Farid K. Muzaki, S.Si., M.Si

Jurusan BIOLOGIFMIPA – ITS Surabaya

THE CNIDARIATaxonomy of Animalia – SB091321

Characters (1)

Di l bl ti M t with t d d t d t d b Diploblastic Metazoa with ectoderm and entoderm separated by a (primarily) ectodermally derived acellular mesoglea or partly cellular mesenchymePossess primary radial symmetry, often modified as biradial, quadriradial, or other form; the primary body axis is oral–aboralP i i i dh i ll d id h Possess unique stinging or adhesive structures called cnidae; each cnida resides in and is produced by one cell, a cnidocyte. The most common cnidae are called nematocystsMusculature formed largely of myoepithelial cells (= epitheliomuscular cells), derived from ectoderm and entoderm ( d lt id i d t d i )(adult epidermis and gastrodermis)

Cnidarian bauplanp

Cnidarian bauplanp

Derivative symmetry on Cnidaria:

A. Quadridarial

B. Radial

C BiradialC. Biradial

D. Biadial

Cnidarian bauplan

A hydrozoan polyp column wall (cross section) section) illustrates the basic cnidarian cell and tissue types

Characters (2)

E hibit lt ti f l l id d l d id Exhibit alternation of asexual polypoid and sexual medusoid generations; but there are many variations on this basic themeThe entodermally derived gastrovascular cavity (coelenteron) is the y g y ( )only “body cavity.” The coelenteron is saclike, partitioned, or branched, but has only a single opening, which serves as both mouth and anusmouth and anusWithout a head, centralized nervous system, or discrete gas exchange, excretory, or circulatory structuresNervous system is a simple nerve net(s), composed of naked and largely nonpolar neuronsTypically have planula larvae (ciliated, motile, gastrula larvae)

Class 1: HYDROZOA

Alternation of generations occurs in most genera (typically asexual benthic polyps alternate with sexual planktonic medusae), although one or the other generation may be suppressed or lackingg y pp gpolyps usually colonial, with interconnected coelenteronsExoskeleton usually of chitin or occasionally calcium carbonate (hydrocorals)coelenteron of polyps and medusae lacks a pharynx and mesenteriesmesenteriesmesoglea acellular; tentacles solid or hollow; cnidae occur only in epidermis

Hydrozoan bauplany p

Hydra, a solitary Hydrozoan

Hydra: life cycley y

Life cycle of Hydra:

Sperm produced by the male polyp (a) fertilizes the eggs of the female polyp (b). During cleavage, the eggs secrete a chitinous theca about themselves. After hatching, the embryos (c) grow into polyps that reproduce that reproduce asexually by budding (d), until environmental conditions again trigger

l d tisexual reproduction

Colonial Hydrozoa

A. A thecate hydroid colony. The blastostyles blastostyles produce either sporosacs or medusae

B. A typical leptomedusa

Life cycle of Obelia, a colonial Hydrozoa

Hydrozoa: Taxonomy & Classificationy

O. HydroidayS.O Anthomedusae, ex: Hydra, HydractiniaS.O Leptomedusae, ex: Obelia, Sertularia

O. Trachylina, ex: Rhopalonema, PolypodiumO Si h h A l i Ph liO. Siphonophora, ex: Apolemia, PhysaliaO. Chondrophora, ex: Porpita, VelellaO. Actinulida, ex: Halammohydra, Otohydra

Physalia physalis (Portuguese man of war)

Class 2: SCYPHOZOA

Medusoid stage predominates; polypoid individuals (scyphistomae) are small and inconspicuous but often long-livedpolyps produce medusae by asexual budding (strobilation)coelenteron divided by four longitudinal (oral–aboral) mesenterie

d d t (with t l ) t i ll with thi k medusae acraspedote (without a velum), typically with a thick mesogleal (or collenchymal) layer, distinct pigmentation, filiform or capitate tentacles, and marginal notches producing lappetsmouth may or may not be on a manubrium; usually without a ring canal

SCYPHOZOAN bauplan

Life cycle of Aurelia. The fertilized egg (b) The fertilized egg (b) is released to develop into a planula larva (c), which settles to grow into a polyp, the g p yp,scyphistoma (d). The scyphistoma either buds off new polyps (e) or produces ( ) pephyrae by strobilation (f); ephyra (g) grows into an adult medusae

Some of Scyphozoayp

A. Chrysaora

B. Rhopilema

C. Aurelia

D. Mastigias

Scyphozoa: Taxonomy & Classification

Stauromedusae, ex: Halyclistis

Coronatae, ex: ,Atolla

Semaeostomeae, ex: Cyaneaex: Cyanea

Rhizostomeae, ex: Cassiopea

Class 3: Cubozoa

l h d i l d b l t polyps each produce a single medusa by complete metamorphosis (strobilation does not occur)medusa bell nearly square in cross sectiony qhollow interradial tentacle(s) hang from bladelike pedalia, one at each corner of umbrellaunfrilled bell margin drawn inward to form a velum-like structure (the velarium) into which diverticula of the gut extend

Comparison between a cubomedusae (A) and scyphomedusae (B)

Some of Cubozoa

Chiropsalmus

Carybdea

Fact sheet

Chironex fleckerii has been described as described as "the most lethal jellyfish in the world", with at least 63 known deaths in Australia from us a a o 1884 to 1996

Class 4: ANTHOZOA

solitary or colonial; without a medusoid stageCoelenteron divided by longitudinal (oral–aboral) mesenteries, the free edges of which form thick, cordlike mesenterial filamentstentacles usually number 8 or occur in multiples of 6 and contain extensions of the coelenteronextensions of the coelenteronpolyps may reproduce both sexually and asexually

Anthozoan bauplanp

Anatomy of a soft coral polyp

Anthozoan bauplan

Anatomy of a hard coral polyp

Anthozoan life cycley

A l A typical anthozoansexual life cycle: the adult polyp releases p ypgametes which fuse externally, or fertilized eggs are released and released, and zygotes develop into a planulalarvae; the l ttl larvae settle and transform directly into young polyps

Anthozoa: Taxonomy & Classification

Subclass Octocorallia (Alcyonaria)

Order Alcyonacea; Alcyonium, Anthomastus

Order Gastraxonacea; Pseudogorgia

O d G C lli E i E i llOrder Gorgonacea; Corallium, Eugorgia, Eunicella

Order Helioporacea; Heliopora, Epiphaxum

Order Pennatulacea; Anthoptilum, Balticina

Order Protoalcyonacea; Haimea, Hartea

Order Stolonifera; Tubipora, Clavularia

O d T l C l i P t l tOrder Telestacea; Coelogorgia, Paratelesto

Subclass Hexacorallia (Zoantharia)

Subclass Ceriantipatharia

Anthozoa: Taxonomy & Classification

Subclass Hexacorallia (Zoantharia)Subclass Hexacorallia (Zoantharia)Order Actiniaria; Actinia, Stichodactyla, Aiptasia

Order Scleractinia; Acropora Porites OculinaOrder Scleractinia; Acropora, Porites, Oculina

Order Zoanthidea; Palythoa, Epizoanthus, Zoanthus

O d C lli h iOrder Corallimorpharia; Amplexidiscus, Rhodactis

Subclass CeriantipathariaOrder Antipatharia; Antipathes

Order Ceriantharia; Cerianthus, Arachnanthus

Terms in identifying hard coral (1)y g

Corallum entire skeleton of a scleractinian coral, regardless of , gwhether the animal is solitary or colonial

Corallite the skeleton of a single polypCalyx concave depression that houses the polyp (pl: calices)Theca outer wall of the coralliteSeptum skeletal plates that radiate into the calyx from the wall (sometimes called scleroseptum); which project inward and support the mesenteries of the polyp (pl: septa)p yp (p p )

Coenosteum skeletal material between walls of adjacent corallites

Costa extensions of the septa outside the wall of the corallite (pl: costae)

Terms in identifying hard coral (2)y g

Columella central structure of the calyx formed by fusion of the lower elements of the septap

Tuberculae larger-than-polyp bumps occurring in the coenosteumVerrucae larger-than-polyp bumps composed of several corallites

Papillae smaller-than-polyp, nipple-like bumps on the surface of the skeletonthe skeleton

Skeleton of hard coral (Scleractinia)

A general anatomy of skeleton of hard coralhard coral

The arrangement of corallite (1)

Solitary Solitary Cerioid Phacelloid Phacelloid Hydnophorid Pl id Plocoid Dendroid Meandroid Flabello-meandroid

The arrangement of corallite (2)

Phaceloid koralit memanjangmembentuk tabung dan juga mempunyaikoralit dengan dinding masing-masingEx. Galaxea fascicularis

SolitarySolitaryEx. Fungia horrida

The arrangement of corallite (3)

Cerioid apabila dinding koralit saling menyatu dan membentuk permukaan yang datarEx. Leptastrea purpurea

Plocoid tiap koralit memiliki Plocoid tiap koralit memiliki dindingnya masing-masing yang terhubung oleh coenosteumEx.

The arrangement of corallite (4)

Dendroid koloni hampir menyerupai pohon yang dijumpai cabang-cabang dan di ujung cabang biasanya dijumpai calix utamaEx. Tubastrea micrantha

Meandroid koloni mempunyai koralitMeandroid koloni mempunyai koralityang membentuk lembah dan koralit disatukan oleh dinding-dinding yang saling menyatu dan membentuk alur-alur seperti sungaiEx. Pavona varians

The arrangement of corallite (5)

Hydnophorid koralit terbentuk seperti bukit tersebar pada seluruh permukaan sehingga sangat mudah untuk dikenalEx. Hydnophora rigiday p g

Flabello Meandroid seperti Flabello-Meandroid seperti meandroid, membentuk lembah-lembah memanjang, namun koralit tidak memiliki dinding bersamaEx. Symphillia

T i K ihTerima Kasih