The Construction of the Vienna Underground Railway and Measures Taken to Protect St. Steven's Cathedral

8/6/2019 The Construction of the Vienna Underground Railway and Measures Taken to Protect St. Steven's Cathedral

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I S S N 0 0 7 7 - 5 6 0 6

CANADA INSTITUTE INS1-ITUT CANADI EN

FOR SCl ENTl FlC AND TECHNICAL DE L'INFORMATION SCIENTIFIQUE

INFO RMATIO N ET 'TECHIVIQUE

NRC/ CNR T T - 1900

TECHNICAL TRANSLATION

TRADUCTION TECHNIQUE

T HE CO NST RUCT I O N O F T HE V I ENNA UNDERG RO UND RAI LWAY

A N D M E AS UR E S T A K E N T O P R O TE C T S T . S T E V E N ' S C A T H E DR A L

MITTEILLINGEN DES INSTITUTES F ~ RRUNDBAU UND

B O D EN M E CH A N IK , T E C H N I S C H E U N I V E R S I T A T , W I E N ,

T R A N S L A T E D B Y I T R A D U C T I O N D E

D . A . S I N C L A I R

T H I S I S T H E TWO H UN DR ED A ND T H I R T Y - F I R S T I N T H E S E R I E S O F T RA N S LA T IO N S

P R EP AR E D FO R T H E D I V I S I O N OF B U I L D I N G R E S E A R C H

OTTAWA

1977

National Research Conseil nationalI Council Canada d e recherches Canada



T i t l / T i t r e :

NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL 0 F CANADA

CONSEIL NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE5 DU CANADA

TECHNICAL TRANSLATION ,TRADUCTION TECHNIQUE

The c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e V ie nn a u n de rg ro u ndr a i l w a y a nd mea sures t a k e n t o p r o t e c tS t . S t e v e n ' s C a t h e d r a l .

(D er U-Bahnbau und d i e Massnahmen zum Sc hu tzdes Stephansdomes) .

Autho rs /Au teu rs : A . ~ s l l e r l A . Hondl , and E . Proksch

ReferenceIReference:M i

t e i l ungen d es I n s t i t u t e sf l r

Grundbau undBodenmechanik, T e c h n i s c h e U n i v e r s i t d t , W i e n ,14 (112-4) : 19-26, 1976.

T r a n s l a t o r / T r a d u c t e u r : D .A . S i n c l a i r

Canada I n s t i t u t e f o r I n s t i t u t ca na die n d eS c i e n t i f i c a nd T e ch ni ca l 1 i n f o r m a t io n s c i e n t i f i q u e e tI n f o r m a t i o n t e c h n i q u e

Ottawa, CanadaKIA OS2



PREFACE

Tunnel 1 n g f o r t r a n s p o r t a t io n , pub1 c u t i 1i i e s , w a t e r s u p p ly , a nd

o t h e r p u r p o s e s i becoming more and more im po r ta n t w i t h i c r e a s i n g

ur ba n i za t i o n . The OECD (O rga n i z a t i on f o r Economic Co-op era t i on and

Development) has e s t i m a t e d t h a t t h e minimum demand f o r s uc h c o n s t r u c t i o n i n

t h e U n i te d S t a te s d u r i n g t h e 1 9 7 0' s w i l l t o t a l a lm o st $12 b i l l i o n . The

maximum demand co u ld be se ve ra l t imes t h i s amoun t. Underg round co ns t r uc t i o n

i n Canada i s g ro w in g i n a s i m i l a r f a sh i o n . T h i s pa pe r p r o v id e s a v a l u ab l e

ca se r e c o r d o f t h e measures t a ke n t o p r o t e c t a n h i s t o r i c c a t h e dr a l f ro m

damage d ue t o c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e V ie nn a u nd er gr ou nd r a i l w a y . The r e p o r t

o u t 1i es t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f t h e s ub -s ur fa ce c o n d i t i o n s and t h e s t r u c t u r a l

c h a r a c t e r o f t h e b u i l d i n g a s a b a s i s f o r s e l e c t i n g t h e c o n s t r u c t io n m ethod.

The e xe cu t i on o f t h e p r o j e c t i s de sc r i be d and i t s i n f l u e nc e on t h e b u i l d i n g

was mon i to red th roughou t . I t i s o f much i n t e r e s t t o t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n

i n d u s t r y g e n e ra l l y and t h i s t r a n s l a t i o n i s t h e r e f o r e made a v a i l a b l e b y t h e

N a t i o n a l R e se a rc h C o u n c i l . We a r e i nd e b te d t o M r . D.A. S i n c l a i r f o r t h e

t r a n s l a t i o n and t o D r . J .H .L . P alm er o f t h i s D i v i s i o n who r e vi e we d t h e

m a n u s c r i p t .

Ot tawa

December 1977

C . . C r a w f o r d

D i e c t o r

D i v i s i o n o f B u i l d i n g Research



THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE VIENNA llNDERGROUND RAILWAY

AND MEASURES TAKEN TO PROTECT ST. STEVEN'S CATHEDRAL

SUMMARY

The s t a t i o n p i pe s f o r t h e "S te ph an sp la tz " s t a t i o n 1 e a t

a d i s t a n ce o f o n l y 5 m f r om V ie nn a 's g r e a t e s t c u l t u r a l

monument, S t . S t ev e n ' s C a t hed ra l . T he f oun da t i o ns o f t h e

"Pagan Towers" go down t o a de p th o f t h re e mete rs and

r e s t , t o some e x t e n t , o n s e t t l e n i e n t e n da ng er ed l o e s s

s o i l . B ef or e t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n w or k o n t h e u nd e rg ro un d

r a i l s y st em was begun, a t ho rough i n v e s t i g a t i o n was made

o f t h e p e c u l i a r i t i e s o f t h e c a t he dr a l and i t s r e a c t i o n t o

t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n wo rk , and t h e e n g i n e e r i n g o f t h e

u n d er g ro u nd s y st em was p l an n ed t a k i n g t h e s e f a c t o r s i n t o

a c c o u nt . 'The p l a n n e r s f o re s aw t h e u s e o f b o r e d p i l e

w a l l i n g and i n j e c t i o n m a t e r i a l a s t h e b e s t means o f

s e pa r at in g t h e s o i l d i r e c t l y a f f e c t e d by t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n

w o rk f r o m t h a t b e n ea th S t . S t e v e n ' s . The s t r e s s a nd

s e t t l e m en t o f t h e f or me r, i t was reasoned , w ou ld , i n t h i s

way, h ave t h e l e a s t p o s s i b l e i n f l u e n c e upon t h e l a t t e r .

A d d i t i o n a l measures t ak e n i n c l u d e s h i e l d t u n n e l i n g w i t h

co mp re ss ed a i r c om p en sa ti on t o p r o t e c t t h e i mm e di at e

v i c i n i t y o f t h e endange red zone, l o w -v i b r a t i o n e r e c t i o n

o f t h e b ore d p i l e w a l l s f o r t h e a d j o i n in g open

c o ns t r u c t i o n p i t s , and r e s t r i c t i o n o f p i t w a l l

d e f o r m a t io n . M easu rem ents t a k e n o f t h e c a t h e d r a l ' s

r e a c t i o n w i t h re s p e ct t o se t tl em e n t, s lo p e and v i b r a t i o n

d u r i n g t h e t u n n e l c o n s t r u c t i o n pr o ve d t h e m easures

i n s t i t u t e d t o h a ve been a 1 o g e t h e r s u c ce s s fu l .



THE PROBLEM

T he " S t e p h a n s p l a t z " ( S t . S t e v e n ' s Sq ua re ) u n de r gr o un d s t a t i o n 1 e s

a t a d e p t h o f a b o u t 26 m ( tu n ne l f l o o r ) , a ba r e 5 m aw ay f r o m t h e w e s t

f a ca d e o f S t . S t e v e n ' s C a t h e d r a l , V i e n n a ' s m os t i m p o r t a n t c u l t u r a l monument.

W hi l e most o f t h e b u i l d i n g fo un da t i o ns i n t h e h i s t o r i c a l c o re o f t h e c i t y ,

o w i n g t o t h e i r n o r m a l l y 2 - o r 3 - l e v e l basem en t d e s i g n , h ad b ee n c o n s t r u c t e d

a t c o n s i d e r a b le d e pt h s, j u s t ab ove t h e Q u a t er n a ry g ro un dw ate r t a b l e i n t h e

g r a v e l , t h e v e r y h e a v i l y s t re s s e d (u p t o 80 ~ ~ / m ' ) * C a th ed ra l f ou nd at io ns

a r e o n l y 3 m deep, r e s t i n g f o r t h e m ost p a r t o n s e t t l e m e nt - p ro n e l o e s s .

U n d i st u r be d , d en se g r a v e l was f o u nd b e ne a th t h e f o u n d a t i o n s o n l y a t t h e

s ou th w es t c o r n e r . N e i t h e r t h e c h u rc h basem ent o f t h e c a t h e d r a l n o r t h e

s o - c a l l e d catacombs e xt en d t o t h e v i c i n i t y o f t h e w es t f ac ad e ( F i gure 4 ) .

T he qua1 t y o f t h e m as on ry w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e s to n es a nd t h e ce ment

e mp lo ye d i n t h e c a t h e d r a l f o u n d a t i o n s ( F i g u r e 1 ) was i n v e s t i g a t e d b y A,

K i e s l i n g e r ( 19 49 a nd 1 97 1) a nd v a r i e d g r e a t l y , d e pe n di ng o n t h e v a r i o u s

t i m es o f c o n s t r u c t i o n . Many d i f f e r e n t s i z e s o f s to n es w er e u se d, r a n g i n g

f r o m s l a b s o f r o c k a nd s m a l l e r p i e ce s o f s to n e u p t o b o ul de r s 1 m i n

d i a m e t e r . T he c e n t r a l Romanesque s e c t i o n w i t h t h e G r e a t P o r t a l ( R i e s e n t o r )

a nd t h e t wo P agan T ow ers ( H ei de nt U rm e ) r e v e a l s t h e u s e o f c a l c a r e o u s

s an ds to ne s, L e i h a 1 m e st on es , q u a r t z sa nd st on es f r o m t h e f l y s c h z on e a n d

numerous remnants o f R O M ~ encampmen t w a l l s , P l ac es we re found w i t h good

m o r t ar , b u t o f t e n t h e r e was much t o o l i t t l e , o r t h e m o r t a r was washed o u t o r

e n t i r e l y a b se n t. Two l a r g e G o t h ic c h a p e ls ( E l i g i u s a nd H o l y C r os s) w er e

a dd ed o n a b o u t 1 34 0, an d w h i l e t h e i r f o u n d a t i o n s a r e i n d e e d m or e r e c e n t ,

t h e y show n o e s s e n t i a l d i f f e r e n c e s f r o m t h o s e i n t h e Ronanesque c e n t r e

s e c t i o n . I n s p i t e o f s e p a r a t i n g j o i n t s betw een t h e G o t h ic and Romanesque

foun da t i o ns , no uneven se t t l e me n t phenomena cou ld be obse rved . S t . S t e v e n ' s

S quare 1 e s a t a n e l e v a t i o n o f +14.5 m WN t o d 5 . 5 m WN (WN = Vienna datum

= 1 56 .6 8 m a b ov e t h e A d r i a t i c Sea) o n t h e "City t e r r a c e ' ' f r o m t h e R i s s

g l a c i a l p e r i o d . A1 o ng w i t h Romanesque an d m e di a e va l f o u n d a t i o n s a n d

b a c k f i l l s d own t o a d e p t h o f 1 0 m a nd more, t h e r e a r e u n d i s t u r b e d Q u a t e r n a r y

* p = p o n d = gm f o r c e ( r e v i e w e r ' s n o t e )



d e p o s i t s w h ic h i n p l a c e s e x te n d t o t h e p r e se n t- d ay s u r f a c e . Below an d

a l o n g s i d e t h e C a t h e d ra l t h e Q u a t e r n a r y s e di me n ts , w i t h a n a v e ra g e t h i c k n e s s

o f 1 4 t o 16 m, b e g in w i t h 2 - 2.5 m o f d a r k b u r i a l - gro un d s o i l ( F i g u r e 3 ) .

N ex t come " 1 oess " and a l l l oes s - l oam v a r i a n t s , 4 - 5 m t h i c k , c o n s i s t i n g o f

h i g h l y com pacted, y e 1 o w, f i n e s an dy s i l t s w i t h numerous c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f

g en uin e l o e s s ( h i 1 s i d e 1o es s) s uc h as s e n s i t i v i t y t o s ub s id e nc e ( F i g u r e 6 ) ,

l a r g e l y homogeneous s t r a t i f i c a t i o n and ca l ca r eo u s c a p i l l a r i e s

(pseudomycel ium) . A c c o r d i rrg t o A. K i e s l i ger (1 971) t h i s i s t h e t yp e known

a s " b a s i n l o e s s " , w h i c h 1acks t h e f r i a b l e c oh es io n o f t y p i c a l h i 1 s i d e

l o e s s . T hu s, t h e " de ep t r e n c h t 1 a nd t h e w a t e r c o u r s e o f t h e " R ot en tu rm "

b ro o k r u n n in g i n f r o n t o f t h e Gr ea t P o r t a l , w hic h had been b a c k f i l l e d , w ere

t y p i c a l l oe s s r a v i ne s . R ed-b rown loam y round ru b b l e s t ones hav e been

embedded i n p la c es i n t h e l oe s s- lo a m s e r i e s as a r e s u l t o f r e c e n t e r o s io n

a nd .a cc um ula tio n. Below t h e l o e s s t h e r e i s t y p i c a l f l a t r u b b l e from t h e

n e ar by s an ds to ne h i l l y r e g i o n o f t h e V ie nn a Woods, w i t h w i d e - ra n g i n g g r a i n

s i z e and i n a l t e r n a t i n g open o r h e a v i l y loamed l a y e r s down t o a p p ro x im a te l y

+3 m WN, i n t e r r u p t e d b y a 0.9 t o 2 .0 m t h i c k l a y e r o f ye l l o w s i l t and f i n e

sand w h ic h i s o f t e n s e r r a t e d o r lo os en ed up w i t h 1enses o f r u b b l e ( 1 ower

boundary +2.7 m t o 4.25 m WN). The 1 0 - 11 m t h i c k i ce - ag e r u b b l e c om ple x

( l o c a l r u b b le ) comes t o a n end i n t h e l o w e r p a r t w i t h o l d e r , n o t v er y

e r o s i o n - s u s c e p t i b l e , n on -lo am y q u a r t z a nd c r y s t a l 1 n e r o un d r u b b l e s o f

v a r y i n g s a nd in e ss w i t h a gr ou nd wa te r b e a r i n g l a y e r a b o u t 1 5 m and more i n

t h i c k n e s s . T he b ou nd ar y be tw ee n t h e Q u a t e r n a r y a nd T e r t i a r y a t a d e p th o f

14 - 1 6 m ( -0 .4 m WN t o -1 .55 m WN, and i n b or eh o le s u p t o + 0.4 m WN) i s

c h a r a c t e r i z e d b y a c o a r s e 1a ye r o f s t on es g r e a te r t h a n 2 5 0 mm i n d ia me te r.

Iq t h e s t r a t u m i m m e d ia t e ly u n d e r l y i n g t h e Q u a t e rn a r y , t h e M i d d l e P an no nic

V ie nn es e m a r l c o n t i n u e s t o g r e a t d e p th s ( C o ng e r ia n m a r l , M i d d l e

P1 ioc e ne -La te T e r t i a r y ) i n t h e f or m o f a v er y s i l t y , s t i f f c l a y t o c la ye y

s i l t , g re y-b ro wn t o g re y- bl ue , i n t e r r u p t e d b y d i s t i n c t 1a ye rs o f f i n e sand

0 .5 cm t o 2 5 cni t h i c k . I n t h e e x c a v a t i o n a nd t u n n e l a r ea s t h e s e san dy

s t r a t a d i p v e r y g e n t ly t o t h e n o r t h and i n c r ea s e i n t h ic k n es s ov e r a s h o r t

d i s t a n c e f r o m 0 t o 1 0 cm w i t h v a r y i n g g ro un dw ate r b e a r i n g a nd e r r a t i c

p re ss ur e c o n d i t i on s . The s t i f f m ar l , w hic h i s d i v i d e d b y b ed di ng j o i n t s and



d e e p l y s l o p i n g t e n s i o n a nd s h ea r f r a c t u r e s was found t o be e x t r a o r d i n a r i l y

s t a b l e . The pe rched second g roundwate r se r i es uncove red a t abou t 31 m d e p t h

( -16 m t o -17 m WN), c o n s i s t i n g o f f i n e-sa ndy , s l i g h t l y c la ye y s i l t (T ab le

I) s no t e w or th y . The p r e s s u r e c u r v e s o f t h e f i r s t a n d s eco nd g ro un dw a te rsw ere a p p ro x im a t e ly t h e same, v a r y i n g b e f o r e t h e s t a r t o f c o n s t r u c t i o n f ro m

30 - 50 cm i n t h e f i r s t g rou nd wa te r and o n l y 2 0 - 30 cm i n t h e second.

However, t h e second groundw ater showed 1a rg e v a r i a t i o n s o f p re s su re ( F i g ure

8 ) i n d i f f e r e n t phases o f c o n s t ru c t i o n ( bo re d p i l e i n s t a l l a t i o n , p re ss ur e

g r o u t i n g ) .The s o i l m ech anica l p r o p e r t i e s o f t h e f o rm a t io n s r e p re s e nt e d i

s o i l p r o f i l e BL 3 1 4 ( F i g u r e 3 ) c a n b e d e r i v e d f r o m T a b l e s I nd 11. Thec o m p ar a t i ve l y h i g h r e l a t i v e s e t t le m e n t o f i = 5 % i n t h e l o e s s i s s t r i k i n g

and po r tended an even tua l se t t l em en t o f as much as 8 cm, g i v e n t h e e x i s t i n g

l a y e r t h i c kn e s s ( F i g u r e 6 ) . I n t h e g r a ve l s t r a t a a r e g i o n o f anomalous

g r a nu l om e t ry o f 0 .4 - 2 mm i s n o te w o r th y ( F i g u r e 7 ) . The m a r l , a p a r t f ro m

th e sandy s t r a t a embedded i n i t , a s a s l i g h t l y t o h i g h l y co he siv e,

f in e - gr a in e d s o i l , i s a medium p l a s t i c , s t i f f c l a y t o medium p l a s t i c ,

sem i-com pact s i l t . I t s g e o l o g ic a l p r e s t r e s s i n g c a n b e e s t im a t e d fro m2

l a b o ra t o r y i n v e s t ig a t i o n s t o be o f t h e o r d e r o f 200 Mp/m ( A . Casagrande'se s ti m at e) . The s t i f f n e s s c o e f f i c i e n t o b ta in e d f ro m t e s t s ( i n i t i a l l oa d in g )

2var ies be tween 2 ,000 - 5,000 Mp/m (maxirmm 8,000 ~ ~ / r n ' ) and does n o t depend

l i n e a r l y o n t h e d ep th . I n t h e medium p l a s t i c s i l t s a u n i a x i a l com pre ss ive

s t r e n g t h o f a bo ut 20 ~ ~ / m ~as o b ta in e d, t o g e t h e r w i t h a p e r m e a b i l i t y

c o e f f i c i e n t o f 1 0 - ~m / s . I n t h e medium p l a s t i c t o e x t re m el y p l a s t i c c l a y s

t h e u n i a x i a l c o mp re s si ve s t r e n g t h v a r i e s b etw ee n 20 - 90 ~ ~ / m ~n d t h e

p e r m e a b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t f r o m 1 0 - I ' t o 1 0 - l o m/s. The a ve ra ge a n g l e o f

i n t e r n a l f r i c t i o n deduced f r o m t h e r o u t i n e V ien ne se t e s t s ( E = c o ns t) i s28'. W i t h r e p ea t e d s h e a r i ng th e s e a ng le s a r e r ed uc ed t o one h a l f and o f t e n

l e s s .



POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS

To s o l v e t h e p ro ble m, t h e r e was a c h o i c e o f s e v e r a l p o s s i b i l i t i e s .

Because o f t h e s ~ l l mount o f i n f o r ma t i on a v a i l a b le , f i r s t o f a l l a

r e l o c a t i o n o f t h e r o u t e f a r t h e r a way f ro m t h e C a t h ed r al was c o nt e mp la t ed .

An e l e v a t i o n o f t h e r o u t e was a l s o i n v e s t i g a t e d , b u t was r e j e c t e d on ac co u nt

o f t h e deep s ub-basem ent c om ple x i n t h e a d j a c e n t s e c t i o n s . S i n c e r em ov al o f

t h e s t a t i o n w ou ld be d e t r i m e n ta l t o i t s f u n c t i o n i n g and w ou ld r a i s e o t h e r

f o r m i d a b l e p ro bl em s , a n a t t e m p t was made t o r e n d e r t h e o r i g i n a l s o l u t i o n

feas- ib l e w i t h t h e a i d o f e v e ry co n c e iv a b le s u pp le m en ta ry p r e c a u ti o n . F i r s t

o f a l l , i t was d ec id ed t o change, d i r e c t l y i n f r o n t o f t h e C at he dr al , f r om

t h e o r i g i n a l l y p r o p o s e d o p e n c u t c o n s t r u c t i o n method t o a s h i e l d t u n n e l i n go p e r a t i on . Open c u t s were r e t a i n e d o n l y i n t h e a d j a c e n t a re as ( F i g u r e 5 ) .

S in c e t h e d an ge r o f s o i 1 c o l l a p s e d u r i n g t u n ne l d r i v i n g c o u l d n o t be r u l e d

o u t a nd because o f t h e i m po rt an c e o f t h e C a t h ed r a l, a d d i t i o n a l p r e c a u t io n s

w ere t ak e n. As f a r as p o s s i b l e , t h e r e was t o b e no m o d i f i c a t i o n o f t h e

h i s t o r i c a l c o n t i n u i t y o f t h e C ath ed ra l, i n c l u d i n g i t s f ou nd at i on s. 'This

r eq ui re m en t r u l e d o u t t h e use o f an ch or p i l e s a nd u n d e rp i nn i n g s e c t i o n b y

s e c t i o n w i t h a 1o n gi u d i n a l g r a t i n g and r e in f o rc e m e n t o f t h e f ou n da t io n s.

It was n o t p o s s i b l e t o a c h i e v e a ny im pro ve me nt o f t h e C a t h ed r a l f o u n d a t i o ni s e l f t h r o u g h p r e c a u t i o n s , b ec au se a ny u n d e r p i n n i n g s o l u t i o n s b y means o f

p re ss ur e g r o u t i n g o r s t r u c t u r a l measures e n t a i l e d t o o h i g h a r i s k f o r t h e

C a t h e d r a l . M ore ov er , a s o l u t i o n was p r e f e r r e d i n w h i ch i t was n o t necessary

t o i n v o lv e t h e i n t e r i o r o f t h e C at he dra l. F i n a l l y , t he m e th o d w h ic h wo u ld

e n t a i l t h e l e a s t r i s k was so ug ht . We were c on vi nc ed t h a t a p r o t e c t i v e w a l l

o f b o re d p i l e s w o uld c o n s t i t u t e t h i s optimum s o l u t i o n ( F ig u re 2 ) . I n t h i s

way we hoped, f o r t h e m os t p a r t , t o s e p a r a t e t h e s o i l volum e i m m e d ia t e ly

i n v o l ve d i n t h e b u i l d i q g o p er a t io n s w i t h i t s s tr es s es and se t t le m e nt s , f ro m

t h e volum e o f s o i l b en ea th t h e C a t h ed r a l, and th u s , i n t h e e ve n t o f a t u n n e l

c o l l a p s e , t o p r e v e n t a da nge rou s l o s s o f s u b s o i l f r o m b e n e a t h t h e C a t h e d r a l .



EXECLITION

I n November 19 70, t h e C i t y o f Vie nn a a sk ed t h e F a c u l t y o f C i v i l

E n g in e e ri ng an d A r c h i t e c t u r e o f t h e V ie nn a P o l y te c h n ic a l I n s t i t u t e

(T ec hn is c he H oc hs c hul e W ien) t o make an ex pe r t app ra i s a l w i t h a v i ew t o

de pen da bly a v o i d i n g a l l d an ge r t o t h e C a th e dr al i n t h e p u b l i c i n t e r e s t .

P r o f e s s o r s H. Borowicka, A . K i e s l i n g e r , E . Sch ischka and E. Tremmel , who

w ere e n t r u s t e d w i t h t h e a p p r a i s a l , s t a t e d t h a t t h e F a c u l t y deemed t h e

m eas ures p ropos ed by t h e C i t y o f V ienna t o be f undam en t a l l y adequat e. I n

ad d i t i o n , o t h er supp lementa ry measures were sugges ted wh ich would enab le any

dange r t o be r ec ogn i z ed p rom p t l y , s o t h a t c oun te rm eas u res c o u l d i n~ m e d i a t e l y

be i n i t i a t e d . T h i s i n v o lv e d p r i m a r i l y t h e i n s t a l a t i o n o f m easur ing

d e v ic e s, s p e c i a l o v e r l a y s d u r i n g t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n w or k, and f i n a l l y , t h e

s u p e r v i s i o n o f o p e r a t i o n s b y a n i nd e pe n de n t e n g i n e e r who, l i k e t h e

gov ernm en t s u pe rv i s o r on 1a r g e h y d r a ul i c p r o j e c t s , w o u ld , r e g a r d1ess o f t h e

d a i l y p ro gr es s o f c o n s tr u c t i o n , be p e r s o na l ly r e s p o ns i b le f o r t h e sa fe ty o f

t h e C a t he d ra l . T he p ro f es s o rs named above and C i v i l E ng i nee r F. L i ebs c he r ,

who was ap p o in t ed s u p e r v is o r , t o o k o v e r t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y o f a d v i s i n g and

s u p e r vi s in g t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o p e r a t i o n s i n s o f a r as t h e y i n v o l v e d t h e

C a t hed ra l .The f i f t y p i l e s c o n s t i t u t i n g t h e p r o t e c t i v e w a l l w ere pro duce d by

t h e r o t a r y d r i 11 n g me th od w i t h c o n t i n u o u s l y a d v an c in g c a s i n g , w h i l e

c o n t i n u o u s l y c h e c k in g t h e b e h av io u r o f t h e C a t h e d ra l . I n o r d er t o p re se rv e

g ro un dw at er c o mn u ni ca ti on , a s pa ce o f a t l e a s t 1 0 - 3 0 cm, f o r a p i l e

d i am e te r o f 90 cm, was l e f t b etw ee n p i l e s . Then t h e w a l l s o f t h e op en -c ut

s w i t c h i n g s h a f t a nd o f t h e deep open c u t ( F ig u r e 4) were p roduced by th e

same m eth od . To g u a r d a g a i n s t t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f a b lo w - ou t d u r i n g s h i e l d

d r i v i n g w i t h c ompressed a i r , and t o p r o v id e s p e c ia l s up p or t o f t h e

p r o t e c t i v e w a l l i n t h e v i c i n i t y o f t h e Pagan Towers, a s la b-s ha pe d zone i n

th e Qu ate rnar y was re in fo rc ed , and two d iaphragms were p roduced by p re ssu re

g r ou t in g . F o r t h e d r i v i n g o f t h e s t a t i o n s h i e l d , t h e T e r t i a r y was pr es su re



g r o u t e d ( F i g u r e s 2 , 4 and 5 ) . From t h e p a r t i c u l a r l y l a r g e q u a n t i t y o f

g r o u t i n g m a t e r i a l consumed i n t h e r e g i o n o f t h e w es te rn s t a t i o n t ub es , i t s

assumed t h a t a n c i e n t , u n f i l l e d c a v i t i e s m u s t h av e b ee n p r e s e n t . Minimum

w a l l movement was a c h i e v e d d u r i n g e x c a v a t i o n o f t h e o pe n c u t b y c a r e f u l

a pp l i c a t i o n o f p r o v i s i o n a l r e in f or c em e n t h o r iz o n s . Re1 i e f o f w at e r p r es s ur e

i n t h e se con d gr ou n dw a te r t a b l e was a cc om p li sh e d b y i n s t a l l i n g p i p e s. O wing

t o t h e v e r y l a r g e s i z e o f t h e deep o pe n c u t , e x c a v a t i o n was e xe c ut ed i n

o n e - t h i r d s e c t i o n s . Tunnel d r i v i n g i n t h e s t a t i o n a r ea was c a r r i e d o u t w i t h

a ha nd s h i e l d , w i t h corrrpressed a i r a t 0.5 atm. gauge.

CONCLUSIONS

Th e v e r y e x t e n s i v e o b s e r v a t i o n s o f s e t t l e m e n t s , v i b r a t i o n s an d

i n c l i n a t i o n s a t a lm o st a l l i m p o r t a n t p o i n t s i n t h e Ca th ed ra l showed t h a t t h e

p r o t e c t i v e measures t a k e n h ad p r ov e d e n t i r e l y a de qu ate , an d none o f t h e

measured v a l ues came anywhere n ea r exc eedi ng t h e pern i i s s i b l e r ange ( Fi gure

1 1 ) . M ost o f t h e s e t t l e m e n t s measured a r e t r a c e a b l e t o t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f

t h e b ore d p i l e w a l l s o win g t o t h e u na vo id ab le v i b r a t i o n s as s oc ia t ed w i t h

t h i s method o f c o n s t r u c t i o n a nd t h e d is tu rb a nc e t o t h e e x i s t i n g s o i l

e q u i l i b r i u m w i t h i t s m o d i f i c a t io n s . L oss o f s o i l and lo os en -in g w i l l a l s o

h ave p l a y e d a n i m p o r t a n t p a r t . The m a j o r i n f l u e n c e , h ow ev er, a r o s e f r o m t h e

f a c t t h a t t h i s was t h e f i r s t measure t a ke n and t h e one t h a t was a p p l i e d

c l o s e s t t o t h e C a t h e d ra l . Once t h e p r o t e c t i v e w a l l was c om ple te d, t h e

s a f e t y o f t h e C a th ed ra l i r e 1a t i o n t o t h e r em a in in g c o n s t r u c t io n o p e ra t io n s

w a s s i g n i f i c a n t l y i c re a se d . As e x pe ct ed , s h i e l d d r i v i n g w i t h c om pre ss ed

a i r was r e s p o n s i b l e f o r o n l y a s m a l l s e t t l e m e n t com po ne nt. The v i b r a t i o n s

measured i n t h e c ou rs e o f t h i s work were i n s i g n i f i c a n t . Nor d i d ex ca va t i on

o f t h e deep o pe n c u t c a us e a n y i n c r e a s e o f s e t t l e m e n t . The s i m u l t a n e o u s l y

e x e cu t ed p r e s s u r e g r o u t i n g s w i t h pre su med 1 f t i n g e f f e c t s , make i t

i m p o ss i b le t o e s t i m a t e t h i s component w i t h a ny a cc u ra cy . The d i s t r i b u t i o n

o f s e t t l e m e n t s w i t h r e s p e c t t o l o c a t i o n ( F i g u r e 1 2 ) shows g e n er a l evenness

w i t h a p r e d i c t a b l e m aximum a t t h e n o r t h Pagan Tow er o wi ng t o t h e p r o x i m i t y

o f t h e s w i t c h s h a f t . The s h i e l d d r i v i n g p ro ce ss p r ob a b ly had no e f f e c t .



The d i s t r i b u t i o n o f s e t t l e m en t s a l o ng t h e l o n g i t u d i n a l a x i s o f t h e C ath ed ra l

shows d i s c o n t i n u i t y i n t h e r e g i o n o f t h e p r o t e c t i v e w a l l ( F i gu r e 9 ) , b u t

d i r e c t c om pa ris on w i t h t h e a re as o n b o t h s i d e s o f t h e w a l l c a nn ot be made

s a t i s f a c t o r i l y o n acco un t o f i n f lu e nc e s o f d i f f e r e n t k in ds . F or t h e

c o n s t r u c t i o n o p e ra t io n s t h e u p pe r v i b r a t i o n 1 m i was p u t a t an a c c e l e r a t i o n2

o f b = 20 cm/sec . Fo r c o n t i n u o u s l o a d i n g , 2 cm/sec2, and occ asi ona l

l o a d i n g , 5 c mj se c2 , were t a k e n t o b e a c c e p ta b l e . O b s e rv a t i o n s o f t h e s e

l i m i t s p ro v ed a d eq u ate. The 1 36 .7 m h i g h S ou th Tower i s f a r o u t s i d e t h i s

n a rr o we r s e t t l e m e n t r a n g e. Compared w i t h i t s l o n g - t e rm r a t e o f s e t t l e m e n t ,

t h e i n cr e as e i s i n s i g n i f i c a n t , ( F ig u r e 10).



References

l e l t ner , R . (1966) : "Der Uiene r Dom"Wiener Dom-Verlar, Yi en

o ~ h , I . 1 97 0) : "Gutach ten i iber den Bau-z u s t a n d v o n S t . S t e p h a n U ,u n v e r o f f e n t l i c h t

icka,I I . (1 963 ) : "Der ' . \r iener Routine-s c h e r v e r s u c h " ,M i t t e i l u n c d e s I n s t i -t u t e s f u r G ru nd ba u undBodenmechanik T.H.Wien,I I e f t 5

:" 1 0 J a h r e W i e ne rR o ~ ~ t i n e s c h e r v e r s u c h " ,M i t t e i l u n ~ e n a s I n s t i -t u t e s f u r Grundbau undRodenme chanik T.h. Wien,H e f t 11

mn s t a l t B e re i ch d e r E l i c i u s -

Wien ( 1 9 7 4 ) : k a p e l l e d e s S t e p h a n s -d o m e s " , u n v e r o f f e n t l i c h t

. ( 1 9 7 0 ) : " D ie R a u c r u n d u n t c r -s u c h un g e n f u r d e n W ie n e rU-Bahnbau", Der Aufb auH e f t ?/h, Wien

f u r " G ut a ch t en u h e r d e nc h i t e k t u r und S c h u t z d e s Domes v o n

e u - w e s e n S t . S t e p h a n w ti hr en d d e sWien (1971): Baues d e r U-Bahn",

u n v e r o f f e n t l i c h t

) : " T e c h n i s c h e r B e r i c h t ,S u d t u r n S t . S t e p h a n " ,G e w i c h t e b e r e c h n u n g e n ,u n v e r o f f e n t l i c h t

ndbau d r r S t n d t " B e r i c h t i i be r d i e z u e r -- MA 2 9 (19 69 ) : wnr tende n SchutzmaRnah-

men f u r d e n Dom z u S t .S t ep h nn a n l a l l l i c h d e sU-nahnbaues",u n ve r of f e n t l i c h t

S i n g e r ( 1 9 3 2 ) :

S t o p e r e r , K . ( 1 9 7 5) :

Versuc1.s - 1~n6F o r s c h u n r s a n s t a l t d e r,

Gtad t b' j e n , IA 39( 19 71 h i s 1 9 7 3 ):

,t ~ ~ l i t a c l i t e nG n l ~ c r u n r !

S t ~ p h a n s p l a t z " , unver -o f f e n t l i c h t

" G e o l o r i e v o n ' i i e n ,I::urzfessur,f. IgL. '+",I I o l l i n ~ k - 3 o r n t r a e p ? q ,

Lli e n - E e r l i n"h~rr,ct;l ~ i j b e r j ; l t -

Sc.hiit ~rna?~nat;rr,cr, t .Z t e p l ~ a n " u n ve r -i<f r ? r i t l i c h t

"Geol o c i s und U-Bahnhal~i n Wi e n " , Der Aufbau,IleTt; 11/12, l:ien

" 3 e r i c h t 6 - s aonbau-m c i r t p r s i iber d ~ nE i r t , c i t s f o r t s c h r i t t " ,Z 6 , i t s c h r i t " k r Don",7 r .. r l e n , I i s f t 2

" E r s c h i i t t . e r u n r s -messllngen am .' )t ~p ha nC -d o m " , u n v e r o f f e n t l . i c h t

"Uas u n t a r i r d j sc h eL'ien i m 3 p z u p a u f d s nBau k u n f t i c e r U n t e r -~ r u n d b a l . n e n " . Z e i t -s c h r i f t CIAV; 'A' ien,H e f t 9/70

W i e n e r S t a d t v e r - " t Iei f ,ungs- und L ib e l l e n -messunE;, KA 41 ( 1 9 7 1 ) : rnessungen",

u n v e r o f f c n t l i c h t



elevation

circular course wall

* 1.5 W-V~J from 1 5 circularcourse

'ground planPig. 1 Schecht 1367 - Domfundament

Sampling h o l e 1367 - footing ofc a t h e d r a l

I HEIDENTURM- agan Tower

SCHUTZWAND- ve walliennadatum ( W N )

BEREICH-grouting in Section

STATIONS-

ROHREN o v M o ~

- .\station tubes

: I F . 2 i e s t - O s t Schnitt, 9-Behn - Dom' .: es t-ee st s ec t i on , ca the dr a l -ur~derrround



BORE HOLE 314

Classification Classificationaccd, to Tables accd, toI and I1 Drill master(DIN 18196,4023)

BOHRUNG 314K l a s s ~ f ~ k a t ~ o na n K la ss if ik at im dc r

Tabelle I und P Bohrmeislws +

IDIN 181%.60231 .1L.65 ir WN . 0.0 + 14.65 above WN(Vianna d a t u m ) = - 0.0

Hohen 1:200 - 19.85 u .WN

IW N = W i e n a N u l l = 156.6Bm iiber NN [Adria)]

3 D o d e n p r o f i l - B o h r l o c h 314

S o i l p r o f i l-

b o r e h o l e314

Elevations lr200 -19,85 below W N

W N = 156.68 m above s.s.1 (Adriatic)

GW = Groundwater

* The ab br ev ia t i on s used below a r e presumably de f i ned i n t h er e l e v a n t DIN d o c u m e n t ( T r a n s l a t o r )



Portal

P ; ~ U S Chapely Sqoss

;hapel

Fig. 4 Situation Stephanspletz WienSituation Stephans la tz ViennaS t . Steven's %q. a r e a



Pagw+Tewe~sN o r t h S o u t h 1

= Vienna

d a t u m

sectionmed h o r i z

F ~ F . 5 Nord-Siid Sc h n it t d urc h da s U-Bahnbauwerk m i t c e o l o g i s c h ~ mF r o f i l

North-south s ec t i on , s t a t i o n , s o i l s t r a t a , ~ e o l o ~ i c a lr o f i l

a . loess- loam

b. broken s l a t e

c. sandy l o a m and g r a v e l

d . b ro ken s l a t e and p eb b l e s

GW = groundwater



P er m eab i l i t co e f f i c i en t k----Durchlassigkeif koeffizient k ,,,

7 L 6 0 . 1 0 mls

Shaft1367

Cube sample

Depth = 2.30 - 2.55 m

Abel ewskir e 1. se t t l emen t

Pressure

Fig. 6 L i j R , Druck-Porenziffer-DiagrammLoess, pressure-void ratio curve

S i l t g ra in Sand g ra in Gravel g r a i n

fi ne ] med.1 co ar se f i n e ]med.]coarse fine)med.1

/

Kornd.urchmezser in rnm

Grain diameter i n mm

Fig. 7 Kornungsband von ~ e~ el (1 )u nd ies(I1)Kornverteilung vom L 6 R

Grading zones ofGrading curves of



Vienna d a t u m[W N = Wiener Null = 156,68m uber NN i M r m l l 156,

Fig. 8 C a n e l i n i e - T r r t i 5 r f r u n d w a s s e rl e v e

T e r t i a r y roundw water l e v e l curve

Months, July ' 73-June '74

Grouting, deep open cut

G ro ut in & t e r t i a r y , E s t

Sea l ing o f f swi t ch in$u be

s g a f t

6 8 m above Standard sea

1 ( A d r i a t i c )

Cathedral

- - - - - -L----J

S C H U T Z W ~ ~ DPro tec t ive wall

WEST OSt 8

0 10 2 0 X ) U ) 5 0 M

Set t lement dur ingc o n s t r u c t i o n of e a s t tube

SETZUNG AHR REND DES MUIS Set t lement dur in con-DER W E S ~ R O ~ R E s t ru c t io n o f wesf t ubeG~~~~~~~~ HW FERTIGSTELLUWG T ota l q t t l e m e n t a f t e r

completion of e a s t t ube2, E . M ~ , ~ ~ ~ G- a l r n r u u o

DER W E S T R O H R E

F i g . 9 S e t z u n e s l i n i e i m V e s t - O s t S c h n i t t6 m n 6 r d l i c h d e r D o m a c h s eSettlement c u r ve i n w es t- en st s e c t i o n ,6 n o r t h o f t h e a x i s o f t h e c a t h e d r a l



- / ~ e t ~ u n gn m Sett lement i n mm

F ~ F . 0 J a h r e s ~ a n ~ l i n i eer Setzuncen-SiidturmSet t lement curve 7950 - 1975,~ o u t h t o w e r

F i g . I1 Setzungen des n6 rdl ic hen Heidenturmes, WestfassadeSet t le me nts of th e northern Heidenturm, western -facade



a 2 NACH FERTlGSIELLUNG

DER SCHUIZWAND

b : OR AUFFAHREN

DER STAT IONSROHREN

c: NACH AUFFAHREN

~ ~ f iTATIONSROHREN

After completion ofprotective wall

Before driving ofstation tubes

After driving ofstation tubes

Fig. 12 Setzungsisohypsen, D o m , Abstand i n m m

S e t t l e m e n t i sohypsen , d i s t o n c e in mm,

c a t h e d r a l



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