The Colonial Era Unit ReviewChapters 2-7

Chapter 2

Catholic Irish Uprising • Ireland wanted to get rid off the Queen• Assisted by Spaniards • English defeated them and committed many

atrocities to the Irish people• England planted protestant landlords in

Ireland

Francis Drake v. Sir Walter Raleigh Drake Raleigh

•Spanish booty stolen from ships and settlements•Was knighted•Queen Elizabeth one of his backers•“sea dog”

•First Englishmen to settle in Americas•Roanoke Island •Beheaded by the Queen

Primogeniture • Only eldest sons could inherit estates• Forced younger sons to go to the new world

Joint-Stock Company • Provided financial means for colonization • Ex: Virginia Company- received charter from

King James I, first settlement in the new world • Savior of the Virginia company

Jamestown • 1st colony in the New World• Plagued settlement w/ disease, malnutrition,

starvation • Saved by John Smith • Located on Chesapeake Bay- poor decision • The Starving Time- winter, only 60/400

survived

Anglo-Powhatan Wars• First war between English and Powhatan

tribes• Sparked by Lord De La Warr’s “Irish tactics”• peace treaty= marriage of John Rolfe to

Pocahontas

House of Burgesses • First form of government• Established in Virginia • Worried King Charles• Had to much power and was forced to be

abandoned

Lord Baltimore • Rich catholic lord from England • Established Maryland• Promised to persecuted English Catholics

Act of Toleration (1649)• Passed by local representative assembly• Death penalty for atheists and Jews• Less toleration actually• Protected Catholics

Sugar• Wealthy man’s crop• Growing takes lots of time and effort• Grown in the Indies • Capital intensive business• Dominated trade to much

African Diaspora and Barbados Slave Code

• Vast scattering of African peoples throughout the world

• “codes” denied slaves fundamental rights, gave masters complete control

Restoration Period• Empire building resumed but even greater

than before • Under Oliver Cromwell rule• Lord Proprietors created to gain control over

an expanse of wilderness to the Pacific

The Carolinas • Main crop rice• Strong economic ties to the Indies• Where Virginian outcasts went• Big plantations, lots of slaves, people resisted

authority, produced lots of capitol • North separated from South in 1712 as a

result of friction between governors- both royal colonies

Georgia • Founded with the purpose to be a buffer

between Spanish Florida and the Carolinas• Often served as a battle arena• James Oglethorpe- ablest founder, interested

in prison reform, military leader, imperialist/philanthropist, gained a great personal fortune

Church of England• Tax supported church• Dominant faith in North Carolina though

weakest of all in that state

Handsome Lake • Iroquois prophet • Visions of the future• Made Indians stop drinking

“soil butchery”• Excessive tobacco growing• Drove settlers westward• Began confrontation with Native Americans

Chapter 3

Calvinism • Whether you go to heaven or hell is already

predetermined “predestination”• Nobody could be certain of their status• Worked hard to show they were part of the

“elect”

Separatists • Came from Holland• Wanted to practice their religion freely• Negotiated with Virginia company• Came to America on the Mayflower

Mayflower Compact• Simple agreement NOT a constitution• Agreed upon a crude form of government• Written by Separatists • Signed by 41 males• Began to form their own law in open-

discussions at town meetings

Mass. Bay Colony and John Winthrop

• Plymouth's neighbor, who absorbed it• Group of Non-separatists• Had secured a royal charter• Lead by Winthrop- first governor of the

colony, believed he had a “calling” from God, helped colony become biggest in New England, and came up with “city upon a hill”

Congregational Church • Franchise extended to all “freeman”• Adult males belonged to Puritan

congregations• Men not in church could not vote• 2/5 majority voted

Protestant Ethic • Commitment to work and worldly pursuits• Ate a lot, drank, song, and made love• Tried passing laws that would keep those

pleasures

Anne Hutchinson • Challenged Puritan orthodoxy• Began Antinomianism • A holy life was no sign of salvation• Brought to trial- and exiled• Killed by Indians in New York

Roger Williams• Threat to Puritan leaders• Popular Salem minister• Extreme Separatist- encouraged people to

leave the Church of England• Challenged Bay colony’s charter• Angry that settlers took Indian’s land• Started the first Baptist church in Rhode

Island- no taxes or mandatory attendence

Fundamental Orders• New Connecticut River Colony’s• Trailblazing document• Similar to constitution • Colony was in the hands of “substantial

citizens”• Documents later borrowed by the state’s

constitution

King Phillip’s War• Massoit’s son forged alliance with other tribes

to destroy New England villages• Refugees fled to Boston• Puritans were attacked 12 villages were

destroyed• Hundreds of colonists died and even more

Indians

New England Confederation

• Primary purpose- against potential foes: Indians, French, and Dutch

• Exclusive Puritan club• Plymouth, Mass. Bay, New Haven, Connecticut

Valley. • Hated Maine and Rhode Island

Dominion of New England

• Created by royal authority• Included New York, East and West Jersey• Designed to promote English Navigation Laws• Reflected intense colonial rivalries

Navigation Laws• Americas couldn’t trade with other colonies

that were not under the control of England

Glorious Revolution• King James II, Catholic was dethroned • Enthroned Protestant rulers William III and

English wife, Mary, James’ daughter

Dutch West India Company

• Virtually a state within a state• Supported by a large army• Dutch Republic became leading colonial

power• Greatest activity in the East Indies

Pequot War• Between English and Pequot Indian tribe• Lowed western settlement• Hurt the Indian population

New Sweden • Trespassed on Dutch preserves• Colony on the Delaware River• Dutch fought them with small military • Bloodless siege ending in Swedes rule

Peter Stuyvesant • Director Dutch military• Led small Swede expedition • Swedish rule came to end after siege • Colonists absorbed New Netherland

Quakers• Came from England• Refused to pay for the Church of England• Deeply convicted• Moved to Pennsylvania • William Penn formed “Penn’s Woodland”-

modest, first advertising man, liberal policy

Middle Colonies• New York, New Jersey, Delaware, and

Pennsylvania • Fertile land• Rivers• Trade• Ethically diverse • Religious toleration and democratic control

Chapter 4

Headright System • Virginia + Maryland employment • Encourage imports of servant workers • Passage to the new world would be paid by

labor and the gaining of 50 acres of land• Masters-not servants reaped land ownership

Bacon’s Rebellion • Leader Nathaniel Bacon- Virginian farmer• Resented Gov Berkley’s relations with Indians• Rebellion was suppressed • Lordly planters looked for less troublesome

laborers

Royal African Co. • Lost monopoly on carrying slaves to colonies• Rhode Island cashed in on lucrative slave trade • Supply of slaves rose quickly • “middle passage”- transatlantic sea voyage,

death rights high, horrid conditions

slave codes • Established differences between slave and

owner in Virginia • Blacks and their kids became property • South Carolina blacks in Stono River revolted

and tried to march to Spanish Florida but stopped by militia

• Slaves in the South were more obidient

FFV/ merchant planters• “first families of Virginia”• Before Rev War 70% of the leaders of the

Virginia legislature • Not like English but they were hard workers,

labored over the plantation

“Black Christianity” • Prior to the slave codes• If blacks converted to Christianity they could

be free• After slave codes this was ended

New England vs. Southern WomenNew England Southern •Raised children from birth to death•Kids grew up in nurturing environments•Created “grandparents”•Low premarital pregnancy rates•Tranquil social structure

•Men outnumbered women 6:1• frustrated bachelors•Opposite of New England

jeremiad • Mid seventeenth century Puritan pupils new

form of sermon • doom-saving Old Testament profit Jeremiah • Decline in conversions

Half-Way Covenant • Troubled ministers• New arrangement that allowed members of

church to be baptized but not “full communion”

• Partial membership rights allowed• Once Puritan only club• Puritan churches became open to all

Salem Witch Trials • Group of 5 girls claimed to have been

bewitched by an older lady• Witchcraft prosecutions popular in Europe• Accused= market economy, accusers= farmers

Chapter 5

13 original colonies • Misleading term• Britain ruled 32 including the Canadas,

Floridas, and the Caribbean• 13 were the ones that rebelled • Atlantic seaboard developed “American”

lifestyle

Pennsylvania Dutch • German colonists who fled from oppression,

were Protestant/Lutheran • 6% of colonies pop.• Clung to old customs

Scots-Irish • Makers of America• Left Ireland and came first to Penn. • Settled in back country of Virginia, Maryland,

and Carolinas• Great frontier men• Hated British government

Paxton Boys/Regulators • March led by Scots Irish • Protesting Quakers oligarchy’s lax policies

towards Indians • Spearheaded the Regulator movement in

North Carolina

“jayle birds” • Voluntary indentured servants who were

convicts or paupers • 50,000 dumped in colonies by London

authorities• Robbers, rapists, and murders • Generally undesirable but some deportees

made outstanding citizens

Triangular Trade • Infamously profitable • Small in relation to colonial commerce• New England port with rum to coast of Africa• Liquor was given to the African chiefs in return

for slaves• Exchange of survivors for molasses in New

England where it’d be distilled into rum

Molasses Act• Bowing to British West Indian planters • Parliament passes aimed to end trade with

North America and French West Indies • American merchants responded with bribery

and smuggling around the laws

Taverns • Numerous across main routes of travel• Bowling alleys, pool tables, bars and gambling

equipment included • Popular place for gossip• Samuel Adams visited frequently

“established” churches• Tax supported• Anglican and congregational • Church of England main church in G, NC, SC, V,

M, and NY• Major prop of King’s authority • Tried to impose church taxes in the colonies

Anglican vs. Congregational

Anglican Congregational

•Shorter and less intense•Clergy had poor representation•College of William and Mary founded to train better clerics •Fell short of promise•Faith less fierce than Puritanical New England

•Grown out of Puritan church•Formally established in all New England colonies except Rhode Island•Massachusetts taxed residents to support•Ministers addressed political issues •Closely tied to England

Great Awakening • Rousing religious revival• Ignited by Jonathan Edwards- highly

intellectual pastor• Encourage missionary work• New light centers became the Ivy League

Schools

George Whitefield • Different style than Edwards• Eloquent• Funded by Benjamin Franklin• Toured colonies preaching• Sinners could be “saved”• Tried to fake forgive people, good actors

Benjamin Franklin • Schools in America were trying to teach dead

languages he thought otherwise• Launched University of Pennsylvania- first

college without denominational control • First “civilized American”• Wrote Poor Richard’s Almanack- pithy sayings

from thinkers of the age

John Peter Zenger• Partook in celebrated legal case• Newspaper printer• New York• Assailed corrupt royal Gov charged with

seditious libel • Attended by former indentured servant turned

lawyer, Alexander Hamilton

Two-house legislature • Practiced by colonies • Utilized the upper house appointed by royal

colonies• Chosen by voters in self governing colonies• Tower branch- more popular elected by

people who owned property • Backcountry typically poorly represented

Royal Governors• Generally able men• Often broken down politicians in need of a job• Lord Cornburry- one of the worst, gov NY

related to the Queen

Chapter 6

Edict of Nantes • Issued by the crown• Granted limited toleration to French

Protestants • Religious wars ceased and finance became the

most powerful nation in Europe• Lead by ministers and Louis XIV

Quebec• Vast empire established• Granite• Controlling of the Saint Lawrence River• Leading figure was Samuel de Champlain-

good energy, friendly relations with Huron Indians who he helped against Iroquois but French lost

New France (Canada)• Fell under direct control of the King• Commercial companies had failed in the area• Completely autocratic• Peasants had little motivation to move in

France• French gov favored it’s Caribbean colonies

King William’s War & Queen Anne’s War

• Earliest struggle for Euro power in America• British colonists against French courears • Both sides recruited Indians• Both nations were not interested in sending

troops to North America

Treaty of Utrecht • Peace treaty• Signed in Utrecht in 1713• Showed how badly France and ally Spain had

been defeated• Britain gained Nova Scotia, Newfoundland and

Hudson Bay

War of Jenkin’s Ear/ Austrian Succession

• Between Brits and Spanish• In the Caribbean Sea and Georgia

French & Indian War • Anglo/French struggle• Began in America in the Ohio Valley• Known as the 7 Years war• Fought in America, Europe, West Indies,

Philippines, Africa and at sea

Albany Congress• British called international congress to Albany,

NY• Only 7 out of 13 colonies showed up• To achieve greater colonial unity• Bolster common defense against France• Ben Franklin slogan “Join or Die”

colonial home rule • Ben Franklin’s scheme• Well devised but premature• Albany delegates unanimously accepted• Colonists thought it didn’t give them enough

independence British thought it gave to much

Battle of Quebec • Montreal fell• Last time French were in North America• Left behind French pop. In Canada

Peace of Paris French Results English Results

•sugar island in the West Indies•2 non-fortified islets in the Gulf of St. Lawrence for fishing•compensate Spanish for losses•Gave Spain all tarns-Mississippi Louisiana •New Orleans

•Spain gave Florida to Britain•In exchange for Cuba

Chief Pontiac • Led several tribes • Handful of French traders • Violent campaign to remove Brits from Ohio• Overran all but 3 Brit posts in Appalachians • Killed 2000 soldiers and settlers

Proclamation of 1763• Issued by London• Prohibited settlement in area beyond

Appalachians• Was not designed to oppress colonists, but

end Indian conflict• Speculators were angry

Chapter 7

Navigation Laws • Aimed at rival Dutch shippers• All goods coming to and from the colonies had

to go through Great Britain• Tariffs were largely collected• Middlemen made good profits• Inflicted a currency shortage in the colonies

George Grenville • Prime minister who first aroused resentment

for the colonies • Ordered Brit navy to strictly enforce Nav. Laws• Said American protests were absurd

Sugar Act of 1764• First law ever passed to raise tax revenue in

the colonies• Increased duty on sugar from the West Indies• Bitter colonial protests• Duties lowered substantially and protests

decreased

Quartering Act of 1765• Colonists had to provide food and quarters for

Brit troops• Lots of resentment

Stamp Act of 1765• Raise revenues to support the new military

force• Mandated the use of stamped paper for the

affixing of stamps• Certifying payment of the tax• Stamps were required on bills of sales for

about fifty trade items

The Stamp Act Congress of 1765• In New York• 27 delegates from 9 colonies • Dignified debate• Statement of rights and grievances • Beseeched the King and Parliament to repeal

legislation

Declaratory Act• Reaffirming Parliament’s right “to bind” the

colonies “in all cases whatsoever”• Called forth a greater need for rebellion

Townshend Acts • “Champagne Charley” Townshend• Light import duty on glass, white lead, paper,

paint and tea• Tax unlike Stamp Act- made to pay the salaries

of Royal Governors • Light and indirect

King George III• Assert the power of the Brit monarchy• Good man in private morals but bad ruler• Greedy for power• Surrounded by “yes men” • Corrupt prime minister Lord North

Samuel Adams • Boston citizen• Ultra-sensitive to infractions on colonial rights• Deep faith in the common man• Coordinated local committees of

correspondence

Intolerable Acts• Responsible for the Boston Tea Party• Boston Port Act- closed harbor until damages

were paid• New Quartering Act- gave local authorities

power to put Brit soldiers anywhere• Quebec Act- French guaranteed their Catholic

religion and traditional values

Continental Congress • 12 out of 13 attended• Georgia was missing• Fifty five well respected men• Not legislature but consultative body• Drew up Declaration of Rights• Appeals to Brit American colonies, to the King,

and the Brit people

The Association • Complete boycott of British goods• Nonimportation, nonexportation, and

nonconsumption • Delegates were not yet calling for

independence• Congress planned to meet again in May 75

Lexington & Concord • Brit commander in Boston sent out troops to

Lexington and Concord • “Minute Men” refused to disperse quickly

enough and eight died others wounded• Aka “Lexington Massacre” they moved to

Concord • Forced to retreat to their sanctuary of Boston