The Cold War Begins Part 3 A Global View: Regional Civilizations Part Introduction This part will cover the civilizations and empires that developed in

The Cold War Begins

Part 3

A Global View: Regional Civilizations

Part Introduction

This part will cover the civilizations and empires that developed in Europe, Africa, and Asia.

• 1: The Rise of Europe (500−1300)

• 2: The High and Late Middle Ages (1050−1450)

• 3: The Byzantine Empire and Russia (330−1613)

• 4: Muslim Civilizations (622−1629)

• 5: Kingdoms and Trading States of Africa (730 B.C.−A.D. 1591)

• 6: Spread of Civilizations in East Asia (500−1650)

The Cold War BeginsA Global View: Regional Civilizations

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From about 500 to 1500, sprawling regional civilizations came to dominate the world.

• A single powerful empire sometimes dominated its neighbors.

• Common geographic features such as plains or mountains linked some cultures.

• Two major regional civilizations were based on religion: Christianity and Islam.


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The Rise of Europe (500−1300)

• From 400-700, Europe was carved into small kingdoms.

• Around 800, Charlemagne united them. He revived learning and spread Christianity.

• After Charlemagne’s death, waves of Magyars, Vikings, and Muslims invaded.

Germanic invaders ended Roman rule in Western Europe.


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A new system arose to provide protection, order, and link all levels of society: feudalism.

Powerful lords divided land and protected lesser lords, or vassals, in return for loyalty.

Vassals received a fief or estate, which included the peasants or serfs who lived there.

Lords battled for power and trained from boyhood as mounted warriors or knights.

Knights developed a code of honor or chivalry.

The economy was based on the lord’s manor, worked by the serfs in return for protection.


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The Church was the most important medieval institution.

• The Western or Roman Catholic Church grew in secular power. Church officials often held government positions, because no one else was educated.

• The Church taught that all people were sinners; to avoid hell one had to believe in Christ and participate in the sacraments. This gave clergy great power, which was sometimes abused.


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The economy expanded and a middle class of merchants, artisans, and traders emerged in medieval towns.

• New technology, such as the iron plow and windmill, increased productivity.

• Merchant guilds soon dominated town life and the economy, taking power from the lords.

• By 1300, this new middle class had revived and changed the economy of Western Europe.


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The High and Late Middle Ages (1050–1450.)

An example is England. William the Conqueror took the throne there in 1069.

Over centuries this developed into today’s system of nations.

During the High Middle Ages, feudal overlords or monarchs began to consolidate their power.


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• In the 1200s King John was forced to sign the Magna Carta, which give nobles certain rights. These were later extended to all citizens.

• The king had to live by the law as citizens do.

• The king had to ask the council, which evolved into Parliament, before raising taxes.

William’s successors developed a system of royal justice which led to English common law. Kings, nobles, and the Church struggled for power.


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This Holy Roman Emperor, as well as various kings, struggled with the Church for power. The

Pope could excommunicate those who disobeyed, so they could not receive the holy sacraments

of the Church.

When a single ruler united the German states, the Pope crowned him emperor.


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• Christians left on these Crusades to free the Holy Land.

• They failed, but the Crusades did expose Europeans to new learning.

• They also left a legacy of religious hatred between Muslims and Christians.

In 1050 the pope called on Christians to come to the aid of the Byzantine Christians who had been attacked by Muslim Turks.


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• A positive result of the Crusades was a growth in learning. Classical literature were translated into the common language, or vernacular.

• The Late Middle Ages was also brought a series of disasters. The bubonic plague or Black Death ravaged Europe, spread by unsanitary conditions.

• It would take over a hundred years for Europe to recover.


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The Byzantine Empire and Russia (330–1613)

• Emperor Constantine rebuilt Byzantium, renaming it Constantinople.

• During the Middle Ages it thrived.

After the fall of Rome, the Byzantine empire in the east survived.


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The eastern Church continued even when Constantinople fell to the Ottomans in 1453.

The result was a schism, or permanent split, with Rome, in 1054.

The Emperor Justinian created “Justinian’s Code,” which preserved and extended the heritage of Roman law.

The Byzantine clergy rejected the pope’s authority over the Church.


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With the fall of the Byzantine empire, many scholars moved to the West, bringing knowledge that would contribute to the Renaissance.

Empress Theodora, who assisted her husband Justinian.


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• Monks adapted the Greek alphabet and translated the Bible, converting the people to the Orthodox faith.

• Russians also adopted Byzantine styles of architecture and art.

Russia evolved in present-day Ukraine. At Kiev, Viking and Byzantine cultures mixed with the local Slav population.


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• Russia was cut off from the West just as new scientific ideas were emerging there.

• By 1505, the Russians had regained power under Ivan III. He and his successors took the title of tsar.

• His grandson Ivan IV, known as “Ivan the Terrible,” established a tradition of absolute rule.

In the 1200s, the Mongols conquered Russia.


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• Waves of Asian groups swept in, including Magyars, Huns, Avars, Bulgars, and Khazars.

In Eastern Europe, no single ethnic group dominated.

• Missionaries brought Byzantine culture and Eastern Orthodox Christianity.

• Jewish refugees who were persecuted in western Europe also moved east.

• Many kingdoms arose over time.


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Muslim Civilizations (622–1629)

After being called in a vision, he spent his life spreading the new faith.

All Muslims follow the Five Pillars of Islam: belief in one God, daily prayer, charity, fasting, and the hajj or pilgrimage to Mecca.

Muhammad, the prophet of Islam, was born in Mecca in 570.


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When Muhammad died in 632, Abu Bakr was chosen as caliph, or successor.

• His military campaign eventually spread Islam to Asia, the Mediterranean, and the Middle East.

• The Abbasid dynasty moved the capital to Baghdad and made it a magnificent city.

• Near the end of the 1200s the Muslim empire fragmented.


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Between 750 and 1350 Muslim merchants established a vast trading network.

• During the golden age of Muslim civilizations pioneering advances were made in mathematics, astronomy, medicine, philosophy, literature, and the arts.

• Domed mosques or houses of worship dominated cities and Baghdad was a great center of learning.


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• The Muslims killed many Hindus and destroyed Buddhist temples, though later sultans grew more tolerant.

• In 1526, Turkish and Mongol invaders led by Babur established the Mughal dynasty.

In the late 1100s a Muslim sultan defeated Hindu armies in India; his successors established the Delhi sultanate.


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Under Suleiman, the Ottomans dominated the culture of the Balkan region and Asia Minor.

The glory of ancient of Persia was revived under Shah Abbas the Great, who ruled from 1588 to 1629.

In 1453 the Ottomans captured Constantinople.

In the 1500s the Safavid empire grew in Persia.


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Kingdoms and Trading States of Africa (730 B.C.–1591)

• For thousands of years, Nubia reigned as an independent kingdom.

• The capital was moved to Meroë around 500 B.C.

• The Nubians fell to invaders from Axum around 350 B.C.

While Egypt developed on the northern part of the Nile, Nubia or Kush grew on the river to the south.


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North Africa eventually became Muslim after many others ruled the region first.

• Cities benefited from a rich trading network in ivory, grain, wine, and gold.

• Camel caravans brought goods from kingdoms in West Africa.


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Several kingdoms arose in West Africa.

• In 800, the Soninka formed Ghana, which Arab writers called the “land of gold.”

• In 1250, Mali took control of the gold and salt supplies of the Sahara. Emperor Mansa Musa increased ties with Muslim scholars.

• In the 1400s, Songhai replaced Mali. Songhai itself splintered due to to civil wars in the 1580s.


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In the 300s, Axum’s Christian king strengthened ties to the Mediterranean. But in the 600s Islam came to dominate North Africa and Axum declined.

As Axum declined, cities along the east coast of Africa replaced it as centers for trade. By 1000, Indian Ocean commerce was thriving.

Axum was already an important center for trade when it conquered Nubia in A.D. 350.


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Geography, climate, migration, and trade all influenced early African societies.

• In some medieval African societies the nuclear family was typical. In others several generations lived together.

• Religion and political structures also varied.

• In West Africa, griots, professional story-tellers, maintained a rich tradition of oral literature.


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Spread of Civilizations in East Asia (500–1650)

• Surrounding regions were forced to pay tribute.

• A canal system encouraged transportation and trade.

• Land was redistributed to the peasants.

The glory of the Han was restored under the Tang dynasty (618–907).


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In 960 the Song dynasty reunited China, which had splintered with the fall of the

Tang.

• The Song ruled for 319 years, a golden age in Chinese history.

• Song culture and wealth dominated Asia.

• Paper money was used, trade and wealth expanded, and China’s cities became centers of commerce. Some had populations of over a million.


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Under the Tang and the Song, China had a well-ordered society with numerous cultural achievements.

• Besides the emperor and the aristocracy there were classes of scholar-gentry and peasant farmers.

• Prose and poetry flourished.

• Painting and calligraphy were essential skills for the scholar-gentry.

In 1279 the Mongols conquered the Tang; under their rule trade on the Silk Road flourished.


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In 1368 the Ming dynasty pushed the Mongols past the Great Wall.

• The Ming restored civil service exams.

• Confucian learning became the road to success.

• Ming explorers expanded trade. Admiral Zheng He commanded a fleet of hundreds of vessels.


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Korea lay in the zone of Chinese influence while maintaining its own traditions.

• Koreans improved on the wood block printing technique invented by the Chinese.

• Korean scholars created a simpler alphabet than the Chinese, leading to a highly literate society.


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While early Japan was influenced by China, it remained independent.

• About A.D. 500 the Yamato dynasty began.

• Scholars were sent to study in China; some Chinese ideas were adopted, others discarded.

Real power in feudal Japan lay with the supreme military commander, or shogun.


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The Tokugawa brought peace and stability to Japan. Trade flourished and culture flowered.

The shoguns were very conservative, which led to conflict when foreigners arrived in the 1500s.

In 1603 Tokugawa Ieyasu founded a shogunate that ruled until 1868.


Part 3

Hip Hop History

The Spread of Civilization in East and Southeast Asia


Part 3

Part Review

A Global View: Regional Civilizations

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The Cold War Begins Part 3 A Global View: Regional Civilizations Part Introduction This part will cover the civilizations and empires that developed in