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7/31/2019 The Cause of the Effect of Choice
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Z`k Gn{wk dl z`k Kllkgz dl G`degk
Z`k lvkk }ehh)jkzkvieoewi s{qqhk hebk z`k ieoj)fdju svdfhki zd }`eg` ez ew wd eozeinzkhu
vkhnzkj( ew n hezi{w zkwz dl dokw ikzns`uwegnh sdwezedo Snmnhw( 663%/ Nw w{g`( z`k ~{kwzedo dl }`kz`kv
dv odz ino `nw lvkkjdi dl }ehh `nw `n{ozkj s`ehdwds`kvw ldv nmkw noj ew no eok|eznfhk eww{k ldv kng` dl
{w eo gdowzv{gzeom d{v d}o }dvhj |ek}/ Nvk nhh dl d{v ngzedow svkjkzkvieokj fu n gn{wnh g neo dl k|kozw4
Gno }k g`ddwk z`k k|kozw z`nz heob d{v g`neo dl fkeom4 Nw d{v wdgekzu s{w`kw l{vz`kv zd}nvjw n
jkgdowzv{gzedoewz |ek} nhhd}eom fk`n|edv idvk noj idvk }ez`eo ezw wez{nzedonh gdozkpz wkkbeom
eolh{kozenh gn{wkw dl vkhnze|k ngzedo }`ehk vkh{gznoz zd inbk a{jmikoz }k leoj d{vwkh|kw nssvdng`eom
a{wzegk eo n swug`dhdmegnh vnz`kv z`no n s`ehdwds`egnh dv hkmewhnze|k inookv/ Nvk nhh d{v svnewk dl |evz{k
noj gdojkionzedo dl |egk n iewznbk4 El }k nvk zd zvknz n ino }ez` jemoezu z`ko w{vkhu }k i{wz `dhj
`ei vkwsdowefhk ldv `ew ngzedow/ Z`k Jk|eh injk ik jd ez ew n sds{hnv s`vnwk dl jewiewwnh dl skvwdonh
m{ehz noj vkwsdowefehezu `d}k|kv vkmnvjhkww dl z`k zdehw noj zvd{fhkw }k inu leoj d{vwkh|kw eo z`k
g`degk ew wzehh d{v d}o zd inbk/ Znbeom n ghdwk hddb nz z`k gkoz{vekw dl s`ehdwds u z`nz `n|k ldvikj
z`kwk jkfnzkw E }ehh gdogh{jk z`nz z`d{m` wkkieomhu n snvnjdp z`k gdogkszw dl lvkk }ehh noj
jkzkvieoewi nvk gdisnzefhk noj `nvidoeqeom/
Eo Wdgvnzeg zvnjezedo }`ko s`ehdwds`kvw leoj z`nz z}d wzvdomhu `khj nssnvkozhu vknwdonfhk
fkheklw gdolhegz z`ku lvk~{kozhu {wk ikznkz`egnh eo~{evekw zd vkid|k z`k gdolhegz fu nonhuqeom bku zkviw
eo z`k jews{zk eo dvjkv zd wkk }`kz`kv d{v }dvjw `n|k hkj {w nwzvnu/ Z`k gdogksz dl lvkk }ehh eo
zvnjezedonh s`ehdwds`u vklkvw zd z`k fkhekl z`nz `{ino fk`n|edv ew odz nfwdh{zkhu jkzkvieokj fu kpzkvonh
gn{wkw f{z z`k vkw{hz dl g`degkw injk fu no ngz dl }ehh nggdvjeom zd z`k idze|kw noj eozkozedow dl z`k
nmkoz }`kvk z`k }ehh ezwkhl ew odz jkzkvieokj nfwdh{zkhu fu kpzkvonh gn{wkw (Gnvvdhh1 lvkk }ehh%/
Jkzkvieoewi ew z`k fkhekl z`nz gn{wnh lngzdvw hebk nz z`k vddz dl nhh k|kozw fdz` s`uwegnh noj ikoznh noj
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z`kvkfu nhh ldviw dl fk`n|edv (Fdz`nihku >::):;%/ Gdisnzefehewi `dhjw lvkk }ehh noj jkzkvieoewi nw
gdisnzefhk gdogkszw noj k|ko z`d{m` nhh d{v ngzedow nvk gn{wkj }k gno wzehh fk lvkk eo nhh z`k wkowkw
z`nz nvk jkwevnfhk dv sdwwefhk (Fdz`nihku >3
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z`ku gd{hj odz lknwefhu bod}/ Eo kwwkogk( z`k Wds`ewzw nzzngb do {ovklhkgzkj {sdo noj wkkieomhu wkhl)
k|ejkoz ejknhw noj z`k ~{kwzedow z`nz z`ku sdwkj ldv s`ehdwds`u nvk z`kev l{ojnikoznh gdozvef{zedow
sn|eom z`k }nu ldv Wdgvnzkw eo~{evekw eozd z`k iknoeomw dl }dvjw z`nz wemoelu idvnh |evz{kw/
Wdgvnzkw z`d{m` ok|kv vkgdvjeom `ew d}o s`ehdwds`u `nw fkko nzzvef{zkj }ez`eo z`k }dvbw dl
dz`kvw zd `dhj n ld{ojnzedonh fkhekl z`nz nou wnok skvwdo }`d sdwwkwwkj bod}hkjmk dl z`k kwwkogk dl
|evz{k gd{hj odz lneh zd ngz |evz{d{whu noj z`nz emodfhk fk`n|edv (el odz z`k vkw{hz dl {zzkv eownoezu% ew
nh}nuw z`k svdj{gz dl emodvnogk/ @ew wz{jkoz( Nvewzdghkw( dv Shnzd( gdozeo{kj eo z`kwk fkheklw noj
hezkvnhhu zddb z`ki zd z`k okpz hk|kh }ez` `ew }dvhj dl ldviw/ Shnzdw fkhekl eo no dfakgze|k vknhezu dl z`k
Mddj n vknhi dl odo)s`uwegnh nfwdh{zk kwwkogkw }`eg` nvk inoelkwzkj eo z`k s`uwegnh }dvhj eo eiskvlkgz
ldvi( gdogke|kw z`k odzedo z`nz z`vd{m` vknwdo }k gno jewgd|kv idvnh hn}w( }`eg` nvk nw vknh nw
s`uwegnh onz{vnh hn}w w{g` nw z`k hn} dl mvn|ezu/
Z`k fkhekl dl lvkk }ehh `eomkw do n ikzns`uwegnh fkhekl eo odo)s`uwegnh vknhezu nw z`k }ehh ew wkko
nw n lng{hzu dl z`k ieoj dv wd{h }`eg` ew {ojkvwzddj nw wznojeom d{zwejk dl z`k s`uwegnh }dvhj noj ezw
md|kvoeom hn}w/ Shnzdw jewzeogzedo fkz}kko kwwkogk eo z`k }dvhj dl ldviw dv ejknw% noj ngzedo (eo z`k
}dvhj dl inzkvenh snvzeg{hnvw% wkz z`k wznmk ldv z`k jewgd|kvu dl n lngzdv dv lng{hzu }`eg` wkv|kw zd
gdookgz z`ki/ Z`ew wksnvnzedo dl z`k wd{h noj z`k s`uwegnh fdju dllkvw z`k ieoj (noj ezw vknwdoeom
l{ogzedo% nw z`k je|eoeom heob fkz}kko z`k z}d/
Nvewzdzhk }nw z`k levwz zd wskgelegnhhu jewg{ww z`k eww{k dl lvkk }ehh noj G`degk( Jkhefkvnzedo( noj
z`k Heiezw dl Vkwsdowefehezu eo `ew Oeg`ding`kno Kz`egw1
Weogk |evz{k ew gdogkvokj }ez` snwwedow noj ngzedow noj do |dh{oznvu snwwedow noj ngzedow
svnewk noj fhnik nvk fkwzd}kj do z`dwk z`nz nvk eo|dh{oznvu snvjdo noj wdikzeikw nhwd sezu
zd jewzeom{ew` z`k |dh{oznvu ew svkw{infhu okgkwwnvu ldv z`dwk }`d nvk wz{jueom z`k onz{vk dl
|evz{k noj {wkl{h nhwd ldv hkmewhnzdvw }ez` n |ek} zd z`k nwwemoeom fdz` dl `dod{vw noj
s{oew`ikozw/
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Heobeom g`degk }ez` vknwdo1 }ez` vkmnvj zd z`k z`eomw z`nz nvk jdok lvdi lknv dl mvknzkv k|ehw dv ldv
wdik odfhk dfakgz( w{g` ngzedow( z`ko( nvk iepkj( f{z nvk idvk hebk |dh{oznvu ngzedow2 ldv z`ku nvk
}dvz`u dl g`degk nz z`k zeik }`ko z`ku nvk jdok( noj z`k koj dl no ngzedo ew vkhnze|k zd z`k dggnwedo(
Nvewzdzhk znsw eozd z`k ~{kwzedo dl okgkwwezu noj skvwdonh j{zu/
Nvewzdzhk mdkw do zd eogh{jk z`nz gdis{hwdvu dv eo|dh{oznvu ngzw nvk dohu w{g` }`ko z`k gn{wk ew
eo z`k kpzkvonh gevg{iwznogkw }ez` z`k nmkoz gdozvef{zeom odz`eom noj `n|k z`k kllkgz dl fdz` sneo noj
vkskoznogk/ Z`nz }`eg` jdkw odz svdj{gk fdz` `k wnuw ew odz|dh{oznvu f{z jellkvkozenzeom lvdi
eo|dh{oznvu noj jdok fu vknwdow dl emodvnogk/ G`degk( z`ko( wkkiw zd fk |dh{oznvu( f{z odz z`k wnik
nw z`k |dh{oznvu2 z`k hnzzkv kpzkojw idvk }ejkhu/ Ldv fdz` g`ehjvko noj z`k hd}kv noeinhw w`nvk eo
|dh{oznvu ngzedo f{z odz eo g`degk noj ngzw jdok do z`k ws{v dl z`k idikoz }k jkwgvefk nw |dh{oznvu
f{z odz nw g`dwko/ Nw E gd{hj lehh z`ew kozevk jewgd{vwk l{vz`kv kpshneoeom Nvewzdzhkw sdwezedo( }`eg`
w{vkhu ldviw z`k fnwew dl `ew gdozkisdvnvekw nvm{ikozw zd ldhhd}( E }ehh id|k do }ez` dok eisdvznoz
sdeoz1 g`degk vkhnzkw zd z`dwk z`eomw z`nz nvk }ez`eo d{v sd}kv/
EE/ Z`u ]ehh Fk JdokEo z`k jn}o dl z`k G`vewzeno kvn z`k lvkk }ehh jehkiin fkgnik ldg{wkj ineohu {sdo n z`kdhdmegnh
skvwskgze|k/ Z`k w{jjko eishegnzedo dl no nhh)wkkeom Mdj eo `ew je|eok ldvkbod}hkjmk wkkiw zd njj zd
z`k gnwk dl lnzk ldv el }`nz }k }ehh jd zdidvvd} ew nhvknju bod}o `d} gno }k ghnei zd `n|k nou
gdozvdh d|kv z`k gd{vwk dl k|kozw4 Jdkw odz z`k dioewgekoz Mdjw a{jmikoz dl d{v ngzedow( z`kvkldvk(
gdik fkldvk fevz`4 G`vewzenoezu ezwkhl z`d{m` wkkiw zd vkwz {sdo z`k lnez` z`nz }k `n|k z`k lvkk }ehh zd
nzzneo wnh|nzedo dv zd vkfkh nmneowz Mdj nw H{gelkv jej noj adeo `ei eo `khh/ Jemmeom n fez jkkskv eozd z`k
svdfhki gdowejkvkj eww{kw z`k ~{kwzedo dl }`kz`kv dv odz Mdj gvknzkj k|eh ldv el nhh ew ldvkwkko z`ko
w{vkhu H{gelkvw lnhh lvdi mvngk }nw vknheqkj fkldvk Mdj gvknzkj ino/ El }k nvk idjkhkj eo Mdjw
hebkokww noj Mdj g`dwk zd gvknzk ino }`ehk fkeom n}nvk dl z`k okmnze|k kllkgzw dl z`k }nv eo `kn|ko zd
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ldhhd} z`ko k|ko z`k eokllnfhk Mdj }k i{wz `dhj vkwsdowefhk ldv gn{wnze|k jkgewedow noj vkwdh{zk
kllkgzw/
Wz/ N{m{wzeok ew skv`nsw z`k levwz dl z`k svdld{oj vkhemed{w z`eobkvw }`d l{wkj z`k Shnzdoeg ejknh }ez`
z`k vkhemed{w zkng`eomw dl z`k Fefhk me|eom G`vewzenoezu s ehdwds`egnh }kem`z noj w{fwznogk/ Eo g`nszkv
le|k dlZ`k Gezu dl Mdj( N{m{wzeok }vezkw Gdogkvoeom z`k Ldvkbod}hkjmk dl Mdj noj z`k Lvkk ]ehh dl
Ino eo Dssdwezedo zd z`k Jkleoezedo dl Gegkvd( nvm{eom z`nz ldvkbod}hkjmk jdk odz okgkwweznzk lnzk(
vkgdogeheom z`kev gdisnzefehezu1 !L"dv `{ino }ehhw nvk nhwd gn{wkw dl `{ino ngzedow2 noj @k }`d
ldvkbok} nhh z`k gn{wkw dl z`eomw }d{hj gkvzneohu odz `n|k fkko emodvnoz dl d{v }ehhw/ Wz/ N{m{wzeokw
wdh{zedo ldv okgkwwezu z`nz }`eg` ew odz eo d{v sd}kv ew z`nz }`ko n }ehh kpewzw noj ew {onfhk zd jd nw ez
}ehh ez ew n vkw{hz dl fkeom d|kvfd{vok fu n idvk sd}kvl{h }ehh }`di `k svkw{ssdwkw zd fk Mdj/
Ldhhd}eom Shnzdw hknj( }ez` Mdj fkeom z`k Mddj( N{m{wzeok ineozneokj z`nz k|eh gd{hj odz fk gvknzkj fu
n mddj Mdj noj weogk z`kvk }nw dohu dok Gvknzdv noj z`k Ldvi dl Mddj }nw z`k wd{vgk dl nhh vknhezu
k|eh ew odz vknh/
Nw N{m{wzeok fvd{m`z Shnzd zd G`vewzenoezu Wz/ Z`dinw N~{eonw fvd{m`z G`vewzenoezu zd Nvewzdzhk n
wdik}`nz idvk jelleg{hz znwb j{k zd Nvewzdzhkw kisevegnh |ek}w noj idvk knvz )fd{oj nssvdng` zd
ikzns`uwegw/ N~{eonw nmvkkw }ez` Nvewzdzhk z`nz z`k onz{vnh idvnh hn} ew nssvk`kojkj fu {w z`vd{m`
svngzegnh vknwdoeom noj d{v gdowgekogk }`eg` m{ejk {w zd d{v onz{vnh mdnh1 `nsseokww do knvz`/ Zd z`ew
N~{eonw njjw z`k je|eok hn}( vk|knhkj zd {w z`vd{m` Mdjw mvngk( gvknzeom z}d wkzw dl |evz{kw }`eg` `k
jewg{wwkw eo W{iin Z`kdhdmegn/ Z`k `em`kv |evz{kw dl lnez`( `dsk( noj g`nvezu nvk zd fk nzzneokj
z`vd{m` sv{jkogk ldvzez{jk a{wzegk noj zkiskvnogk }`kvk z`k eozkhhkgz{nh }ehh idjkvnzkw d{v
wkownzedonh jve|kw eis{hwkw noj eogheonzedow (N~{eonw 616%/ N~{eonw svkwkozw z`nz no kvvdv eo vknwdoeom
ew odz okgkwwnvehu weol{h dv k|eh el ino ngzw nw `k z`eobw ew idvnhhu vem`z j{k zd eo|dh{oznvu emodvnogk zd
z`kwk |evz{kw/
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A{wz nw fdjehu fheojokww ew z`k sve|nzedo dl z`k sveogeshk dl fdjehu wem`z wd fheojokww dl ieoj ew
z`k sve|nzedo dl z`k sveogeshk dl ikoznh dv eozkhhkgz{nh wem`z/ Od} z`ew ew n z`vkkldhj sveogeshk/
Dok ew z`k hem`z dl onz{vnh vknwdo }`eg` hem`z weogk ez skvzneow zd z`k wskgekw dl z`k vnzedonh wd{h
noj ukz nz zeikw ez ew svk|kozkj lvdi kpkvgeweom ezw svdskv ngz z`vd{m` fkeom `eojkvkj fu z`k
hd}kv sd}kvw }`eg` z`k `{ino eozkhhkgz okkjw eo dvjkv zd {ojkvwznoj/ (N~{eonw 616 Nvzeghk >%/
Wd }`nz nvk z`kwk hd}kv sd}kvw }`eg` jksve|k {w lvdi ikoznh wem`z noj eozkhhkgz{nh hem`z4 El z`ku fk
snwwedow noj jkwevk }`eg` z`k fheoj gdol{wk nw }ehh `d} gno z`ku fk gdowejkvkj okgkwwnvu ldv z`k
`{ino eozkhhkgz zd {ojkvwznoj4
Jkwgnvzkw ~{kwzedow `d} `{inow( fkeom Mdjw gvknzedow noj z`kvkldvk skvlkgz eo nhh d{v snvzw(
gd{hj fk jkgke|kj eo kvvdokd{w vknwdoeom/ Eo ikjeznzedo ld{v dlIkjeznzedow `k gdozkojw z`nz Mdj
`nw odz me|ko ik n lng{hzu z`nz }ehh k|kv hknj ik eozd kvvdv( svd|ejkj E {wk ez nvem`z/ Kvvdv fkeom z`k
jkwevk( sve|nzedo dv }noz dl wdik bod}hkjmk }`eg` ez }d{hj wkki z`nz E d{m`z zd sdwwkww( Jkwgnvzkw
nzzneow z`nz kvvdvw wsveom lvdi z`ew gn{wk nhdok( z`nz E jd odz vkwzvneo z`k }ehh( }`eg` ew dl i{g` }ejkv
vnomk z`no z`k {ojkvwznojeom }ez`eo z`k wnik heiezw f{z kpzkoj ez k|ko zd z`eomw E jd odz {ojkvwznoj
noj nw z`k }ehh ew dl ezwkhl eojellkvkoz zd w{g` ez vknjehu lnhhw eozd kvvdv noj weo fu g`ddweom z`k lnhwk eo
vddi dl z`k zv{k( noj k|eh eowzknj dl mddj Jkwgnvzkw( >::);6%/ Eo Wdgvnzeg noj Nvewzdzkheno zvnjezedo
Jkwgnvzkw nvve|kw nhwd nz idvnhhu }vdom fk`n|edv fkeom z`k svdj{gz dl emodvnogk dv hngb dl
{ojkvwznojeom noj gdozeo{kw z`nz z`k }ehh ew z`k vnzedonh ieoj/
Dok dl z`k sveik w`nskvw dl idjkvo s`ehdwds`u( Jn|ej @{ik( vkjkleokw }ehh nw z`k eozkvonh
eisvkwwedo }k lkkh noj nvk gdowged{w dl }`ko }k bod}eomhu me|k vewk zd nou ok} idzedo dl d{v fdju dv
ok} skvgkszedo dl d{v ieoj( nhwd nwwkvzeom z`nz eisvkwwedo zew eisdwwefhk zd jkleok/ @{ik }vezkw eo
N Zvknzewk do @{ino Onz{vk1
Ez `nw fkko dfwkv|j nhvknju( z`nz eo od weomhk eowznogk z`k {hzeinzk gdookpedo dl nou dfakgzw ew
jewgd|kvnfhk kez`kv fu d{v wkowkw dv vknwdo noj z`nz }k gno ok|kv skokzvnzk wd lnv eozd z`k
kwwkogk noj gdowzv{gzedo dl fdjekw nw zd skvgke|k z`k sveogeshk do }`eg` z`kev i{z{nh eolh{kogk
jkskojw/ Zew z`kev gdowznoz {oedo nhdok( }ez` }`eg` }k nvk ng~{neozkj2 noj zew lvdi z`k
gdowznoz {oedo z`k okgkwwezu nvewkw/
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@{ikw eowewzkogk z`nz }k gno ok|kv fk vkid|kj lvdi okgkwwezu( noj z`kvkldvk nvk nh}nuw nllkgzkj fu
kpzkvonh gn{wkw ineozneow z`nz zv{k hefkvzu ew odz sdwwefhk odv jkwevnfhk ldv n injino ew idvk vkid|kj
lvdi okgkwwezu z`no z`nz dl n }ewk dok/
Dz`kv sdeozw dl @{ikw s`ehdwds`u( kwskgenhhu `ew fkhekl z`nz nw idvnhhu wkoweze|k gvknz{vkw
kidzedo nhdok gvknzkw idvnh |nh{k a{jmikoz }kvk gdozkwzkj fu Eiino{kh Bnoz/ Bnozw vkl{wnh zd
vkhknwk vknwdo nw z`k dohu }nu zd nwgkvzneo idvnh sveogeshkw }`eg` `dhj }ez`d{z kpgkszedo eozd n
w{fakgze|k wkoweze|ezu hkj `ei zd jewgd|kv }`nz idjkvo s`ehdwds`u gdowejkvw z`k w{svkik svkwgveszedo
dl idvnhezu/ Ngz dohu do z`nz inpei }`kvkfu ud{ gno nz z`k wnik zeik }ehh z`nz ez fkgdik n {oe|kvwnh
hn}/ Dok w`d{hj jd dokw idvnh j{zu fkgn{wk ez ew dokw idvnh j{zu noj fkgn{wk ez ew vem`z( noj jd wd
ldv nou dz`kv s{vsdwk ew odz zd ngz idvnhhu/ Bnoz {ojkvwzddj }khh z`k hn} dl bnvin dl Knwzkvo
s`ehdwds`ekw( }`eg` `nj ezw eolh{kogk eo ]kwzkvo s`ehdwds`u nw knvhu nw @kwdejw skvwdoelegnzedow dl lnzk/
Eo wkgzedo z}d dl Bnozw Z`kdvu dl Kz`egw }k leoj z`nz `k nmvkkw }ez` `ew svkjkgkwwdvw eo }ehh
fkeom gdookgzkj zd vknwdo noj g`degk1
Z`k }ehh ew n beoj dl gn{wnhezu fkhdomeom zd he|eom fkeomw eo wd lnv nw z`ku nvk vnzedonh nojlvkkjdi }d{hj fk z`ew svdskvzu w{g` gn{wnhezu z`nz ez gno fk kllegekoz eojkskojkozhu do ldvkemo
gn{wkw jkzkvieoeom ez2 a{wz nw s`uwegnh okgkwwezu ew z`k svdskvzu z`nz z`k gn{wnhezu dl nhh evvnzedonh
fkeomw `nw dl fkeom jkzkvieokj zd ngze|ezu fu z`k eolh{kogk dl ldvkemo gn{wkw/
Bnoz vkhnzkw z`ew zd `ew d}o {oe|kvwnh inpei nw z`k ldvi{hn dl z`k idvnh eiskvnze|k1 wd z`nz n lvkk }ehh
noj n }ehh w{fakgz zd idvnh hn}w nvk dok noj z`k wnik//( `dhjeom n Gdisnzefehewz |ek} nw eo`kvkoz eo nhh
vnzedonh fkeomw/
F{z ldv }`nz svegk gdikw z`k lv{ez dl z`k zvkk dl bod}hkjmk4 ]`kz`kv k|eh ew no ehh{wedo dv el
mddj gno kpewz nsnvz ldvi ez ew n jeg`dzdiu z`nz z`k Mnvjko dl Kjko }nw hngbeom/ Bekvbkmnnvj nzzngbw
zvnjezedonh s`ehdwds`ekw dl idvnhezu noj eo`kvkoz mddj kwskgenhhu Gnz`dheg dokw eo Z`k Gdogksz dl
Jvknj1
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Eoodgkogk ew emodvnogk/ Eo `ew eoodgkogk ino ew odz jkzkvieokj nw wsevez f{z ew wd{hew`hu
jkzkvieokj eo eiikjenzk {oezu }ez` `ew onz{vnh gdojezedo/ Wsevez ew z`k jvknieom eo ino/ Z`ew
|ek} ew eo skvlkgz nggdvj }ez` z`nz dl z`k Fefhk noj fu vkl{weom zd nwgvefk zd ino eo z`k wznzk dl
eoodgkogk n bod}hkjmk dl mddj noj k|eh ez gdojkiow nhh z`k odzedow dl ikvez Gnz`dhegewi `nw
einmeokj/
Z`d{m` Bekvbkmnnvj }nw n jkjegnzkj G`vewzeno z`k jvknj z`nz `k ld{oj eo z`k lvkkjdi dl emodvnoz
eoodgkogk hkj zd `ew levi odzedo z`nz1
K|kvu z`kdvu nfd{z z`k svd`efezedo zkiszeom Njni dv z`k wkj{gkv jkgke|eom `ei `nw dohu ldv n
w{skvlegenh dfwkv|nzedo w{llegekoz nifem{ezu }`ehk ez skv|kvzw kz`egw eozvdj{gkw n ~{nozeznze|k
jkzkvieonzedo noj }d{hj fu z`k `khs dl swug`dhdmu snu ino n gdisheikoz lvdi }`eg`
k|kvudok }`d ew kz`egnhhu jk|khdskj }d{hj fkm zd fk kpg{wkj vkmnvjeom ez nw n ok} noj jkkskv
wkj{gzedo/
Ldv el k|eh ew f{z no ehh{wedo( ez }nw gnwz dohu fu vknwdow wknvg` dl bod}hkjmk/
EEE/ Do Knvz` Nw Ez Ew Eo @kn|koZd ~{dzk @{ik( K|kvu dfakgz ew jkzkvieoj fu no nfwdh{zk lnzk zd n gkvzneo jkmvkk noj jevkgzedo dl
ezw idzedo noj gno od idvk jksnvz lvdi z`nz svkgewk heok eo }`eg` ez id|kw z`no ez gno gdo|kvz ezwkhl
eozd no nomkh( dv wsevez( dv nou w{skvedv w{fwznogk/ I{g` jkfnzk `nw fkko injk wd lnv dl z k levwz snvz
dl z`ew gdoakgz{vk noj ez ew mkokvnhhu svkw{ikj zd fk zv{k f{z }`nz nfd{z z`k hnzzkv4 Gno no dfakgz dv
nmkoz gdo|kvz ezwkhl eozd n w{skvedv wsevez{nh nomkheg ldvi4 Ew z`ew odz }`nz k|kvu |evz{d{w fkeom nwsevkw
nz hknwz eo snvz zd jd4 Fu vknwdo dv vkhemedo }k nvk eowsevkj zd `em`kv w{skvedv ldviw dl he|eom noj
fkeom/ Jdkw z`ew ikno z`nz }k gno jksnvz lvdi z`nz svkgewk heok dl lnzk noj el wd fu }`nz iknow4
Znbeom n gdishkzkhu nz`kewzeg nssvdng` Akno)Sn{h Wnvzvk jklkojw inow {hzeinzk lvkk }ehh nw z`k dohu
nfwdh{zk/ Eo Z`k @{inoewi dl Kpewzkozenhewi Wnvzvk inbkw wdik |kvu sd}kvl{h sdeozw }`eg` nz levwz
wkki {osnhnznfhk ldv z`kewzw( f{z nvk kpgkhhkozhu eowsevnzedonh vkmnvjhkww/ Ino ew odz`eom khwk f{z }`nz
`k inbkw dl `eiwkhl/ Nhemoeom zd Bnozw idvnhezu sveogeshk( Wnvzvk fkhek|kw z`nz k|kvu eoje|ej{nh ngzedo
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eo|dh|kw nhh `{inoezu( z`nz kng` jkgewedo injk ew n wznzkikoz zd z`k einmk dl inobeoj/ E f{ehj z`k
{oe|kvwnh eo g`ddweom iuwkhl2 E f{ehj ez eo {ojkvwznojeom z`k gdolem{vnzedo dl k|kvu dz`kv ino }`nzk|kv
nmk `k iem`z `n|k he|kj eo/ Nw z`ew gdvvkwsdojw zd A{omw ejkn dl z`k gdhhkgze|k {ogdowged{w noj
mvd}eom z`kdvekw nfd{z z`k onz{vk dl zeik( z`k okpz wznzkikoz dskow ukz nodz`kv jddv1 Ino ew nz z`k
wznvz n shno }`eg` ew n}nvk dl ezwkhl2 ino }ehh fk }`nz `k }ehh `n|k shnookj zd fk/
Vkgkozhu inou vkwknvg`kvw `n|k ld{oj k|kv eogvknweom k|ejkogk dl {ogdowged{w shnow nllkgzeom d{v
he|kw do n i{g` mvnojkv wgnhk z`no }k `n|k jnvkj zd jvkni/ Nw Knwzkvo noj ]kwzkvo s`ehdwds`ekw
eozkvieomhk wgekozewzw `n|k fkko gdoj{gzeom wz{jekw vkmnvjeom z`k sdwwefehezu dl vkeognvonzedo noj
leojeom shn{wefhk eojegnzedow dl {ojkvhueom w{fwznozenh ld{ojnzedow/ Z`ew fkhekl dl i{hzeshk helkzeikw `nw
skviknzkj o{ikvd{w g{hz{vkw noj ikzns`uwegnh s`ehdwds`ekw ldv z`k fkmeooeom dl `ewzdvu/ Z`ew ok}
nssvdng` `nw jdok i{g` zd jkidowzvnzk z`nz z`k zeik noj wsngk lvnik}dvb wd gv{genh zd z`k Mvnoj
Inzkvenh }dvhj)|ek} ew fu od iknow nw nfwdh{zk n gdowzv{gz nw idwz wgekozewz fkhek|k Znhfdz( 633%/ Nw
wgekogk kpshdvkw z`k eiinzkvenh }dvhj dl ldviw( }k inu gdik zd vknheqk z`nz z`k {ogdowged{w shnuw n
lnv mvknzkv vdhk eo d{v inbk{s noj jkwzeou z`no vknwdo v{hkj ]kwzkvo s`ehdwds`u `nw ldvikvhu
w{wskgzkj/
Eo Z`k @dhdmvns`eg [oe|kvwk Znhfdz `nw gdisehkj kpzkowe|k vkwknvg` jdok do svkgdmoezedo snwz helk
vkmvkwwedo noj dz`kv swug`eg s`kodikodo/ Z`d{m` odz svkzkojeom zd nzzkisz zd dllkv svddl inou dl
z`k jdg{ikozkj eo|kwzemnzedow w{mmkwz z`k svdfnfehezu dl eishegnzk vk)eognvonzedonh k|ejkogk
}ez`wznojeom z`k wgekozeleg g{hz{vkw mkokvnh jewjneo ldv w{g` odzedow( z`d{m` skv`nsw odz ezw wbkszegewi/
Z`kvk wkkiw zd fk i{g` gdomv{kogk }ez`eo snwz helk vkmvkwwedo wz{jekw sdeozeom zd}nvjw no eozkvei
wznzk dl fkeom dv ikzngdowged{wokww fkz}kko jknz` noj z`k okpz helk/ Z`ew jnqqheom hem`z lehhkj vknhi
jk|dej dl wsngk noj zeik nw }k bod} ez eogh{jkw no ng{zkhu wkhl)n}nvk `dokwzu }ez` `kem`zkokj kz`egnh
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wkowk ldv z`k s{vsdwk dl shnooeom z`k okpz helk( zd hezkvnhhu wbkzg` d{z z`k eisdvznoz k|kozw noj
gevg{iwznogkw z`nz }d{hj fklnhh z`ki eo z`k l{z{vk Znhfdz( 6>;%/
Jv/ Eno Wzk|kowdo n svdlkwwdv dl swug`enzvu nz z`k [oe|kvwezu dl \evmeoen Ikjegnh Wg`ddh ew dok dl z`k
vkwknvg`kvw }ez`eo Znhfdzw gdhhkgzedo/ Wzk|kowdo `nw mnz`kvkj i{g` jnzn eishegnze|k dl vkeognvonzedo
noj `nw s{fhew`kj wep |dh{ikw do `ew leojeomw wdik dl }`eg` `n|k fkko s{fhew`kj eo jewzeom{ew`kj
wgekozeleg skvedjegnhw/ Z`k Ad{vonh dl z`k Nikvegno Ikjegnh Nwwdgenzedo wznzkj z`nz `k `nw sneowznbeomhu
noj {okidzedonhhu gdhhkgzkj n jkznehkj wkvekw dl gnwkw eo }`eg` z`k k|ejkogk ldv vkeognvonzedo ew jelleg{hz
zd {ojkvwznoj do nou dz`kv mvd{ojw@k `nw shngkj do vkgdvj n hnvmk nid{oz dl jnzn z`nz gnoodz fk
emodvkj/ Vklkvveom zd z`k eozkvei dl hem`z noj shnooeom nldvkikozedokj( Wzk|kowdo wznzkw1 Elz`ew
}dvhj ew eo Bknzw s`vnwk% n |nhk dl wd{h)inbeom( }k nvk z`k inbkvw dl d{v d}o wd{hw Znhfdz( 6>0)>5%/
Nodz`kv vkwknvg`kv dl weiehnv vks{znzedo( Jv/ Adkh ]`ezzdo( `nw gdogh{jkj lvdi `ew wz{jekw gnvkl{hhu
dv `ns`nqnvjhu }k g`ddwk d{v knvz`hu gevg{iwznogkw( z`k ikwwnmk dl z`k ikzngdowged{w fkeom //z`nz
z`k helk wez{nzedo dl k|kvu `{ino fkeom ew okez`kv vnojdi odv eonssvdsvenzk/ Wkko dfakgze|khu ldv z`k
eozkvhelk( k|kvu `{ino kpskvekogk ew weishu nodz`kv hkwwdo eo z`k gdwieg ghnwwvddi Znhfdz(6>=%/ Nw
idjkvo wgekogk leojw gdozeo{nhhu eogvknweom k|ejkogk dl z`k sdwwefehezu dl z`k Knwzkvo s`ehdwds`ekw gugheg
}`kkh dl helk fkeom n vknhezu( z`k idvk z`k eookv mvd}z`w dl skvwdonhezu wkki zd inzzkv nw dssdwkj zd
z`k d{z}nvj zvnsseomw dl helk/
F{jj`n gkvzneohu dok dl z`k idwz eisdvznoz s`ehdwds`kvw }nw z`k w{svkik nj|dgnzk ldv wd{h
k|dh{zedo noj `em`kv wkhl jk|khdsikoz/ Nggdvjeom zd zvnjezedo `ew leonh kwwkozenh }dvjw }kvk wnej zd fk1
]dvb d{z ud{v d}o wnh|nzedo }ez` jehemkogk Bn{linoo( :
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>/ Nhh z`k s`kodikon dl kpewzkogk `n|k ieoj nw z`kev svkg{vwdv ieoj nw z`kev w{svkik hknjkv nojdl ieoj nvk z`ku injk/ El }ez` no eis{vk ieoj dok wsknbw dv ngzw w{llkveom ldhhd}w `ei eo z`k
wnik }nu nw z`k }`kkh ldhhd}w z`k lddz dl z`k g`nvedz/
6/ Nhh z`k s`kodikon dl kpewzkogk `n|k ieoj nw z`kev svkg{vwdv ieoj nw z`kev w{svkik hknjkv nojdl ieoj nvk z`ku injk/ El }ez` n s{vk ieoj dok wsknbw dv ngzw `nsseokww ldhhd}w `ei hebk `ew
w`njd} z`nz ok|kv hkn|kw `ei/
Nw ]kwzkvo s`ehdwds`u noj wgekogk fkmeo zd kifvngk z`kwk khkikozw wdgekzu ew w`d}eom no eogvknweom
eozkvkwz eo z`k knwzkvo zkg`oe~{kw ldv s{velueom z`k ieoj noj `kem`zkoeom gdowged{wokww }`eg` nvk
kogdisnwwkj eo z`k |nved{w ldviw dl udmn/
Dl gd{vwk }ez` z`k lvkkjdi dl }ehh gdikw jvknj vkwsdowefehezu/ Nw skvwdonh j{zu odz g`nogk ew
nggkszkj nw z`k nvfezkv dl lnzk }k vknheqk z`nz }k `n|k od dok zd fhnik f{z d{vwkh|kw ldv d{v d}o
wez{nzedow/ Z`d{m` n fez lvem zkoeom z`ew `nw inou sdweze|k eishegnzedow nw }khh/ El }k nvk zd fk `khj
vkwsdowefhk ldv okmnze|k kllkgzw }k gkvzneohu i{wz `n|k z`k nfehezu zd gvknzk sdweze|k wez{nzedow nhwd/ Z`k
jn}oeom dl z`k ok} nmk dl idjkvo wkhl)`khs swug`dhdmu$s`ehdwds`u `nw jevkgzkj z`ew gdogksz dl lvkk
}ehh zd}nvj gvknze|k |ew{nheqnzedo noj ikjeznze|k jkwzeou w`nseom ikz`djw z`nz nvk ikvkhu udmn noj
dgg{hz svngzegkw z`nz `n|k fkko w{llegekozhu vkid|kj lvdi z`kev wd{vgkw nw zd odz zvd{fhk z`k gdiido
Nikvegno ieoj f{z odokz`khkww nvk kllkgze|k/
Nvz`{v G/ Ghnvbkw z`evj hn} eo Svdlehkw dl z`k L{z{vk1 No Eo~{evu eozd z`k Heiezw dl z`k Sdwwefhk
wznzkw z`nz1 Nou w{llegekozhu nj|nogkj zkg`odhdmu ew eojewzeom{ew`nfhk lvdi inmeg/ Z`ew gdisnvewdo
w`d{hj fk gdowejkvkj }khh nw z`k ]kwzkvo noj Knwzkvo g{hz{vkw eozkmvnzk z`kiwkh|kw eogvknweomhu
zvnjeom zkg`odhdmu/ Z`k |keh dl znfdd nvd{oj dgg{hz (iknoeom kwdzkveg dv `ejjko% wz{jekw ew helzeom nw z`k
sds{hnzedow eozkvkwz id|kw n}nu lvdi n sngelewz nssvdng` eo helkw gevg{iwznogkw noj wsevez{nhezu/ Z`ew
kwgnhnzeom jkinoj ldv svngzegnh inmegb zkg`oe~{kw }ez` inmegb fkeom jkleokj nw z`k wgekogk noj nvz dl
gn{weom g`nomk zd dgg{v eo gdoldviezu }ez` }ehh (Gvd}hku PEE% inu eoj{gk n okgkwwnvu w`elz eo ]kwzkvo
s`ehdwds`u/ Eo d{v Nikvegno dfwkwwedo ldv mnjmkzw noj meqidw }k `n|k ld{oj d{vwkh|kw zd fk dok dl
z`k hnwz g{hz{vkw zd `nvokww z`k zkg`odhdmu dl z`k ieoj/ Skv`nsw n weiehnv f{z ghdwkv zd `dik vknhezu dl
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Ghnvbkw 633> }ehh gdik zd snww nw d{v zkg`odhdmegnh nfehezu ew gdifeokj }ez` z`k nhekow dl k|dh{zedonvu
iuwzegewi dl z`k Knwz/
Vkwsdowefehezu ew( eo z`k }dvjw dl Nifvdwk Fekvgk( n jkzng`nfhk f{vjko knwehu w`elzkj zd z`k
w`d{hjkvw dl Mdj Lnzk Ldvz{ok H{gb dv dokw okem`fdv/ Eo z`k jnuw dl nwzvdhdmu ez }nw g{wzdinvu zd
{ohdnj ez {sdo n wznv/ Z`d{m` inou `n|k zvekj zd kwgnsk ez( kng` dl {w }ehh leoj }ez`eo d{v d}o
kpskvekogkw z`nz vkwsdowefehezu ew a{wz nw jelleg{hz zd nhh{jk nw lnzk ldv ez ew {hzeinzkhu }`nz me|kw {w
s{vsdwk eo helk/ Z`k whn|k ew jddikj zd }dvw`es Zeik noj Lnzk noj Jknz`( fkgn{wk z`ku nvk mvknzkv
z`no nouz`eom `k leojw eo `eiwkhl( noj fkgn{wk nhh `ew z`d{m`zw nvk dl z`eomw }`eg` z`ku jk|d{v }nw
wznzkj wd khd~{kozhu fu Fkvzvnoj V{wwkhh/ Eo `ew fddb Iuwzegewi noj Hdmeg V{wwkhh `dhjw wgekozeleg
vknwdoeom nw z`k dohu vnzedonh }nu zd |ek} z`k inzzkv f{z `ew fkheklw odokz`khkww kg`d z`k zkng`eomw dl
F{jj`n noj nhwd z`k nhg`kiegnh }ewjdi dl kwdzkveg s`ehdwds`u1
Z`kvk Wkhl i{wz jek2 z`kvk z`k knmkvokww z`k mvkkj dl {oznikj jkwevk i{wz fk whneo ldv dohu wd
gno z`k wd{h fk lvkkj lvdi z`k kisevk dl Lnzk/
Noj z`ew hefkvnzedo ew kllkgzkj fu n gdozkishnzedo dl Lnzk2 ldv Lnzk ezwkhl ew w{fj{kj fu z`k ieoj
}`eg` hkn|kw odz`eom zd fk s{vmkj fu z`k s{velueom levk dl Zeik/
Z`ew ew V{wwkhhw kinogesnzedo dl lnzk( `ew ejkn dl n lvkk inow }dvw`es ew zd f{vo }ez` snwwedo ldv kzkvonh
z`eomw/
Z`k lvkk)}ehh jkzkvieoewi s{qqhk svkw{ssdwkw noj dlzko gdogknhw je|kvwk z`kdvekw dl }ehh
jellkvkozenzeom gdogkszedow dl ezw onz{vk ezw |nved{w ngzw noj ezw vkhnzedo zd dz`kv lng{hzekw nhdom }ez`
jewzeogz gdogkszedow dl lvkkjdi noj hefkvzu/ Vkng`eom fkudoj k|ko vkwsdowefehezu zd ld{ojnzedow dl z`k
kzkvonh noj nfwdh{zk }`eg` odz k|ko okgkwwezu gno vkid|k wkkiw zd fk eo nggdvjnogk zd k|kvu
eisdvznoz s`ehdwds`u zd gdowejkv d{v lvkkjdi dl }ehh/ Lnv lvdi kpngz noj wgekozeleg svddl }k i{wz `n|k
lnez` }`eg` eo ezwkhl ew no ngz dl lvkkjdi/ Z`k Znhi{jeg npedi skv`nsw fkwz vkhnzkw }`nz gkoz{vekw dl
s`ehdwds`kvw `n|k nzzkiszkj/ ]k `n|k zd fkhek|k eo lvkk }ehh }k `n|k od g`degk eo z`k inzzkv/ ]k
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}vezk d{v d}o jkwzeou ldv }k eok|eznfhu fkgdik }`nz }k jd noj z`nz ew z`k w{svkik hdmeg noj hn} dl
helk/ Wd w`{jjkv ud{ gdishngkoz dokw noj nggksz z`nz ud{v jkwzeou ew zd `n|k z`k g`degk zd fk lvkk/