The Effect of Older Siblings on Adolescent Behavior: Is It Siblings or is it Parents? Laura Argys Department of Economics University of Colorado at Denver

The Effect of Older Siblings on The Effect of Older Siblings on Adolescent Behavior: Is It Siblings Adolescent Behavior: Is It Siblings

or is it Parents?or is it Parents?

Laura ArgysLaura ArgysDepartment of EconomicsDepartment of Economics

University of Colorado at Denver University of Colorado at Denver

Susan AverettSusan AverettDepartment of Economics and BusinessDepartment of Economics and Business

Lafayette CollegeLafayette College

Daniel ReesDaniel ReesDepartment of Economics Department of Economics

University of Colorado at DenverUniversity of Colorado at Denver

Birth Order and Parental SupervisionBirth Order and Parental Supervision

Price (2005)Price (2005)

Only study to examine parental time and Only study to examine parental time and birth orderbirth order

Uses data from American Time Use Uses data from American Time Use SurveySurvey

Finds that parents spend 20-30 minutes Finds that parents spend 20-30 minutes less per day with later-born children.less per day with later-born children.

Parental Supervision and Child Parental Supervision and Child BehaviorsBehaviors

Parental (Maternal) work and cognitive Parental (Maternal) work and cognitive outcomes in young childrenoutcomes in young children

Leibowitz (1977), Blau and Grossberg (1992), Leibowitz (1977), Blau and Grossberg (1992), Brooks-Gunn, Han and Waldfogel (2002)Brooks-Gunn, Han and Waldfogel (2002)

Parental supervision and risky behaviorsParental supervision and risky behaviors

substance use – Richardson et al. (1993)substance use – Richardson et al. (1993)

behavior problems – Vandall and Ramanan (1991)behavior problems – Vandall and Ramanan (1991)

substance use, theft, truancy – Aizer (2004)substance use, theft, truancy – Aizer (2004)

Research ObjectivesResearch Objectives

To confirm the existence of a birth-order To confirm the existence of a birth-order effect on risky behaviors.effect on risky behaviors.

To disentangle the effect of:To disentangle the effect of:ParentsParents- differential supervision of children by birth-orderdifferential supervision of children by birth-order

SiblingsSiblings- initiationinitiation- modelingmodeling

Previous Empirical Findings on Previous Empirical Findings on Economic OutcomesEconomic Outcomes

Birth order and EducationBirth order and EducationOlneck and Bill, 1979Olneck and Bill, 1979 NoNo

Blake, 1981Blake, 1981 NoNo

Hauser and Sewell, 1983Hauser and Sewell, 1983 NoNo

Behrman and Taubman, 1986Behrman and Taubman, 1986YesYes

Birth order and EarningsBirth order and EarningsOlneck and Bill, 1979Olneck and Bill, 1979 NoNo

Behrman and Taubman, 1986Behrman and Taubman, 1986 NoNo

Kessler, 1991Kessler, 1991 NoNo

Sex CompositionSex CompositionButcher and Case, 1994Butcher and Case, 1994

YesYes

Kaestner, 1997Kaestner, 1997 NoNo

Hauser and Kuo, 1998Hauser and Kuo, 1998 NoNo

Previous Empirical Findings on Previous Empirical Findings on Other OutcomesOther Outcomes

Birth order on age at first intercourseBirth order on age at first intercourse

Rodgers st al., 1992Rodgers st al., 1992

Older sibling graduation on younger sibling’s Older sibling graduation on younger sibling’s graduationgraduation

Oettinger, 2000Oettinger, 2000

Older brother characteristics on drug useOlder brother characteristics on drug use

Brook et al., 1991Brook et al., 1991

Older sibling sexual behavior on sexual initiationOlder sibling sexual behavior on sexual initiation

Widmer, 1997Widmer, 1997

Haurin and Mott, 1990Haurin and Mott, 1990

Older sibling behavior on substance useOlder sibling behavior on substance use

Ouyang, 2004Ouyang, 2004

ModelModel

= An individual’s propensity to engage in a particular risky activity

= A dichotomous variable indicating an older sibling

= A vector of controls for family size

= Other individual and family characteristics

ii

'

i

'

i

*

iεXβFγαSR Eq.(1)

*

iR

iS

iF

iX

Figure 1: Older siblings and substanceFigure 1: Older siblings and substance use and sexual behavior use and sexual behavior

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

Smoking Alcohol Marijuana Sexually Active

Pro

bab

iliti

es

No older sibling (Boys) Has older sibling (Boys)

No older sibling (Girls) Has older sibling (Girls)

.380

.484**

.377.435 .426

.214.188

.333.301

.500**

.267**

.400**

.455**.491**

.226**

.346**

Figure 2: Older siblings and criminalFigure 2: Older siblings and criminal and delinquent activities and delinquent activities

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

Assault Gang Hand gun Vandalism Stealing

Pro

bab

ilit

ies

No older sibling (Boys) Has older sibling (Boys)

No older sibling (Girls) Has older sibling (Girls)

DataData

National Longitudinal Survey of Adolescent National Longitudinal Survey of Adolescent HealthHealth

Over 20,000 adolescentsOver 20,000 adolescents

In grades 7-12 in 1995In grades 7-12 in 1995

Household roster and family structureHousehold roster and family structure

Risk-taking activitiesRisk-taking activities

Family backgroundFamily background

Parental SupervisionParental Supervision

ConclusionsConclusions

The existence of an older sibling:The existence of an older sibling:

Increases the probability of cigarette, alcohol and Increases the probability of cigarette, alcohol and marijuana use and sexual activitymarijuana use and sexual activity

Has no consistent effect on younger siblings delinquent Has no consistent effect on younger siblings delinquent activitiesactivities

Parental Supervision does not explain the Parental Supervision does not explain the older sibling effect:older sibling effect:

Parental supervision reduces risky behaviorsParental supervision reduces risky behaviors

……. But the effect of older siblings remains.. But the effect of older siblings remains.

Table 1. Sample Means of Child Outcomes, by Gender and the Presence of an Older Sibling

Males Females

Full Sample

Has No Older

Sibling

Has an Older

Sibling

Full Sample

Has No Older

Sibling

Has an Older

Sibling

Smoked Cigarettes in the past 30 days

0.272 0.271 0.272 0.264 0.265 0.264

Drank alcohol during past year 0.446 0.454 0.435 0.450 0.466 0.424

Smoked Marijuana in the past 30 days 0.189 0.194 0.180 0.166 0.171 0.159

Used other illegal drugs in the past 30 days 0.038 0.041 0.033 0.030 0.030 0.029

Ever had sex

0.406 0.430 0.366 0.383 0.427 0.317

Ever sold drugs

0.098 0.104 0.089 0.041 0.044 0.036

Ever stolen anything

0.243 0.240 0.249 0.198 0.191 0.209

Ever run away from home 0.060 0.063 0.055 0.083 0.091 0.070

Drove a car without permission 0.106 0.100 0.116 0.077 0.072 0.085

Table 2. Sample Means, by Gender and the Presence of an Older Sibling

Standard deviations are shown in parentheses.

Males Females

Full Sample Has No

Older Sibling Has an Older

Sibling Full Sample Has No

Older Sibling Has an Older

Sibling

Family Composition Has an Older Sibling 0.383 0.000 1.000 0.397 0.000 1.000 One-child family 0.203 0.329 0.000 0.209 0.347 0.000 Two-child family 0.382 0.379 0.387 0.378 0.376 0.381 Three-child family 0.259 0.201 0.353 0.248 0.186 0.343 Four-child family 0.104 0.064 0.169 0.109 0.064 0.177 Five or more children in family 0.055 0.028 0.097 0.057 0.028 0.100

Adolescent Characteristics Female 0.000 0.000 0.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 White 0.613 0.635 0.578 0.600 0.612 0.581 Black 0.209 0.208 0.210 0.235 0.237 0.232 Other Race 0.178 0.157 0.212 0.165 0.151 0.187 Hispanic 0.166 0.154 0.186 0.163 0.155 0.175 Adolescent's age 15.854 16.036 15.561 15.715 15.891 15.447 (1.682) (1.661) (1.673) (1.687) (1.673) (1.674)

14 years old 0.233 0.199 0.287 0.260 0.225 0.313 15 years old 0.173 0.161 0.191 0.180 0.170 0.194 16 years old 0.207 0.206 0.209 0.204 0.204 0.203 17 years old 0.206 0.224 0.177 0.195 0.212 0.168 18 years old 0.148 0.171 0.111 0.136 0.159 0.101 19 years old 0.034 0.039 0.024 0.026 0.030 0.021

Table 2. Sample Means, by Gender and the Presence of an Older Sibling (Continued)

Standard deviations are shown in parentheses.

Males Females

Full Sample

Has No Older Sibling

Has an Older Sibling Full Sample

Has No Older Sibling

Has an Older Sibling

Living Arrangements

Lives in an urban area 0.360 0.355 0.366 0.374 0.373 0.376

Lives in a rural area 0.240 0.246 0.229 0.240 0.244 0.233

Lives in a suburban area 0.401 0.398 0.404 0.386 0.383 0.392

Lives with two parents 0.428 0.410 0.457 0.404 0.379 0.441

Lives with one parent 0.249 0.274 0.209 0.259 0.289 0.214

Lives without parents 0.323 0.317 0.334 0.337 0.332 0.345

Parent Characteristics Parent college educated 0.252 0.252 0.253 0.233 0.233 0.234

Parent attended some college 0.134 0.147 0.114 0.139 0.145 0.129

Parent graduated from high school 0.197 0.198 0.196 0.198 0.207 0.185

Parent did not finish high school 0.073 0.072 0.074 0.078 0.076 0.081

Family received welfare 0.099 0.096 0.105 0.108 0.109 0.108

Total Family Income 35.845 36.044 35.524 34.937 34.438 35.695 (50.232) (50.649) (49.554) (49.797) (48.457) (51.761)

Parents' age 43.979 43.723 44.392 43.880 43.606 44.297 (5.223) (5.531) (4.655) (5.255) (5.594) (4.665)

Table 3a. Determinants of Substance Use and Sexual Activity – Females

Smoked Cigarettes in the

past 30 days

Drank alcohol during past

year

Smoked Marijuana in the

past 30 days

Used other illegal drugs in

the past 30 days

Ever had sex

Has an Older Sibling 0.055*** 0.032** 0.026*** 0.006*** 0.000 (0.010) (0.013) (0.008) (0.002) (0.013)

One-child family 0.113*** 0.134*** 0.082*** 0.020*** 0.175*** (0.020) (0.021) (0.016) (0.006) (0.020)

Two-child family 0.042*** 0.065*** 0.026** 0.008** 0.082*** (0.014) (0.016) (0.011) (0.004) (0.017)

Three-child family 0.042*** 0.034** 0.028** 0.008** 0.054*** (0.014) (0.015) (0.011) (0.004) (0.016)

Black -0.221*** -0.168*** -0.066*** -0.034*** 0.111*** (0.015) (0.017) (0.017) (0.003) (0.018)

Other Race -0.085*** -0.077*** -0.028* -0.006** -0.072*** (0.018) (0.027) (0.017) (0.003) (0.019)

Hispanic -0.083*** 0.003 0.002 0.005 -0.013 (0.022) (0.029) (0.024) (0.008) (0.021)

Age 0.024*** 0.062*** 0.020*** 0.002*** 0.121*** (0.004) (0.005) (0.003) (0.001) (0.004)

Lives in an urban area -0.010 -0.043*** -0.019* -0.009*** 0.004 (0.013) (0.012) (0.010) (0.002) (0.013)

Lives in a rural area -0.005 -0.053*** -0.046*** -0.004 0.003 (0.012) (0.014) (0.011) (0.003) (0.015)

Lives with one parent 0.065*** 0.070*** 0.069*** 0.013*** 0.086*** (0.009) (0.011) (0.010) (0.003) (0.012)

Lives without parents 0.017 0.066** 0.039** 0.009 0.031 (0.023) (0.028) (0.018) (0.007) (0.025)

Table 3a. Determinants of Substance Use and Sexual Activity – Females (Continued)

Standard errors are shown in parentheses. Statistically significant at the ***99%, **90%, and *90% confidence level.

Controls also include dichotomous variables identifying missing values for categorical variables.

Smoked Cigarettes in the past 30

days

Drank alcohol

during past year

Smoked Marijuana in the past 30

days

Used other illegal drugs in the past 30

days

Ever had sex

Parent attended some college 0.029** 0.061*** 0.021 0.003 0.067***

(0.014) (0.016) (0.013) (0.003) (0.014)

Parent graduated from high 0.057*** 0.022 -0.000 0.000 0.095*** School

(0.012) (0.017) (0.011) (0.003) (0.015)

Parent did not finish high 0.030* -0.017 -0.018 -0.006** 0.079*** School

(0.018) (0.022) (0.014) (0.003) (0.020)

Family received welfare 0.059*** -0.019 0.037*** 0.003 0.046**

(0.014) (0.016) (0.012) (0.004) (0.019)

Total Family Income 0.000 0.000** 0.000* -0.000 -0.000**

(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)

Parents' age -0.001* -0.002*** -0.001 -0.001*** -0.003***

(0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.000) (0.001)

Wave One -0.009 0.054*** -0.081*** 0.016*** 0.019

(0.016) (0.020) (0.017) (0.005) (0.020)

Number of observations 16461 16461 16461 16461 16461

Table 3b. Determinants of Substance Use and Sexual Activity – Males

Smoked Cigarettes in the

past 30 days

Drank alcohol during past

year

Smoked Marijuana in the

past 30 days

Used other illegal drugs in

the past 30 days

Ever had sex

Has an Older Sibling 0.051*** 0.046*** 0.022*** 0.001 0.028** (0.008) (0.011) (0.008) (0.003) (0.011)

One-child family 0.053*** 0.051*** 0.065*** 0.009 0.122*** (0.018) (0.018) (0.016) (0.007) (0.018)

Two-child family 0.012 0.011 0.035** 0.001 0.045*** (0.013) (0.016) (0.013) (0.006) (0.014)

Three-child family -0.005 -0.005 0.027** -0.003 0.015 (0.013) (0.014) (0.011) (0.005) (0.014)

Black -0.170*** -0.193*** -0.003 -0.033*** 0.269*** (0.014) (0.015) (0.013) (0.003) (0.017)

Other Race -0.066*** -0.084*** -0.000 -0.009** -0.062*** (0.016) (0.020) (0.014) (0.004) (0.017)

Hispanic -0.050* 0.026 0.003 -0.001 0.113*** (0.027) (0.028) (0.027) (0.007) (0.020)

Age 0.041*** 0.081*** 0.034*** 0.007*** 0.119*** (0.004) (0.004) (0.003) (0.001) (0.004)

Lives in an urban area -0.012 -0.052*** -0.026** -0.008** -0.007 (0.014) (0.015) (0.011) (0.003) (0.014)

Lives in a rural area 0.021* -0.013 -0.028** -0.003 0.021 (0.011) (0.014) (0.011) (0.004) (0.014)

Lives with one parent 0.052*** 0.081*** 0.059*** 0.013*** 0.082*** (0.013) (0.012) (0.012) (0.005) (0.012)

Lives without parents 0.012 0.133*** 0.061*** 0.002 0.011 (0.026) (0.037) (0.021) (0.008) (0.030)

Table 3b. Determinants of Substance Use and Sexual Activity – Males (Continued)


days

Drank alcohol

during past year


days

Used other illegal drugs in the past 30

days

Ever had sex

Parent attended some college 0.026** 0.030* 0.015 -0.005 0.072***

(0.013) (0.016) (0.012) (0.004) (0.014)

Parent graduated from high 0.035** -0.019 0.006 0.002 0.090*** School

(0.014) (0.015) (0.010) (0.004) (0.016)

Parent did not finish high 0.025 -0.040** -0.001 -0.004 0.071** School

(0.018) (0.018) (0.015) (0.007) (0.029)

Family received welfare 0.027* -0.013 0.036*** 0.005 0.055***

(0.016) (0.018) (0.013) (0.005) (0.017)

Total Family Income -0.000 0.001*** 0.000 0.000 -0.000***

(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)

Parents' age -0.002** -0.000 -0.001* -0.000 -0.004***

(0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.000) (0.001)

Wave One -0.031* 0.126*** -0.069*** 0.014** 0.029

(0.019) (0.022) (0.014) (0.007) (0.022)

Number of observations 15603 15603 15603 15603 15603 Standard errors are shown in parentheses. Statistically significant at the ***99%, **90%, and *90% confidence level.


Table 4a. Determinants of Delinquent Behaviors – Females

Ever sold drugs


Ever run away from home

Drove a car without

permission

Has an Older Sibling 0.003 0.023*** -0.004 0.025*** (0.004) (0.008) (0.006) (0.006)

One-child family 0.027*** 0.031** 0.019* 0.026*** (0.009) (0.012) (0.010) (0.009)

Two-child family 0.011* -0.010 -0.005 0.001 (0.006) (0.010) (0.007) (0.006)

Three-child family 0.004 0.004 -0.009 -0.010 (0.006) (0.010) (0.007) (0.007)

Black -0.012*** -0.016 -0.013** 0.004 (0.004) (0.014) (0.006) (0.006)

Other Race -0.004 0.046*** 0.001 0.012** (0.006) (0.014) (0.007) (0.006)

Hispanic 0.014 0.021* 0.016* 0.021** (0.012) (0.012) (0.009) (0.010)

Age 0.003** -0.014*** 0.005*** 0.002 (0.001) (0.003) (0.002) (0.002)

Lives in an urban area -0.012*** -0.016* -0.003 -0.010** (0.005) (0.009) (0.005) (0.005)

Lives in a rural area -0.010** -0.047*** -0.016** -0.008 (0.005) (0.011) (0.006) (0.006)

Lives with one parent 0.014*** 0.027*** 0.026*** 0.013** (0.004) (0.009) (0.006) (0.006)

Lives without parents 0.005 0.021 -0.011 0.009 (0.008) (0.020) (0.015) (0.012)

Table 4a. Determinants of Delinquent Behaviors – Females (Continued)

Ever sold drugs



Drove a car without

permission

Parent attended some college 0.010* 0.034*** 0.017** 0.010*

(0.006) (0.011) (0.008) (0.006)

Parent graduated from high 0.002 0.023** 0.022*** -0.003 School

(0.004) (0.011) (0.007) (0.006)

Parent did not finish high -0.004 0.011 0.013 -0.012* School

(0.006) (0.015) (0.009) (0.008)

Family received welfare 0.015** 0.035*** 0.024*** 0.021**

(0.007) (0.010) (0.008) (0.009)

Total Family Income 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000

(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)

Parents' age 0.000 0.000 -0.001** 0.001**

(0.000) (0.001) (0.000) (0.000)

Wave One 0.012* 0.041*** 0.019* 0.028***

(0.007) (0.016) (0.010) (0.009)

Number of observations 16461 16461 16461 16461



Table 4b. Determinants of Delinquent Behaviors – Males

Ever sold drugs



Drove a car without

permission

Has an Older Sibling 0.008 0.007 -0.003 0.022*** (0.006) (0.009) (0.004) (0.006)

One-child family 0.040*** 0.001 -0.000 0.007 (0.012) (0.014) (0.007) (0.010)

Two-child family 0.010 -0.007 -0.013** 0.002 (0.009) (0.012) (0.006) (0.008)

Three-child family 0.006 -0.003 -0.012** 0.003 (0.009) (0.011) (0.006) (0.008)

Black 0.017* -0.029** -0.005 0.005 (0.009) (0.013) (0.006) (0.008)

Other Race 0.002 0.026 0.011* 0.016 (0.010) (0.017) (0.006) (0.012)

Hispanic 0.025 0.022 -0.008 0.011 (0.023) (0.014) (0.006) (0.011)

Age 0.019*** -0.007** 0.002* 0.011*** (0.002) (0.003) (0.001) (0.002)

Lives in an urban area -0.012 -0.016 -0.001 0.010 (0.008) (0.010) (0.004) (0.007)

Lives in a rural area -0.020** -0.045*** -0.009* -0.010 (0.008) (0.012) (0.005) (0.008)

Lives with one parent 0.030*** 0.050*** 0.012** 0.030*** (0.008) (0.010) (0.005) (0.007)

Lives without parents 0.001 -0.007 -0.017 0.001 (0.017) (0.026) (0.011) (0.014)

Table 4b. Determinants of Delinquent Behaviors – Males (Continued)

Ever sold drugs



Drove a car without

permission

Parent attended some college 0.020** 0.019* 0.005 0.003

(0.009) (0.011) (0.006) (0.008)

Parent graduated from high 0.003 -0.008 0.008 -0.010 School

(0.007) (0.010) (0.006) (0.007)

Parent did not finish high -0.001 0.001 0.010 0.002 School

(0.011) (0.016) (0.009) (0.011)

Family received welfare 0.018* 0.033*** 0.022*** -0.001

(0.010) (0.012) (0.007) (0.009)

Total Family Income 0.000 0.000 -0.000 0.000

(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)

Parents' age -0.002*** -0.001 -0.001*** -0.000

(0.001) (0.001) (0.000) (0.001)

Wave One 0.017 0.110*** 0.008 0.041***

(0.011) (0.018) (0.008) (0.012)




Table 5a. Proportion Reporting Parental Supervision, by Gender, Family Size and the Presence of an Older Sibling

Females Males

Has No Older

Sibling Has an Older

Sibling Has No Older


Sibling Two-Child Family

Parental supervision before school 0.823 0.810 0.807 0.790 Parental supervision after school 0.544 0.543 0.544 0.508 Parental supervision at bedtime 0.946 0.939 0.951 0.941 Number of observations 3733 2489 3644 2310

Three-Child Family


Four-Child Family


Table 5a. Proportion Reporting Parental Supervision, by Gender, Family Size and the Presence of an Older Sibling: Two Child Family

Females Males

Has No Older


Sibling Has No Older


Sibling

Parental supervision before school 0.823 0.810 0.807 0.790

Parental supervision after school 0.544 0.543 0.544 0.508

Parental supervision at bedtime 0.946 0.939 0.951 0.941


Table 5b. Regressions of Parental Supervision on Family Structure

Parental supervision

before school Parental supervision

after school Parental supervision at

bedtime

Females

Has an Older Sibling -0.012 -0.013 -0.006 (0.009) (0.010) (0.005)

One-child family -0.116*** -0.184*** -0.092*** (0.017) (0.018) (0.016)

Two-child family -0.027** -0.142*** -0.008 (0.012) (0.016) (0.008)

Three-child family -0.004 -0.094*** -0.007 (0.012) (0.015) (0.008)

Number of observations 16461 16461 16461

Males

Has an Older Sibling -0.017** -0.026*** -0.007* (0.007) (0.009) (0.004)

One-child family -0.151*** -0.223*** -0.086*** (0.019) (0.016) (0.013)

Two-child family -0.078*** -0.178*** -0.017** (0.016) (0.012) (0.007)

Three-child family -0.048*** -0.120*** -0.007 (0.014) (0.013) (0.007)

Number of observations 15603 15603 15603 Standard errors are shown in parentheses. Statistically significant at the ***99%, **90%, and *90% confidence level.

Table 6. Determinants of Substance Use and Sexual Activity, Selected Marginal Probabilities


days

Drank alcohol

during past year


days

Used other illegal drugs in the past

30 days Ever had sex Females Has an Older Sibling 0.054*** 0.030** 0.025*** 0.006** -0.002 (0.010) (0.013) (0.008) (0.002) (0.014)

Parental supervision before school -0.019 -0.020 -0.012 -0.003 -0.061*** (0.013) (0.013) (0.009) (0.003) (0.013)

Parental supervision after school -0.021** -0.063*** -0.020*** -0.006*** -0.013 (0.008) (0.011) (0.008) (0.002) (0.010)

Parental supervision at bedtime -0.023 -0.046** -0.032** -0.008 -0.067*** (0.017) (0.019) (0.015) (0.005) (0.024)


Males Has an Older Sibling 0.050*** 0.044*** 0.021** 0.000 0.027** (0.008) (0.011) (0.008) (0.003) (0.011)

Parental supervision before school -0.030*** -0.002 -0.003 -0.003 -0.030* (0.010) (0.012) (0.008) (0.004) (0.016)

Parental supervision after school -0.020** -0.058*** -0.031*** -0.007** -0.006 (0.008) (0.009) (0.007) (0.003) (0.010)

Parental supervision at bedtime -0.002 -0.002 -0.059*** -0.028*** -0.034 (0.016) (0.020) (0.018) (0.007) (0.025)

Number of observations 15603 15603 15603 15603 15603 Standard errors are shown in parentheses. Statistically significant at the ***99%, **90%, and *90% confidence level.Tables control for the same variables that appear in tables 3a. and 3b. Controls also include dichotomous variables identifying missing values for categorical variables.

Table 7. Determinants of Delinquent Behaviors, Selected Marginal Probabilities

Standard errors are shown in parentheses. Statistically significant at the ***99%, **90%, and *90% confidence level.Tables control for the same variables that appear in tables 4a. and 4b. Controls also include dichotomous variables identifying missing values for categorical variables.

Ever sold drugs Ever stolen

anything Ever run away

from home

Drove a car without

permission Females Has an Older Sibling 0.002 0.021*** -0.005 0.024*** (0.003) (0.008) (0.006) (0.006)

Parental supervision before school -0.008** -0.010 -0.016*** -0.009 (0.004) (0.009) (0.005) (0.005)

Parental supervision after school -0.005 -0.044*** -0.002 -0.014*** (0.004) (0.010) (0.004) (0.005)

Parental supervision at bedtime -0.021*** -0.028* -0.035*** -0.019* (0.008) (0.015) (0.013) (0.011)


Males Has an Older Sibling 0.007 0.005 -0.004 0.021*** (0.006) (0.009) (0.004) (0.006)

Parental supervision before school -0.010* 0.002 -0.006 -0.002 (0.006) (0.009) (0.004) (0.007)

Parental supervision after school -0.019*** -0.043*** -0.011*** -0.012** (0.005) (0.008) (0.004) (0.005)

Parental supervision at bedtime -0.038*** -0.024 -0.033*** -0.044*** (0.012) (0.020) (0.010) (0.014)


Table 8. Regressions of Parental Supervision on Sibling Gender and Family Structure

Parental supervision

before school Parental supervision

after school Parental supervision at

bedtime

Females

Has an Older Brother 0.009 0.006 -0.005 (0.009) (0.011) (0.006)

Has an Older Sister -0.027*** -0.023** -0.012 (0.010) (0.011) (0.007)

One-child family -0.116*** -0.183*** -0.097*** (0.017) (0.019) (0.017)

Two-child family -0.029** -0.143*** -0.011 (0.012) (0.016) (0.008)

Three-child family -0.004 -0.094*** -0.008 (0.012) (0.015) (0.008)


Males

Has an Older Brother -0.014* -0.023** -0.005 (0.008) (0.011) (0.005)

Has an Older Sister -0.019* -0.007 -0.008 (0.010) (0.011) (0.006)

One-child family -0.154*** -0.220*** -0.087*** (0.020) (0.016) (0.013)

Two-child family -0.080*** -0.178*** -0.018** (0.016) (0.013) (0.008)

Three-child family -0.050*** -0.120*** -0.007 (0.014) (0.014) (0.007)


Table 9a. Effects of Siblings on Substance Use and Sexual Activity, Selected Marginal- Probabilities – Females



days

Drank alcohol

during past year


days


30 days

Ever had sex

Has an Older Brother 0.046*** 0.015 0.020*** 0.006** 0.002 (0.010) (0.014) (0.009) (0.003) (0.014)

Has an Older Sister 0.043*** 0.031** 0.012 0.006** -0.004 (0.011) (0.013) (0.008) (0.003) (0.014)

One Child Family 0.110*** 0.125*** 0.073*** 0.019*** 0.169*** (0.021) (0.021) (0.016) (0.007) (0.020)

Two-Child Family 0.044*** 0.060*** 0.023** 0.008* 0.078*** (0.014) (0.015) (0.011) (0.004) (0.016)

Three-child Family 0.044*** -0.031** -0.026** 0.008** 0.052*** (0.014) (0.015) (0.012) (0.004) (0.016)

Parental supervision before school -0.019 -0.020 -0.012 -0.003 -0.061*** (0.013) (0.013) (0.009) (0.003) (0.013)

Parental supervision after school 0.021*** -0.063*** 0.021*** -0.006*** -0.013 (0.008) (0.011) (0.008) (0.002) (0.010)

Parental supervision at bedtime -0.022 -0.046** -0.032** -0.008 -0.067*** (0.017) (0.019) (0.015) (0.005) (0.024)


Table 9b. Effects of Siblings on Substance Use and Sexual Activity, Selected Marginal- Probabilities – Males



days

Drank alcohol

during past year


days


30 days

Ever had sex

Has an Older Brother 0.038*** 0.039*** 0.014* 0.005 0.018 (0.011) (0.012) (0.008) (0.004) (0.014)

Has an Older Sister 0.046*** 0.036** 0.019* -0.004 0.024* (0.011) (0.014) (0.010) (0.003) (0.014)

One Child Family 0.048*** 0.044** 0.058*** 0.007 0.116*** (0.019) (0.018) (0.016) (0.007) (0.018)

Two-Child Family 0.012 0.008 0.031** 0.000 0.044*** (0.013) (0.016) (0.013) (0.006) (0.014)

Three-child Family 0.004 -0.007 -0.025** -0.004 0.015 (0.013) (0.014) (0.011) (0.005) (0.014)

Parental supervision before school -0.030*** -0.002 -0.003 -0.003 -0.030** (0.010) (0.012) (0.008) (0.004) (0.015)

Parental supervision after school 0.020*** -0.059*** 0.031*** -0.007** -0.006 (0.008) (0.009) (0.007) (0.003) (0.010)

Parental supervision at bedtime -0.002 -0.002 -0.028*** -0.028*** -0.034 (0.016) (0.020) (0.007) (0.007) (0.025)


Documents

The Effect of Older Siblings on Adolescent Behavior: Is It Siblings or is it Parents? Laura Argys Department of Economics University of Colorado at Denver