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Paleolithic EraNeolithic Revolution
• Paleolithic – hunters followed their food- nomads
• Neolithic – settle down, farming and domesticating animals = first civilization
Bantu Migrations• Movement of people from West Africa as a
result of the Sahara Desert
• Spread Language
ie: cultural diffusion
Mandate of Heaven• Order from god which selects
leadership in China = Dynastic Cycle
• Dynasties:Zhou-feudalismQin-central gov’t and Great WallHan-Golden Age: Confucianism, paper, arts and wheelbarrow
Belief Systems• Established, orderly ways to look at faith, life and
death– Animism/ Shinto– Hinduism– Judaism– Christianity– Islam– Buddhism– Confucianism– Taoism
Feudalism• Military service exchanged for land and
protection (Japan, China, Europe)
• “decentralized gov’t”- no single all powerful ruler
Forms of Government• Autocracy: Single ruler with absolute power
• Theocracy: Gov’t run by religious leaders/rules
• Oligarchy: Rule by a small group
• Monarchy: King/Queens
• Democracy: People vote for leaders
• Totalitarian: one party/person controls every aspect of life (Communism, fascism)
**Feudalism is also a form of government**
Hellenistic Age• Age of Alex the Great- he blended PIGE
(Persian, Indian, Greek and Egyptian) cultures through his conquest. = cultural diffusion
Pax Mongolia
• Peace in Asia created by Mongol Rule approx. 1280-1350
• Prompted exchange of goods between East and West (China, Russia, Middle East) (C.D.)
Silk Road• Trade route that linked China with the west
= cultural diffusion and spread of diseases
• Merchants travelled short distances and sold to next merchant= increase prices
Maurya and Gupta Dynasties
• Indian Empires- Hinduism
• Created Arabic numerals, decimals and Zero
• 200 Years reign
• Fell due to weak leadership and invasions
Schism
• A split within religion
• Examples: -Protestant Reformation (95 theses)-Sunni and Shiite Islam (Iraq, Syria)-Eastern Orthodox
(C.D.- Byzantine to Russia)
Golden Age of Islam
• Many advancements by Muslim civilization– Art and architecture decorated cities– Recorded Qur’an – Developed algebra (solve for “x”) – Doctors had to pass exams after studying
disease and medical books
Crusades 1000s-1200s
• A series of religious wars attempting to obtain the holy land (Islam versus Catholicism)
• Resulted in an increase of trade (C.D.) and Feudal powers
Constantinople
• The Rome of the eastern world
• Heart of the Byzantine Empire
• Trade city on Mediterranean Sea
Traditional Economy• Trade and bartering for goods
• Distribution of goods based on customs, beliefs and habits
*subsistence agriculture- growing just enough for your family*
95 Theses
• List of grievances (complaints) written by Martin Luther against the sale of indulgences created the Protestant Reformation.
• The Printing Press allowed copies of the 95 Theses to spread quickly
Protestant Reformation
• A schism in the Catholic Church that created the Protestant religion.
• Martin Luther 95 Theses
• Catholic Church loses power
Age of Absolutism• Autocratic rules have complete authority,
even in colonies- Divine Right– India- Akbar the Great– France- King Louis XIV (sun king)– Spain- Philip II– Russia- Ivan the Terrible AND Peter the Great
(Westernized Russia)
Glorious Revolution • Non-violent overthrow of James II by
William and Mary of Orange.
• They signed the English Bill of Rights which further limited kings’ powers and created a limited monarchy.
Magna Carta
• gave rights to the people and took power away from the monarchy 1689
• A charter signed by England’s King John in 1215Placed limits on the King’s power
The English Bill of Rights
Renaissance
• Time period when people began to question the Church, a time of Rebirth of science, arts and literature (start in Italy)
• Focus on secular (worldly/ non-religious)
• Humanism= emphasis on the individual
Scientific Revolution
• 1500’s and 1600’s new way of thinking
that challenged traditional ideas of the Catholic Church.
• Based on Reason and Inquiry
Enlightenment• People started to question the relationship
between themselves and their government.
• Period in the 1700s in which people rejected traditional ideas and supported a human reason.
Social Contract
• There is a unwritten contract between Gov’t and the people.
• If the gov’t isn't taking care of people’s needs they can get rid of it
Geography Terms
• Savannah or Steppe: Grassy plain
• Peninsula: land surrounded by water on 3 sides
• Archipelago: chain of islands
• Climate: weather patterns over time (tropical, dry)
• Region: areas of land with unifying features (Mideast-political, rainforests)
Capitalism
• Economic system based on trade and capital, money is used for investment.
• Free Market
• Supply and Demand
Columbian Exchange• Global exchange of people, plants, animals,
ideas and technology that began in the 1400’s
• Cultural Diffusion
Mercantilism• Economic policy; export more than import
• Raw materials sold cheaply to mother nation; expensive manufactured goodssold to colonies
Law Codes
Napoleonic Code-Equality after French Rev
Justinian’s Code-Byzantine law code
Laws of the Roman Twelve Tables-Basis of today's legal system
Hammurabi's Code-Eye for an eye
Imperialism
• When a stronger nation takes over a weaker nation’s social, economic and political life
• Justified by Social Darwinism
• Established colonies
Coup d’etat• A quick and sudden overthrow of a
government
Examples:-Iranian Revolution (Ayatollah Khomeini)
-Cuban Revolution (Castro)
-Egyptian Revolution (Mubarak)
Congress of Vienna• Led by Metternich after Napoleon's defeat
• Conservative: returned monarchs to power
• Re-drew the map of Europe to balance power
• Surrounded France with strong countries
• Created a lasting peace until WWI
Nationalism• A feeling of pride for one’s nation or group
• Has led to conflictex: WWI (MAIN)Decolonization
Pan-SlavismPan-Arabism
Pan-Africanism
• Nationalist movement to unite all similar people in each respective group.
Laissez Faire• Government should keep hands off
economic concerns
• Supply and Demand should regulate the economy
• Root of Capitalism
Treaty of Kanagawa• The treaty that forced Japan to
open its ports to trade ending isolation (Meiji Restoration)
• Commodore Perry and his battleships “politely asked” Japan to trade
Russian (Bolshevik) Revolution
• 1917- food shortages and WWI deaths pushed Russians to revolt
• Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (exit WWI)
• Lenin turned Russia into a communist state USSR
• Land, Bread, Peace
Opium War
• The British forced Indians to grow Opium, then sold it to China
• China fought to have opium shipments stopped
Forms of Imperial Control
• Sphere of Influence: claim exclusive trading rights
• Colony: expensive to run- control all aspects of life
• Protectorate: minimal influence- control local leaders
Boer War
• South African War over gold and diamonds
• British vs. Dutch “Boers”
• Britain won and created the racial segregation policy known as apartheid.
Treaty of Nanjing
• The treaty that Britain forced China to sign after the Opium War
• Hong Kong taken as a 200 Year lease
• Opened China to Foreigners
Total War
• The complete and total involvement of a nation in a war effort.
• Civilians at home and soldiers on battlefield all contribute
• WWI & WWII
5 Year Plan• Stalin’s plans to improve the USSR’s
economy and increase food production.
• Only area of success was in building heavy industry.
• Farming collectives
World War I“The Great War”
Causes:
M- Militarism
A-alliances
I-imperialism
N-nationalism (Balkan Powder Keg)
Spark- assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Treaty of Versailles
• The peace treaty signed after WWI
• Placed blame on Germany- reparations, blame and lost land
• Established new countries
League of Nations
• A peace keeping organization formed after WWI
• Too weak to enforce ban on war
• United States did not join
Zionism
• Desire to create a Jewish state in Palestine
• Led to the Balfour Declaration after WWI
• 1948 Israel is created
Mandate
• Territory being controlled by a foreign power
• Typically gifted to the “winners” of a war
Appeasement
• Giving in to one’s demands to avoid a conflict
• Example: Hitler and the Sudetenland (Munich Pact)
United Nations
• A peace organization formed after WWII
• Much stronger than League of Nations post WWI
Iron Curtain• Imaginary wall dividing Communist ideology from
Democratic ideology.
West East
• Democracy Communism
• U.S. U.S.S.R.
• NATO Warsaw Pact
• Supported Israel Supported Palestinians
Cold War
• A state of tension between the Superpowers (U.S. and U.S.S.R.)
• Fear of spread of communism and nuclear weapons
• Events: Cuban Missile Crisis, Vietnam War, Korean War, Afghanistan aid
Containment
• Stop the Spread of Communism beyond the Iron Curtain
• Used money to avoid communist takeovers (make communism less appealing)
Marshall Plan
• Give aid to foreign nations to avoid communism’s spread
• Communism looks less appealing if you have food, shelter and work
Truman Doctrine
• An economic and military program to promote democracy established by President Truman
• Both failed and the USSR collapsed
• Replaced with Russian Republic
Perestroika GlasnostGorbachev’s reforms to
prevents the collapse of the Soviet Economy
A policy of openness under Gorbachev in USSR
OPEC
• Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
• Regulates oil prices and production
• Oil Embargo of 1970s affected world
Long March• When Mao and the communists fled to
northern China avoiding the Guomindang (nationalists) led by Chaing Kai Shek.
• Mao recruited supporters to the communist movement along the way (peasants)
Great Leap Forward• Mao’s plan for China
(like Stalin’s 5 year plans)
• Attempted to create self sufficiency by using farming collectives
• Failed= starvation/ famine
Cultural Revolution
• Mao’s program to eliminate any opposition to his plans.
• Forced people to live “Mao’s Way”
• Red Guard- Corrupted Youths monitored people for signs of anti-communism
Tiananmen Square 1989
• A Pro-Democracy protest where students gathered to demand freedom in the government.
• The Gov’t sent in tanks to disperse the crowd
• Chinese gov’t still totalitarian
PLO
• Palestinian Liberation Organization
• Yassir Arafat original leader
• Goal is the destruction of Israel
Islamic Fundamentalism
• Belief Islam is corrupted by outside ways- need to return to the basics of Islam
• Uses Sharia law (traditional Islamic Law)
Ethnic Cleansing
• The deliberate and intentional attempt to get rid of a race or ethnic group
• Genocide
• Bosnia, Chechnya, Serbia
NAFTA
• North American Free Trade Agreement
• Increases trade between North American nations (Canada, U.S. and Mexico)
• Reduces Tariffs along borders to promote trade
Post-Colonialism • A term used to describe conditions in
nations that were once colonies
Pre PostBefore After
Pre- World War I Europe • A term used to describe conditions in
Europe prior to World War I
Human Rights Declaration
• A document meant to protect basic rights for all
• Created by the United Nations after the Holocaust (post WWII).
Urbanization
• The movement of people from the country to the city
• Industrial Revolution
Green Revolution • Using technology and science to produce more
food (India)
• Seeds were chemically altered to be more resistant to disease and produce more
Deforestation/ Desertification
• The destruction of the forest (Amazon)
• The changing of farm land to desert (Africa)
Dissident
• Some one or a group that speaks out against their government.
• Example: Egyptian Revolution Cyber dissidents
98. Arab Spring
• Revolutionary movement in Middle East of get rid of their dictator leaders
• Fueled by social media
• Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, Syria
Hinduism• Religion
• India
• Polytheistic
• Reincarnation
• Karma
• Dharma
• Caste system (social structure)
• Moksha
• Upanishads, Gita, Vedas
Buddhism• Religion
• No gods
• Reincarnation
• Karma
• Dharma
• No caste system
• 4 Noble Truths and 8 Fold Path
• Nirvana
• 3 Baskets of Wisdom
12. Islam
• Religion
• Allah
• Muhammad
• 622 AD
• 5 Pillars (Hajj, Ramadan)
• mosque
• Quran (Koran)