1.2 Colonial Era

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Colonial Era

COLONIZATION Malaysia was once a colonized land.

Was subjugated by other powers for total period of 446 years since 1511 until 1957.

COLONIZATION Portuguese, Dutch, British, Japanese and

British had colonized the country before.

But only British and Japanese colonized the whole country and left impact on the people

COLONIZATION Important impacts on administration

system, economy, education and ethnics relations

COLONIZATION

Colonists and the Features of Domination

EUROPEAN PENETRTION & COLONIALISM

1511 – Malacca conquered by Portuguese. Malay Sultanate re-established in Johore.

1699 – Sultan Mahmud murdered, ending Malaccan dynasty.

EUROPEAN PENETRTION & COLONIALISM

1786 – Francis Light founds British trading settlement on Penang.

1824 – British acquired Malacca from the Dutch in exchange for Bencoolen in Sumatra.

PORTUGUESE COLONIZATION

Lukisan menggambarkan kedatangan orang Portugis ke Negeri Melaka pada tahun 1509. Bangsa Portugis merupakan orang

Eropah pertama menjejakkan kaki ke Melaka.

Pemandangan Bandar Melaka oleh pelukis Portugis pada tahun 1511

Reasons for Portuguese to go East

Control the spice trade

Control important trade route to the East

Discover the sea route to the east through Cape of Good Hope

Reasons for Portuguese to go East

Process superior sea power and naval expertise

Spread Christianity

PORTUGUESE COLONIZATION Lopez de Sequeira was defeated by Tun

Mutahir in 1509.

Rivalry between local Malays and Muslim Tamils in Malacca

PORTUGUESE COLONIZATION Sultan Mahmud executed Tun Mutahir for

refusing to marry Tun Fatimah to him.

Chinese and Javanese were not happy with treatment and high customs taxes.


In 1511, the Vice Roy of India, Alfonso de Albuquerque, organized an expedition to attack Malacca.

PORTUGUESE COLONIZATION Albuquerque captured Malacca on 24

August 1511 with superior artillery.

PORTUGUESE COLONIZATION Sultan Mahmud Shah retreated to Muar,

Pahang, Bentan and died in Kampar, Sumatra.

Portuguese settlers married the locals, Malays indifferent to Christianity, Islam taken roots

PORTUGUESE COLONIZATION A fortress, A Famosa, was built in

November 1511 to defend Malacca from any attacks.

PORTUGUESE COLONIZATION Fall of Melaka signified disunity, disloyalty,

struggle for power and influence and administrative inefficiency render a country weak and helpless

PORTUGUESE COLONIZATION Melaka’s fall gave Portugal the control over

the main Asiatic main trade routes


Introduced own system to strengthen political and economic position in the East

Posts of Bendahara, Temenggung and Syahbandar were retained – but limited jurisdictions

PORTUGUESE COLONIZATION Portuguese mercantile policy displayed

extreme greed

Traders had to pay high tax, sell goods at low price and obtain special permit before conducting business

PORTUGUESE COLONIZATION In their greed to control spice trade –

Muslims traders were treated poorly – they later turned to other ports like Johor, Acheh and Demak.

Tripartite struggle (Acheh, Portuguese and Johor), trade suffered and shifted to Pasai.

PORTUGUESE COLONIZATION Missionary work began

Johor and Acheh were main enemies and there were threatening Malacca’s security

PORTUGUESE COLONIZATION With assistance from Johor, Dutch defeated

Portuguese

After 130 years of occupation, Portuguese fell to the Dutch

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Dutch Colonization

Dutch Colonization The Dutch were successful in establishing

their presence in the East Indies and Spice Islands.

Started trading in the 17th century at Betawi (Batavia) in Java.

Dutch Colonization Dutch East India Company (VOC) in 1602 –

to control spice trade and tin mining

They too wanted to dominate commerce in the Malay Peninsula.

Dutch Colonization The Dutch wanted to conquer Malacca to

ensure their monopoly of the entire intra-Asia trade in the Malay-Indonesia Archipelago.

Dutch Colonization Betawi would become the trading centre.

Malacca, on the other hand, would serve as a city for the Dutch to regulate tin-rich states in the Malay Peninsula.

Dutch Colonization Dutch defeated Portuguese with the help of

Johor. Johor at that time was under the rule of

sultan Abdul Jalil

Dutch Colonization 1639 – signed a treaty granted the nobles

of Johor free access to trade in the Malacca Straits

Dutch Colonization In 1650 Dutch, attempted to monopolize tin

trade in Perak – foiled by opposition from the local people.

Dutch had to give up their desire for tin monopoly following an attack by Panglima Kulup Ali in 1690

Dutch Colonization In 1795, during the Napoleonic wars, Dutch

surrendered Malacca to the British.

In 1818, after the wars, under the Treaty of Vienna, Malacca was restored to Dutch.

Dutch Colonization Johor-Dutch friendship was severely tested

by commercial rivalry between the two parties

Situation reached its peak in 1782 – Dutch laid siege to Riau

Dutch Colonization Meanwhile in Selangor, Sultan Ibrahim

whom the Dutch accused for not wanting to sell the tin and for favoring the English East India Company.

Sultan Ibrahim (with help from Rembau and Raja Haji) attacked the Dutch

Dutch Colonization Attack failed– conflict between Selangor

and Dutch dragged on to 1786

Dutch tried its best to stifle Johor’s power

1784 agreement – Sultan Mahmud (the third) was forced to surrender Riau

Dutch Colonization The Sultan’s disenchantment was

intensified when the Dutch sent a Resident to Riau.

1787 – Johor launched a military attack on Dutch in Riau – later Dutch recaptured Riau in the same year

BRITISH COLONIZATION OF PENANG, SINGAPORE

AND MELAKA

BRITISH COLONIZATION

Established British East India Company in 1600 to facilitate trade with China.

Began interested in Malay Archipelago after trade with China became not very successful and wanted to find a pirate-free port.


Britain’s colonization of Penang was achieved through deception and aggressiveness by Francis Light


Penang was considered strategically located to serve as a military as well as commercial base.

Penang was part of the territory of Kedah.

Back then…


Kedah was facing threats from Siam and Burma

Sultan Muhammad Jiwa offered British to set up settlements for protection – in case of an attack


Offer was not taken – reoffered by Sultan Abdullah (due to threats in the palace and external factors)

Sultan Muhammad Jiwa laid out several conditions:


British would protect the waters of Kedah

Enemies of Kedah considered enemies of British too

Expenses incurred in war would be borne by East India company


Ships could trade freely in Kedah or Penang

Compensation of $30 000 peso paid to Sultan

British would protect Kedah from enemy attack


Francis Light signed the agreement without obtaining permission form his superiors in India.

Later, East India Company turned down Kedah’s conditions to safeguard their interests with Siam and Selangor


Sultan Abdullah ordered British to leave Penang

The situation become tense when British refused to leave.

British attacked Seberang Perai – before Kedah could take any action


serious defeat on Kedah

Sultan was forced to accept British’s conditions imposed by the British in 1791


British’s conditions:

acknowledging British’s right to occupy Penang with annual payment of $6000 peso as compensation

With this agreement, British colonial rule of Penang began


British in Penang had difficulty in obtaining food supplies as Penang depended for the supply of food.

Kedah tried to obstruct the supply of food to Penang


Being weak Kedah was in no position to resist British pressure.

handing over Seberang Perai in 1800.

Under this agreement, Sultan will receive Annual compensation of $10 000 peso paid

No indication of protection given for Kedah

BRITISH IN SINGAPORE

BRITISH IN SINGAPORE British realized that Penang’s geographical position

was too far to the north.

Began to look for new base elsewhere in the region close to the Straits of Malacca

BRITISH IN SINGAPORE Task was given to Stamford Raffles

Stanford Raffles found Singapore and considered it suitable


Raffles found out that there was a succession dispute between two sons of the Johor ruler Sultan Mahmud III

Raffles recognized Tengku Husin (the elder son) as the Sultan of Johor


In gratitude of Raffles support, Tengku Husin allowed British to set up a settlement in Singapore through an agreement signed in 1819

Conditions of the agreement:


British would protect Tengku Husin

Annual compensation of $3000 paid

Stipulated not to have relationship with any other European power

Anglo-Dutch Treaty 1824 Was signed on 17 March 1824 with the main aim of

ending all rivalry between the British and the Dutch.

A number of terms had been agreed :

Anglo-Dutch Treaty 1824 Territories to the North and east of Straits of

Malacca were given to British

Those to the west and south of the Straits came under Dutch influence

Dutch handed over Malacca to the British in exchange for Bencoolen (Bangkahulu)

Anglo-Dutch Treaty 1824 With this exchange, three important ports in the

Malay Peninsula-Penang, Singapore and Malacca-were now under control of the British.

In 1826 three territories become known as the Straits Settlement

Questions List the lessons that we learnt from

colonization.

State mistakes made by our people that resulted in foreign colonization.

Documents

1.2 Colonial Era