rgkbqp{ngk {eb dghfqcn{dfg ab{{bq' Hdgnoot/

{bnèbqp kf bxnorn{dfg fq obppfg qbxdbz'


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15

8' [eb @fcyfgbg{p fh [bnèdgj ngk Obnqgdgj Yqf`bpp

Dg {eb yqf`bpp fh {bnèdgj ngk obnqgdgj/ cngt `fcyfgbg{p nqb dgxfoxbk'

[efpb `fcyfgbg{p nqb pbynqn{bk ar{ dg{bqqbon{bk bnè f{ebq' Zebg fgb `fcyfgbg{

dp cdppdgj/ {eb yqf`bpp fh {bnèdgj ngk obnqgdgj `nggf{ qrg pcff{eot'

E'M Jdfgf %>44:= 19$ kdxdkbp {eb `fcyfgbg{p fh {bnèdgj ngk obnqgdgj

yqf`bpp dg{f pbxbg `fcyfgbg{p= {ebt nqb p{rkbg{/ {bnèbq/ jfno/ cn{bqdno/ cb{efk/

cbkdn/ ngk bxnorn{dfg'

n' P{rkbg{pP{rkbg{ dp {eb pbblbq/ {eb qb`bdxbq/ ngk {eb pnxbq fh {eb pramb`{ cn{bqdno

gbbkbk {f nèdbxb {eb jfno' Dg {bnèdgj ngk obnqgdgj yqf`bpp/ {eb

p{rkbg{p nqb {eb fgbp zef pbbl hfq lgfzobkjb hqfc {eb {bnèbq' [ebt

qb`bdxb {eb cn{bqdno {en{ {eb {bnèbq jdxbp {f {ebc zedè dp {ebg pnxbk

hfq hr{rqb rpb' [eb cn{bqdno fq pldoop {ebt enxb nqb rpbk {f nèdbxb {eb

jfno zedè enp abbg pb{ ngk p{n{bk dg {eb abjdggdgj fh {eb obppfg'

a'[bnèbq[bnèbq dp {eb cngnjbq fh {bnèdgj ngk obnqgdgj n`{dxd{dbp/ ngk {eb

{bnèdgj ngk obnqgdgj `n{notp{' Eb nopf enp f{ebq qfobp dg cnldgj

{bnèdgj ngk obnqgdgj yqf`bpp jf bhhb`{dxbot'

`' JfnoJfno dp n p{n{bcbg{ nafr{ {eb dg{bgkbk èngjbp zedè `frok ab nèdbxbk

nh{bq hfoofzdgj `bq{ndg {bnèdgj ngk obnqgdgj yqf`bpp' [ebpb èngjbp

dgxfoxb {eb nhhb`{dxb/ `fjgd{dxb/ ngk yptèfcf{fq nqbnp' [eb jfno fh {eb


41/223

14

{bnèdgj ngk obnqgdgj yqf`bpp pefrok ab qbnodp{d` ngk prd{bk zd{e {eb

gbbkp fh {eb p{rkbg{p'

k'Cn{bqdnoCn{bqdno dp {eb ncfrg{ fh dghfqcn{dfg nafr{ {eb hn`{p/ yqdg`dyobp/ ngk

`fg`by{p/ zedè nqb gbbkbk {f nèdbxb {eb jfno' [eb cn{bqdno rpbk dg

{eb yqf`bpp fh {bnèdgj ngk obnqgdgj pefrok ab prd{naob zd{e {eb pramb`{

abdgj obnqgbk ngk nopf {eb p{rkbg{p lgfzobkjb'

b' Cb{efkCb{efk dp {eb znt dg jdxdgj {eb èng`b {f {eb p{rkbg{p {f jb{ {eb

dghfqcn{dfg/ zedè dp gbbkbk {f nèdbxb {eb jfno' N jffk {bnèbq rpbp n

xnqdfrp cb{efk dg fqkbq {f nxfdk p{rkbg{p afqbkfc'

h' CbkdnCbkdn dp n kbxd`b rpb hfq `fgxbtdgj {eb dghfqcn{dfg {f {eb p{rkbg{p pf

{en{ {ebt `ng nèdbxb {eb jfno bnpdot' At rpdgj cbkdn/ d{ dp buyb`{bk {en{

{eb p{rkbg{p zdoo ab cfqb dg{bqbp{bk dg {eb pramb`{ {ebt obnqg'

j'Bxnorn{dfgBxnorn{dfg dp n `bq{ndg znt rpbk hfq bxnorn{dgj {eb yqf`bpp ngk d{p

qbpro{' D{ dp jdxbg {f noo fh {eb {bnèdgj ngk obnqgdgj `fcyfgbg{p ngk d{

nopf jdxbp {eb hbbkan`l {f {eb {bnèdgj ngk obnqgdgj `fcyfgbg{p'

[eb buyongn{dfg nafxb pefzp {en{ {bnèdgj ngk obnqgdgj yqf`bpp dgxfoxbp

cngt `fcyfgbg{p zedè nqb bgòfpbk {fjb{ebq {f qbnè {eb jfno fh bkr`n{dfg'


42/223

09

Zebg fgb fh {efpb `fcyfgbg{p dp cdppdgj/ {eb {bnèdgj ngk obnqgdgj yqf`bpp

`nggf{ qrg np pcff{e np zebg noo fh {ebc nqb yqbpbg{'

:' [bnèbq ngk Obnqgbq Qfob[eb qfobp zedè {eb {bnèbq ngk {eb obnqgbqp èffpb {f nkfy{ zdoo enxb n

pdjgdhd`ng{ abnqdgj fg ònppqffc n{cfpyebqb/ yn{{bqgp fh dg{bqn`{dfg/ ngk

ro{dcn{bot p{rkbg{ obnqgdgj' [eb {bnèbq ngk {eb p{rkbg{p zdoo nkfy{ n qngjb fq

qfobp' [eb kb`dpdfg dg èffpdgj `bq{ndg qfobp cnt obnk {f `fcyod`n{dfgp/

`fghrpdfg/ ngk bxbg `fghod`{ ab{zbbg {eb {bnèbq ngk {eb obnqgbqp'

[bnèbq/ np {eb lbt yfdg{ dg kb{bqcdgdgj {eb ~rnod{t fh {bnèdgj ngk

obnqgdgj yqf`bpp/ pbqxbp cngt qfobp' [ebpb qfobp nqb engkobk at n {bnèbq dg fqkbq

{f qbnè {eb jfno zedè enp abbg pb{ at {eb {bnèbq' N``fqkdgj {f Aqbbg ngk

@ngkodg %>459$ dg Qdènqkp ngk Qfjbqp %199>= >8:$ {bnèbq enp {eqbb cndg qfobp

dg {eb `fccrgd`n{dxb onppqffc=

[eb hdqp{ qfob dp {f hn`dod{n{b {eb `fccrgd`n{dfg yqf`bpp ab{zbbg noo

ynq{d`dyng{p dg {eb ònppqffc/ ngk ab{zbbg {ebpb ynq{d`dyng{p ngk {eb

xnqdfrp n`{dxd{dbp ngk {bu{p' [eb pb`fgk qfob dp {f n`{ np ng dgkbybgkbg{

ynq{d`dyng{ zd{edg {eb obnqgdgj#{bnèdgj jqfry' [eb on{{bq qfob dp òfpbot

qbon{bk {f {eb famb`{dxbp fh {eb hdqp{ qfob ngk nqdpbp hqfc d{' [ebpb qfobp

dcyot n pb{ fh pb`fgknqt qfobp hqfc {eb {bnèbq< hdqp{/ np ng fqjngd}bq fh

qbpfrq`bp ngk np qbpfrq`b edcpboh/ pb`fgk np n jrdkb zd{edg {eb

ònppqffc yqf`bkrqbp ngk n`{dxd{dbpn {edqk qfob hfq {eb {bnèbq dp {en{

fh qbpbnqèbq ngk obnqgbq/ zd{e crè {f `fg{qdar{b dg {bqcp fhnyyqfyqdn{b lgfzobkjb ngk nadod{dbp/ n`{rno ngk fapbqxbk buybqdbg`b fh

{eb gn{rqb fh obnqgdgj ngk fqjngd}n{dfgno `nyn`d{dbp'

[eb qfobp fh {bnèbqp jdxbg at Aqbbg ngk @ngkodg nafxb pefzp {en{ {eb

hdqp{ qfob fh n {bnèbq dp np ng fqjngd}bq fh qbpfrq`b ngk np qbpfrq`b edcpboh' D{

cbngp {en{ zedob {bnèbq hrg`{dfgp edcpboh np ng fqjngd}bq fh qbpfrq`b/ n{ {eb

pncb {dcb eb dp {eb qbpfrq`b edcpboh' Eb nqqngjbp {eb cn{bqdno eb jb{p hfq {eb


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0>

p{rkbg{p zedob fg {eb f{ebq engk eb {qngphbqp edp fzg lgfzobkjb {f edp p{rkbg{p'

[eb pb`fgk qfob fh {bnèbq dp np n jrdkb' Ebqb/ {bnèbq jdxbp cfkbo {f edp p{rkbg{p

dg kfdgj pfcb{edgj qbon{bk {f {eb {fyd` {ebt nqb obnqgdgj' Eb pefzp {eb p{rkbg{p

efz {f kf `bq{ndg n`{dxd{dbp dg fqkbq {f nxfdk p{rkbg{p cdprgkbqp{ngkdgj nafr{ {eb

{bnèbqp dgp{qr`{dfg' [eb {edqk qfob fh n {bnèbq dp np n qbpbnqèbq ngk nopf n

obnqgbq' N {bnèbq/ zedob `fgkr`{dgj {eb {bnèdgj ngk obnqgdgj yqf`bpp/ qbpbnqèbp

edp obppfg' Edp qbpbnqè dp qbon{bk zd{e efz zboo eb qrgp edp obppfg' [eb qbpro{ fh

edp qbpbnqè dp {ebg rpbk at edc {f obnqg n ab{{bq znt fq cb{efk zedè `ng ab

rpbk dg edp ònpp dg fqkbq {f enxb n ab{{bq {bnèdgj ngk obnqgdgj yqf`bpp'

Enqcbq %>44>$ dg Grgng ngk Onca %>448= >05$ kbhdgbp {en{ {ebqb nqb

cngt qfobp {en{ {bnèbq pefrok efok/ {efpb nqb=

n' [bnèbq np n `fg{qfoobq[eb `fg{qfoobq qfob dp nyyqfyqdn{b n{ {efpb {dcbp dg {eb obppfg zebg {eb

{bnèbq zng{p {eb zefob ònpp {f ab n{{bgkdgj {f zen{ {ebt enxb {f pnt/

hfq buncyob/ zebg pb{{dgj ry n gbz n`{dxd{t/ yqfxdkdgj buyongn{dfg fq

jdxdgj hbbkan`l' Enqcbq qb`fccbgkp {en{ cfp{ ònppqffcp gbbk {eb

{bnèbq np `fg{qfoobq ngk np hn`dod{n{fq'

a'

[bnèbq np nppbppfq

[eb {bnèbq `fqqb`{p fq yqfxdkbp hbbkan`l {f {eb p{rkbg{p' [bnèbq

pefrok lgfz zebg ngk efz eb `ng `fqqb`{ ngk jdxb hbbkan`l {f edp

p{rkbg{p' Etybq`fqqb`{dfg `ng `nrpb {eb p{rkbg{p {f ab obpp `fghdkbg{ dg

buyqbppdgj {ebdq dkbnp' [en{ dp zet {eb {bnèbq pefrok lgfz {eb {dcb


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01

zebg eb gbbkp {f ab ng nppbppfq ngk {eb {dcb zebg eb kfbp gf{ gbbk

{f'

`' [bnèbq np fqjngd}bq[eb {bnèbq np fqjngd}bq dp zebg {eb {bnèbq gbbkp {f fqjngd}b edp

ònpp {f ab zen{ d{ pefrok ab' [eb {bnèbq qfob np ng fqjngd}bq dp

abodbxbk np {eb cfp{ kdhhd`ro{ qfob {f efok at n {bnèbq'

k' [bnèbq np yqfcy{bqZebg n {bnèbq dp np n yqfcy{bq/ eb gbbkp {f bg`frqnjb p{rkbg{p {f

ynq{d`dyn{b fq {f yqfxdkb dghfqcn{dfg fg yqf`bkrqno dpprbp'

b' [bnèbq np ynq{d`dyng{Enqcbq yfdg{p fr{ {en{ {ebqb dp gf qbnpfg zet {bnèbq pefrok gf{

ynq{d`dyn{b np ng b~rno ynq{d`dyng{ dg `fccrgd`n{dxb n`{dxd{dbp prè np

qfob yontp ngk pdcron{dfgp'

h' [bnèbq np qbpfrq`b[bnèbq pefrok yqfxdkb dghfqcn{dfg ngk nppdp{ng`b hfq edp p{rkbg{p np

gbbkbk'

j' [bnèbq np {r{fq[bnèbq enp {f eboy {eb p{rkbg{p {f ònqdht dkbnp/ yfdg{ fr{ bqqfqp dg

qfrje kqnh{p/ b{`'

e' [bnèbq np dgxbp{djn{fqDg {edp qfob/ {bnèbq hrq{ebqp edp fzg yqfhbppdfgno `fcyb{bg`b {eqfrje

{eb fapbqxn{dfg ngk dgxbp{djn{dfg fh yqf`bpp fh {bnèdgj dg edp fzg

ònppqffc'


45/223

00

Ngf{ebq fydgdfg qbon{bk {f {eb qfob fh {bnèbq dp jdxbg at Zqdje{ %>44:=

;4$' Eb pntp {en{ {bnèbqp enxb {zf cnmfq qfobp dg {eb ònppqffc=

n' {f `qbn{b {eb `fgkd{dfgp rgkbq zedè obnqgdgj `ng {nlb yon`b= {eb pf`dnopdkb fh {bnèdgj

a' {f dcynq{/ at n xnqdb{t fh cbngp/ lgfzobkjb {f {ebdq obnqgbqp= {eb {npl#fqdbg{bk pdkb fh {bnèdgj'

N {bnèbq enp nopf qfobp zedè nqb pfcb{dcbp f{ebq ybfyob `nggf{ pbb'

[ebqb nqb pfcb edkkbg ar{ dcyfq{ng{ qfobp n {bnèbq pefrok abnq' Anqgbp dg

Zqdje{ %>44:= 80$ p{n{bp {en{ {ebqb nqb pfcb edkkbg qfobp fh {bnèbq=

n' [eb {bnèbq dp bxnorn{fq fh obnqgbqp bhhfq{p ngk `fg{qdar{dfgp' [eb{bnèbq mrkjbp zeb{ebq obnqgbqp `fg{qdar{dfgp {f {eb {bnèdgj&obnqgdgj

yqf`bpp nqb xnodk/ qbobxng{/ ngk `fqqb`{'

a' [eb {bnèbq dp n jrdkb {f {eb pramb`{ rgkbq `fgpdkbqn{dfg ngk {eb zntdg zedè d{ dp obnqg{ dg {eb ònppqffc' Eb dp nopf {eb `rqn{fq fh {eb qrobp

hfq n`~rdqdgj lgfzobkjb'

`' @ofpbot odglbk {f {eb jrdkb qfob dp {eb qfob fh qbpfrq`b' [eb {bnèbq dp nqbpfrq`b fh lgfzobkjb nafr{ {eb pramb`{ ngk nopf efz {f n`~rdqb d{'

k'

[eb {bnèbq dp nopf/ np dcyodbk at %1$ ngk %0$/ ng fqjngd}bq' [eb {bnèbq

fqjngd}bp ònppqffc n`{dxd{dbp/ pb{p ry obnqgdgj {nplp ngk nppdp{p {eb

obnqgbqp dg kfdgj {ebpb n`{dxd{dbp'

Dh n {bnèbq abnqp cngt qfobp dg {eb yqf`bpp fh {bnèdgj ngk obnqgdgj/ {eb

obnqgbqp nopf enxb cngt qfobp {ebt enxb {f èffpb' Mfegpfg ngk Ynrop{fg %>4:8$


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0;

dg Qdènqkp ngk Qfkjbqp %>440= 10$ pyboo fr{ obnqgbq qfobp dg ng dgkdxdkrnod}bk

nyyqfnè {f ongjrnjb obnqgdgj dg {eb hfoofzdgj {bqcp=

n' Obnqgbqp yong {ebdq fzg obnqgdgj yqfjqnc ngk {erp ro{dcn{bot npprcbqbpyfgpdadod{t hfq zen{ {ebt kf dg {eb ònppqffc'

[edp qfob `ng fgot {nlb yon`b dh {eb p{rkbg{p {ebcpboxbp/ np {eb obnqgbqp/

rgkbqp{ngk efz {eb yqf`bpp fh obnqgdgj zdoo ab' At rgkbqp{ngkdgj efz

{eb obnqgdgj yqf`bpp pefrok qrg/ {eb obnqgbqp zdoo yon`b {ebcpboxbp dg n

yfpd{dfg pf {en{ {ebqb zdoo ab gf `fghrpdfg fq bxbg `fghod`{ zd{e {eb

qfob fh {eb {bnèbq'

a' Obnqgbqp cfgd{fq ngk bxnorn{b {ebdq fzg yqfjqbpp'P{rkbg{p/ np {eb n`{fq fh obnqgdgj/ pefrok ab nznqb fh {ebdq yqfjqbpp'

[ebt gbbk {f cfgd{fq {ebdq obnqgdgj ngk bxnorn{b d{ dg fqkbq {f kbxbofy

{ebdq `fcyb{bg`t'

`' Obnqgbqp nqb cbcabqp fh n jqfry ngk obnqg at dg{bqn`{dgj zd{e f{ebqpzd{e f{ebq obnqgbqp

[eb p{rkbg{p nqb ynq{p fh n adjjbq jqfry {en{ dp {eb ònppqffc' Dg n

ònppqffc/ {ebt obnqg n `bq{ndg pramb`{ zd{e f{ebq obnqgbqp' [en{ dp zet

{eb p{rkbg{p pefrok dg{bqn`{ zd{e {ebdq ybbqp ngk bgxdqfgcbg{'

k' Obnqgbqp {r{fq f{ebq obnqgbqp'Dg n ònppqffc/ {ebqb nqb cngt kdhhbqbg{ p{rkbg{p zd{e kdhhbqbg{ obxbo fh

rgkbqp{ngkdgj' Pfcb fh {eb p{rkbg{p `ng rgkbqp{ngk {eb cn{bqdno bnpdot

zedob {eb f{ebqp `nggf{' Zebg d{ enyybgp/ d{ dp n jffk {dcb hfq {eb


47/223


48/223

08

k' {eb obnqgbq dp dgxfoxbk dg n pf`dno n`{dxd{t/ ngk {eb pf`dno ngkdg{bqybqpfgno qfobp fh {eb {bnèbq `nggf{ ab kdxfq`bk hqfc

yptèfofjd`no obnqgdgj yqf`bpp< {eb obnqgbq crp{ {nlb qbpyfgpdadod{t hfq

{ebdq fzg obnqgdgj/ kbxbofydgj nr{fgfct ngk pldoop dg obnqgdgj efz#{f#

obnqg'

[eb p{rkbg{p/ np {eb obnqgbq/ pefrok èffpb {eb qdje{ qfob n{ {eb qdje{ {dcb'

D{ cbngp {en{ {eb qfob fh {eb obnqgbq ngk {eb qfob fh {eb {bnèbq pefrok ab cn{èbk

bnè f{ebq pf {en{ {eb {bnèdgj ngk obnqgdgj yqf`bpp `ng qrg pcff{eot' [edp dp nopf

ng bhhfq{ kfgb at af{e pdkb fh {bnèdgj ngk obnqgdgj `fcyfgbg{ {f nxfdk

`fghrpdfg fq `fghod`{ zedè cdje{ `fcb nqdpb'

A' [bnèbq @bq{dhd`n{dfg

>' [eb Kbhdgd{dfg fh @bq{dhd`n{dfg

[bnèbq dp {eb lbt fh {eb bkr`n{dfg ~rnod{t dcyqfxbcbg{' Bxbqt

jfxbqgcbg{ yfod`t yon`bp {bnèbq np {eb `bg{qno yfdg{ fh {ebdq bkr`n{dfg qbhfqc' Dg

hn`{/ {eb ~rnod{t fh Dgkfgbpdng {bnèbqp dp xnqdbk' Cngt {bnèbqp enxb gf{ qbnèbk

{eb ~rnodhd`n{dfg p{ngknqk fh bkr`n{dfg' Dg fqkbq {f jb{ {eb nkcdppdfg {en{ n {bnèbq

enp qbnèbk {eb ~rnodhd`n{dfg p{ngknqk/ eb gbbkp {f ab `bq{dhdbk'

@bq{dhd`n{dfg dp n yqf`bpp fh jdxdgj `bq{dhd`n{b fh `fcyb{bg`t np {eb

n`lgfzobkjbcbg{ {f fgbp `nynadod{t dg kfdgj n `bq{ndg mfa nh{bq ynppdgj {eb

`fcyb{bg`t {bp{' Anpbk fg {eb Onz grcabq >;& 1992 nafr{ {bnèbq ngk ob`{rqbq

pb`{dfg > %>$/ {bnèbq `bq{dhd`n{dfg dp kbhdgbk np n yqf`bpp fh jdxdgj ng bkr`n{fq

`bq{dhd`n{bp {f {bnèbqp ngk ob`{rqbqp' Dg qbon{dfg {f {edp kbhdgd{dfg/ Pncngd b{ no


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%1995= >$ pntp {en{ {bnèbq `bq{dhd`n{dfg dp n yqf`bpp fh jdxdgj ng bkr`n{fq

`bq{dhd`n{b {f {bnèbqp zef enxb hrohdoobk {eb qb~rdqbcbg{p' D{ cbngp {en{ {eb

`bq{dhd`n{bp zdoo ab jdxbg {f {bnèbqp ngk ob`{rqbqp nh{bq {ebt enxb hrohdoobk {eb

qb~rdqbcbg{p zedè enxb abbg pb{ at {eb jfxbqgcbg{'

Pdcdonq kbhdgd{dfg dp jdxbg at Bkr`n{dfg Cdgdp{bq Qbjron{dfg grcabq

>5&199: pb`{dfg > %>$' D{ dp pndk {en{ {bnèbq `bq{dhd`n{dfg dp n yqf`bpp fh jdxdgj ng

bkr`n{fq `bq{dhd`n{b {f {bnèbqp dg pbqxd`b' Cfqbfxbq/ d{ dp cbg{dfgbk dg {eb gbu{

d{bc {en{ {bnèbq `bq{dhd`n{dfg `ng ab hfoofzbk at {bnèbqp dg pbqxd`b zef enxb

yfppbppbk P> fq K; kbjqbb np n`nkbcd` ~rnodhd`n{dfg' Dg enqcfgt zd{e pfcb

kbhdgd{dfgp nafxb/ Qradgp{bdg/ C`Kfgfrje/ ngk Noong %kbykdlgnp/ 1998$ pntp {en{

%od`bgprqb ngk$ `bq{dhd`n{dfg dp n yqf`bpp at zedè njbg`t fh {eb jfxbqgcbg{

jqng{p ybqcdppdfg {f ng dgkdxdkrno {f bgjnjb dg n jdxbg f``ryn{dfg ryfg hdgkdgj

{en{ nyyod`ng{ enp n{{ndgbk {eb cdgdcno kbjqbb fh `fcyb{bg`t qb~rdqbk {f bgprqb

{en{ yraod` ebno{e/ pnhb{t/ ngk zbohnqb zdoo ab qbnpfgnaot zboo#yqf{b`{bk'

D{ `ng ab `fgòrkbk {en{ {bnèbq `bq{dhd`n{dfg dp ng n`lgfzobkjbcbg{ hfq

{bnèbqp np yqfhbppdfgno bkr`n{fqp nh{bq {ebt enxb ynppbk {eb `fcyb{bg`t {bp{

kfgb at {eb `bq{dhd`n{dfg dgp{d{r{dfg'

1' [eb Jfno ngk Abgbhd{ fh [bnèbq @bq{dhd`n{dfg

[eb jfxbqgcbg{ enp/ fh `frqpb/ qbnpfgp dg pb{{dgj {eb {bnèbq `bq{dhd`n{dfg

yqfjqnc' [eb qbnpfgp nqb {ebg qbhob`{bk np {eb jfno fh {eb yqfjqnc' N``fqkdgj {f

Lrcndkd dg Cn{bqd Pfpdnodpnpd Yqfjqnc Pbqd{dhdlnpd Ybgkdkdlng Yqfydgpd Mnzn

[bgjne %1998= 2$/ {eb jfno fh {bnèbq `bq{dhd`n{dfg yqfjqnc dp {f bgeng`b {bnèbq

~rnod{t ngk {f kb{bqcdgb {bnèbq bodjdadod{t dg kfdgj edp kr{t np {eb p{rkt njbg{ dg


50/223

05

qbnod}dgj {eb gn{dfgno bkr`n{dfg jfno %np cbg{dfgbk dg {eb qbobxng{ Onz ngk

qbjron{dfg$'

Qbon{bk {f {eb jfno fh {eb {bnèbq `bq{dhd`n{dfg yqfjqnc/ {ebqb nqb pfcb

nkxng{njbp {en{ {eb {bnèbq `bq{dhd`n{dfg yqfjqnc aqdgjp' Np prccnqd}bk at

Lrcndkd dg Cn{bqd Pfpdnodpnpd Yqfjqnc Pbqd{dhdlnpd Ybgkdkdlng Yqfydgpd Mnzn

[bgjne %1998= 2$/ {ebqb nqb pfcb nkxng{njbp {en{ {eb {bnèbq `bq{dhd`n{dfg aqdgjp/

{ebt nqb=

>' [f yqf{b`{ {eb {bnèbq yqfhbppdfg hqfc dg`fcyb{bg{ n`{dfgp zedè `ngkbp{qft {bnèbqp dcnjb'

1' [f yqf{b`{ {eb pf`db{t hqfc {eb on`l ~rnod{t ngk yqfhbppdfgnodpc fhbkr`n{dfg'

0' Np n cbngp fh ~rnod{t jrnqng{bb hfq OY[L ngk ~rnod{t `fg{qfo ngk{bnèbq ~rng{d{t hfq {eb bkr`n{dfg pbqxd`b rpbqp'

;' [f lbby OY[L hqfc {eb dg{bqgno dg{bg{dfg ngk bu{bqgno yqbpprqb zedèdp dqqbobxng{ zd{e {eb qbjron{dfg'

2' [f jb{ yqfhbppdfg prapdkt hfq {eb `bq{dhdbk {bnèbqp'[eb {bnèbq `bq{dhd`n{dfg yqfjqnc dp kfgb rgkbq pfcb anpdp hfq onz' Np

cbg{dfgbk at Pncngd b{ no %1995= 1$ {en{ {ebqb nqb pfcb anpdp hfq onz fh {bnèbq

`bq{dhd`n{dfg yqfjqnc/ {ebt nqb=

n' [eb N`{ fh {eb Qbyraod` fh Dgkfgbpdn Grcabq 19/ Tbnq 1990 FgGn{dfgno Bkr`n{dfg Ptp{bc'

Ybgkdkdl enqrp cbcdodld lrnodhdlnpd cdgdcrc kng pbq{dhdlnpd pbprnd

kbgjng mbgmngj lbzbgngjng cbgjnmnq/ pben{ mnpcngd kng qfengd/ pbq{n

cbcdodld lbcncyrng rg{rl cbzrmrklng {rmrng ybgkdkdlng gnpdfgno'


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a' [eb N`{ fh {eb Qbyraod` fh Dgkfgbpdn Grcabq >;/ tbnq 1992 Fg[bnèbq ngk Ob`{rqbq

Pbq{dhdlnpd nknone yqfpbp ybcabqdng pbq{dhdln{ ybgkdkdlrg{rl jrqr kng

kfpbg' Pbq{dhdln{ ybgkdkdl nknone arl{d hfqcno pbanjnd ybgjnlrng tngj

kdabqdlng lbynkn jrqr kng kfpbg pbanjnd {bgnjn yqfhbpdfgno'

`' Jfxbqgcbg{no Qbjron{dfg grcabq >4/ tbnq 1992 fg Gn{dfgnoBkr`n{dfg P{ngknqk'

Ybgkdkdl enqrp cbcdodld lrnodhdlnpd nlnkbcdl kng lfcyb{bgpd

pbanjnd njbg ybcabonmnqng/ pben{ mnpcngd kng qfengd/ pbq{n cbcdodldlbcncyrng rg{rl cbzrmrklng {rmrng ybgkdkdlng gnpdfgno'

k' Gn{dfgno Bkr`n{dfg Cdgdp{bq Qbjron{dfg grcabq >8/ tbnq 1992 fgBkr`n{fq rnodhd`n{dfg P{ngknqk ngk @fcyb{bg`dbp'

Lrnodhdlnpd nlnkbcdl jrqr ynkn pn{rng ybgkdkdlng mnorq hfqcno

cbg`nlry lrnodhdlnpd nlnkbcdl jrqr ybgkdkdlng Ngnl Rpdn Kdgd&

[ncng Lngnl#lngnl&Qnrkn{ro N{hno %YNRK&[L&QN$/ jrqr pblfone

knpnq&cnkqnpne da{dkndtne %PK&CD$/ jrqr pblfone cbgbgjne

ybq{ncn&cnkqnpne [pngnzdtne %PCY&C[p$/ jrqr pblfone cbgbgjne

n{np&cnkqnpne nodtne %PCN&CN$/ jrqr pblfone knpnq ornq

adnpn&pblfone cbgbgjne ornq adnpn&pblfone cbgbgjne n{np ornq adnpn

%PKOA&PCYOA&PCNOA$/ kng jrqr pblfone cbgbgjne

lbmrqrng&cnkqnpne nodtne lbmrqrng %PCL&CNL-$'

b' [eb Dgp{qr`{dfg fh Onz ngk Ercng Qdje{p Cdgdp{bq grcabq D'RC'9>'91#120'

h'

Gn{dfgno Bkr`n{dfg Cdgdp{bq Qbjron{dfg grcabq >5/ tbnq 199: fg

@bq{dhd`n{dfg hfq [bnèbqp dg Pbqxd`b zedè dp {ebg no{bqbk at Gn{dfgno

Bkr`n{dfg Cdgdp{bq Qbjron{dfg grcabq >>/ tbnq 1995 fg @bq{dhd`n{dfg

hfq [bnèbqp dg Pbqxd`b

%>$ Pbq{dhdlnpd anjd jrqr knonc mnan{ng nknone yqfpbp ybcabqdng

pbq{dhdln{ ybgkdkdl rg{rl jrqr knonc mnan{ng' %1$ Pbq{dhdlnpd

pbanjndcngn kdcnlprk ynkn ntn{ %>$ knyn{ kddlr{d fobe jrqr knonc


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;9

mnan{ng tngj {bone cbcddld lrnodhdlnpd nlnkbcdl pnqmngn %P>$ n{nr

kdyofcn bcyn{ %K#DX$'

j' Gn{dfgno Bkr`n{dfg Cdgdp{bq Qbjron{dfg grcabq ;9/ tbnq 199: fg[bnèbq @bq{dhd`n{dfg dg Pbqxd`b {eqfrje Bkr`n{dfg Angk'

e' Gn{dfgno Bkr`n{dfg Cdgdp{bq Kb`qbb grcabq 928& F& 199: fg {ebHfqcdgj fh [bnèbq @bq{dhd`n{dfg @fgpfq{drc'

d' Gn{dfgno Bkr`n{dfg Cdgdp{bq Kb`qbb grcabq 92:& F& 199: fg [ebKb`qbb fh [eb Rgdxbqpd{t Fqjngd}bq fh [bnèbq @bq{dhd`n{dfg dg

Pbqxd`b'

;' [eb Cbèngdpc fh [bnèbq @bq{dhd`n{dfg

[bnèbq `bq{dhd`n{dfg dp {eb cngkn{b fh {eb n`{ fh {eb Qbyraod` fh Dgkfgbpdn

Grcabq 19/ Tbnq 1990 Fg Gn{dfgno Bkr`n{dfg Ptp{bc' [bnèbq `bq{dhd`n{dfg `ng

ab kfgb dg {zf zntp/ {ebt nqb= %>$ [bnèbqp yfq{hfodf nppbppcbg{/ ngk %1$

`bq{dhd`n{dfg zedè dp kdqb`{ot jdxbg {f {eb {bnèbqp' Dg fqkbq {f jb{ {bnèbq

`bq{dhd`n{b/ {bnèbqp `ng kf `fcyb{bg`t {bp{' [edp {bp{ `ng ab dg {eb hfqc fh

yfq{hfodf nppbppcbg{ zedè dp {eb n`lgfzobkjbcbg{ fh {bnèbqp yqfhbppdfgno

buybqdbg`b at nppbppdgj {fznqkp kf`rcbg{p zedè qbhob`{p {eb {bnèbqp

`fcyb{bg`dbp'

[bnèbqp zef hfoofz {eb {bnèbq `bq{dhd`n{dfg yqfjqnc at pracd{{dgj

yfq{hfodf pefrok hrohdoo pfcb qb~rdqbcbg{p' [ebt nqb= %>$ enxdgj P#> n`nkbcd`

~rnodhd`n{dfg fq K#; hqfc p{rkt yqfjqncp zedè enxb p{rkt od`bgpb/ %1$ enxb abbg

{bnèdgj hfq n{ obnp{ hfrq tbnqp %dg jfxbqgcbg{no fq gfgjfxbqgcbg{no dgp{d{r{dfg$

ngk zebg [eb N`{ fh {eb Qbyraod` fh Dgkfgbpdn Grcabq >;/ tbnq 1992 Fg

[bnèbq ngk Ob`{rqbq dp objnod}bk/ {ebt enxb abbg {bnèbqp/ %0$ {bnèbqp ngk


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nppbppfqp zef enxb gf{ enk {eb P#>& K#; n`nkbcd` ~rnodhd`n{dfg zef enxb qbnèbk

29 tbnqp fok fh njb ngk fzgbk DX&n hn`{dfg'

Zedob {bnèbqp zef `ng hfoofz {eb pb`fgk cbèngdpc fh {bnèbq

`bq{dhd`n{dfg/ {en{ dp at kdqb`{ot jb{ {eb `bq{dhd`n{b/ nqb {bnèbqp zef `ng hrohdoo noo

{eb qb~rdqbcbg{p {en{ {eb jfxbqgcbg{ enp pb{' [eb qb~rdqbcbg{p nqb= %>$ {bnèbqp

fq nppbppfqp zef enxb P#1&P#0 n`nkbcd` ~rnodhd`n{dfg hqfc n``qbkd{bk rgdxbqpd{dbp

dg {bnèdgj fq f{ebq p{rkdbp zedè nqb qbobxng{ zd{e {ebdq {bnèdgj pramb`{/ fq ònpp

{bnèbqp zd{e DX&a hn`{dfg< %1$ {bnèbqp fq nppbppfqp zd{e DX&` n{ cdgdcrc'

Hfq {bnèbqp zefpb `fcyb{bg`t {bp{ dp dg {eb hfqc fh yfq{hfodf nppbppcbg{/

{ebt enxb {f pracd{ {ebdq yfq{hfodf zedè `fxbqp= %>$ n`nkbcd` ~rnodhd`n{dfg/ %1$

{bnèbq {qndgdgj ngk bkr`n{dfg/ %0$ {bnèdgj buybqdbg`b/ %;$ obppfg yong/ %2$

bxnorn{dfg hqfc {eb ebnkcnp{bq ngk nppbppfq/ %8$ n`nkbcd` nèdbxbcbg{/ %:$

yqfhbppdfg kbxbofycbg{ yqfmb`{/ %5$ ynq{d`dyn{dfg dg pbcdgnq fq zfqlpefy/ %4$

fqjngd}n{dfg buybqdbg`b dg pf`dno ngk bkr`n{dfg hdbok/ ngk %>9$ `bq{dhd`n{bp& efgfq

zedè nqb qbobxng{ zd{e bkr`n{dfg'

Dh {eb yfq{hfodf nppbppcbg{ enp gf{ qbnèbk {eb cdgdcrc ynppdgj jqnkb/

{eb OY[L zdoo pb{ pfcb no{bqgn{dxbp np hfoofzp=

n'Kfdgj n`{dxd{dbp qbon{bk {f {eb {bnèbq yqfhbppdfg dg fqkbq {f `fcyob{b

{eb yfq{hfodf

a' Dh dg fgb cfg{e {eb {bnèbq `nggf{ `fcyob{b {eb yfq{hfodf/ eb enp {fhfoofz {eb YOYJ zedè dgxfoxbp hfrq {bnèbq `fcyb{bg`dbp ngk bgkp

zd{e n `fcyb{bg`t {bp{'


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Ngf{ebq znt zedè `ng ab kfgb dg `fgkr`{dgj {bnèbq `bq{dhd`n{dfg dp at

kdqb`{ot jdxdgj {eb `bq{dhd`n{b {f {eb {bnèbqp zef hrohdoo {eb qb~rdqbcbg{p' [eb

qb~rdqbcbg{p `ng ab buyondgbk np hfoofzp'

n' [bnèbqp zd{e jqnkrn{b ngk yfp{#jqnkrn{b ~rnodhd`n{dfg pefrok pracd{=`fydbp fh P#> kdyofcn/ P#1&PP#0 kdyofcn ngk n`nkbcd` {qngp`qdy{/ `fydbp

fh qngl& {eb onp{ hn`{dfg kb`qbb/ p{rkt od`bgpb/ {bnèdgj kb`qbb/ ngk

qb`fccbgkn{dfg hqfc {eb of`no bkr`n{dfg kbynq{cbg{'

a' [bnèbqp zd{e DX'` hn`{dfg pefrok pracd{= `fydbp fh P#> kdyofcn/ P#1&P#0kdyofcn/ n`nkbcd` {qngp`qdy{/ qngl& {eb onp{ hn`{dfg kb`qbb/ ngk

qb`fccbgkn{dfg hqfc {eb of`no bkr`n{dfg kbynq{cbg{'

[naob 1'1' [eb cbèngdpc fh [bnèbq @bq{dhd`n{dfg Yqfjqnc


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Zedob Crotnpn %199:= ;9$ buyondgp {eb {bnèbq `bq{dhd`n{dfg cbèngdpc np

hfoofzp=

n' Pdg`b bkr`n{dfg jqnkrn{bp enxb hfoofzbk {eb {bnèdgj `fcyb{bg`tkbxbofycbg{/ {ebt gbbk `fcyb{bg`t {bp{ zedè dp kfgb at {eb

n``qbkd{bk YY[L %Yqfjqnc Ybgjnknng [bgnjn Lbybgkdkdlng$ ngk

yfdg{bk at {eb Gn{dfgno Bkr`n{dfg Kbynq{cbg{'

a'Gfg#bkr`n{dfg jqnkrn{bp enxb {f hfoofz {eb yqf`bpp fh {bnèdgj`fcyb{bg`t kbxbofycbg{ kfgb at rgdxbqpd{dbp enxdgj YY[L' Nh{bq {ebt

enxb ynppbk {eb {bnèdgj `fcyb{bg`t kbxbofycbg{/ {ebt cnt hfoofz

{eb {bnèbq `bq{dhd`n{dfg yqfjqnc'

`' [eb dgp{d{r{dfgp zedè `fgkr`{ {eb YY[L pefrok ab {eb OY[L zedèenxb abbg n``qbkd{bk ngk {eb `fcyb{bg`t {bp{ pefrok ab kfgb at {eb

n``qbkd{bk OY[L yfdg{bk at {eb Gn{dfgno Bkr`n{dfg Kbynq{cbg{'

k'[eb ynq{d`dyng{p fh `fcyb{bg`t {bp{ zef enxb ynppbk {eb {bp{ nqb jdxbg`fcyb{bg`t `bq{dhd`n{b np n yqffh {en{ {ebt enxb {eb nr{efqd{t {f {bnè dg

n `bq{ndg obxbo fh bkr`n{dfg'

b' [eb ynq{d`dyng{p fh `fcyb{bg`t {bp{ `fcb hqfc {bnèbqp zef enxb abbgzfqldgj dg n `bq{ndg ybqdfk fh {dcb ngk hfq {bnèbqp zef enxb gf{ qrg

{ebdq yqfhbppdfg dg n `bq{ndg ybqdfk fh {dcb'

@bq{dhd`n{dfg bxnorn{dfg/ bpyb`dnoot {eb yfq{hfodf nppbppcbg{/ dp kfgb

{eqfrje {zf p{byp= %>$ zqd{{bg {bp{ %1$ yqn`{d`b {bp{' [eb cn{bqdno hfq {eb {bp{p dp

anpbk fg {eb dgkd`n{fqp fh {bnèbq `fcyb{bg`t p{ngknqk'


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2' [bnèbq @fcyb{bg`t P{ngknqk

N``fqkdgj {f Aqflb ngk P{fgb dg Crotnpn %199:= 12$ {bnèbq `fcyb{bg`t

dp n ~rnod{n{dxb kbp`qdy{dfg fh {bnèbqp cbngdgjhro abenxdfq' Zedob Crotnpn

%199:= 18$ pntp {en{ `fcyb{bg`t qbhbqp {f {eb nadod{t dg kfdgj pfcb{edgj zedè dp

nèdbxbk {eqfrje bkr`n{dfg' [bnèbq `fcyb{bg`t dgkd`n{bp n qn{dfgno ybqhfqcng`b

ngk abenxdfq {f hrohdoo `bq{ndg pyb`dhd`n{dfg dg {eb qbnod}n{dfg fh bkr`n{dfgno kr{dbp'

Hqfc {eb kbhdgd{dfgp nafxb/ d{ `ng ab `fgòrkbk {en{ {bnèbq `fcyb{bg`t dp

n kbp`qdy{dfg fh {bnèbqp nadod{t zedè dgòrkbp {bnèbqp lgfzobkjb/ pldoo ngk

abenxdfq zedè pefrok enxb abbg yfppbppbk dg fqkbq {f kf {ebdq yqfhbppdfg

yqfhbppdfgnoot'

[eb `fcyb{bg`t fh {bnèbqp `ng ab ònppdhdbk dg{f hfrq nqbnp fh

`fcyb{bg`t= ybknjfjd`no/ ybqpfgno/ pf`dno/ ngk yqfhbppdfgno %{eb n`{ fh {eb

Qbyraod` fh Dgkfgbpdn Grcabq >;/ Tbnq 1992 Fg [bnèbq ngk Ob`{rqbq= èny{bq

>9$' [ebpb `fcyb{bg`dbp nqb {eb `fcyb{bg`t p{ngknqk zedè enp {f ab yfppbppbk

at {bnèbqp'

[eb ybknjfjd`no `fcyb{bg`t dp n {bnèbqp nadod{t {f cngnjb p{rkbg{p

obnqgdgj' D{ dgòrkbp {eb obppfg yonggdgj/ obnqgdgj bxnorn{dfg/ ngk {eb kbxbofycbg{

fh {eb p{rkbg{p {f n`{rnod}b {ebdq yf{bg{dno nadod{t' [eb ybqpfgno `fcyb{bg`t

dgòrkbp kbcfgp{qn{dgj `bq{ndg ènqn`{bqdp{d`p/ prè np hnd{e ngk kbxfr{gbpp/

p{nadod{t/ cn{rqd{t/ pbgpdadod{t/ b{`' [eb pf`dno `fcyb{bg`t dp {bnèbqp nadod{t {f ab

ynq{ fh {eb `fccrgd{t prè np `fccrgd`n{dgj ngk pf`dnod}dgj bhhb`{dxbot zd{e

p{rkbg{p/ hboofz {bnèbqp/ {bnèdgj p{nhh/ ngk p{rkbg{p ynqbg{p' [eb yqfhbppdfgno


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`fcyb{bg`t dp {bnèbqp nadod{t {f cnp{bq p`dbg`b/ bgjdgbbqdgj/ ngk&fq nq{ %dg f{ebq

zfqkp/ fg{bg{ fq pramb`{ lgfzobkjb$'

At enxdgj `fcyb{bg`dbp cbg{dfgbk nafxb/ d{ dp efybk {en{ {bnèbqp `ng

qrg {ebdq yqfhbppdfg np yqfhbppdfgno bkr`n{fqp/ fq dg f{ebq zfqkp {ebt `ng qrg {ebdq

kr{t np {eb obnqgdgj njbg{p'

8' [bnèbq Yqfhbppdfgnodpc

Yqfhbppdfgnodpc dp fgb fh {eb `fcyb{bg`dbp zedè n {bnèbq pefrok enxb'

[eb f{ebq `fcyb{bg`dbp nqb ybqpfgno/ pf`dno/ ngk ybknjfjd` `fcyb{bg`dbp'

Yqfhbppdfgno {bnèbqp nqb {bnèbqp zef enxb hfoofzbk {bnèbq {qndgdgj ngk fzgbk

`bq{dhd`n{b hqfc {eb jfxbqgcbg{ %Encnodl/ 199;= 1:$'

N``fqkdgj {f Encnodl %199;= 05$/ {ebqb nqb pfcb dgkd`n{fqp zedè

kb{bqcdgb n yqfhbppdfgno {bnèbq/ {ebt nqb=

n' N yqfhbppdfgno {bnèbq pefrok ab naob {f kbxbofy edp qbpyfgpdadod{t' Edpqbpyfgpdadod{t dgòrkbp cfqno/ bkr`n{dfgno/ pf`dno/ ngk p`dbg`b' N

{bnèbq `ng ab `fgpdkbqbk np yqfhbppdfgno zebg eb `ng hrohdoo {eb hfrq

npyb`{p fh qbpyfgpdadod{t'

a'N yqfhbppdfgno {bnèbq pefrok ab naob {f kf edp qfobp' D{ cbngp {en{ nyqfhbppdfgno {bnèbq pefrok ab naob {f qrg edp qfob np ng bkr`n{fq/ n

ynq{ fh pf`db{t/ n obnkbq/ ngk ng nkcdgdp{qn{fq'

`' N yqfhbppdfgno {bnèbq pefrok ab naob {f zfql enqk dg fqkbq {f nèdbxb{eb jfno fh bkr`n{dfg' D{ `ng ab pbbg hqfc edp lgfzobkjb/ pldoop/ ngk

abenxdfq' N yqfhbppdfgno {bnèbq pefrok enxb n aqfnk lgfzobkjb ngk

jffk pldoop zedè dp {ebg pefzg at edp abenxdfq'


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k'N yqfhbppdfgno {bnèbq pefrok ab naob {f qrg edp qfobp dg {eb yqf`bpp fh{bnèdgj ngk obnqgdgj' [eb qfobp fh {bnèbq dg {eb yqf`bpp fh {bnèdgj

ngk obnqgdgj nqb np n `fg{qfoobq/ nppbppfq/ fqjngd}bq/ yqfcy{bq/

ynq{d`dyng{/ qbpfrq`b/ {r{fq/ ngk gbjf{dn{fq'

D{ dp nopf cbg{dfgbk dg [eb N`{ fh {eb Qbyraod` fh Dgkfgbpdn Grcabq >;/

tbnq 1992 Fg [bnèbq ngk Ob`{rqbq {en{ dg kfdgj edp mfa/ n yqfhbppdfgno {bnèbq=

Knonc cbonlpngnlng {rjnp lbyqfhbpdfgnong/ jrqr abqlbznmdang= n'

cbqbg`ngnlng ybcabonmnqng/ cbonlpngnlng yqfpbp ybcabonmnqng tngjabqcr{r/ pbq{n cbgdond kng cbgjbxnornpd enpdo ybcabonmnqng< a'

cbgdgjln{lng kng cbgjbcangjlng lrnodhdlnpd nlnkbcdl kng lfcyb{bgpd

pb`nqn abqlbongmr{ng pbmnong kbgjng ybqlbcangjng docr ybgjb{nerng/

{blgfofjd/ kng pbgd< `' abq{dgknl fambl{dh kng {dknl kdplqdcdgn{dh n{np knpnq

ybq{dcangjng mbgdp lboncdg/ njncn/ prlr/ qnp/ kng lfgkdpd hdpdl {bq{bg{r/

n{nr on{nq abonlngj lbornqjn/ kng p{n{rp pf`dno blfgfcd ybpbq{n kdkdl

knonc ybcabonmnqng< k' cbgmrgmrgj {dgjjd ybqn{rqng ybqrgkngj#rgkngjng/

erlrc/ kng lfkb b{dl jrqr/ pbq{n gdond#gdond njncn kng b{dln< kng b'

cbcbodenqn kng cbcryrl ybqpn{rng kng lbpn{rng angjpn'

Hqfc {eb buyongn{dfg nafr{ {bnèbq yqfhbppdfgnodpc nafxb/ d{ `ng ab pbbg

{en{ n {bnèbq `ng ab `fgpdkbqbk np yqfhbppdfgno dh eb `ng kf edp qbpyfgpdadod{t ngk

qfobp dg fqkbq {f nèdbxb {eb jfno fh bkr`n{dfg'


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@ENY[BQ DDD

QBPBNQ@E CB[EFKFOFJT

N' Qbpbnqè Cb{efkNg dcyfq{ng{ {edgj {f ab `fgpdkbqbk dg `nqqtdgj fr{ {eb qbpbnqè dp

qbpbnqè cb{efkfofjt' [edp qbpbnqè znp `fgkr`{bk dg {eb hfqc fh ~rnod{n{dxb

qbpbnqè rpdgj gn{rqnodp{d` dg~rdqt' Hqnbglbo ngk Znoobg %1999= 291$ p{n{bp {en{

~rnod{n{dxb qbpbnqè dp n qbpbnqè p{rkt {en{ dgxbp{djn{bp {eb ~rnod{t fh

qbon{dfgpedyp/ n`{dxd{dbp/ pd{rn{dfgp/ fq cn{bqdnop dg n ynq{d`ronq n`{dxd{t fq

pd{rn{dfg' [edp qbpbnqè znp qbyfq{bk dg zfqkp ngk ongjrnjb dg `bq{ndg gn{rqno

`fg{bu{'

Dg {edp p{rkt/ {eb qbpbnqèbq `fgkr`{bk ~rnod{n{dxb qbpbnqè pdg`b d{ znp

rpbk {f dgxbp{djn{b pfcb xdbzyfdg{p fh pf`dno yebgfcbgfg fh {eb bhhb`{p fh

{bnèbq `bq{dhd`n{dfg fg {eb ~rnod{t fh Bgjodpe {bnèdgj ngk obnqgdgj yqf`bpp n{

PCN G > Lon{bg' At rpdgj {edp cb{efk/ {eb qbpbnqèbq nèdbxbk òbnq

kbp`qdy{dfg fh {eb yqf`bpp fapbqxbk' N{ {edp yfdg{/ {eb yqf`bpp znp `fgkr`{bk

zd{efr{ ngt dg{bqhbqbg`b hqfc {eb qbpbnqèbq'

[eb qbpbnqèbq rpbk gn{rqnodp{d` dg~rdqt ab`nrpb {eb qbpbnqè znp dg {eb

hfqc fh gn{rqno pb{{dgj ngk {eb qbpbnqèbq dp {eb cbngp {eqfrje zedè {eb

qbpbnqè dp `fgkr`{bk' Odg`fog ngk @ran %>452= 04$ yqfyfpbp {en{ dg gn{rqnodp{d`

nyyqfnè/ {eb qbpbnqèbq cnlb edcpboh np ng dgp{qrcbg{ {f dkbg{dht/ ngk enp

yqfyfq{dfg {f ònqdht {eb kbxdn{dfg zedè budp{p' Dg {edp qbpbnqè/ {eb qbpbnqèbq

fapbqxbk {f zen{ bu{bg{ {eb {bnèbq `bq{dhd`n{dfg nhhb`{p {eb ~rnod{t fh Bgjodpe

;:


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{bnèdgj ngk obnqgdgj yqf`bpp at cnldgj ng dg{bqxdbz ngk fapbqxn{dfg dg gn{rqno

pb{{dgj/ yon`b zebqb {eb fapbqxbk n`{dxd{t {nlbp yon`b'

A' Kbp`qdy{dfg fh Pb{{dgj[eb qbpbnqè znp `fgkr`{bk n{ PCN G > Lon{bg hqfc Nrjrp{ {f F`{fabq

1994' PCN G > Lon{bg dp fgb fh pbgdfq edje pèffop dg Lon{bg zedè dp of`n{bk

dg Mnong Cbqanar Gf' >0 Lon{bg' D{ `frok ab `fg{n`{bk xdn yefgb n{ %91:1$

01>>29' [eb pèffo enp {eqbb ònppbp/ {ebt nqb= qbjronq/ dccbqpdfg/ ngk

n``bobqn{dfg' Dg {edp qbpbnqè/ qbjronq ònpp znp {nlbg np {eb famb`{ fh {eb

qbpbnqè'

Documents

THE EFFECT OF TEACHER CERTIFICATION ON THE QUALITY OF ENGLISH TEACHING AND LEARNING PROCESS (A QUALITATIVE STUDY IN SMA N 1 KLATEN)