The Crusade The Crusade of Catholic of Catholic

SpainSpain

Charles VCharles V""I speak Spanish to God, I speak Spanish to God, Italian to women, French Italian to women, French to men and German to my to men and German to my

horse." horse."

Division of Habsburg Division of Habsburg LandsLands

Charles V abdicated in 1556 and divided his Charles V abdicated in 1556 and divided his lands.lands.

Brother, Ferdinand I – Holy Roman Emperor:Brother, Ferdinand I – Holy Roman Emperor:

- Austria, Bohemia, and Hungary- Austria, Bohemia, and Hungary Son, Philip II – of SpainSon, Philip II – of Spain

- Spanish kingdoms, Portugal, 17 - Spanish kingdoms, Portugal, 17 provinces of provinces of

Netherlands, Burgundy, Milan, Tunis Netherlands, Burgundy, Milan, Tunis

Philip IIPhilip II

Fanatical Catholic – led the Catholic Fanatical Catholic – led the Catholic counteroffensivecounteroffensive

Reclusive, managed Spain by pen and paper Reclusive, managed Spain by pen and paper rather than personal presencerather than personal presence

Received much wealth from New World; but Received much wealth from New World; but died in debtdied in debt

Had personal tragedy – son, Don Carlos (mad Had personal tragedy – son, Don Carlos (mad and treacherous) died mysteriously in 1568 – and treacherous) died mysteriously in 1568 – three months before the death of the queenthree months before the death of the queen

The EscorialThe Escorial

The EscorialThe Escorial

Built in shape of grill in honor of St. Built in shape of grill in honor of St. LawrenceLawrence

Constructed of blocks of graniteConstructed of blocks of granite

Resembled a monastery, very austereResembled a monastery, very austere

Monks resided thereMonks resided there

Served as a palace, church, tomb, and Served as a palace, church, tomb, and monasterymonastery

Supremacy in the Supremacy in the MediterraneanMediterranean

First half of Philip’s reign focused on the First half of Philip’s reign focused on the Mediterranean and the Turkish threat.Mediterranean and the Turkish threat.

By history, geography, and choice, Spain had been By history, geography, and choice, Spain had been Catholic Europe’s champion against Islam.Catholic Europe’s champion against Islam.

During 1560s the Turks advanced deep into Austria During 1560s the Turks advanced deep into Austria and their fleets dominated the Mediterraneanand their fleets dominated the Mediterranean

1568-1570: Philip’s half brother, illegitimate son 1568-1570: Philip’s half brother, illegitimate son ofof

Charles V, suppressed and dispersed the Moors in Charles V, suppressed and dispersed the Moors in GranadaGranada

Don JohnDon John

Don JohnDon John

May 1571: Holy League of Spain, Venice, and May 1571: Holy League of Spain, Venice, and the pope formed to check Turkish actions in the pope formed to check Turkish actions in MediterraneanMediterranean

Battle of Lepanto: John’s fleet engaged Battle of Lepanto: John’s fleet engaged Ottoman navy under Ali Pasha off coast of Ottoman navy under Ali Pasha off coast of Lepanto in Gulf of Corinth on October 7, 1571Lepanto in Gulf of Corinth on October 7, 1571

- 1/3 of Turkish fleet destroyed- 1/3 of Turkish fleet destroyed

- 30,000 Turks died- 30,000 Turks died

Put down resistance in Portugal – annexed to Put down resistance in Portugal – annexed to Spain in 1580Spain in 1580

Spanish ArmadaSpanish Armada

For about 5 years, it seemed the Catholic For about 5 years, it seemed the Catholic cause might prevailcause might prevail

1588: Philip launched the Spanish Armada 1588: Philip launched the Spanish Armada in an attempt to punish Protestant England in an attempt to punish Protestant England and its queen, Elizabeth Iand its queen, Elizabeth I

Elizabeth had supported Protestant subjects Elizabeth had supported Protestant subjects who had rebelled against Philipwho had rebelled against Philip

The fleet was decimatedThe fleet was decimated

The NetherlandsThe Netherlands

Richest area of Philip’s Habsburg kingdom – and Richest area of Philip’s Habsburg kingdom – and Europe as wellEurope as well

In Spanish Netherlands, Philip had to maintain an In Spanish Netherlands, Philip had to maintain an army to keep his subjects under controlarmy to keep his subjects under control

Dutch had little in common with their Spanish Dutch had little in common with their Spanish rulers:rulers:

- Spain > Catholic- Spain > Catholic - Netherlands > many Calvinist - Netherlands > many Calvinist

congregationscongregations

- Spain > sluggish economy- Spain > sluggish economy - Dutch > prosperous middle class- Dutch > prosperous middle class

The merchant towns of the Netherlands were very The merchant towns of the Netherlands were very independentindependent

Philip raised taxes and took steps to crush ProtestantismPhilip raised taxes and took steps to crush Protestantism

1566: angry Protestant mobs swept through Catholic 1566: angry Protestant mobs swept through Catholic churcheschurches

Philip sent an army under Spanish duke of Alva to punish Philip sent an army under Spanish duke of Alva to punish themthem

and set up the “Council of Blood” and set up the “Council of Blood”

1568: one day toll – 1500 Protestants and rebels executed1568: one day toll – 1500 Protestants and rebels executed

The Dutch fought for another 11 years – William of The Dutch fought for another 11 years – William of Nassau, the Prince of Orange – “the Silent” led the Nassau, the Prince of Orange – “the Silent” led the oppositionopposition

William of OrangeWilliam of Orange

He placed the He placed the Netherlands’ political Netherlands’ political autonomy and well-being autonomy and well-being above religious creedsabove religious creeds

He personally passed He personally passed through successive through successive Catholic, Lutheran, and Catholic, Lutheran, and Calvinist stagesCalvinist stages

He married Anne of He married Anne of Saxony Saxony

Became an avowed Became an avowed Calvinist after the St. Calvinist after the St. Bartholomew’s Day Bartholomew’s Day Massacre in 1572Massacre in 1572

IndependenceIndependence

The Dutch finally expelled the Spanish by opening The Dutch finally expelled the Spanish by opening the dikes and flooding the land – (they are below the dikes and flooding the land – (they are below sea level)sea level)

1579: 7 northern provinces united1579: 7 northern provinces united

- largely Protestant- largely Protestant

- declared independence from Spain- declared independence from Spain

- became United Provinces of the Netherlands- became United Provinces of the Netherlands

10 southern provinces were Catholic and remained 10 southern provinces were Catholic and remained under Spanish control – now present day Belgiumunder Spanish control – now present day Belgium

The Spanish Empire The Spanish Empire WeakensWeakens

Treasure from the Americas helped cause long-term Treasure from the Americas helped cause long-term economic problems:economic problems:

1) Inflation – decline in value of money accompanied by 1) Inflation – decline in value of money accompanied by rise in prices of goods and servicesrise in prices of goods and services

- 2 main causes of inflation in Spain- 2 main causes of inflation in Spain

(1) Spain’s growing population(1) Spain’s growing population

(2) As silver bullion flooded the market, its value (2) As silver bullion flooded the market, its value dropped dropped

meaning people needed more and more meaning people needed more and more amounts of silver amounts of silver

to buy thingsto buy things

2) Taxes2) Taxes

- Spain lost valuable artisans and businesspeople in- Spain lost valuable artisans and businesspeople in

during Reconquista when they expelled Jews and during Reconquista when they expelled Jews and

MuslimsMuslims

- Spain’s nobles didn’t have to pay taxes- Spain’s nobles didn’t have to pay taxes

- tax burden fell on lower classes – couldn’t start - tax burden fell on lower classes – couldn’t start their own their own

businessesbusinesses

- as a result Spain never developed a middle class- as a result Spain never developed a middle class

3) Spain’s wealth went to their enemies3) Spain’s wealth went to their enemies

- Guilds still dominated Spain- Guilds still dominated Spain

- Used old fashioned methods that made Spanish- Used old fashioned methods that made Spanish

cloth and goods more expensivecloth and goods more expensive

- As a result Spanish bought much of what they- As a result Spanish bought much of what they

needed from France, England, Netherlandsneeded from France, England, Netherlands

- Gold and silver from colonies flowed into pockets of foreigners- Gold and silver from colonies flowed into pockets of foreigners

4) Spain had to borrow money from German and Italian bankers to 4) Spain had to borrow money from German and Italian bankers to financefinance

wars – Philip had to declare bankruptcy 3 timeswars – Philip had to declare bankruptcy 3 times

Golden Age of Spanish Golden Age of Spanish Art and LiteratureArt and Literature

Spanish monarchs and nobles were patrons of artSpanish monarchs and nobles were patrons of art

Works of great painters show the faith and pride in SpainWorks of great painters show the faith and pride in Spain

El Greco – “The Greek”, Domenikos TheotokopoulosEl Greco – “The Greek”, Domenikos Theotokopoulos

- born in Crete; spent adult life in Spain- born in Crete; spent adult life in Spain

- his art puzzled the people of his time- his art puzzled the people of his time

- chose brilliant , clashing colors; distorted human figure- chose brilliant , clashing colors; distorted human figure

- expressed emotion symbolically in his paintings- expressed emotion symbolically in his paintings

- techniques showed the deep Catholic faith of Spain in paintings of - techniques showed the deep Catholic faith of Spain in paintings of

saints and martyrssaints and martyrs

Diego VelzaquezDiego Velzaquez

- reflected pride in Spanish monarchy- reflected pride in Spanish monarchy

- painted 50 years after El Greco- painted 50 years after El Greco

- was court painter to Philip IV of Spain- was court painter to Philip IV of Spain

- known for portraits of royal family and - known for portraits of royal family and scenes of courtscenes of court

lifelife

- also used rich colors like El Greco- also used rich colors like El Greco

Don Quixote de la Mancha Don Quixote de la Mancha – 1605 – by Miguel de – 1605 – by Miguel de CervantesCervantes

Birth of the modern European novelBirth of the modern European novel

About a poor Spanish nobleman who went a little crazy About a poor Spanish nobleman who went a little crazy after reading too many books about heroic knightsafter reading too many books about heroic knights

The knights goal was to “right every manner of wrong”The knights goal was to “right every manner of wrong”

At one point he mistakes some windmills for giantsAt one point he mistakes some windmills for giants

Some critics believe Cervantes was mocking chivalry; Some critics believe Cervantes was mocking chivalry; others believe he was idealistic and longed for the others believe he was idealistic and longed for the romantic past because he was frustrated with his romantic past because he was frustrated with his materialistic worldmaterialistic world