THE BRAZILREADERHistory, Culture, Polit ics

second edition, revised and updated

James N. Green, Victoria Langland, and Lilia Moritz Schwarcz, editors

T H E

B R A Z I L

R E A D E R

H I S T O R Y , C U L T U R E , P O L I T I C S

S E CON D E DI T ION, R E V I S E D A N D U PDAT E D

James N. Green, Victoria Langland,

and Lilia Moritz Schwarcz, editors

DU K E U N I V E R S I T Y PR E S S Durham and London 2019

© 2019 Duke University PressAll rights reservedPrinted in the United States of America on acid- free paper ∞Typeset in Monotype Dante by BW&A Books, Inc.

Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication DataNames: Green, James Naylor, [date] editor. | Langland, Victoria, editor. | Schwarcz, Lilia Moritz, editor.Title: The Brazil reader : history, culture, politics.Description: Second edition, revised and updated / edited by James N. Green, Victoria Langland, and Lilia Moritz Schwarcz. | Durham : Duke University Press, 2018. | Series: The Latin America Readers | Includes bibliographical references and index.Identifiers: LCCN 2018023531 (print)LCCN 2018026379 (ebook)ISBN 9780822371793 (ebook)ISBN 9780822370925 (hardcover : alk. paper)ISBN 9780822371076 (pbk. : alk. paper)Subjects: LCSH: Brazil—History. | Brazil—Civilization. | Brazil— Politics and government.Classification: LCC F2521 (ebook) | LCC F2521 .B768 2018 (print) | DDC 981—dc23LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018023531

Cover art: Luiz Braga, Casa Miritis. © Luiz Braga.

Valerie MillhollandIn memoriamEditor par excellence

Contents

Acknowledgments xvIntroduction 1

I Conquest and Colonial Rule, 1500–1579 7

Letter to King Manuel I of Portugal, Pêro Vaz de Caminha 12Captaincy Charter Granted to Duarte Coelho, King Dom João III 18Letter from a Jesuit Friar, Manuel da Nóbrega 21Impressions of a French Calvinist, Nicolas Barre 25Indigenous Experiences of Colonization, Eduardo Viveiros de Castro 28On Cannibals, Michel de Montaigne 32On the Customs of the Indians of the Land, Pero de Magalhães Gândavo 35A Description of the Tupinambá, Anonymous 38History of a Voyage to the Land of Brazil, Jean de Léry 41Portraits: Hans Staden, Victoria Langland 45

II Sugar and Slavery in the Atlantic World, 1580–1694 49

Letter from a Portuguese Trader, Francisco Soares 53Exploration of the Amazon, Father Cristóbal de Acuña 55The Inquisition in Brazil, Various authors 59Excerpts from the Sermon on the Rosary, António Vieira 64The Sugar Industry, Giovanni Antonio Andreoni 68The Dutch Siege of Olinda and Recife, Ambrósio Richsoffer 73An Eyewitness Account of the First Battle of Guararapes,

Francisco Barreto de Meneses 76Two Documents in the War against Palmares, Various authors 79Bandeirantes, Anonymous 84Portraits: Count Johan Maurits von Nassau- Seigen, James N. Green 86

III Gold and the New Colonial Order, 1695–1807 91

The Brazilian Gold Rush, Antonio Giovanni Andreoni 97The Minas Uprising of 1720, Anonymous 100

x Contents

Expulsion of the Jesuits from Brazil, King Dom José I 104Portugal, Brazil, and The Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith 107Poems from Baroque Minas, Various authors 110Tiradentes’s Sentence, Queen Maria I of Portugal 117The Tailors’ Revolt, Luís Gonzaga das Virgens e Veiga 119Letter from a Sugar Mill Owner, João Rodrigues de Brito 122Portraits: Chica da Silva de Oliveira, Victoria Langland 126

IV The Portuguese Royal Family in Rio de Janeiro, 1808–1821 131

The Royal Family’s Journey to Brazil, Thomas O’Neill 136Letter from a Son in Brazil to His Father in Portugal, Luíz Joaquim

dos Santos Marrocos 137Treaty between Portugal and Great Britain, Various authors 140Rio de Janeiro’s First Medical School, Count of Aguiar 145The Influence of the Haitian Revolution in Brazil, Paulo José Vianna 148Petition for Pedro I to Remain in Brazil, Anonymous 151Speech Given at the Cortes (National Assembly) of Lisbon,

Diogo Antônio Feijó 154Portraits: Empress Maria Leopoldina of Brazil, Lilia Moritz Schwarcz 158

V From Independence to the Abolition of the Slave Trade, 1822–1850 163

On the Declaration of Brazilian Independence, Padre Belchoir Pinheiro de Oliveira 168

Acclamation of Pedro as Emperor of Brazil, José Martins Rocha 170On Slavery, José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva 173From the Journal of Maria Graham, Lady Maria Dundas Graham

Callcott 176Portugal Recognizes the Brazilian Empire, Charles Stuart, Luiz José

de Carvalho e Mello, and Barão de Santo Amaro 181The Malê Revolt, João José Reis 184How to Write the History of Brazil, Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius 187Scenes from the Slave Trade, Various authors 190Cruelty to Slaves, Thomas Ewbank 193The Praieira Revolution Manifesto to the World, Antônio Borges da

Fonseca 197Portraits: José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva, Lilia Moritz Schwarcz 199

Contents xi

VI Coffee, the Empire, and Abolition, 1851–1888 205

Memoirs of a Settler in Brazil, Thomas Davatz 211O Guarani, José de Alencar 214The U.S. Civil War and Slave Rebellions in Brazil, Francisco Primo

de Souza Aguiar 218The Slave Ship, Antônio Frederico de Castro Alves 219Victims and Executioners, Joaquim Manuel de Macedo 228The Republican Manifesto, Members of the Republican Party 233Law of the Free Womb, José Maria da Silva Paranhos and Princess Isabel 236Early Brazilian Feminism, Francisca Senhorinha da Motta Diniz 240Letters to the French Mineralogist Claude- Henri Gorceix,

Emperor Dom Pedro II 243Selections from Abolitionism, Joaquim Nabuco 246A Critique of José de Alencar’s O Guarani, Joaquim Maria Machado

de Assis 250Abolition Decree, Princess Isabel and Rodrigo Augusto da Silva 253Portraits: Emperor Dom Pedro II, Lilia Moritz Schwarcz 255

VII Republican Brazil and the Onset of Modernization, 1889–1929 261

Hymn of the Proclamation of the Republic, José Joaquim de Campos da Costa de Medeiros e Albuquerque and Leopoldo Miguez 268

The Human Races, Raimundo Nina Rodrigues 271Os Sertões or Rebellion in the Backlands, Euclides da Cunha 274The Owner’s Pastry Shop, Joaquim Maria Machado de Assis 277Revolt of the Whip, A Revolta da Chibata, João Cândido Felisberto

and Bulcão Vianna 282Three Types of Bureaucrats, Afonso Henriques de Lima Barreto 285On the Mestizo in Brazil, João Batista Lacerda 290Demands of the São Paulo General Strike of 1917, Proletarian

Defense Committee 295Brazil and World War I, Anonymous 298The Cannibalist Manifesto (Manifesto Antropófago),

Oswald de Andrade 300Macunaíma, Mário de Andrade 309Revolutionary Manifestos from the Tenentes Revolts, Various authors 311An Essay on Brazilian Sadness, Paulo Prado 316Portraits: Tarsila do Amaral, Victoria Langland 318

xii Contents

VIII Getúlio Vargas, the Estado Novo, and World War II, 1930–1945 321

From the Platform of the Liberal Alliance, Liberal Alliance 325Prestes’s Declaration about the Liberal Alliance, Luís Carlos Prestes 327The Masters and the Slaves, Gilberto Freyre 330Speech by the First Woman Elected to Congress in Brazil, Carlota Pereira

de Queirós 335Manifesto of the National Liberating Alliance, Luís Carlos Prestes 340The Cordial Man, Sérgio Buarque de Holanda 344Vargas and the Estado Novo, Getúlio Vargas 349Rubber and the Allies’ War Effort, Various authors 353Portraits: Patrícia Galvão (Pagú), James N. Green 358

IX Democratic Governance and Developmentalism, 1946–1964 363

Telenovelas in Constructing the Country of the Future, Esther Hamburger 369

The Oil Is Ours, Getúlio Vargas 374An Unrelenting Critic of Vargas, Carlos Lacerda 378Vargas’s Suicide Letter, Getúlio Vargas 380The Life of a Factory Worker, Joana de Masi Zero 383Operation Pan America, Juscelino Kubitschek 387Excerpts from Child of the Dark, Carolina Maria de Jesus 391Education as a Practice of Freedom, Paulo Freire 396Letter of Manumission for the Brazilian Peasant, Francisco Julião 399Brazil’s New Foreign Policy, Jânio Quadros 402Development and the Northeast, Celso Furtado 406President João Goulart’s Speech at Central do Brasil, João Goulart 411March of the Family with God for Freedom, Anonymous 414The U.S. Government and the 1964 Coup d’État, Various authors 416Portraits: Oscar Niemeyer, Victoria Langland 420

X The Generals in Power and the Fight for Democracy, 1964–1985 427

Institutional Act No. 1, Francisco dos Santos Nascimento 435A U.S. Senator Supports the New Military Government,

Senator Wayne Morse 439The Brazilian Revolution, Caio Prado Júnior 442The Myth of Racial Democracy, Abdias do Nascimento 445A Brazilian Congressional Representative Speaks Out,

Márcio Moreira Alves 449Institutional Act No. 5, Luís Antônio da Gama e Silva 451

Contents xiii

Letter from the Ilha Grande Prison, Various authors 454The Kidnapping of the U.S. Ambassador, Various authors 457A Letter to Pope Paul VI, Marcos Penna Sattamini de Arruda 460Two Presidents at the White House, Various authors 466National Security and the Araguaian Guerrillas, Ernesto Geisel and Germano

Arnoldi Pedrozo 471What Color Are You?, National Household Sample Study, Brazilian Institute

of Geography and Statistics 474Second- Wave Brazilian Feminism, Editors of Nós Mulheres 479LGBT Rights and Democracy, Aguinaldo Silva 481The Movement for Political Amnesty, Various authors 484Lula’s May Day Speech to Brazilian Workers, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva 489Portraits: Caetano Veloso and Gilberto Gil, James N. Green 492

XI Redemocratization and the New Global Economy, 1985–Present 497

Forty Seconds of AIDS, Herbert Daniel 506Affirmative Action in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Celso Lafer 510A Young Voice from the MST, Cristiane 514World Social Forum Charter of Principles, Various authors 519The Bolsa Família Program, Various authors 523Music, Culture, and Globalization, Gilberto Gil 526The Inaugural Speech of Brazil’s First Female President, Dilma Rousseff 531The June Revolts, Marcos Nobre 536Portraits: Herbert Daniel, James N. Green 541

Suggestions for Further Reading 547Brazil in the Movies 557Acknowledgment of Copyrights and Sources 567Index 577

xv

Acknowledgments

The editors of this volume would like to thank Gisela Fosado for her patience as we slowly produced the second edition of The Brazil Reader, as well as the three reviewers who offered many valuable suggestions about how to im-prove its contents. Lorien Olive, Anna Tybinko, and Lydia Rose Rappoport- Hankins from Duke University Press helped us immeasurably in obtaining permissions for art and texts.

James N. Green offers special appreciation to Molly Quinn and Emma Wohl for having dedicated so much time, energy, and talent to translating nu-merous items for this volume. Other Brown students who assisted with this endeavor through their translation of texts include Caroline Landau, Benja-min Legg, Lanna Leite, Erica Manouselis, Isadora Mota, João Nascimento, and Jennifer Gonçalves Reis. Gregory Childs, Roquinaldo Ferreira, Johanna Richlin, and Natan Zeichner also generously assisted us in translating mate-rial. Marycarolyn G. France deserves particular gratitude for having spent endless hours carefully reading, editing, and correcting those translations.

Victoria Langland thanks the many colleagues — too numerous to mention here— who offered enormous assistance with individual entries, and thanks Nico, Cal, and Theo Howson  for providing both unceasing support as she worked on this Reader and an equally limitless source of joyous distraction from it. She is particularly appreciative of Theresa Bachmann, Augusto de Moraes Guimarães, Page Martell, and Lonny Ivan Meyer  for their work in translating some of the documents here.

Lilia Moritz Schwarcz extends her gratitude to Sonia Balady and Vladimir Sachetta, as well as her colleagues at Princeton University, Bruno Carvalho and Pedro Meira Monteiro.

In addition, we are grateful for the help of Vicente Arruda Camara Ro-drigues at the Brazilian Arquivo Nacional; the Arquivo Público do Estado de São Paulo; Martina Spohr and her staff at CPDOC/Fundação Getúlio Var-gas; the Edgard Leuenroth Archive at UNICAMP; the Instituto Moreira Salles; Neil Safier, the director of the John Carter Brown Library at Brown Univer-sity; and Valeria Ganz and other staff at the Museu da República.

1

Introduction

When the governing body for world football, FIFA, confirmed in 2007 that Brazil would host the 2014 World Cup, many Brazilians across the country celebrated this latest affirmation of the nation’s global importance. Two years later crowds again rejoiced when the International Olympics Commit-tee chose the city of Rio de Janeiro as the site for the 2016 summer Olympic games.

Brazil’s selection as host for these two enormous events seemed to con-firm domestic and international confidence about the country’s current sta-tus and future promise. Two decades of sustained economic growth had led to a vast movement of people into the middle class for the first time, while a series of government- sponsored poverty eradication initiatives had made real and material differences in the lives of the very poor. Brazil had long led others in developing and using renewable energy sources, such as hy-droelectricity and biofuels, and in 2006 the government announced that it was now self- sufficient in oil production. That same year the discovery of enormous oil and natural gas reserves off the coast of Rio de Janeiro quickly drew predictions that Brazil would soon be one of the largest oil exporters in the world. Meanwhile, the nation’s status as the world’s third- largest democ-racy meant that since 1985 the country had enjoyed not just stable democratic transitions but also, due to compulsory voting laws, regular voter turnout of around 80 percent of eligible voters. Thus, the decisions of FIFA and the International Olympics Committee to hold their sporting events there were simply symbolic manifestations of what the international media had been en-thusiastically proclaiming for some time: that for the country of the future, as many have called Brazil, its time had finally arrived.

While these decisions fueled an initial wave of optimism within Brazil that the country might finally be reaching its long- promised potential, they also provoked fierce critiques of the government’s priorities when pressing domestic concerns still begged for redress. Serious infrastructural deficien-cies complicated both personal and business lives, while political corruption at times seemed endemic. These tensions were brought into stark relief in 2013 and 2014, when the juxtaposition of government spending on items like stadium construction with the perseverance of long- standing flaws in public services, such as education, health care, and transportation, contributed to

2 Introduction

an explosion of street protests that made manifest this popular frustration. Meanwhile, the international media descended on Brazil, describing each de-lay in World Cup preparations as a disaster waiting to happen. As it turned out, these pessimistic predictions turned out to be wrong, but social discon-tent did not wane.

The 2014 elections that followed immediately after Brazil’s stunning de-feat in the World Cup semifinals brought new surprises. Brazilian Socialist Party presidential candidate Eduardo Campos died in an airplane crash in August, and Marina Silva, the former minister of environment and Campos’s running mate, then stepped in to replace him, soaring in the polls for a brief time. In the first round of the presidential contest, Aécio Neves, the former governor of the state of Minas Gerais and the nominee of the centrist Brazil-ian Social Democracy Party, ended up coming in second place to incumbent President Dilma Rousseff of the Workers’ Party. She then defeated him in the second round by a slim 3.2 percent margin. It was the closest presidential race since 1989.

SãoPaulo

São Luis

Rio de Janeiro

SalvadorBrasíliaBrasília

Fortaleza

BeloHorizonte

Manaus

Curitiba Santos

Recife

Natal

Porto Alegre

Belém

Goiânia

ATLANTIC OCEAN

MATO GROSSO

SANTACATARINA

MINAS GERAIS

SÃO PAULO

MATO GROSSODO SUL

RIO GRANDEDO SUL

BRAZIL

AMAZONAS

RORAIMA

PARÁ

PARANÁ

PIAUÍ

RN

PB

ALSE

PE

ES

RJ

CEARÁ

BAHIA

Espiríto SantoRio de Janeiro

Rio Grande do NorteRNPB

ALSE

PE

ESRJ

Paraíba

SergipeAlgolasPernambuco

GOIÁS

MARANHAO

TOCANTINS

AMAPÁ

ACRE

RONDÔNIA

Map of Brazil.

Introduction 3

Soon after Dilma Rousseff’s inauguration, a series of scandals erupted that linked members of the Workers’ Party and other parties to massive fraud in Petrobras, the state- owned oil monopoly. Ongoing corruption charges against her administration and Rousseff’s narrow electoral victory fed a growing political polarization in the country between a center- left coalition led by the Workers’ Party and a center- right coalition under the leadership of the Brazilian Social Democracy Party. Soon over a million people mobilized in marches calling for Rousseff’s impeachment, while hundreds of thousands of others marched in counterdemonstrations of support. In late August 2016, the Senate impeached President Rousseff for violations of fiscal procedures related to the budget and government disbursements, although she was not accused of corruption. Michel Temer, the vice presidential candidate on her coalition slate and a leader of the Party of the Brazilian Democratic Move-ment, assumed the presidency for a two- year term, marking a sudden and dramatic shift to the center- right in national politics. As this edition of The Brazil Reader goes to press, it is hard to predict Brazil’s political future.

Mixtures of optimism and critique have long characterized Brazilians’ un-derstanding of their country as a place with boundless potential yet seemingly intractable inequalities. By the same token, the recent spotlight on Brazil por-traying it alternately as an emerging global power or a place ill equipped for such a position reminds us that it has been an object of international fascina-tion and evaluation since the colonial period. This new edition of The Brazil Reader showcases these domestic and international dynamics of optimism and critique that have pervaded Brazil’s past and continue to shape its present. The contents of the volume offer the reader multiple paths for exploring and understanding how the legacies of the past continue to both inspire and weigh on Brazil today.

Examining some of these paths is an enormous, if extremely gratify-ing, undertaking. Anyone interested in Brazil is familiar with the repeated comments on its immense size, enormous wealth, and environmental and cultural diversity. Indeed, it is a real intellectual challenge to present the complexities of how different societies and cultures have interacted over time and how economic, political, and social structures have developed, without reducing these histories to simplified clichés. This is especially the case given the sheer magnitude and significant regional diversities in Brazil. Nonethe-less, in the pages that follow, the Reader presents documents, essays, poems, manifestos, speeches, images, and other materials (many published in Eng-lish for the first time) that, taken together, try to capture some part of the great variety of lived experiences and political, social, economic, and cultural processes that have taken place in Brazil over five hundred years.

In order to best facilitate readers’ explorations of these materials, the Reader is organized following a conventional historical periodization that will be familiar to those who have studied some Brazilian history. Divided

4 Introduction

into eleven parts, it begins with the contact between Portuguese explorers and indigenous peoples in 1500 and ends with essays on recent developments in the country. Of course, any division of a historical narrative into distinct time periods conveys only certain ways of looking at the past, and osten-sible historical ruptures can lead to as much continuity as change, even if new forms of government or different political figures take power. Yet this periodization highlights the fact that important modifications in forms of government or types of regimes, such as the transition from monarchy to republic, and significant economic and social transformations, such as the discovery of gold in 1695 and the end of the Atlantic slave trade in 1850, helped to shape and constrain the lives of those who lived in these periods. This or-ganizational structure seeks to respond to the needs of both students and a broader audience interested in an overview of Brazilian history, politics, and culture and an understanding of how the past is linked to the present.

Within this chronological approach, six interrelated and underlying themes appear throughout the volume: (1) the structure of the colonial, im-perial, and republican economies in relationship to local production and international demands for goods produced in Brazil; (2) the complex social hierarchies that developed in a society based on extracting labor from the indigenous population, enslaved Africans, free people of color, and immi-grants; (3) the legacy of slavery, the ideologies that have justified it, and their relationship to notions of race, equality, and democracy in Brazil; (4) the roles that women of all social classes have played in Brazilian public life and the importance of ideas about masculinity and femininity that undergird rela-tionships of power; (5) the dynamic between political and social movements, popular rebellions, uprisings, revolts, and mobilizations, on the one hand, and social change, on the other; and (6) the multifaceted intellectual pro-duction that reveals much about the nature of Brazil, its people, and their cultures, from poetry and short stories to various forms of nonfiction. These themes and their varied facets emerge in the documents, essays, portraits, and images in all of the selections that follow.

All three editors of this volume teach and study the history and culture of Brazil. We work with students in the United States who often know very lit-tle about the country when they first enter the classroom, although they have generally picked up enough information to be deeply intrigued by Brazil and its history. One of the three editors also teaches history and anthropology at a leading Brazilian university where one of the pedagogical challenges is to en-courage students to critically reassess long- standing assumptions about race, class, and social difference that are pervasive in Brazilian society. We have designed this Reader with both groups of students in mind, hoping to offer something to all of those curious and motivated to learn more about Brazil. We have therefore embedded in the selections and short introductory essays

Introduction 5

background knowledge and interesting materials that will enable all read-ers to develop, over time, a more variegated and multifaceted understanding of the country. Although Brazilian songwriter, singer, and composer Tom Jobim noted about anyone trying to decipher Brazil and its people, history, politics, and culture that “Brazil is not for beginners,” we nonetheless think the attempt is worthwhile.