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The Confederation
and the Constitution (9)
1783- We won out freedom; blessed with fertile land & legacy of self-rule.
Mission & Challenge-1. No precedent for a republic on such a
large scale2. No guarantee that 13 rebellious colonies
would stay together or be democratic Time to build 1. New institutions2. New thoughts and habits Would the American Experiment
Succeed?
Articles of Confederation to the Constitution
Key occurrence- Articles failed to meet the needs of the new republic= a new Constitution was established.
1. What form would government take?2. Would president, Congress, or courts
dominate?3. What should the proper division of authority
between federal government & states be?4. How do we protect the rights of people?5. What economic policies to follow
(manufacturing or agriculture)?6. How should the nation defend itself against
foreign interests?7. What principles should guide foreign policy?
Revolution or Evolution?
The revolution was accelerated evolution rather than outright revolution?
Life went on in many areas without being touched by the war.
Loyalist exodus= patriot elites emerged & egalitarian ideals were pushed.
“Mr. & Mrs.” 1800- indentured servitude mostly over End to primogeniture laws New emphasis on trade organizations-
artisans & laborers.
ReligionMovement for separation of church
& state occurredCongregational Church in New
England – continued to be legally established
Anglican Church was re-formed as the Protestant Episcopal Church ( and de-established everywhere)
1786- Thomas Jefferson (including co-reformers & Baptists) won victory with passage of Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom.
* benefitted Baptists & Quakers in the South.
slavery
““All Men Created All Men Created Equal”Equal”
•1774- Continental Congress called on all colonies to abolish slavery…•Some northern states abolished it;
Middle States would abolish later….•No state south of Penn. Abolished it
•In 1791, the Quakers formed first Anti-Slavery Society and
Underground Railroad•Laws in the North & South
discriminated against blacks & slaves
•Some Emancipated African Americans could not:
purchase property, hold certain jobs, intermarry racially.
““All Men Created All Men Created Equal”Equal”
•1774- Continental Congress called on all colonies to abolish slavery…•Some northern states abolished it;
Middle States would abolish later….•No state south of Penn. Abolished it
•In 1791, the Quakers formed first Anti-Slavery Society and
Underground Railroad•Laws in the North & South
discriminated against blacks & slaves
•Some Emancipated African Americans could not:
purchase property, hold certain jobs, intermarry racially.
Picture/Anthony & Stanton
•Abigail Adams—1790’to early 1800’s urged her husband to “remember the ladies”
• still tied to traditional family work & home sphere.
•Republican motherhood
•Despite their contributions, women’s rights did not progress and would remain 2nd class citizens
•Abigail Adams—1790’to early 1800’s urged her husband to “remember the ladies”
• still tied to traditional family work & home sphere.
•Republican motherhood
•Despite their contributions, women’s rights did not progress and would remain 2nd class citizens
Republican motherhood• Concept that a woman’s role was to stay at
home and raise the next generation of PATRIOTS.PATRIOTS.
•New responsibility was to teach and raise their children in REPUBLICANISMREPUBLICANISM.
•Social keepers of the nation’s conscience
State Constitutions
1776- Continental Congress called on all colonies to draft new constitutions.
Sovereignty would rest in authority of the people.
Mass. –helped est. a process to adopt a constitution or change one= constitutional convention.
State Constitutions & State Governments
State Constitutions & State Governments
Common aspectsWeak executive & judicial branchesLegislature given important powersAnnual electionsAll had Bill of Rights protecting individual rightsEliminated primogeniture laws
After the Revolution… Many states moved their capitals westward (increased
power to backwoods farmers) State governments confiscated former British Crown
land & loyalist property= economic democracy = prevented rebellions by farmers etc.
State Constitutions & State Governments
State Constitutions & State Governments
Common aspects Each state’s constitution listed basic rights and Each state’s constitution listed basic rights and
freedoms (Bill of Rights) that belonged to all freedoms (Bill of Rights) that belonged to all citizenscitizens– “unalienable rights”– i.e. jury trial and freedom of religion
Separation of powersSeparation of powers– Legislative powers to an elected two-house
legislature– Executive powers to an elected governor– Judicial powers to a system of courts
All white males with property could voteAll white males with property could vote– Based on the assumption that property-owners had a larger
stake in government than did the poor and property-less– Elected officials higher qualifications than the voters
Common Features of State Constitutions
Popular Sovereignty
1. Popular sovereignty was the basis for every new State constitution.
2. Government can exist and function only with the consent of the governed.
3. People hold power and are sovereign.
1. Limited government was a major feature of each State constitution.
2. Powers delegated to government were granted reluctantly and hedged with many restrictions.
1. In every State it was made clear that the sovereign people held certain rights that the government must respect at all times.
2. Seven of the new constitutions contained a bill of rights, setting out the “unalienable rights”
1. State governments were purposely divided among three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial.
2. Each branch was given powers with a system of checks and balances.
Separation of Powers and Checks and
Balances
Civil Rights and Liberties
Limited Government
State ConstitutionsState Constitutions
1790
voting
WMAWMA 21 yrs. old, 21 yrs. old, educated and educated and property owner…….property owner…….
Several states would Several states would drop property drop property qualifications and qualifications and education…….education…….
Economic Issues After the War
(Economic Democracy)
Difficulties:British only traded with “loyal” parts of its empire: American ships barred from British & West Indies
ports 1786-British industries “dumped” massive
amounts of products in the colonies when trade resumed
Americans free to trade with foreign nations (Baltic & China Seas)
State governments in debt after the war Businesses speculated & gouged =300% profits Inflation was high (colonies had printed money)** Average citizens worse off financially!Positive- American’s had to make their own products during
the war = growing American industrial base.
Foreign DebtForeign Debt
$11,710,000$11,710,000
Federal Domestic DebtFederal Domestic Debt
$42,414,000$42,414,000
State DebtState Debt
$21,500,000$21,500,000
We owed France, Spain and other countries who helped us with the Revolutionary War.
We owed France, Spain and other countries who helped us with the Revolutionary War.
debt
Individual states owed citizens who loaned money
to their state.
Individual states owed citizens who loaned money
to their state.
US Govt. owed soldier’s for fighting in
the war, debts to British and Loyalists.
US Govt. owed soldier’s for fighting in
the war, debts to British and Loyalists.
$80 Million$80 Million
The Articles of Confederation
Revolutionary Continental Congress- little more than ambassadors from 13 states.
No authority States coined their own money, raised
armies, enacted trade barriers (tariffs). 1776-Continetal Congress called a
committee to draft a constitution for the new nation
1777= Articles of Confederation (after Saratoga)
1781- the states ratified AOC
•Our first constitutionconstitution (law of the landlaw of the land); democratic democratic governmentgovernment based on the ideas of DOI .DOI .
•Written by 22ndnd Continental Congress (1777) Continental Congress (1777) during War and took effect in March 1781… Becomes the
Confederation CongressConfederation CongressWhy the delay? Why the delay? Western land claims (7 states had lots of land, 6 states had none) Western land claims (7 states had lots of land, 6 states had none)
•NY & Virginia & 5 other states held mostNY & Virginia & 5 other states held most
•Penn. & Maryland & 4 others complainedPenn. & Maryland & 4 others complained
•All had fought in the RevolutionAll had fought in the Revolution
•Land rich states could sale land to pay off debtsLand rich states could sale land to pay off debts
•Agreed to later carve up land as states on equal termsAgreed to later carve up land as states on equal terms
•Land Ordinance 1787Land Ordinance 1787
A/C chart
A/C chart
Confederation GovernmentConfederation Governmentgovt. of loosely organized Sovereign states
Each state independent and conducted their own affairs
Created a weak national govt. which had little powers to solve US problems
States held more power than US govt.Would unite in times of crisis.“a Collection of Ambasadors”
GovernmentGovernment StructureStructure
•Congress--1 branch•Confederation
Congress•No executive branch
or president…•No judicial system…..
•One vote per state regardless of size
State State ResponsibilitieResponsibilitie
ss•Obey Articles and acts
of Congress•provide funds and
troops when “requested”“requested” by
Congress•States regulated own trade and taxed each
other•States had their own
currency
Powers of Powers of CongressCongress
•Make war and peace
•make treaties•build navy and
army•settle disputes among states
•set up monetary system
Major ProblemMajor Problem: Created a weak national govt that could not tax, regulate trade or enforce its laws because the states held more power than the National Government.
National Govt.AOC/Congress given 20% of govt.powers
States given 80% of governmental powers…States were over the National Govt.
Fearing a strong central govt. like King George the AOC created a weak National
Government that was not given the
power to tax, regulate trade or
enforce their laws.
EFFECTSCould not deal
effectively with US problems.
■Grid system was created by Thomas Jefferson…
■Sale of land was intended to be used to pay off debts for national
government■Structured and organized land
policy (surveyed & titled)■Allowed for a peaceful purchase of
land. ■Promoted an orderly expansion
westward..■Confederation Congress convinced states who claimed land out west to
cede their land to the US Govt.■US Govt. was to come up with a fair and reasonable land policy…..Unlike
the Proclamation of 1763….
Northwest Territory
Land Ordinanc
e
Plot #16 was set aside for public education
Public Land sold for $1.00 to $2.00 an acre = pay debt
Northwest Territory
An addition to the Land Ordinance of 1785
Congress sold land in large blocks, 40, 80, 160,
320 and 640 acres.
$1 to 2$ an acre to help pay debt.
Provided for 2 (3) stages of evolution for territoriesTerritories would be subordinate to federal gov’t during the territory stageStates admitted to the Union under the plan received all of the rights of
the 13 original colonies.Forbade slavery in the Old Northwest Territories (exempted slaves
already there).
Northwest Territory
Ohio
1ST STEP
WHEN PEOPLE FIRST SETTLE IN
THE AREA:
Congress appoints a governor and three judges to govern the
territory
2nd STEP
5,000 FREE ADULT MALES:
Landowners elect a congress to make laws
and raise taxes with approval of governor. 1 representative is elected to the US Congress who can debate but not vote.
3rd STEP60,000 SETTLERS:
•Write their own state constitution.
•Approval of state constitution from US
Congress
•Becomes a state
•No more than 5 statesThe Northwest OrdinanceNorthwest Ordinance encouraged ideals of the DOI and republicanismDOI and republicanism
((representative democracyrepresentative democracy) religious freedom, protection of liberty and liberty and propertyproperty, encouraged educationeducation, admitted new states and no slaveryslavery..
World’s Ugly DucklingWorld’s Ugly Duckling
• For 8 years- Britain refused to send an For 8 years- Britain refused to send an ambassador to Americaambassador to America
• No commercial treaty No commercial treaty • Did not repeal Navigation Laws Did not repeal Navigation Laws • Closed West Indies trade with US (US illegally Closed West Indies trade with US (US illegally
traded as usual)traded as usual)• Kept forts & trading posts on US northern Kept forts & trading posts on US northern
frontier- keep Indian alliesfrontier- keep Indian allies• Americans demanded trade restrictions- Americans demanded trade restrictions-
unsuccessful (Congress can’t control trade) unsuccessful (Congress can’t control trade)
Jays
British refused to remove their troops from US soil because the US failed to honor the Treaty of 1783 (return Loyalist property & pay war debts). The
National Government under the AOC was powerless to force Great Britain to honor the Treaty of Paris,
1783
Disputed Territorial ClaimsDisputed Territorial ClaimsBetween Spain & the US: Between Spain & the US: 1783-17961783-1796
1784- Spain closed Mississippi River & Port of NewOrleans to American business, claimed N. Florida- keptFort Natchez, incited Indians to harass settlers.
The Barbary Pirates
Barbary Pirates- operated in North Africa & Mediterranean
Attacked US merchant shipsEnslaved sailorsGreat Britain had traditionally
paid a bribe to protect their shipsEconomically- the US cannot pay
bribes---later Pres. Jefferson will deal with the Pirates!
Where: Western Mass. 1786
Requisition system of debt collection breaks down-states fight over boundaries= debt piles up
IN early 1787 a group of small farmers protested against the foreclosure of farms & Massachusetts govt.
Why? They were in debt, their homes being repossessed (foreclosure) and unfair taxation.
They were led by Daniel Shays, a former army captain in the Revolutionary War.
The purpose of the rebellion was to prevent foreclosures by keeping the courts from sitting until the next election- asked state to print money, reduce taxes
Shay’s Rebellion was put down by private army paid for by wealthy merchants from Boston.
****The AOC was unable to put down the rebellion with a national guard or army.
Shays
Daniel ShayDaniel Shay1785 to 1787, unfair taxes, debt and foreclosure
Farmer’s rebellion to overthrow Mass. Govt.
Daniel ShayDaniel Shay1785 to 1787, unfair taxes, debt and foreclosure
Farmer’s rebellion to overthrow Mass. Govt.
Shays
Attacks by Shay followers
Encounters between Shay’s and hired militias.
OutcomesOutcomesRebellion put down Rebellion put down by a private militiaby a private militia
US Govt. too weak US Govt. too weak to put down to put down
rebellionrebellion
Americans feared Americans feared govt. too weak = govt. too weak =
anarchyanarchy
***Call for a ***Call for a Constitutional ConventionConstitutional Convention to change to change AOC and create a stronger national government.AOC and create a stronger national government.
notes3
total chaos, mob rule, survival of the fittest, no
respect for law and order or attempting to overthrow the authority of govt. == unstable
govt. == no govt.
““MOBOCRACY”MOBOCRACY”*the elite feared this!!!*the elite feared this!!!
The Elites Response to The Elites Response to Shay’s Rebellion:Shay’s Rebellion:
Let us have { a Constitution } by which our lives,
liberties and properties will be secured....
Let us have { a Constitution } by which our lives,
liberties and properties will be secured....
“Respectable” Americans were shocked by the
violence. Feared “mobocracy”.
“Respectable” Americans were shocked by the
violence. Feared “mobocracy”.
The Elites Response to Shay’s Rebellion &
issuesStates squabbling over interstate commerce led Va. To call for a meeting
George Washington hosted a conference at his home in Mt. Vernon, VA (1785)
Representatives agreed that the problems were serious enough to hold further discussions at a later meeting.
The Annapolis Convention (1786) Annapolis, MD; delegates met to discuss AOC weaknesses. Only 5 states sent delegates Alexander Hamilton and James Madison persuaded the others to call
for a Constitutional ConventionConstitutional Convention, to be held in Philadelphia for the purpose of revising the Articles of Confederation