Upload
jna-jamuna
View
214
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
7/29/2019 The Cycles
1/6
The carbon cycle is the way carbon is stored and replaced onEarth. Some of the main events take
hundreds of millions of years, others happen annually.
The main ways that carbon gets into the carbon cycle are volcanoes, and the burning of fossil fuels like
coal and gas. Through most of history, volcanoes were the biggest source of carbon to the carbon cycle,
but in the last hundred years, people burning fossil fuels have added much more CO 2 to the air thanvolcanoes have, by about a hundred times. That is, for every ton of CO 2 added to the air by volcanoes,
about 100 tons of CO2 have been added to the air by people.
The main way carbon gets taken out of the atmosphere is byphotosynthesisby living organisms. Some
of this gets released as they die and decompose, but a proportion gets buried in sediment. This is shown
in the diagram. Sediment turns torock, and it is the carbonate rocks likelimestonewhich contain the now-
solid CO2. Some of the carbon from plants also becomes part of the soil, where it can stay for a long time
before decomposing.
Another process takes CO2 out of the air.Weatheringby rain washes out CO2 in the form of
dilutecarbonic acid. This reacts with rock, helping to dissolve and destroy it. This also ends up as
sediment.
"Weathering is a large consumer of the atmospheric carbon dioxide essential for dissolving
rocks".[1]
Some CO2 is also dissolved in the ocean. Right now, the oceans are taking in more CO 2 than they
are releasing, every year. However, this is making the oceans more acidic.
The store of carbon insedimentary rockis far greater than the CO2 in the atmosphere (this is not
shown in the diagram). Eventually it returns to the air as oceanic plates subduct in plate tectonics. At
the margins of plate boundaries (and some other places) volcanoes form and spew out CO 2. This
completes the cycle.
http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthhttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthhttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthhttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesishttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesishttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesishttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimenthttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimenthttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimenthttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_(geology)http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_(geology)http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_(geology)http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestonehttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestonehttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestonehttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weatheringhttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weatheringhttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weatheringhttp://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carbonic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carbonic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carbonic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_cycle#cite_note-Andel-1http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_cycle#cite_note-Andel-1http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_cycle#cite_note-Andel-1http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentary_rockhttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentary_rockhttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentary_rockhttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plate_tectonicshttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plate_tectonicshttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plate_tectonicshttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carbon_cycle-cute_diagram.jpeghttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plate_tectonicshttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentary_rockhttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_cycle#cite_note-Andel-1http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carbonic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weatheringhttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestonehttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_(geology)http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimenthttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesishttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth7/29/2019 The Cycles
2/6
The Carbon Cycle is a process wherecarbonisrecycledthrough theecosystem.
Theconcentrationof carbon inlivingmatter(18%) is almost 100 times greater than its concentration
in the earth (0.19%). So living things extract carbon from their nonlivingenvironment. For life to
continue, this carbon must be recycled.[2]
See the diagram for a detailed look at the carbon cycle. An
example of a route carbon takes in thiscycleiscarbon dioxidein theatmosphereis absorbed
byplantsand used inphotosynthesisto producesugarswhich the plant uses forenergy. When theplant dies, it decomposes and the carbon stored in the plant will, over millions of years, form
intocoal(afossil fuel). The coal isburntand gives off carbon dioxide which goes into the
atmosphere. Also the carbon cycle has to relate to quantum mechanics due to the restoration of
water
At the moment, the carbon cycle, and how human activity is affecting it, is a big topic in international
news. Fossil fuels are anon-renewable resourcewhich means that once we've burned them all, there
is not any more, and our use of fossil fuels has nearly doubled every 20 years since 1900 .[3]
Also, the
burning of fossil fuels producespollutionwhich contributes to thegreenhouse effectandacid rain.
The sulfur cycle is the collection of processes by which sulfur moves to and from minerals (including the
waterways) and living systems. Suchbiogeochemical cyclesare important ingeologybecause they affect
many minerals. Biogeochemical cycles are also important for life becausesulfuris anessential element,
being a constituent of manyproteinsandcofactors.[1]
Steps of the sulfur cycle are:
Mineralization oforganic sulfurinto inorganic forms, such ashydrogen sulfide(H2S), elemental sulfur,
as well assulfide minerals.
http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonhttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonhttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonhttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recyclehttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recyclehttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recyclehttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystemhttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystemhttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystemhttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrationhttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrationhttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrationhttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifehttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifehttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matterhttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matterhttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matterhttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmenthttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmenthttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmenthttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_cycle#cite_note-2http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_cycle#cite_note-2http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_cycle#cite_note-2http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclehttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclehttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclehttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxidehttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxidehttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxidehttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospherehttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospherehttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospherehttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planthttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planthttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planthttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesishttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesishttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesishttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugarhttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugarhttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugarhttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalhttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalhttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalhttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuelhttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuelhttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuelhttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustionhttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustionhttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustionhttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-renewable_resourceshttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-renewable_resourceshttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-renewable_resourceshttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_cycle#cite_note-3http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_cycle#cite_note-3http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_cycle#cite_note-3http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollutionhttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollutionhttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollutionhttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effecthttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effecthttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effecthttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_rainhttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_rainhttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_rainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogeochemical_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogeochemical_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogeochemical_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cofactor_(biochemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cofactor_(biochemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_cycle#cite_note-Brock-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_cycle#cite_note-Brock-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_cycle#cite_note-Brock-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organosulfur_compoundshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organosulfur_compoundshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organosulfur_compoundshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfide_mineralshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfide_mineralshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfide_mineralshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sulfur_cycle_-_English.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfide_mineralshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organosulfur_compoundshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_cycle#cite_note-Brock-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cofactor_(biochemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogeochemical_cyclehttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_rainhttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effecthttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollutionhttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_cycle#cite_note-3http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-renewable_resourceshttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustionhttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuelhttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalhttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugarhttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesishttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planthttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospherehttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxidehttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclehttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_cycle#cite_note-2http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmenthttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matterhttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifehttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrationhttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystemhttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recyclehttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon7/29/2019 The Cycles
3/6
Oxidationof hydrogen sulfide,sulfide, and elemental sulfur (S) tosulfate(SO42
).
Reduction of sulfate to sulfide.
Incorporation of sulfide into organic compounds (including metal-containing derivatives).
These are often termed as follows:
Assimilative sulfate reduction (see alsosulfur assimilation) in which sulfate (SO42) is reduced
byplants,fungiand variousprokaryotes. The oxidation states of sulfur are +6 in sulfate and 2 in
RSH.
Desulfurization in which organic molecules containing sulfur can be desulfurized, producing
hydrogen sulfide gas (H2S, oxidation state = 2). An analogous process for organic nitrogen
compounds is deamination.
Oxidation of hydrogen sulfide produces elemental sulfur (S8), oxidation state = 0. This reaction
occurs in thephotosyntheticgreen and purple sulfurbacteriaand somechemolithotrophs. Often
the elemental sulfur is stored aspolysulfides.Oxidation of elemental sulfurby sulfur oxidizers produces sulfate.
Dissimilative sulfur reduction in which elemental sulfur can be reduced to hydrogen sulfide.
Dissimilative sulfate reduction in whichsulfate reducersgenerate hydrogen sulfide from sulfate.
Sulfur cycle
Part IV of "Matter cycles": The sulfur cycle
Sulphuris one of the components that make up proteins and vitamins. Proteins consist of amino acidsthat contain sulphur atoms. Sulphur is important for the functioning of proteins and enzymes inplants, and in animals that depend upon plants for sulphur. Plants absorb sulphur when it is dissolvedin water. Animals consume these plants, so that they take up enough sulphur to maintain their health.
Most of the earth's sulphur is tied up in rocks and salts or buried deep in the ocean in oceanicsediments. Sulphur can also be found in the atmosphere. It enters the atmosphere through bothnatural and human sources. Natural recourses can be for instance volcanic eruptions, bacterialprocesses, evaporation from water, or decaying organisms. When sulphur enters the atmospherethrough human activity, this is mainly a consequence of industrial processes where sulphur dioxide(SO2) and hydrogen sulphide (H2S) gases are emitted on a wide scale.
When sulphur dioxide enters the atmosphere it will react with oxygen to produce sulphur trioxide gas(SO3), or with other chemicals in the atmosphere, to produce sulphur salts. Sulphur dioxide may also
react with water to produce sulphuric acid (H2SO4). Sulphuric acid may also be produced fromdemethylsulphide, which is emitted to the atmosphere by plankton species.All these particles will settle back onto earth, or react with rain and fall back onto earth asaciddeposition. The particles will than be absorbed by plants again and are released back into theatmosphere, so that the sulphur cycle will start over again.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_assimilationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_assimilationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_assimilationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokaryotehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokaryotehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokaryotehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemolithotrophhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemolithotrophhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemolithotrophhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polysulfidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polysulfidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polysulfidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfate-reducing_bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfate-reducing_bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfate-reducing_bacteriahttp://www.lenntech.com/Periodic-chart-elements/S-en.htmhttp://www.lenntech.com/Periodic-chart-elements/S-en.htmhttp://www.lenntech.com/acid-deposition.htmhttp://www.lenntech.com/acid-deposition.htmhttp://www.lenntech.com/acid-deposition.htmhttp://www.lenntech.com/acid-deposition.htmhttp://www.lenntech.com/acid-deposition.htmhttp://www.lenntech.com/acid-deposition.htmhttp://www.lenntech.com/Periodic-chart-elements/S-en.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfate-reducing_bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polysulfidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemolithotrophhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokaryotehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_assimilationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidation7/29/2019 The Cycles
4/6
A schematic representation of the sulphur cycle:
Read more:http://www.lenntech.com/sulphur-cycle.htm#ixzz2Zgtv4Los
http://www.lenntech.com/sulphur-cycle.htm#ixzz2Zgtv4Loshttp://www.lenntech.com/sulphur-cycle.htm#ixzz2Zgtv4Loshttp://www.lenntech.com/sulphur-cycle.htm#ixzz2Zgtv4Loshttp://www.lenntech.com/sulphur-cycle.htm#ixzz2Zgtv4Los7/29/2019 The Cycles
5/6
Click for larger image
Phosphorus Cycle
Phosphorus enters the environment from rocks
or deposits laid down on the earth many yearsago. The phosphate rock is commercially
available form is called apatite. Other deposits
may be from fossilized bone or bird droppingscalled guano. Weathering and erosion of rocksgradually releases phosphorus as phosphate ions
which are soluble in water. Land plants need
phosphate as a fertilizer or nutrient.
Phosphate is incorporated into many molecules
essential for life such as ATP, adenosine
triphosphate, which is important in the storageand use of energy. It is also in the backbone of
DNA and RNA which is involved with coding
for genetics.
When plant materials and waste products decay
through bacterial action, the phosphate isreleased and returned to the environment for
reuse.
Much of the phosphate eventually is washed intothe water from erosion and leaching. Again
water plants and algae utilize the phosphate as a
nutrient. Studies have shown that phosphate is
the limiting agent in the growth of plants andalgae. If not enough is present, the plants are
slow growing or stunted. If too much phosphate
is present excess growth may occur, particularlyin algae.
A large percentage of the phosphate in water isprecipitated from the water as iron phosphate
which is insoluble. If the phosphate is in shallow
sediments, it may be readily recycled back into
the water for further reuse. In deeper sediments
in water, it is available for use only as part of ageneral uplifting of rock formations for the cycle
to repeat itself.
http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/7/29/2019 The Cycles
6/6
Click for larger image
Human Inputs to the Phosphorus Cycle:
Human influences on the phosphate cycle come
mainly from the introduction and use ofcommercial synthetic fertilizers. The phosphate
is obtained through mining of certain deposits ofcalcium phosphate called apatite. Huge quantitiesof sulfuric acid are used in the conversion of the
phosphate rock into a fertilizer product called
"super phosphate".
Plants may not be able to utilize all of the
phosphate fertilizer applied, as a consequence,much of it is lost form the land through the water
run-off. The phosphate in the water is eventually
precipitated as sediments at the bottom of thebody of water. In certain lakes and ponds this
may be redissolved and recyled as a problem
nutrient.
Animal wastes or manure may also be applied to
the land as fertilizer. If misapplied on frozen
ground during the winter, much of it may lost asrun-off during the spring thaw. In certain area
very large feed lots of animals, may result in
excessive run-off of phosphate and nitrate into
streams.
Other human sources of phosphate are in the out
flows from municipal sewage treatment plants.Without an expensive tertiary treatment, the
phosphate in sewage is not removed during
various treatment operations. Again an extraamount of phosphate enters the water.
http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/