Upload
maryroseeng
View
217
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
7/30/2019 The Cost of Justice Budgetary Threats to America's Courts1
1/36
The CosT of JusTiCe:BudgeTary ThreaTs To
ameriCas CourTs
7/30/2019 The Cost of Justice Budgetary Threats to America's Courts1
2/36
7/30/2019 The Cost of Justice Budgetary Threats to America's Courts1
3/36
THE CosT of jusTiCE:
BudgETary THrEaTs To amEriCas CourTs
a rEporT of THE ConsTiTuTion projECTs
CourTs iniTiaTivE
7/30/2019 The Cost of Justice Budgetary Threats to America's Courts1
4/36
Copyright 2006 by the Constitution Project. All rights reserved. No part may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,or transmitted, in any form, or by means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the priorpermission of the Constitution Project.
For information about this report, or any other work of the Constitution Project, please visit our website at www.constitutionproject.org or e-mail us at [email protected].
7/30/2019 The Cost of Justice Budgetary Threats to America's Courts1
5/36
iii
ConsTiTuTion projECT sTaff
Tara BeechProgram Coordinator
Katy DyerCommunications Coordinator
Sharon Bradford FranklinSenior Counsel
Kathryn A. MonroeDirector, Courts Initiative; Co-Director, Sentencing Initiative
Joseph N. Onek Senior Counsel
Scott MessingerDirector of Management and Operations
Virginia E. SloanPresident and Founder
The Constitution Project1025 Vermont Avenue, N.W., Third Floor
Washington, D.C. 20005(202) 580-6920
7/30/2019 The Cost of Justice Budgetary Threats to America's Courts1
6/36
iv
aBouT THE ConsTiTuTion projECT
T C P j p k k p m by b b v v w mm b
p v v b . By p b k y m b , P j b pp p b w v m
p b .
T P j p v y v by b p mm m j , p ym k , w m , , b , xp .
T :
Checks and Balances m Am y qb v m , y m k b p v m b y y
Constitutional Amendments , p v , m C
Courts w k p j b y p v mp j p m jb y
Death Penalty mm m , by p y pp pp , k w x
Liberty and Security mm w y p v v b w y p -9/11 w
Right to Counsel m m k m z
Sentencing p v m y m p p b y p
War Powers p m q m Am
A w p mm by v , P j p b p p ; p p b m p ; m
b v v mp q .
T C P j v b p ym k , m , k m y m . T P j p p ym k v mp x Am b .
W Op S y I pp C I v .
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
7/30/2019 The Cost of Justice Budgetary Threats to America's Courts1
7/36
v
TaBlE of ConTEnTs
THE COST OF JUSTICE: BUDGETARY THREATS TO AMERICAS COURTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Underfunded Courts Threaten Access to Justice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Actual Impact of Cutbacks to Court Funding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
A Radical Solution: Inherent Powers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mechanisms for Ensuring Adequately Funded Courts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
APPENDIX: Research and Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Academic Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
American Bar Association Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
National Center for State Courts Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Endnotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7/30/2019 The Cost of Justice Budgetary Threats to America's Courts1
8/36
7/30/2019 The Cost of Justice Budgetary Threats to America's Courts1
9/36
1
THE CosT of jusTiCE:
BudgETary THrEaTs To amEriCas CourTs
[W] [p p ] m y v v p y m , j m b m.
int ct n
Am , m y b v m , j b mp p v
b v by w b v m . TC b j y p m q
x v v b . A b v , p p v y m k b p . I y , w v , v m y
b y j y m mp .
I 2000, C P j C I v Uncertain Justice: Politics and Americas Courts, b p k p
p , j , m j , vm m j . Am m y mpmm Uncertain Justice w by k F R L S P w J C
v q j p m . T k F mm m
k y m v p . T p , Te Cost o Justice: Budgetary Treats to Americas Courts,x m w mm p v , by xp mp b y b k jy m .
7/30/2019 The Cost of Justice Budgetary Threats to America's Courts1
10/36
The Constitution Project
2
un n C t T t n acc t J t c
T C b v m q b : x v , , j y. E b x y
p m by b . E b x p w v . T y m k b w y b
Am m y. A y v p m p v .
A b v , j b q m w b v m . U k x v v b , wp p p p m j , j y m j b v m . I w v m f p b p w , v . I , j y w by p v b v by p p p m j , p by
x v v b .
N y C z mp j y p f by x v , p v m m y
j y, v y v m y v . T y- v m mb .
D p q , j y qp b q . U k x v v b ,
j b p w w p . I m pp y b m x .
I , m y b y pp j y, p y m y m mb p b v xp w m y z
mp , , y m. T , m y b p w p j y b b y y
y m p b .
I y , y v p b . A b v m x v , v , j
p y m , m w b k . T m y p p y w k
j y m . T p , v m , mm j . I m , b j y m
7/30/2019 The Cost of Justice Budgetary Threats to America's Courts1
11/36
The Cost of Justice: Budgetary Threats to Americas Courts
m p v b . I m , v .
Ev y y, m , b , v v v p ,p v m m mp , m w mp v m ,
m , m . W j y m, j . A b v , [ ] y w p p
j b w z p p y m y v .
T act l i p ct C tb ck t C t f n n
S y m m v v y m w y . N m w . I m , p y w k. I , m
v . M y mb j , w w k - p , w m
p m y m mp m . I
m , v b pp , k p p p , p , p .
I m y mb q y mpv m p j y p b y b , p y v v b w p . Ex mp p m - - p , m A v D p R p m , ad litems,
, - pp p . C m m
mp v y p m p z , m v m p m , y, , p y , w m y b p b p y v mp v
b . C w , v m y p p y b k j .
T k b k m , , p , p m p q v z y p m . R y v b
b v m . I v , y m y v m m q p v v , p y w m p
7/30/2019 The Cost of Justice Budgetary Threats to America's Courts1
12/36
7/30/2019 The Cost of Justice Budgetary Threats to America's Courts1
13/36
The Cost of Justice: Budgetary Threats to Americas Courts
5
Colorado
I 2003, j y w q 4% b ( $7.1 m ). A ,C z y m; m y p mp y ; m 320 p , k , p ,
p b .
Connecticut
I 2004, C 232 j y m mp y z w . S p H N w H v p p m y
b p p , w p m v .
Delaware
O $9 m 2003 b w m v p , $727,000. T j y bby
v , xp C q p v w m v . I p y , b
m b p y m - pp y w k, m m
b p p - pp .
Florida
T j y 2003 b w by $100 m . F w m - F p y m , - S p m C
pp , m - m v , S p m C j b wy bby . I -m b , w , I m mp k y , my , mm y
y p v m v by x m b w mp .
7/30/2019 The Cost of Justice Budgetary Threats to America's Courts1
14/36
The Constitution Project
6
Georgia
I 2004, F C y J A b T mp q m y w . I , y v m k m b b 5% b . T mp mp y . A D A y P H w , m
5% y [w ] w w p v q y v F C y.
Iowa
I - m , I w y y 2005,y w mp y , m p b[ ] w y p y , m b . TC J 7 J D mp y w y by w y m v : T b -b p p . T . A p v w p v p b y b mm b k. mp y
I w S p m C y- x j v . I , j y v p , y v j p , b k
xp . I y, , y p , m m y F y .
Minnesota
B M 2003 j w x m y vy . A , p by M S p m C C J K A. B z, j v y 120 m p . v m y
, M m y w v b y q
p b . b pp , p p w w wy p y $50 p m m , $100 m m , $200 y . U m y M S p mC q w . M b w 2003
b G Ad Litemp m by 10%. A , F m y C w w bj p y p , y v ,
p p w w p .
S b q y, 2004, v + x w w
y x m v v w b p p my by j m . T v , w mm
7/30/2019 The Cost of Justice Budgetary Threats to America's Courts1
15/36
The Cost of Justice: Budgetary Threats to Americas Courts
m b y, w v b pp ad litem, w v m y y w
by p .
New York
I 2003, N w Y k y m w p p k m . S w b y S p m C
( j ), C y C , S C , D C , N w Y k C y C v C . O x w b y,
y w mp m .
North Carolina
T N C y m b m $317 m $304m (4%) b w 2001 2004, v by 11%.
Oregon
I 2003, b O w by $50.5 m . w ,O j v y b p b F y ,
m 100 mp y , by 10%. C w b p v wy p p p m m pp
p m m , p , p , m m p p y m . C y p p y mv v w wy . A , m p w b k m y
p p p w k p y y p m . A j y p w y v m . H w m m b j y m
k p v m w wy p m. A w v m .
T y b m , O y b 27% m 2001, 30% .T m k 10% y.
T p S S p m C C App by O S B mm w 10 C App j
w k b 4,000 p y , m b m
7/30/2019 The Cost of Justice Budgetary Threats to America's Courts1
16/36
The Constitution Project
8
m w p , wy . T k w k v p v S p m C m p y
mp y m k m v m j m . A mp O pp
p p y mp x v v b .
M y, j y 2005, m p w p y v p w b y
.
South CarolinaS C b 8.5% 20012002, 10.5% 20022003,
9.5% 20032004. m k m , m v y , mp y , b k pp , pp b
w k . I 2005, S C S p m C C J J j y w , xp , I v w v y p
y I y m by y m v m mq .
Utah
I 2003 2004, U z , y 100 p y . T w .
Washington
A b 2003, w mb j , m w p mp y. A y E W , Iy w v v v w p p v w y b m
p y. D p m , p b b m v ; w b j m w
w b b m w . I K C y, w w y. W S B A P D k M : I
b v b .
C w y m p y v . I , v w m p , b k m y m , p . W f m p , v m , k
7/30/2019 The Cost of Justice Budgetary Threats to America's Courts1
17/36
The Cost of Justice: Budgetary Threats to Americas Courts
9
by . I , p w w w p p p y.
I p , w mp p m y m v -y - m y m , w b b p b m , b p . A v w m P
C y y . N w w k w m w . W y , w k k by m , w w y y p .
a r c l s l t n: in nt P w
T j p w p m j b k y , v w xp y z
by . F m y, j v v w y , p m p p m . I m
m x p w , j v q q y p . T p w
j y m m p , v , pb v m .
A mb v b p w b m . I 2002, K S p m C p b by x w pp m x v j y, y v w y z . TC b b p p w w y
b p m m . Y , y w k w ,
v b y m x v p w vy x pp p p b m . , K y w j y m y w m p xp y
z .
I 1991, N w Y k S p m C v k p w w v v p j y q b . T C
J pp p b , b v y y b j y b w b by j .
7/30/2019 The Cost of Justice Budgetary Threats to America's Courts1
18/36
The Constitution Project
10
H w v , b v b b w p m . M , p w v w , v y pb y p . F , I q y p y mp y y, m w mp y
. A W m p y pro se m . A C
pp mp y p p v mp m y y , b w m p y p y y y.
D p v q , p p m y m k pp m j , m w b y x . F m , by byp p p b b j p b p b m p m m y b k y. O v mm j
m v k p w , p bb m w b y .
m c n en n a q t l f n C t v w w b w j y , m
v m m p j y b . T v pp , m m v : ( ) v j y v
w m v ; ( ) m m y m m v ; ( ) b x v m j pp p q ; ( ) w j y bm b q
y ; ( ) b m j
pp p q .
1. Judicial Control of Internal Management and Administration
P j y p w p p w b m y m mm w y b b b y
j . A m p w , v y m .
I m , m p p b . I , v y b b y
7/30/2019 The Cost of Justice Budgetary Threats to America's Courts1
19/36
The Cost of Justice: Budgetary Threats to Americas Courts
11
m w . S m y, m j x p v m , v m m b y p
m p v j , m m x m v x v b b p .
J w p v w b m v v - m m v , p
j m . F x mp , y m y b b m y b w v , p m , v . IC , J C ( m v b y C J pp j ) p w j pp p ,
j z .
2. Mandatory Formulas for Judicial Funding
S p v m p m jpp p q b y v , p b
. S m j y v p b . A p b v p , y m p j y p p b . A y, m m k m y p
p p .
3. Restrictions on Executive Power over the Judiciarys Budget
I m y , x v p p b , b q by v . T v m y m y q b bm p p
b . O , j y y p p .
M y p m x v j b b q . I p m x v m y j b b , v m y p m . S m xp b v [ ] j y
x v b , m j q , pp b m y b b p w f p , k
j p .
P p k, N C S C p 2004 w y- p b x v m m jb q by by . H w v , j y, k y
b y q v pp p , m p
7/30/2019 The Cost of Justice Budgetary Threats to America's Courts1
20/36
The Constitution Project
12
w pp p . T , y x v b p w v b q p m b p .
4. Submission of Budget Requests Directly to the Legislature
S m x v m m y j pp p q .I , j y mp y bm b q y . H w v , m y , j q y y v y, y b p p bm by v . I ,
, v b b v m mp j y p w bm b q .
5. Restrictions on Legislative Power Over Courts Appropriations Requests
L p m m j b b m y p m . S m , by p ,p b m j y b . W V b and y p b , pp y j y
w v v q . N j b b p m .
H w v , w m y m y j b q y m . F , b y m
v b . I v b y v p b v p w m j b b , v b m . S , w j y b q m x v , j y m
w x v b m b pp p . A p k p b y y
m , j m y p p p m f x b b m .
T , w v p w pp p jp , m y b m b . N , v
b p w p m k j p bb p w . T , p v m m jb pp b m mp v p j
p .
7/30/2019 The Cost of Justice Budgetary Threats to America's Courts1
21/36
The Cost of Justice: Budgetary Threats to Americas Courts
1
C ncl n
I y , p y m k p j y m . T v
k vy b y y m p v j p b . W m
v m m p j b m , m y v . M v , m m
m b p m mp .
T C P j b j v y b v v m
. B j b p v x vb v v , b m , m , m v y
z p y v y y v v v v b . O w , C , p p v , w w y Am mp y .
7/30/2019 The Cost of Justice Budgetary Threats to America's Courts1
22/36
The Constitution Project
1
appEndiX:
rEsEarCH and rEsourCEs
ac c r c
D p b p y m b y , p y y bj . T
w m w v p b y w k D . R E.H y, U v y A z S P b A m P y, D . J m W. D , D p m G v m I A U v y S C .
H w k p by P D H y, b p v p x p m :
J m W. D R E. H y, Making the Case or Court Funding: Te Important Role o Lobbying, J J (J y 2004).
B m v v b y . Ev m v mp
j y . I b k , y , m p m , y v , v w .
S m m q y j . T j b , , p w p q f w . I , w w p m j b
m v bby by m b m b v b y p v .
R E. H y, State Budget Politics and Judicial Independence: An Emerging Crisis or the Courts as a Political Branch,18 T C M , I 4 (2004).
T p p mp b p m p . R
b p . O , j w m b v p p p p
y. H w v , , k x v , m
3
3
7/30/2019 The Cost of Justice Budgetary Threats to America's Courts1
23/36
The Cost of Justice: Budgetary Threats to Americas Courts
15
b v p y v y v b p . T 22 w b b v by
. I , v 22, p m v m b p j p m y m k pp
- m p . A v y, b m y b v m p y v y p by m j . T p p w b b v b . W , w v ,
m p by x v p .
J m W. D R E. H y, Sustaining Drug Courts in Arizona and SouthCarolina: An Experience in Hodgepodge Budgeting,25 T J Sy m J , N . 1(2004).
T y x m w y v w y b v m b p m m v v m . W
b p j w v x m v w v w w m p mp m
A z S C . W k w w y, w p v m , w . O p b y
k m v y . T m y b y v y mp m p m , m m z p m mp ,
z j y m.
J m W. D R E. H y, Te Politics o Court Budgeting in the States:Is Judicial Independence Treatened by the Budgetary Process? 63 P b A mR v w, N . 4 (J y/A 2003). P 73 A M SP S A , A , G , N v mb 710, 2001.
J p Am p b m p v v b y m y m j b
v m . R y, w v , p vb q m j p , b
p j p . T xp w j b by p p
k y . U v y m , x v b , v b , w x m p p j b : mp , b mp ,
3
3
7/30/2019 The Cost of Justice Budgetary Threats to America's Courts1
24/36
The Constitution Project
16
p v . T v y p , bmb , j p , m , b by bmp p v .
J m W. D , Court Strategies in the Appropriations Process: Te Oklahoma Case, A m P (2002).
L k w b by pp pp . T x m b y p Ok m .I v w w k Ok m , w by
, w m mp m y . I w j y y
m y b v m w k . T p v mp b m
v .
J m W. D R E. H y, State Court Budgeting and Judicial Independence:Clues From Oklahoma and Virginia,33 A m & S y, N . 1 (M 2001).
P v p j y v w w b . H w v y v y q w p b .
Exp k w y w y w b b y j y v y p y v
p b Am v m . T v w w m , x v b , v b y
Ok m V , x m w p by b y p . O v q w
x v v p w p p p .
J m W. D R E. H y, State Court Strategies and Politics During the Appropriations Process,P b B & F (Sp 2001).
T xp b y v pp p p p v by k y b . I , w v j y m b v p w wb . T m mp bm q , p v m pp , b w p p ( e.g., w m m ). H w v , v y
3
3
3
7/30/2019 The Cost of Justice Budgetary Threats to America's Courts1
25/36
The Cost of Justice: Budgetary Threats to Americas Courts
1
j v m p , bby by .
P H y D m w p b b y m mp v b y y b j p .I w m :
F K Z m , Court Funding,B p p , Am B A S C mm J I p (A 2002).
T p j p v y w y . T m m y , b p , f x b y
w xp b , v w pp p p m mm w p j y w p . T v v w
p v b k m S C mm J I p ABA C mm 21 C y
J y. T p p w v b , f xp , v v , j p b y, p m.
H w B. G , Wachtler v. Cuomo: Te Limits o Inherent Powers,78 J , N . 1(J yA 1994).
T w p w by N w Y k m w v , w k w , p b
v m , y m. T j p w w j y p w mp x v v b y m j y m v m $1 b . T p w v y x mp y x p w y
p m j . T b mp y by Am v p p b 19 y, Wachtler v. Cuomo w v w y . I m k b
by q b v m . T b - b f w p v p w f .
T w p p pp p w mp-m , pp - m xp p .
I p y mp mp Wachtler v. Cuomo m w b y y q z by p ,
3
3
7/30/2019 The Cost of Justice Budgetary Threats to America's Courts1
26/36
The Constitution Project
18
mp b j m p w b .
C B , Te Continuing Development o the Inherent Powers Doctrine,78 J ,N . 1 (J yA 1994). (A p m Inherent Powers: rends and Prospects,I I P w C : Sw S J y,S mp , N J C , 1994).
W p w w y mp jp , w w z y k b w p mp y. O , j p j
mp y. C v y, mb w z p w , w v k p j y, m b w p mp by p b v m k . Ev p , C P y v , v
j v x p b p .
E y y w k b y mp j p v y x v y j y. W v y m p , m x , p y
w p y m v v . T w v w yz p b m v :
E F m , Congressional In uence and the Supreme Court: Te Budget as a Signaling Device,20 T J L S (J y 1991).
C b v w p w p z v . x y
m mb v b y w , y w p v by b v by v b y. T
b v b pp j y. I , my j y , p , S p m C , y
p C . C ,w v , pp p b j y m m pp p b . G v C
v , bv q w b p S p m C m k bj p f . T x
f j y , p , S p m C . I x m w C b v S p m C . S II x m p
3
3
7/30/2019 The Cost of Justice Budgetary Threats to America's Courts1
27/36
The Cost of Justice: Budgetary Threats to Americas Courts
19
b w C C v b y f j y.
T m G. W k D b J. B w, Funding the Federal Judiciary: Te Congressional Connection,69 J , N . 1 (J J y 1985).
A b m y mm y j y m x v b m , b v y
b w w y w j m w vb b q p y m. Tp p xp /j p pp p j y, w p p
p w .
D L. Y w B y C. C , On the Supreme Courts Annual rek to the Capitol,63 J , N . 7 (F b y 1980).
A w j m k pp C y pp p .
a c n B a c t n r c
I N v mb 2003, -ABA P D A m ABA C mm S C F , by N w H mp S p m C J J p C. N . A m , C mm w y
v v pp m k mm w m q m p b . T C mm w
p m y m k mm p by b Justice in Jeopardy, p by ABA C mm 21C y J y. A ABA A M A 2004, z H D p mm C mm S C F , y v b m ABA p y. T mm p p
w b j b p p j m q . T mm b
: p://www. b . /j / /p / p _w _ .p .
A y, ABA S C mm J I p , b w ABA J D v , p S C F C k , w
3
3
7/30/2019 The Cost of Justice Budgetary Threats to America's Courts1
28/36
The Constitution Project
20
v b p://www. b . /j / / m . m . A w b S C mm J I p : A p [j ]p v , q v j . A p
v , ABA mp k v b by . I m OpE , p , k p ; v ; b p p yz x ; mm b mm y pp .T v w v w mm b ABAC mm 21 C y J y C mm S C F , w b ABA p . Am m y v b k mp v w p , b y p , m y ,v b p://www. b . /j / / _ . m , w yp k m v b .
T ABA J D v p b q y m z , Te Judges Journal.T , Justice in
Jeopardy: Te State Court Funding Crisis, v j w b p v m .
N t n l C nt st t C t r c
T N C S C (NCSC) mp v b j , m , . T m
p m y b : p://www. . /D_C mm/B P . m. T A P ; p D b p , w
p p , v v w , b b p , k , q y k q ; k p , v ,
p v . M b m , v p p : B P , F S C , C C : F , MC , S , C F C . E m v v w, , w q y k q , vNCSC m . T w p y w , , ,
, m p m y j m v . T w p v p y w y m
b , m p m y m mb b b , m , v - x v -b , p y y ,
m , y v v by b p .
7/30/2019 The Cost of Justice Budgetary Threats to America's Courts1
29/36
The Cost of Justice: Budgetary Threats to Americas Courts
21
EndnoTEs
1 G. G W bb & K E. W , Judicial Independence, the Power o the Purse, and Inherent Judicial Powers,88 Judicature 12, 14 (2004).
2 T C P j p k k p m by b b v v w mm b p v v b .By p b k y m b , P jb pp p b w v m p b . TP j p v y v by b p mm m j ,p ym k , w m , , b , xp .
3 T p p C I v , k F , w bv 2000. H w v , p v b p w p . W y k w m C w & M v b w
. I p , w k C w & M mm R m y K , J H , p R H . T C P j k J R S p
Sm -S v pp . F y, w k m C I v D B b R ,U v y A z P R H y, S A Am B A ,
b p . T C P j p y Op S y I D C k F pp C I v v y .
4 Statement o the Coalition to De end Checks and Balances; A I v C P j , M 16,2006, available at p://www. p j . /p /S p _ _Pw _S m _03_16_2006.p .
5 Christopher v. Harbury,536 U.S. 403, 415 .12 (2002) ( m ); Armstrong v. Manzo,380 U.S. 545,552 (1965);Windsor v. McVeigh,93 U.S. 274 (1876).See also Barry v. Barchi,443 U.S. 55, 66 (1979); Matthews v.Eldridge,424 U.S. 319, 333 (1976). H y, m b pp x p p v p p m . See Bounds v. Smith,430 U.S. 817 (1977);Lewis
v. Casey,518 U.S. 314 (1996). H w v , m y b x w v y , pp Am w D b A q m
p b p m . See ennessee v. Lane,541 U.S. 509(1994) ( m C q mm v w b b
b y ); Walters v. National Assn. o RadiationSurvivors,473 U.S. 305 (1985) ( b pp v y ); Cali ornia Motor ransport Co. v. rucking Unlimited,404 U.S. 508 (1972) ( p m p ); Gri n v. Illinois, 351 U.S. 12 (1956) ( v y z q y
b ). T y v v -E p k z . See,e.g., United States ex rel. Negron v. State o New York,434 F.2 386, 39091 (2 C . 1970) (
m m k m k b y w bv b w E p , xp b ).
6 See, e.g.,Or. Const. . I, 10: N b , b j b m , p y w p , mp y w y, v y m v m y by w
j y m p , p p y, p .
7 O b m y b p p . T p b , m , x v v b
j b w y. O p p b , b . S w m z v Am -b y m v m , p p p w k b , . m ,
7/30/2019 The Cost of Justice Budgetary Threats to America's Courts1
30/36
The Constitution Project
22
m m y b x z m k xp . T mp x k y b p m p b , y
by , m - m , b p . H w v , p v - x v -b b m b
mp , v w v by m . W , j b w m y y m m z
mp p y m y z v y y v .
8 D J. H , R b W. b , & K G. P k y J ., Balancing Judicial Independence and Fiscal Accountability in imes o Economic Crisis,43 he Judges Journal, N . 3 (S mm 2004) 5; F KZ m , Court Funding, Am B A , S C mm J I p (A2003),available at p://www. b . /j / /p / .p # =Z m %2C%20C
%20F %2C%20Am %20B %20A %2C%20S %20C mm %20 %20J%20I p . See alsoE z b C. M N & I J. L v, State Revenues and Services Remain Below
Pre-Recession Levels,C B P y P , D mb 6, 2005, available at p://www. bpp./12-6-05 p2. m; E z b M N , State Fiscal Crisis Lingers: Cuts Loom Large,C B
P y P , F b y 15, 2005, available at p://www. bpp.p /12-8-04 p. m. T p C B P y P (CBPP), W , D.C.-b k k p m p
y m b v p y m y v v m , p b w y m m .
9 Z m , supra 8, 3.
10 I I , x mp , mp y p b . J P , Court Says Judges Should Get Pay Raises; State Justices Say Blagojevich Cant Eliminate Scheduled Salary Increases,Chi.Dail Herald, M y 21, 2004, .17.
11 T b y j b y by . T y p m v , mp j , mb j m v y, q , y, pp . T y p v p v by v m j , ad litems, p v v ,
v p p m . T y v j y b , p b , p b
p . A b b w, y m y j b b y p m y p b .
12 T w p b m , w . W C m w , p y k v b , k m y m p
mb y , , m . A 36 b k p y v 76 w w y . S m v b
; v b k b y. A w , y. P m M L , Federal Courts rim Back Hours Across the United States,Natl
L.J., O b 10, 2005. See also,P M , Judiciary Facing Critical Budget Problems,Chi. Dail L.Bull., Ap 23, 2005, 7 ( xp y m b m
mp m m xp 42 b k m v m p ).
13 A ad litem p pp by p , b mp , w mp p y,
p mp . Blac s La Dictionar 362 (5. 1983).
7/30/2019 The Cost of Justice Budgetary Threats to America's Courts1
31/36
The Cost of Justice: Budgetary Threats to Americas Courts
2
14 See S M , Court Interpreters Stop Working or One Day,N. Count i es, M y 15, 2005 ( xp m p y p ).
15 L S ky, Te Big Squeeze: State Legal Systems are Feeling the Pain o ight Budgets,Natl L.J., M y 19,2003; D v L. H , J ., Cutting Costs and Courts: Judicial Resources Dwindle as States Cope with Budget Crisis,89 A.B.A.J. 16 (Ap 2003).
16 H , supra 15; see alsoS ky, supra 15.
17 H , supra 15.
18 D W. C , Restoration o Court Funding Needed to Meet Federal Service Requirements,Del. L. W l ,M 26, 2003, D3.
19 S ky, supra 15. See also J K y, A x M , & L b z G b , Justice Lite: Governors Spending PlanCuts Wide Swath Trough Prosecutions, Death Penalty Appeals, Early Intervention,Broard Dail Bus. Re .,
F b y 20, 2003, A1.20 E S & B Sm , Courts Shut in Budget Dispute; Fulton Judge Irked by County Request to Cut Back 5%,
he Atlanta Journal-Constitution, S p mb 4, 2003, 4C.
21 R , Iowa Courts to Close or 10 Single Days Next Year,he Quad-Cities i es, J y 21, 2004.
22 C J K A. B z, 2003 State o the Judiciary,M . S B A A C v , J 20, 2003, available at p://www. . .m . / w /p . px?ID=20244&p ID=132. See alsoS ky, supra 15.
23 L P , Lean imes or State Courts Get Leaner Still,Natl L.J., D mb 6, 2004. See also Minn. v.ennin, 674 N.W.2 403 (2004).
24 Open Letter to GALS rom Chie Justice Blatz,M . S G A L m Up N w (F 2003).See also J H v k mp, Lean imes or Minnesota Courts,60 Bench Bar o Minn. 4 (Ap 2003).
25 Judge Criticized or Giving Custody o Girl to Convicted Sex Ofender, A P , N v mb 20, 2004,available at p://w . m/ p / _ y_324123228. m .
26 H . J L ppm , New Yorks Eforts to Secure Su cient Court Resources in Lean imes,43 he Judges Journal, N . 3 (S mm 2004).
27 J M & R B , Judicial Independence Requires More Resources and Greater Management Flexibility,N.C. St. B.J. (S mm 2003).
28 S ky, supra 15; H , b , & P k y, supra 8, 6. See alsoP , supra 23.29 P , supra 23.
30 R b L , Short Rations Starve Appeals Court,Oregonian, S p mb 5, 2004.
31 State v. Adams,2005 WL 1838513 (O . 2005);State v. Johnson,2005 WL 1838442 (O . 2005);State v. Davids,2005 WL 1838453 (O . 2005).
32 P , supra 23.
33 B Sm , A k S x J H p W C C m , State (C mb ), J y 21,2005.
34 H , supra 14.
7/30/2019 The Cost of Justice Budgetary Threats to America's Courts1
32/36
The Constitution Project
2
35 C F k F , B J A m , Justice in Jeopardy: Te Court Funding Crisis inWashington State (D mb 2004), 36.
36 S ky, supra 15.37 C F k F , supra 35, 4.
38 Id. 34.
39 Id. 20.
40 W bb & W , supra 1, 14.
41 Id.
42 See J y J k , Judicial Independence, Adequate Court Funding, and Inherent Judicial Powers,52 Md. L.Re . 217, 227 (1993).
43 W bb & W , supra 1, 18.
44 Id.
45 Id. 16.
46 Id.
47 See McA ee v. State ex rel. Stodola,284 N.E.2 778 (1972).
48 See Supreme Curt o Wisconsin v. Lehman,137 W .2 65 (1987).
49 See Rappaport v. Payne,139 C . App. 772 (1934).
50 See J k , supra 42, 251.
51 G. A , Te State Judicial Article,C S C S , available at p://www- m w.. / /j .p # =G.%20A %20 %20T %20S %20J %20A .
52 I I w , x mp , p m p p p b j b , bm b q mb y p w mb y pp p . I w C 602.1301(1) (2005). N D k m y p v
m bm mp v b p m v mb y. 2005 N.D. L w 27-01-01.1. M p v j
p m j m m m w p p p m
b m. M . G . L w . 211, 2A (2005). W p m m : m p p b j . H w v , M y , w b : k bm y b v w
pp v C J C App . [E] b b Sb p b J B S v m bm by C J
C App . 2005 M . L w 2-504.1. O , w v m v j m v . N w Y k w m
p v m p y m b j . N w Y k 212 (2005). T A k C j m v j y [ ] j w pp v p m pp
m v v p p m p v m vp j y m. A k C A IV, S 16. M p v
j p m j m m m wp p p m b m. M . G . L w . 211, 2A (2005). W
7/30/2019 The Cost of Justice Budgetary Threats to America's Courts1
33/36
The Cost of Justice: Budgetary Threats to Americas Courts
25
p m m : m p p b j . RCW 2.56.030 (2005).
53 M m m m y v y v . M v b y ( K x mp b b v ). W bb & W , supra 1, 18.
54 C . G v. C 77202(b) (2005).
55 O w, y, m C . C C p m j m pp b v y y b S
App p L m (SAL). C . G v C 77202( ) (2005). T SAL p f w , b m C m P I x, p p w , p v y , . I p , b w m m m b SAL. I 2004, C A mb y p S B 1101, m j y.
T b j m , pp p m y b q .C . G v C 77202( )(2) (2005). H w v , m m w m j m b y b b p by m y pp p q . S , p v b , b w y y p mp v m , w m . C y, m C C m xp y
b m p v .
56 Am A b m , C , C , D w , I , K , M , N b k ,N w J y, N C , Ok m , P y v , S C , , U , V , W .
57 T v R I , x mp , j y $71 m b q by $2.9 m .T p y F m y C , D C , J L k, w m my m. State o the Judiciary 2004: Backup Data and Source Cites, available at www. . . . /S _C -SOJ_2004. m. N w Y k w v m k mm m y mp p . N.Y. C . . VII, 1.
58 J m D , Court Strategies in the Appropriations Process: Te Oklahoma Case, J. Pu . Budgeting Acct. Fin. Mg t. 117, Ap 2002, 5. Y , w x v b y p w w k, q j y bm b x v q m . F x mp , Ok m , C J q bm j y b q v , q m y b p x v b . H w v , b Ok m j y m y b v y w p w p , v y v py j b b .
W C J p v v w py, q y v p q x v b . W V p v p j y q . T m y w vyp y b q v mp y j y q bm p b . H w v , m y mp x v W V y m q . O y 31 v v py j
b b , y. Id. 56.
59 T A k , A z , A k , C , D C mb , F , G , H w , I ,I , I w , K ky, L , M y , M , M pp , M , N v , N w H mp ,N w M x , N w Y k, N D k , O , O , P R , S D k , x , V m , W , W V , Wy m . S m , W V K , y
p b x v m m j b . See, e.g., W. V . C 11B-2-7 (2004); K . S . A . 75-3718( ) (2004). O , N w Y k, . See, e.g.,N.Y. C . .
7/30/2019 The Cost of Justice Budgetary Threats to America's Courts1
34/36
The Constitution Project
26
VII, 1. S m , A z , p b x v m m k y mm j y q .
60 N D k w p v , x mp , [ ] m bm mp vb p m v mb y. 2005 N.D. L w 27-01-01.01.
61 C x mp y m .
62 J m D & R H y, Te Politics o Court Budgeting in the States: Is Judicial Independence Treatened by the Budgetary Process?,63 Pu . Ad in. Re ., No. 4 (J y/A 2003) (p 73 A M S P S A , A , G , N v mb 710, 2001),available at p://www. . . /p /p w/D 1116.p , p. 4. I p k v
v y y w p v . Id. 12.
63 T m m by C C x mp m , C . G v. C 77202( ) (2005).
64 A W V : T L m b b b m y m b by y m : P v , Tat no item relating to
the judiciary shall be decreased, and except as otherwise provided in this constitution, y mp y p b b m : P v , T
L m v bm b w pp v v . W.V. C . . VI, 51, b . B, p . 5 ( mp ).
65 I W V , x mp , p m j , k w m . M v , W V
w y j y.
66 D & H y, supra 62, 11.
7/30/2019 The Cost of Justice Budgetary Threats to America's Courts1
35/36
7/30/2019 The Cost of Justice Budgetary Threats to America's Courts1
36/36
The Constitution Project, basedin Washington, D.C., developsbipartisan solutions to contemporaryconstitutional and governance issuesby combining high-level scholarshipand public education.
The Constitution Project1025 Vermont Avenue, NW Third FloorWashington, DC 20005
(202) 580-6920 (tel)(202) 580-6929 (fax)