Cardiovascular and Respiratory Lab

Bio 102

Cardiovascular System: 3 jobs

1. Transport– Gases (O2, CO2)– Nutrients to cells– Metabolic wastes and excess water

2. Regulation– Hormones– Homeostasis

3. Protection– Blood clotting protects against blood loss– White blood cells fight against infection

Two Cardiovascular Circuits

• Pulmonary Circuit: oxygenates the blood– Begins in the right half of the heart to the

lungs and returns to the left half of the heart

• Systemic Circuit: oxygenates the body – Begins in the left half of the heart to all the

body tissues and returns to the right half of the heart

Heart

• Muscular, pressure-generating pump that keeps blood flowing through the circulatory system

• Divided into two halves– Each half has two

chambers

• Atrium: receives blood• Ventricle: pumps blood

out

Direction of Blood FlowDeoxygenated-Oxygenated

• Superior and inferior vena cava • Right atrium• Right ventricle• Pulmonary artery • Pulmonary veins• Left atrium• Left ventricle• Aorta

Arteries and Veins

• Artery: transport vessel carrying oxygenated blood from the heart

• Vein: a vessel that returns deoxygenated blood to the heart

Respiration

• Physiological process by which oxygen moves into the internal environment and carbon dioxide moves out

• Oxygen is needed for aerobic respiration• Carbon dioxide is produced as a bi-

product of aerobic respiration• Gases enter and leave an animal by

crossing a respiratory surface– Thin layer of constantly moist epithelium

Human Respiratory System Functions

• Gas exchange

• Aid in sense of smell, speech

• Helps blood return to the heart

• Helps body get rid of heat and water

• Helps maintain internal pH

Respiratory Structures

Respiratory Cycle

Respiratory Volumes

• Spirometer: instrument used to measure different volumes of air – Developed over 100 years ago

• Vital Capacity: maximal amount of air exhaled steadily from full inspiration to maximal expiration

• Forced vital capacity: The total amount of air that you blow out in one breath

Respiratory Volumes 2

• Forced expiratory volume in one second: The amount of air you can blow out in one second.

• Forced expiratory ratio: Percentage of the FVC expelled in the first second of a forced expiration

• Peak expiratory flow: Peak expiratory flow in liters per minute

Today’s lab:• View the models to identify the major

structures involved in circulation and respiration

• Use the spirometer to measure your respiratory volumes

• Investigate how various activities affect your heart rate and your breathing rate– Develop and implement your own

experiments