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The Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems
Human Respiratory System
Functions: – Works closely with circulatory system,
exchanging gases between air and blood:
• Takes up oxygen from air and supplies it to blood (for cellular respiration).
• Removal and disposal of carbon dioxide from blood (waste product from cellular respiration).
Structure
• Nose• Pharynx• Larynx • Trachea• Bronchi• Bronchioles• Alveoli
Human Respiratory System Organs
1. Nose: Air enters nostrils, is filtered by hairs, warmed, moistened, and sampled for odors as it flows through a maze of nasal passages.
Human Respiratory System Organs
2. Pharynx (Throat): Intersection where pathway for air and food cross. Most of the time, the pathway for air is open, except when we swallow.
3. Larynx (Voice Box): Reinforced with cartilage. Contains vocal cords, which allow us to make sounds by voluntarily tensing muscles.– High pitched sounds: Vocal
cords are tense, vibrate fast.– Low pitched sounds: Vocal
cords are relaxed, vibrate slowly.
– More prominent in males (Adam’s apple).
Human Respiratory System
4. Trachea (Windpipe): Rings of cartilage maintain shape of trachea, to prevent it from closing. Forks into two bronchi.
Human Respiratory System
5. Bronchi (Sing. Bronchus): Each bronchus leads into a lung and branches into smaller and smaller bronchioles, resembling an inverted tree.
Human Respiratory System
6. Bronchioles: Fine tubes that allow passage of air. Epithelium of bronchioles is covered with cilia and mucus to trap and remove dust and other particles.
Human Respiratory System
7. Alveoli: air sacs at the end of bronchioles where gas exchange takes place.
The Human Respiratory System
• Alveoli are grouped in clusters.
• A network of capillaries surrounds each alveolus.
Pulmonary vein
Capillaries
Pulmonary artery
Gas Exchange
• Gas exchange takes place in the alveoli.
• Oxygen diffuses into the blood.
• Carbon dioxide in the blood diffuses into the alveolus.
• Let’s examine this up close
Capillary
O2
CO2
How does the body use oxygen?
Oxygen is for respiration.• In biology, respiration means different things. • Cellular respiration is the release of energy from the
breakdown of food in the presence of oxygen (occurs in the?????)
• At the organism level, respiration is the process of gas exchange - the release of carbon dioxide and the uptake of oxygen that occurs between RBCs and alveoli
• Breathing is the actual mechanical intake of air
How the Lungs Work
BREATHING• Lungs are
sealed in pleural membranes inside the chest cavity.
• At the bottom of the cavity is a large, flat muscle known as the diaphragm.
How the Lungs Work• During inhalation, the
diaphragm contracts and the rib cage rises up.
• This expands the volume of the chest cavity.
• The chest cavity is sealed, so this creates a partial vacuum inside the cavity.
• Atmospheric pressure fills the lungs as air rushes into the breathing passages.
How the Lungs Work• Often exhaling is a
passive event. • When the rib cage lowers
and the diaphragm relaxes, pressure in the chest cavity is greater than atmospheric pressure.
• Air is pushed out of the
lungs.
Exhalation
Rib cage lowers
Air Exhaled
Name the order in which air travels until oxygen diffuses into
your bloodBronchioles, Nose, Pharynx, Bronchi,
alveoli, Larynx
Where are the alveoli?
1
2
3
4
5
Where are the alveoli?
1
2
3
4
Where is the trachea?
1
2
4
5
3
Where is the trachea?
1
2
4
5
Where is the larynx?
1
2
3
4
5
Where is the larynx?
1
2
3
5
Diseases of the Respiratory System• Asthma: Condition in which breathing is impaired by
constriction of bronchi and bronchioles, cough, and thick mucus secretions. The severity and incidence of asthma has risen dramatically in recent years, especially in children. May be fatal if not treated.Causes: Attacks may be precipitated by inhalation of allergens (e.g.: pollen, cats, and cockroach proteins), pollutants, infection, or emotional stress.Treatment: Alleviates symptoms (e.g.: immuno-suppressors, bronchodilators), but is not a cure.
• Bronchitis: Inflammation of the mucous membranes of the bronchi. May present with cough, fever, chest or back pain, and fatigue.Causes: Associated with smoking, pollution, and bacterial or viral infections.
• Pneumonia: Acute inflammation of the lungs. Symptoms include high fever, chills, headache, cough, and chest pain. Causes: Bacterial, fungal, or viral infections.Treatment: Antibiotics or other antimicrobials.
• Emphysema: Permanent and irreversible destruction of alveolar walls, resulting in loss of lung elasticity and gas exchange surface. Symptoms include shortness of breath, difficulty exhaling, cough, weakness, anxiety, confusion, heart failure, lung edema (swelling), and respiratory failure.Causes: Smoking, pollution, old age, and infections.Treatment: Oxygen to help breathing. No cure.
• Lung Cancer: Cancerous growth that invades and destroys lung tissue. Very high fatality rate. Symptoms include bloody sputum, persistent cough, difficulty breathing, chest pain, and repeated attacks of bronchitis or pneumonia.Causes: Smoking (50% of all cases) and pollution (radon, asbestos). Smokers are 10 times more likely to develop lung cancer than nonsmokers.Treatment: Surgery is most effective, but only 50% of all lung cancers are operable by time of detection. Other treatments include radiation and chemotherapy.
The Circulatory System AKA Cardiovascular System
Function of the Circulatory System
• Circulate blood throughout entire body for– Transport of oxygen to cells
– Transport of CO2 away from cells
– Transport of nutrients (glucose) to cells– Movement of immune system components
(cells, antibodies)– Transport of endocrine gland secretions
The main organs and their functions
• Heart is the pump• Arteries and veins are main tubes
(plumbing)– Arteries Away from Heart– Veins to Heart
• Capillaries is where diffusion happens (oxygen, CO2, and glucose diffuse in or out of blood)
• Blood – transports material to every cell of the body
Lungs
Body cells
Our circulatory system is a double circulatory system.
This means it has two parts parts.
the right side of
the system
deals with
deoxygenated
blood.
the left side of
the system
deals with
oxygenated
blood.
The Heart
These are arteries. They carry blood away from the heart.
This is a vein. It brings blood from the body, except the lungs.
Coronary arteries, the hearts own blood supply
The heart has four chambers
2 atria
2 ventricles
now lets look inside the heart
The Heart
Left Ventricle
Left AtriumRight Atrium
Right Ventricle
valve
Vein from Lungs
Artery to Head and BodyArtery to Lungs
Vein from Head and Body
valve
blood from the heart gets around
the body through blood vessels
There are 3 types of blood vessels
a. ARTERY
b. VEIN
c. CAPILLARY
The ARTERY
thick muscle and elastic fibres
Arteries have strong, muscular walls to carry blood away from the heart.
the elastic fibres allow the artery to stretch under
pressure
the thick muscle can contract to push the blood
along.
The VEIN
Veins carry blood towards the heart.
thin muscle and elastic fibres
veins have valves which act to stop the blood from going in the wrong direction.
body muscles surround the veins so that when they contract to move the body, they also squeeze the veins and push the blood along the vessel.
The CAPILLARY
Capillaries link Arteries with Veins
the wall of a capillaryis only one cell thick
they exchange materials between the blood and other body cells.
The exchange of materials between the blood and the body can only occur through capillaries.
what’s in
red blood cells
white blood cells
platelets
plasma
carbon dioxide
digested food
waste (urea)
hormones
oxygen
What makes up our blood?• RED BLOOD CELLS (Erythrocytes) – The most abundant
cells in our blood; they are produced in the bone marrow and contain a protein called hemoglobin that carries oxygen to our cells.
• WHITE BLOOD CELLS (Leukocytes) – They are part of the immune system and destroy infectious agents called pathogens.
• PLASMA – This is the yellowish liquid portion of blood that contains electrolytes, nutrients and vitamins, hormones, clotting factors, and proteins such as antibodies to fight infection.
• PLATELETS (Thrombocytes) – The clotting factors that are carried in the plasma; they clot together in a process called coagulation to seal a wound and prevent a loss of blood.
Blood Facts
The average adult has about FIVE liters of blood inside of their body, which makes up 7-8% of their body weight.
Blood is living tissue that carries oxygen and nutrients to all parts of the body, and carries carbon dioxide and other waste products back to the lungs, kidneys and liver for disposal. It also fights against infection and helps heal wounds, so we can stay healthy.
There are about one billion red blood cells in two to three drops of blood. For every 600 red blood cells, there are about 40 platelets and one white cell.
http://www.bloodbankofalaska.org/about_blood/index.html
Genetics of Blood Types
• Your blood type is established before you are BORN, by specific GENES inherited from your parents.
• You inherit one gene from your MOTHER and one from your FATHER.
• These genes determine your blood type by causing proteins called AGGLUTINOGENS to exist on the surface of all of your red blood cells.
What are blood types?
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/units/basics/blood/types.cfm
There are 3 alleles or genes for blood type: A, B, & O. A and B are dominant and O is recessive. Since we have 2 genes, there are 6 possible combinations.
Blood Types
AA or AO = Type ABB or BO = Type B
OO = Type OAB = Type AB
Blood Transfusions
A blood transfusion is a procedure in which blood is given to a patient through an intravenous (IV) line in one of the blood vessels. Blood transfusions are done to replace blood lost during surgery or a serious injury. A transfusion also may be done if a person’s body can't make blood properly because of an illness.
Who can give you blood?
People with TYPE O blood are called Universal Donors, because they can give blood to any blood type.
People with TYPE AB blood are called Universal Recipients, because they can receive any blood type.
Rh + Can receive + or - Rh - Can only receive -
Universal Donor
Universal Recipient
Rh Factors• Scientists sometimes study Rhesus monkeys
to learn more about the human anatomy because there are certain similarities between the two species. While studying Rhesus monkeys, a certain blood protein was discovered. This protein is also present in the blood of some people. Other people, however, do not have the protein.
• The presence of the protein, or lack of it, is referred to as the Rh (for Rhesus) factor.
• If your blood does contain the protein, your blood is said to be Rh positive (Rh+). If your blood does not contain the protein, your blood is said to be Rh negative (Rh-).
A+ A-B+ B-
AB+ AB-O+ O-
http://www.fi.edu/biosci/blood/rh.html
Cardiovascular Disorders
• Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in Western countries.
• Modern research efforts have improved diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.
• Major cardiovascular disorders include atherosclerosis, stroke, heart attack, aneurysm, and hypertension.
Hemophilia
• Hemophilia is an inherited clotting disorder due to a deficiency in a clotting factor that produces abnormal bleeding.
• Bumps and falls cause bleeding in the joints; cartilage degeneration and resorption of bone can follow.
• The most frequent cause of death is bleeding into the brain with accompanying neurological damage.
Atherosclerosis
• Atherosclerosis is due to a build-up of fatty material (plaque), mainly cholesterol, under the inner lining of arteries.
• The plaque can cause a thrombus (blood clot) to form.
• The thrombus can dislodge and lead to the bursting of a blood vessel.
Stroke, Heart Attack, and Aneurysm
• Stroke results when an embolus lodges in a cerebral blood vessel or a cerebral blood vessel bursts; a portion of the brain dies due to lack of oxygen.
• Heart attack occurs when a portion of heart muscle dies due to lack of oxygen.
• Aneurysm is a ballooning of a blood vessel, usually in the abdominal aorta or arteries leading to the brain.
• Death results if the aneurysm is in a large vessel and the vessel bursts.
• Atherosclerosis and hypertension weaken blood vessels over time, increasing the risk of aneurysm.
Coronary Bypass Operations
• A coronary bypass operation involves removing a segment of another blood vessel and replacing a clogged coronary artery.
• It may be possible to replace this surgery with gene therapy that stimulates new blood vessels to grow where the heart needs more blood flow.
Coronary bypass operation
Clearing Clogged Arteries
• Angioplasty uses a long tube threaded through an arm or leg vessel to the point where the coronary artery is blocked; inflating the tube forces the vessel open. Stents are put in place to keep it open.
• Stents are small metal pieces that are expanded inside the artery to keep it open.
• Stents are coated with heparin to prevent blood clotting and with chemicals to prevent arterial closing.
Angioplasty
