The Byzantine The Byzantine Empire & The Empire & The

CrusadesCrusadesSS.A.2.4.6; SS.A.2.4.5; SS.A.2.4.6; SS.A.2.4.5;

SS.D.2.4.6SS.D.2.4.6

Emperor JustinianEmperor Justinian When western Roman Empire collapses, and When western Roman Empire collapses, and

replaced by Germanic states, the eastern replaced by Germanic states, the eastern Roman Empire continues to existRoman Empire continues to exist Centered around Constantinople, later renamed Centered around Constantinople, later renamed

Byzantine EmpireByzantine Empire 527: Justinian becomes Emperor, wanted to 527: Justinian becomes Emperor, wanted to

reestablish Roman Empire in Mediterraneanreestablish Roman Empire in Mediterranean 552: Roman Empire almost back to old 552: Roman Empire almost back to old

boardersboarders Empire shrinks after Justinian’s deathEmpire shrinks after Justinian’s death

Justinian’s ContributionsJustinian’s Contributions Eastern empire inherits complex Eastern empire inherits complex

legal systemlegal system Justinian set out to simplify the lawsJustinian set out to simplify the laws

The Body of Civil LawThe Body of Civil Law: The results of : The results of Justinian’s efforts, became basis for Justinian’s efforts, became basis for Byzantine law to 1453Byzantine law to 1453

Justinian’s code also influenced western Justinian’s code also influenced western lawlaw

Eastern Roman ProblemsEastern Roman Problems After Justinian, empire is left with After Justinian, empire is left with

problems:problems: Too much land to defendToo much land to defend Empty treasuriesEmpty treasuries Decline in population due to plagueDecline in population due to plague Threats on its boardersThreats on its boarders

Muslim Arabs sweep through empire, Muslim Arabs sweep through empire, taking more than half its territorytaking more than half its territory ERE defeated at Yarmuk in 636, ceding ERE defeated at Yarmuk in 636, ceding

control of Syria and Palestine to Arab controlcontrol of Syria and Palestine to Arab control 679: Defeated by Bulgarians in the north, 679: Defeated by Bulgarians in the north,

losing control of Danube River Valleylosing control of Danube River Valley

From Roman To From Roman To ByzantineByzantine

Empire shrunk to include just Balkans and Empire shrunk to include just Balkans and A.M.A.M.

Greek replaces Latin as official languageGreek replaces Latin as official language Emperor viewed as chosen by God, and his Emperor viewed as chosen by God, and his

power was absolutepower was absolute Emperor appointed the leaders of the Emperor appointed the leaders of the

Eastern church known as a Eastern church known as a patriarchpatriarch The emperor was the leader of both church The emperor was the leader of both church

and state, protecting the true Christian faithand state, protecting the true Christian faith

ConstantinopleConstantinople Europe’s greatest city until 1100sEurope’s greatest city until 1100s City grew rich facilitating trade b/w east City grew rich facilitating trade b/w east

& west& west Justinian’s buildings dominate landscapeJustinian’s buildings dominate landscape

Hippodrome=arena for races and gladiatorsHippodrome=arena for races and gladiators Hagia Sophia: main church built in 537Hagia Sophia: main church built in 537

The Hagia Sophia—Church of the Holy The Hagia Sophia—Church of the Holy Wisdom—is the most famous Byzantine Wisdom—is the most famous Byzantine building, today known as the Blue Mosquebuilding, today known as the Blue Mosque

New Success, New New Success, New TroublesTroubles

Macedonian emperors bring new prosperityMacedonian emperors bring new prosperity Rule from 867 to 1081, expand empireRule from 867 to 1081, expand empire

Early success undone by political infightingEarly success undone by political infighting Macedonians do not accept pope’s claim to Macedonians do not accept pope’s claim to

be sole head of Christian faithbe sole head of Christian faith 1054 Pope Leo IX and Patriarch Michael 1054 Pope Leo IX and Patriarch Michael

Cerularius excommunicate each other—causes Cerularius excommunicate each other—causes schismschism

Seljuk Turks defeat Byzantines at ManzikertSeljuk Turks defeat Byzantines at Manzikert

Call To Holy WarCall To Holy War Emperor Alexius I of Byzantium asks Emperor Alexius I of Byzantium asks

the pope for help against the Seljuk the pope for help against the Seljuk Turks (Muslims)Turks (Muslims)

Pope Urban II responds, calling for Pope Urban II responds, calling for European, Christian warriors to European, Christian warriors to liberate Jerusalem from the liberate Jerusalem from the infidels,infidels, this fight was called the this fight was called the CrusadesCrusades

Western Europeans, mostly French, Western Europeans, mostly French, answer callanswer call

Causes for fighting: religion, trade, Causes for fighting: religion, trade, land, title, money and adventureland, title, money and adventure

The Early CrusadesThe Early Crusades Mostly French army of over 10,000 capture Mostly French army of over 10,000 capture

Antioch (1098) and Jerusalem (1099)Antioch (1098) and Jerusalem (1099) European victories marked by brutal massacres of European victories marked by brutal massacres of

the cities’ inhabitants (Jewish, Christian and the cities’ inhabitants (Jewish, Christian and Muslim)Muslim)

Four Crusader states established in Holy LandFour Crusader states established in Holy Land Italian ports grow rich from trade with CrusadersItalian ports grow rich from trade with Crusaders

Muslims begin taking back land, Muslims begin taking back land, Bernard of Bernard of ClairvauxClairvaux calls for 2 calls for 2ndnd Crusade (failure) Crusade (failure)

SaladinSaladin retakes Jerusalem in 1187 retakes Jerusalem in 1187 33rdrd Crusade included Richard I of England, Crusade included Richard I of England,

Philip II of France and Frederick BarbarossaPhilip II of France and Frederick Barbarossa Frederick drowns, Philip goes home, leaving Frederick drowns, Philip goes home, leaving

Richard to negotiate with Saladin allowing Richard to negotiate with Saladin allowing Christian pilgrims free access to JerusalemChristian pilgrims free access to Jerusalem

The Later CrusadesThe Later Crusades Saladin dies in 1193, Pope Innocent III Saladin dies in 1193, Pope Innocent III

calls for Fourth Crusade in 1196calls for Fourth Crusade in 1196 On way to holy land, Crusades stops in On way to holy land, Crusades stops in

Constantinople, crusaders sack the city in Constantinople, crusaders sack the city in 12041204

Byzantine army recaptures city in 1061, Byzantine army recaptures city in 1061, empire is weak, remains that way unyil 1453 empire is weak, remains that way unyil 1453 (Ottoman conq.)(Ottoman conq.)

1212: Children’s Crusade1212: Children’s Crusade Future Crusades also failuresFuture Crusades also failures

Effects of the CrusadesEffects of the Crusades Italy grows rich though trade with CrusadersItaly grows rich though trade with Crusaders

Genoa, Pisa and VeniceGenoa, Pisa and Venice Jews also targeted across Europe as infidelsJews also targeted across Europe as infidels Noblemen sell their land and free serfs Noblemen sell their land and free serfs

before leaving to fight, as lords lose power, before leaving to fight, as lords lose power, kings take more power creating centralized kings take more power creating centralized statesstates

Increased trade with the East provides more Increased trade with the East provides more money for kingsmoney for kings

1400: Portugal, Spain, England & France 1400: Portugal, Spain, England & France emerge as strong, centralized kingdoms—emerge as strong, centralized kingdoms—flourish flourish