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1861-1865
Fort Sumter: April 12, 1861
Two Combatants
Sometimes called the first modern war
Mass armies fighting with weapons forged out of the Industrial Revolution
Large numbers of casualties
Less distinction between military and civilian targets
Initially, war stimulated powerful feelings of patriotism, and recruits hastened to enlist, thinking the war would be short and glorious
Both sides later resorted to a draft
The Union
President: Abraham Lincoln
Advantages Larger population-22 million
Most of the country’s industry
Efficient rail system
Controlled the navy
Support of border states
Capable leadership; ex. Ulysses S Grant
Disadvantages Had to fight an offensive war with longer supply lines
Had to defeat the Confederates defending home and family
President: Jefferson Davis
Advantages:
Excellent generals; ex. Robert E Lee and Stonewall Jackson
Fighting on the defensive
Cotton a profitable resource; one big farm
Hearts and minds devoted to the cause
As it seceded, seized arsenals and other public property
Disadvantages
Population of only 9 million (3.5 million slaves)
Limited industry, fewer rail lines
The Confederacy
Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd Edition
Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company
Figure 14.1 Resources For War: Union Versus Confederacy
Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd Edition
Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company Generals Robert E. Lee and Ulysses S. Grant
Railroads moved troops and supplies
Ironclads Monitor and Merrimac transformed naval warfare
Telegraph, observation balloons, and even hand grenades and submarines were used for the first time.
Long range rifles replaced the musket leading to large numbers of casualties
Technology of War
Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd Edition
Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company
Battle of the Iron-clads Monitor and Merrimac
Both sides used propaganda to sway public opinion
Using newspapers, telegraph, and photographs
Both struggled with no central banking and no tax system to raise revenue
Problems of purchasing and distributing food, weapons, and other supplies for the armies were huge
Eventually the Union would become the best-fed and best-supplied
Mobilizing Resources
The Northern military plan had 6 components:
1) Slowly suffocate the South by blockading its coasts.
2) Liberate the slaves and undermine the economic foundation of the South.
3) Cut the Confederacy in half by seizing control of the Mississippi River.
4) Dismember the Confederacy by sending troops through Georgia and the Carolinas.
5) Capture its capital at Richmond.
6) Try everywhere to engage the enemy and grind it into submission.
Northern Plans
First Years (1861-1862)
Initially the North experienced a series of crushing defeats in the Eastern campaign.
Lincoln appointed and replaced a number of generals. Union will successfully deflect the Confederates at
Antietam; however at a high cost. Bloodiest single day of the war-22,000 casualties
Confederate ironclad Merrimac (CSS Virginia) failed to break the Union blockade in its battle against the USS Monitor
Grant will have greater success in a series of battles in the West and Admiral David Farragut will capture New Orleans
Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd Edition
Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company
Map 14.2 The Civil War in the East, 1861 - 1862
Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd Edition
Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company
Map 14.3 The Civil War in the East, 1861 - 1862
Slavery and the War
Ending slavery was not a goal in the beginning in an effort to retain the border states and preserve the Union
Confederates used slave labor for military purposes
As blacks began to escape, Union commanders began treating escaped slaves as “contraband” of war—property of military value subject to confiscation. Confiscation Acts-series of laws with the intention to free
Confederate slaves
Thousands escaped to the safety of Union lines, crippling many plantations. In areas occupied by northern soldiers, slaves refused to work unless paid.
Radical Republicans and abolitionists including Frederick
Douglass pressed to make the ending of slavery a priority
Antietam provided Lincoln with the military backing to issue the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation on September 23, 1862.
On January 1, 1863, Lincoln issued a final proclamation. Strengthening the North’s moral cause.
It called for the freeing of all slaves in Confederate territory.
British will not recognize the Confederacy as a result of the Proclamation and the discovery of new cotton resources in Egypt and India.
Emancipation Proclamation
Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd Edition
Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company Map 14.4 The Emancipation Proclamation
The Tide Turns
In the spring of 1863, the Union defeated the Southern army at Vicksburg, MS gaining control of the Mississippi River.
In July 1863, the Northern armies defeated Lee’s forces at Gettysburg, PA forcing a Southern retreat.
A cemetery will be dedicated at Gettysburg
Grant will be made commander of all Union forces in early 1864.
General William Tecumseh Sherman’s march through the South will help to break the Confederate spirit
Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd Edition
Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company
Map 14.6 The Civil War, Late 1864-1865
Election of 1864
Fearing defeat, the Republicans joined with the War Democrats to form the Union Party in the election of 1864. Lincoln's running-mate was Andrew Johnson, a local War Democrat.
The Democrats, including the Copperheads (opposed the war), nominated General McClellan was their presidential candidate.
The Northern Democrats lost the election of 1864; a big defeat for the South for the removal of Lincoln was the last hope for a Confederate victory.
The War Ends
Southern resources will dwindle with the Union blockade, Sherman's March, and Grants successful campaigns in Virginia.
On April 9, 1865, Lee was forced to surrender the Army of Northern Virginia at Appomattox Courthouse in Virginia, effectively ending the Civil War.
Only five days later, Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth, a celebrated actor, at Ford’s Theatre in Washington, D.C.
25
Political Change
Secession brought Republican majorities to Congress
Arguments of nullification and secession ended
Lincoln suspended the writ of habeas corpus allowing the detention of suspects without giving just cause; designed to eliminate dissent
The Conscription Act allowed for a draft of men ages 20 to 45; July 1863 draft riots erupted in New York City
The 13th Amendment formally abolished slavery
Increased tariffs and taxes and sold bonds Morrill Tariff (1861)
Amassed a huge national debt Printed paper money called “greenbacks” Northern manufacturers, railroad businessmen, and
financiers benefited from government policies Republican policy helped growth in the West Homestead Act (1863) offered free 160 acre parcels in the
Great Plains for families that farmed the land for at least 5 years
Pacific Railway Act (1862) authorized the building of a transcontinental RR
Economic Change
Social Change
Women
Stepped in to men’s jobs on farms, in offices, and in factory; served as military nurses, spies, and in aid societies
Contributions gave impetus to women’s suffrage
Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd Edition
Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company
Filling Cartridges at the U. S. Arsenal of Watertown
Native Americans Soldiers were removed from Indian Territory to fight;
could not stop white settlers
Conflict between whites and federal troops and the Indians increased.
African Americans More than 200,000 served in the Union army and navy
and distinguished themselves; ex. 54th Massachusetts in its assault on Fort Wagner, SC
4 million slaves freed with passage of the 13th Amendment; now had Constitutional protections that previously did not exist.
Social Change (cont.)
Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd Edition
Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company
This widely reprinted recruiting poster urged
African-American men