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Introduction toIntroduction toEcology of SumatraEcology of Sumatra

Prepared by Prepared by OnrizalOnrizal

Under supervision of Under supervision of Prof Prof MashhorMashhor MansorMansor

19 March 2008 19 March 2008

Content

• Indonesia: an overview• Ecology• Sumatra• Sumatra – the world heritage site• Main forest type of Sumatra• Lake Toba• Case study: mangrove services of

shorelines protection

Indonesia: an overviewIndonesia: an overview

Indonesia is located at equator regionIndonesia is located at equator regionbetween two continent (Asia and Australia)between two continent (Asia and Australia)

between two ocean (Indian and Pacific)between two ocean (Indian and Pacific)

Indonesia: an overviewIndonesia: an overview

•• The worldThe world’’s largest archipelagic states largest archipelagic state•• 17,508 islands17,508 islands•• Main islands:Main islands:

–– Greater Greater SundaSunda IslandsIslands•• BorneoBorneo divided between Indonesia Kalimantan, Brunei, divided between Indonesia Kalimantan, Brunei,

and Malaysiaand Malaysia’’s state of Sabah and Sarawaks state of Sabah and Sarawak•• SumatraSumatra •• JavaJava •• Sulawesi Sulawesi

–– New Guinea New Guinea –– divided between Indonesian provinces divided between Indonesian provinces of Papua and West Papua and independent nation of of Papua and West Papua and independent nation of Papua New GuineaPapua New Guinea

•• Population: 222 million (2006)Population: 222 million (2006)

Ecology

• the scientific study of the distribution and abundance of life and the interaction between organism and their natural environment

Sumatra Sumatra ((also spelled Sumateraalso spelled Sumatera))

•• Largest island entirely in Largest island entirely in Indonesia (approximately Indonesia (approximately 470,000 km470,000 km22))

•• Sixth largest island in the Sixth largest island in the worldworld

•• Etymology Etymology Sanskrit names of:Sanskrit names of:–– SwarnadwSwarnadwīīpapa ("Island of Gold")("Island of Gold")–– SwarnabhSwarnabhūūmimi ("Land of Gold"), due likely to the ("Land of Gold"), due likely to the goldgold

deposits of the island's highlands deposits of the island's highlands

A 16A 16thth century century map of Sumatramap of Sumatra

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•• The interior of The interior of the island is the island is dominated by dominated by two two geographical geographical regions: regions: –– the the BarisanBarisan

Mountains Mountains in the westin the west

–– swampy swampy plains in plains in the east the east

1,790 km

1,790 km ≅≅ 1,100 miles

1,100 miles 435 km 435 km ≅≅ 270 miles270 miles

The highest point The highest point active volcano Mount active volcano Mount KerinciKerinci(3,805 m (3,805 m aslasl))

Most of Sumatra used to be covered Most of Sumatra used to be covered by tropical rain forestby tropical rain forest

SumatraSumatra

•• Sumatra is part of the Sumatra is part of the SundalandSundalandBiodiversity Hotspot, one of 34 regions of Biodiversity Hotspot, one of 34 regions of the world where extraordinary levels of the world where extraordinary levels of biodiversity and endemism are coupled biodiversity and endemism are coupled with extremely high levels of threat. with extremely high levels of threat.

•• A total of 248 species found in Sumatra A total of 248 species found in Sumatra are listed as globally threatened on the are listed as globally threatened on the 2006 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.Species.

SumatraSumatra

•• Forest destruction remains the primary Forest destruction remains the primary threat to Sumatrathreat to Sumatra’’s spectacular s spectacular biodiversity. biodiversity.

•• Forest loss Forest loss 25% or 5.1 millions ha 25% or 5.1 millions ha ((1990 to 2000), caused by commercial 1990 to 2000), caused by commercial and illegal logging, as well as by land and illegal logging, as well as by land conversion to oil palm and other conversion to oil palm and other agricultural uses.agricultural uses.

Sumatra hasSumatra has

•• Many big riverMany big river•• Many mountMany mount•• Many lakeMany lake•• Many forest typeMany forest type•• Etc. Etc.

SumatraSumatra –– the world heritage sitethe world heritage site

GunungGunung LeuserLeuser National ParkNational Park•• 1,074,933 ha1,074,933 ha•• Named after 3,381 m height of Named after 3,381 m height of

Mouth Mouth LeuserLeuser•• Sumatran Orangutan, Sumatran Sumatran Orangutan, Sumatran

Elephant, Sumatran TigerElephant, Sumatran Tiger•• Many endemic sp. (flora fauna) Many endemic sp. (flora fauna)

KerinciKerinci SemblatSemblat National ParkNational Park•• 1,300,647 ha1,300,647 ha•• Including the highest peak of Including the highest peak of

SumatraSumatra•• > 4000 plant sp.> 4000 plant sp.•• Sumatran Tigers, Sumatran Sumatran Tigers, Sumatran

Rhino, Sumatran Elephant, Rhino, Sumatran Elephant, BorneanBornean Clouded Leopard, Clouded Leopard, Malayan Tapir, Malay Sun Bear, & Malayan Tapir, Malay Sun Bear, & 300 bird sp.300 bird sp.

Bukit Bukit BarisanBarisan Selatan Selatan National ParkNational Park

••336,233 ha336,233 ha••Sumatran Elephant, Sumatran Elephant,

Sumatran Sumatran StrippenStrippen Rabbit, Rabbit, Sumatran Rhino (60Sumatran Rhino (60--85% of 85% of

SR), Sumatran TigerSR), Sumatran Tiger

Sources: Sources: ••UNESCO. Tropical Rainforest HeritageUNESCO. Tropical Rainforest Heritage••ConervationConervation International Indonesia International Indonesia et al. et al. (2007) Key (2007) Key Biodiversity AreaBiodiversity Area

SumatraSumatra –– the world heritage sitethe world heritage site

PongoPongo abeliiabelii (CE; @ CI/David Hess)(CE; @ CI/David Hess)

Dicerorhinus sumatrensis(CE; @ CI/(CE; @ CI/HaroldoHaroldo Castro)Castro)

ShoreaShorea balangeranbalangeran (CE; @ National (CE; @ National Herbarium Netherland/van Herbarium Netherland/van ValgooyValgooy))

RafflesiaRafflesia arnoldiiarnoldiiThe The worldsworlds’’ss largest individual flowerlargest individual flower

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SumatraSumatra –– the world heritage sitethe world heritage site

PpantheraPpanthera tigristigris (E; @ CI/Camera Trap)(E; @ CI/Camera Trap)

ElephasElephas maximusmaximus (E; @ CI/Russ (E; @ CI/Russ MittermeierMittermeier))

CairinaCairina scutulatascutulata WhiteWhite--winged winged duck (E; @ duck (E; @ RizaRiza Marlon)Marlon)

AmorphopahllusAmorphopahllus titanumtitanumThe The worldsworlds’’ss tallest & largest inflorescence flowertallest & largest inflorescence flower

SumatraSumatra –– the world heritage sitethe world heritage site

MacacaMacaca pagensispagensisMentawaiMentawai MacaqueMacaqueCritically EndangeredCritically Endangered©© CI /CI /IwanIwan WijayantoWijayanto

RhacophorusRhacophorus angulirostrisangulirostrisKina Kina BaluBalu Flying FrogFlying FrogEndangeredEndangered©© Andreas & Andreas & ChristelChristel NoellertNoellert

CapricornisCapricornis sumatraensissumatraensisSerowSerowVulnerableVulnerable©© CI /CameraCI /Camera--traptrap

Sources: Sources: ••ConervationConervation International Indonesia International Indonesia et al. et al. (2007) Key (2007) Key Biodiversity AreaBiodiversity Area

SumatraSumatra –– the world heritage sitethe world heritage site

Notochelys platynotaMalayan Flat-Shelled TurtleVulnerable© CI /Darwin Initiative / Peter Paul van Dijk

Tomistoma schlegeliiFalse GharialEndangered© CI /Darwin Initiative / Peter Paul van Dijk

Ciconia stormiStorm’s StorkEndangered© CI /Brian Hutchinson

Sources: Sources: ••ConervationConervation International Indonesia International Indonesia et al. et al. (2007) Key (2007) Key Biodiversity AreaBiodiversity Area

Main Forest Type of SumatraMain Forest Type of Sumatra

Coastal forestCoastal forestMangrove forestMangrove forest

Swamp forestSwamp forestPeat swamp forestPeat swamp forestTropical rain forestTropical rain forest

Heath forestHeath forestPine forestPine forest

Mountain forestMountain forest

Tropical rain forest

Sub montana forest

Heath forest

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Mangrove forest

Peat swamp forestSwamp forest

Coastal forest

Lake TobaLake TobaLOCATIONLOCATIONNorth Sumatra Province, Indonesia. North Sumatra Province, Indonesia. 2:212:21--2:56N, 98:262:56N, 98:26--99:15E; 905 m 99:15E; 905 m aslasl. .

DESCRIPTION

Lake Toba lies in the northern part of Barisan Mountain Range, which is volcanic and traverses Sumatra Island from northwest to southeast as its backbone.

The lake trough is surrounded by precipitous cliffs 400-1,200 m high. Based on the topographic feature and the wide distribution of volcanic ejecta around the lake, some geologists and volcanologists have considered it to be a giant caldera or cauldron.

The water surface of L. Toba is 905 m above sea level and about 1,100 km2 wide. The total area of the lake, including the areas of Samosirand Paradapur Islands, amounts to 1,780 km2. The mountains around the lake are called Batak Highlands. The only draining river from L. Toba, the Asahan, flows southeastwards dissecting the gentle slopes of the pyroclastic plateau.

Courtesy of Prof Courtesy of Prof TernalaTernala A A BarusBarus

Case StudyCase Study

►►Mangrove services of shorelines protectionMangrove services of shorelines protection

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LHOK NGA (ACEH BESAR)LHOK NGA (ACEH BESAR)

Before After

Before After

ULEUE LHEU (BANDA ACEH)

Before After

CALANG (ACEH JAYA)

Before

ACEH BESAR

After

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Courtesy of Courtesy of OnrizalOnrizal

SirombuSirombu, western coast of , western coast of NiasNias(March 2005)(March 2005)

Courtesy of Courtesy of OnrizalOnrizal

LahewaLahewa, northern coast of , northern coast of NiasNias(March 2005)(March 2005)

Courtesy of Courtesy of OnrizalOnrizal

TelukTeluk BelukarBelukar, eastern coast of , eastern coast of NiasNias(March 2005)(March 2005) Mangrove for shores protectionMangrove for shores protection

►►Mangrove play an important role in storm Mangrove play an important role in storm protection, and this protection depended on protection, and this protection depended on the quality of the mangrove habitat. the quality of the mangrove habitat.

►►Degraded habitats or habitats with Degraded habitats or habitats with mangrove associate species instead of true mangrove associate species instead of true mangrove species did not provide adequate mangrove species did not provide adequate protection protection

For more informationFor more information

Please refer to: Please refer to: ►►Tony Whitten, Tony Whitten, SengliSengli J J DamanikDamanik, , JazanulJazanul

AnwarAnwar, and , and NazaruddinNazaruddin HisyamHisyam (2000). The (2000). The Ecology of SumatraEcology of Sumatra

►►Others related website of Ministry of Others related website of Ministry of ForestryForestry--Government of Indonesia, Government of Indonesia, International Organization, and NGOInternational Organization, and NGO

onrizal03@yahoo.com; onrizal03@yahoo.com; mashhor@usm.mymashhor@usm.my