VOL. 4. No. 3 THE CULTWL V&UB OP QUALITATIM ANALYSIS 355

THE CULTURAL VALUE OF QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS

EDGAR J. WITZEM~NN, THE MAYO POUNDATION. ROCHESTER, MINNESOTA

The contributions of chemistry to civilization and the value of some knowledge of chemistry in the comprehension and promotion of our present form of civilization are subjects of daily thought and consideration. The growth of new knowledge in chemistry has, however, been so rapid and mushroom-like and we have been so much preoccupied in our attempts to keep some kind of order in this vast accumulation of knowledge, that we have difficulty in maintaining our perspective. The tremendous utili- tarian applications of the chemical viewpoint in life and industry are so clearly obvious and far reaching that many of us have forgotten that chemistry lends itself ideally to a diversified training and discipline in the scientific method. This was commonly recognized before the serious overgrowth of chemical knomledge converted the study of chemistry so largely into a memory training school.

Man in his evolution has perhaps never achieved any greater addition to his powers than the rule-of-thought processes known as the scientific method. His senses registered in his inner consciousness many and con- flicting impressions of matters existing outside of himself. To be able to sit down, so t o speak, within the darkness of his own mind and soul, and quietly sift out those impressions to which he wished to give his attention, and then to devise ways of extending the usefulness of his sensory powers, so that he could increase the scope of his knowledge, in the line of his interest-that was to achieve the scientific method. This method of thought is not often innate, nor is it transmissible by inheritance. It must be transmitted by training and developed by practice.

When chemistry and science in general were young each new disciple repeated the experiments and observations and. retraced the thought processes of the master. In this way he learned the scientific method unconsciously, by imitation, just as children learn to speak. Any latent gifts for orderly investigation were thus slowly matured to fruition. This is no longer the practice in most elementary instruction in chemistry. The existing facts and theories are considered to be more important than the acquisition of the method by which they were achieved. There is so much to be done and so little time for doing it.

Probably the first teachers who gave up this older method of instruction could by conversation with their pupils, in which they dwelt in loving memory on the intellectual traits and thought processes of their masters, convey much of this fine personal touch and communicate in this way much of what was lacking on the formal side of their courses. But these pupils, when they in turn became masters, could reflect only a highly diluted tradition. I n this way a very fine cultural quality of chemistry is rapidly

being lost. Teachers can no longer sit down with a pupil and teach him how to think by thinking with him. They must quickly tell him what to think, or at best use a reverse process and knowing the answer lead the pupil to seize upon it. Only in some types of graduate work does the teacher sit down and think with his pupil. The chief objection to this method is that it is applied too late and, moreover, the training is available for only a very small number of individuals.

What is wanted is a type of training of this sort that is available for large numbers of pupils a t an early stage in their mental maturation. Some- thing is wanted in which it is possible for the pupil to test and retest in his own way and to his own satisfaction the utility and logic of the method that he is being taught. Something in which his teacher, if he wishes, can dissociate himself temporarily from his position of superiority and approach the problem in the same spirit as the pupil. The material should be well within the scope of the powers of the pupil so that he need not rely too much upon authority. If he entertains doubts as to the correct- ness of the viewpoint presented or of the alleged facts offered him i t should be possible for him to test his own questionings and his own young ideas. For such purposes as these in training in the scientific method, it is the writer's opinion that qualitative analysis offers advantages over all other subjects in the curriculum, other things being equal. In qualitative anal- ysis it is possible to give training in patience, in orderly procedure in carry- ing out a preconceived plan, in objective observation, in close attention to details, in the sifting and sorting of significant from insignificant facts, in piling up and weighing evidence, in applying and devising crucial tests to,verify partially drawn conclusions, in solving a problem by intuition and then laboring to test the correctness of the intuitive solution. The student may be led to approach the analysis of an unknown as though he were determining the identity of the substance for the first time. In this way he may have the interest and excitement of an explorer. He has many things to consider and many decisions to make because he is facing a many-sided problem. If he can learn to steer a logical and clear- headed course in his analysis of a difficult unknown he probably has a better idea of what scientific thought is than he ever had before. If he makes a mistake he can retrace his steps one by one and discover his error. If he cannot do this alone a conference with his instructor will enable him to do it. Very often the instructor can remain in ignorance of the nature of the unknown in question and can approach the discussion of the diffi- culties in true sympathy with his pupil. The two now find themselves in a situation in which the greater mental and manual skill of the instructor is appreciated. The situation is ideal for transmitting the technic of thinking and the value of true proficiency.

Conceived in this way qualitative analysis not only gives those pupils

who expect to continue in the study of chemistry an opportunity to learn the basic principles of analytical chemistry, but it gives all who study this subject properly intensive training in orderly thinking. Probably no people have ever known so much and thought so little as the rank and file of the American people. We are readily swayed by all sorts of fads and propagandas. Our reactions to a novel problem or situation are often worse than infantile because we have lost our childish curiosity and in- terest. When confronted by a complicated question we have little trained capacity for analyzing the problem for its possible elements, for devising methods for obtaining suitable data, and for sifting the significant from the insignificant facts. The education that should supply us with this capacity often merely benumbs our innate powers. Our ancestors learned much of value in this respect in the University of Hard Knocks, but modem conditions have led to the postponement of matriculation in this fruitful institution and the involuntary entrants receive less benefit from it than formerly.

It is often stated that mathematics is the ideal vehicle ior teaching the scientific method. Such a statement loses sight of the fact that training in this method involves manual as well as mental discipline. In the usual method of teaching mathematics "tailor-made" data are supplied by the text-book and we all have had experience in attempting to revitalize such "dead problems. Something of the type of proficiency involved here may be indicated by an illustration. An artisan may be asked how he is going to repair or build something and will reply that he does not know just how it can be done. But when he takes up his tools his mind works with his hands and the task is quickly and expertly finished. His thinking was largely unconscious and its value was determined entirely by the proficiency with which his hands translated it into action. The value of his work was not determined by what he thought, but by what his thonghts became when realized by his hands. It is for this reason that all manual training is so important in the education of the engineer. It enables him to visualize the manual operations involved in gathering the data that he requires and in executing the designs that he develops, when it is no longer possible for him to do these things with his own hands. This close con- nection between abstract thought and concrete action is worthy of a great deal of close thought and consideration. So much of our education is a passive process. Our pupils sit on a bench and read out of a book, or listen to much talking instead of thinking and acting. Consequently, they find difficulty in connecting their education with their lives. When we wish to learn to play a piano, or to play tennis or bridge, or to cook or to lay brick or to plant corn, we serve an apprenticeship, in which we learn to think and act like our teacher, in order to achieve a certain mental and manual proficiency in the new art. The effective mastery of the scientific

method is much more di5cult than any of these arts, and yet it is not often taught so carefully or so well.

I t was not the writer's purpose in preparing this little paper to describe in detail how resourceful mental and manual proficiency in the pursuit of a given problem, in life in general, or even in qualitative analysis, is to be achieved. I t was merely desired to point out that this proficiency is dual in nature and that of all subjects in the elementary curriculum qualita- tive analysis may best be presented in such a way as to give broad training in resourceful thinking. I t is clearly implied that any capacity for using the scientific method, that may be acquired, will be useful in any situation in which orderly thought is required.