The Benguela Current Large Marine - Data center · 2008-07-07 · The Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem Programme (BCLME Programme) completed its first decade in 2007, which

The Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem: A Social, Cultural, and Ecological Profile

Nicole E. Rohr Hosts: Drs. Kenneth Sherman and Marie‐Christine Aquarone

National Marine Fisheries Service Large Marine Ecosystems Program

June 27, 2008

Presented in partial fulfillment of EVS 614

Rohr | 2

LARGE MARINE ECOSYSTEMS

Ecosystem conservation and management often starts and stops at country borders, which

seldom correlate with the boundaries of ecosystems (Rickelefs, 1987; Graham et al, 1991). This can

result in the disjunctive regulation and management of large ecosystems that encompass several

countries. To address this issue, scientists at the National Marine Fisheries Service in the United States

created 64 distinct large marine ecosystems (LMEs) from the world’s major coastal and estuarine

ecosystems. These ecological delineations were based on marine bathymetry, hydrography,

productivity, and trophodynamics (Sherman and Alexander, 1986) with no regard to existing political

boundaries (figure 1). Seventeen LME Projects in Africa, Latin America, and Eastern Europe currently

exist (table 1), and each project is a collaboration among the countries that lie within the boundaries of

the respective LME. The countries may be politically distinct but they work together with a shared goal

of sustaining the ecological integrity of an ecosystem through integrated transboundary ecosystem

management (Sherman, 1994; Shannon, 2006).

In order to develop ecological and socioeconomic baselines and monitor the effects of

management of each LME, a set of Five Modules and Indicators were developed (Sherman and Duda,

1999). These five modules incorporate many aspects of management ranging from the evaluation of

physical and biological processes to stakeholder involvement and participation (figure 2). The three

science‐based modules (productivity, fish and fisheries, and pollution and ecosystem health) were

designed to provide assessment information on which to base management recommendations. The

socioeconomics and governance modules were defined to assess the extent to which management

options are effective in contributing to resource sustainability (Edwards and Murawski, 1996; Murawski,

1996).

Rohr | 3

The Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem Programme (BCLME Programme) completed its

first decade in 2007, which presents an opportunity to evaluate its successes. The end of the first decade

is also a good juncture to revise the program in order to improve its performance. This white paper

summarizes the accomplishments of the governance module of the BCLME, and highlights remaining

challenges and areas of potential improvement. The following section describes the BCLME including

physical oceanographic properties and the most significant industries in the coastal regions. Next, the

BENEFIT and BCLME Programme are described including how they were established and the major

objectives of each initiative. Then, I describe the Benguela Current Commission including how it is

politically structured, why it is unique among other commissions, and what the Commission hopes to

achieve in the future. Finally, I discuss how the BCLME Programme will move forward into the next

decade, celebrating its successes while making improvements to better understand, manage, and

protect its marine resources and the economic opportunities that rely on these resources.

BENGUELA CURRENT LARGE MARINE ECOSYSTEM

The Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem (BCLME) is located along the coast of southwest

Africa and its name is derived from the current which it encompasses (figure 3). The BCLME stretches

from the Angola Front in the north to the Cape of Good Hope in the south and eastward past the

boundary of the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ); encompassing the entire Namibian coast, the complete

western coast of South Africa, and part of the Angolan coast (Shannon, 2006). The Benguela Current is

an upwelling system with a center located around Lüderitz in southern Namibia (Shannon 1985). The

Benguela upwelling system has a mean annual primary productivity of 1.25 kilograms of carbon per

meter square per year (Shannon and O’Toole, 2003), which makes it one of the four most productive

upwelling systems in the world. Strong upwelling events are responsible for the high level of primary

and secondary productivity that characterizes the BCLME but can also contribute to hypoxic and anoxic

Rohr | 4

events that are common in the region (Chapman and Shannon, 1985; Monterio and van der Plas, 2006).

Other oceanographic phenomena contribute to the uniqueness of the BCLME; these include but are not

limited to El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) (Colberg et al, 2004), Agulhas Current Retroflection with

concurrent Agulhas Rings (Duncombe Rae et al, 1992), and the net transport of heat towards the

equator (Shannon and O’Toole, 1999).

In addition to being extremely biologically productive, the BCLME also offers many prominent

economic opportunities. The oil and natural gas industry has expanded in the last three decades,

primarily in Angola, due largely to an extensive surveying effort by the oil and natural gas companies

(Morant, 1999). As of 2006, the offshore oil and gas industry accounted for 69% of the BCLME marine

economy, which was estimated at US$ 15 billion (O’Toole, 2008). Many positive socio‐economic effects

have resulted from this expansion but these come at the expense of the ecosystem. In addition to the

obvious threat of oil and natural gas spills, the disruption and smothering of the benthos by drilling and

discharge respectively can cause large disturbances. The shipping industry, which is prominent in the

distribution of oil and natural gas, is a large contributor to the potential spread of invasive species

because of ballast water exchange in foreign ports (Carlton and Geller, 1993; Ruiz et al, 1997). Sewage,

food and galley waste, and oily water discharge are a few other threats that oil ships pose to the natural

environment (Morant, 1999).

Led by DeBeers and its affiliates, diamond mining is prominent in the BCLME region and, in

2006, accounted for 15% of the BCLME marine economy (O’Toole, 2008). Mining is conducted on‐shore,

near‐shore, and off‐shore and, similar to the oil and gas industry, has both positive and negative impacts

(Clark et al, 1999). The positive effects generally include socio‐economic benefits derived from

employment and tax revenue while negative effects can include harmful socio‐economic impacts

associated with an influx of people into small towns. These include inadequate waste management

systems for the sudden increase in human population, which can result in an increase of nutrient

Rohr | 5

pollution to the adjacent marine ecosystem. An increase in nutrients results in harmful algae blooms

that contaminate the waters, cause fish kills, and prevent human activities. Diamond mining also has

negative environmental impacts but the extent of these impacts is currently unknown (Clark et al, 1999).

Fisheries rank very high in national importance in Angola and Namibia. While fisheries are less

important in South Africa as a whole, they are vital to coastal communities (Hampton et al, 1999).

Overall, fisheries account for 5% of the economy in the BCLME region (O’Toole, 2008). In general,

fisheries have been declining since the late 1960’s (Food and Agriculture Organization, 2003) with one of

the most drastic reductions seen in the South African and Namibian sardine fishery (figure 4). A few

species such as the sardinella have seen increases in populations but it is unclear at this point whether

this is due to an actual increase in numbers or a range shift due to the changing climate (Hampton et al,

1999). Currently, there are major gaps in information regarding life history characteristics of the major

economic fish species. This information is vital for effective catch regulations and management of

artisanally and commercially important fish species (Hampton et al, 1999) and the BCLME Programme is

making an effort to close these gaps.

GENERAL FRAMEWORK OF BENEFIT AND THE BCLME PROGRAMME

In the mid‐1990’s, the countries that border the BCLME recognized the need for a holistic

approach to the study of the marine environment. Data evolving from such a study would provide the

basis for responsible and effective management that promotes the sustainability of the ecosystem

(Shannon, 2006). In 1995, the Namibian Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources hosted a

Workshop/Seminar on Fisheries Resource Dynamics in the Benguela Current Ecosystem in Swakopmund,

Namibia. From this workshop, the initiatives for two regional programs were developed: Bengeula‐

Environment‐Fisheries‐Interaction and Training (BENEFIT) and the Benguela Current Large Marine

Ecosystem (BCLME) Program.

Rohr | 6

BENEFIT commenced in 1997. With ten years of financial support from the Global Environment

Facility (GEF) from 1997 through 2007, BENEFIT was dedicated to the development of enhanced science

capabilities for assessing the Benguela Current ecosystem through improving the understanding of its

ecosystem dynamics (Shannon, 2006). Capacity building for marine science and technology was also

identified as a high priority for the three countries.

In the same year following the initiation of BENEFIT, a basic plan for the BCLME Programme was

laid out. In contrast to the strictly science‐based goals of BENEFIT, the BCLME Programme is aimed at

the sustainable and integrated management of the Benguela Current ecosystem as a whole with a focus

on transboundary management (United Nations Development Programme – Global Environment

Facility, 2001) through the use of the Five Modules and Indicators (Sherman and Duda, 1999). From

1997 to 2001, the basic plan for the BCLME Programme was developed into a comprehensive program

through the Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis (TDA) (BCLME Programme Co‐ordinating Unit, 1999) and

the Strategic Action Plan (SAP) (BCLME Programme Co‐ordinating Unit, 2002). The TDA identifies basic

underlying transboundary problems and indicates areas in the BCLME requiring action. Three main areas

were identified for regional action:

• sustainable management and utilization of resources;

• assessment of environmental variability, ecosystem impacts, and improvement of variability;

• and maintenance of ecosystem health and management of pollution.

The SAP outlines the regional policy for the sustainable integrated management of the BCLME as agreed

upon by Angola, Namibia, and South Africa. The SAP summarizes the regional framework for the BCLME

Programme, including:

• details of challenges facing the BCLME in regards to transboundary management;

• establishes the principles that are fundamental to integrated management;

• specifies the nature, scope, and timetable for deliverable management policy actions;

Rohr | 7

• details the institutional arrangements for ensuring delivery;

• elaborates on cooperation between the BCLME region and external institutions;

• specifies how the BCLME Programme will be financed during the start‐up and implementation

phase; and

• outlines approaches to ensure the long‐term self‐funding of the integrated management of the

BCLME.

The BCLME Programme was formally approved in 2002 (BCLME Coordinating Unit, 1999; Shannon,

2006).

In 2007, the two five‐year funding cycles of the BENEFIT Project by the GEF came to an end with

the three countries involved being dedicated to moving forward with continued improvement through

the BCLME Programme (de Barros et al., 2007). BENEFIT was formed through a bottom‐up initiative not

only concerned with science but also with the capacity building and education that allowed for the

science to be conducted. Perhaps the most impressive accomplishment was the establishment of the

Interim Benguela Current Commission (IBCC), which recently became the permanent Benguela Current

Commission (BCC). The IBCC/BCC is the first international commission established specifically to

manage an entire ecosystem shared by several nations in the world and now serves as an example to

other LME countries (such as in the Guinea Current LME) of what can be achieved regardless of the

individual countries political and civil statuses (Juda and Hennessey, 2005; Olsen et al., 2006).

BENGUELA CURRENT COMMISSION (BCC)

By the end of the ten‐year funding period for BENEFIT, a major goal with collaboration of the

BCLME Programme was to have a self‐sufficient Benguela Current Commission (BCC) established to

implement an ecosystem‐based management approach in the three countries of the BCLME (Sherman,

2006). This goal was met in 2007 (United Nations Development Programme, 2007). The BCC’s main

Rohr | 8

objectives are to develop a better understanding of the BCLME, to improve the management of human

impacts, to facilitate regional capacity building, and to increase the benefits derived from transboundary

management and harvest of fish stocks (Programme Coordination Unit Report PCU/BCC/04/01, 2004). A

phased approach was undertaken to establish the BCC. First, a draft of the intergovernmental

agreement was prepared. Next, working groups and joint management committees were brought into

operation to address the most pressing concerns of the BCLME. Finally, the Interim Benguela Current

Commission (IBCC) was created as a preliminary step towards a permanent commission (Juda and

Hennessey, 2001; Sherman, 2006).

The IBCC/BCC was a bottom‐up commission of three politically tumultuous countries. Angola

was a very poor country until the recent discovery of oil, Namibia had no way of protecting its EEZ from

international fishing fleets until it was recognized as an independent country until 1990, and Sout Africa

struggled with apartheid. In addition, all three of these countries also experienced civil wars. Aside from

civil problems, the countries struggled with a lack of trust among the governments, single‐species

management was the established approach to fisheries, and there was an absence of cross‐sectoral

communication. There was also little or no regional cooperation and a lack of stakeholder participation

in the management process (Tapscott, 1999). Despite all obstacles, representatives from each country

realized they share a unique and fragile ecosystem, and came together to better understand and

manage the BCLME (Vousden and Ngoile, 2005).

Research, capacity building, and management conducted through the BCLME Programme are

equally distributed among Angola, Namibia, and South Africa. Three Activity Centers were established,

one in each country, and each has a different focus (Appendix A). The Center for Biodiversity, Ecosystem

Health, and Pollution is headquartered in Luanda, Angola. This Center is responsible for projects such as

mapping of habitats, biodiversity and species composition assessments, as well as the assessment of the

effects of diamond and oil mining. The Center for Living Marine Resources is in Swakopmund, Namibia.

Rohr | 9

This Activity Center is primarily focused on the assessment and management of artisanal and

commercial fisheries. The Center for Environmental Variability in Cape Town, South Africa, handles the

monitoring and assessment of oceanographic data, harmful algal blooms, and the shellfish sanitation

program (United Nations Development Programme – Global Environment Facility, 2001). (For a list of

completed projects in each of the activity centers, see Appendix B).

All three Centers actively work on capacity building with a special focus on Angola due to its

lower level of education and the need for an upgraded communications system. One of the most

effective capacity building techniques utilized in all three countries was scholarship support for

employees who wanted to continue their education. Between 1998 and 2007, over 50 students received

financial support to continue their education (de Barros et al., 2007). Upon their completion, many

students then returned to BENEFIT and the BCLME Programme, bringing with them improved

knowledge and renewed enthusiasm for contributing to the success of these programs, as well as for

improving their countries as a whole.

MOVING FOREWARD

The BCLME Program has been successful to date in achieving a collaborative effort from three

nations that have not always been cooperative, and that have faced many internal challenges. One of

their largest achievements was the establishment of the BCC, which could serve as a model of

cooperative research and management for other LMEs, and indeed for a wide spectrum of international

cooperation.

As the BCLME Programme moves forward, the Science Plan for the next four years (2008‐2011)

includes:

• living marine resources and monitoring;

• ecosystem health and conservation

Rohr | 10

• ecosystem‐based management (EAF);

• state of the environment assessment and monitoring;

• climate change;

• capacity building and training program;

• State of Ecosystem Information System (SEIS).

As in the past, forecasting remains at the forefront of objectives. The BCLME Programme hopes not only

to monitor and assess previous data and physical and biological trends, but also to be able to identify

the underlying drivers of these processes so early‐warning systems can be established.

Global climate change is at the forefront of worldwide scientific concerns and the BCLME is not

excluded from this phenomenon. It is important to determine how climate change will affect the

physical process of the upwelling system, to identify how these physical changes will manifest

themselves biologically, and to determine the steps needed to mitigate or adapt to the changes. In this

manner, climate change can serve as an evolutionary driver. One example where this evaluative process

is occurring involves the distribution and abundance of South African penguins. Due to physical changes

regarding temperature of water and the strength of upwelling, there has been a shift in fisheries

distribution, specifically the shift of the sardine and anchovy populations (Crawford, 1998; Crawford et

al., 2006). These two fish species compose a large portion of the diet of penguins but in order to find a

sufficient amount of the fish to support the population, the penguins have moved into new areas, which

has exposed them to novel predators for which they do not have defense or escape mechanisms. This

has caused a decline in the penguin population (Crawford et al, 1995; 2007). Also, as with much of the

world, greenhouse gas reduction is a priority as a means to combat global climate change.

The BCLME Programme has been very successful in collecting large amounts of data, but

perhaps less so to date in analyzing the data. While there has been a constant and dedicated effort to

process the large amounts of data, the analyses continue to lag well behind the collection. More capital

Rohr | 11

and time should be dedicated to this effort in order to determine trends, to interpret these trends in

relation to large‐scale ecosystem processes, and to incorporate the information into policies and

management.

To date, the BCLME Programme has been successful in procuring outside funding, and is in the

process of securing addition funds to continue the program for another five years. A remaining

challenge is to make research and management by the three countries self sustaining. Possible funding

sources include supplemental funds and technical support from other countries, particularly Norway

and Iceland (Duda and Sherman, 2002). The use of revenues from the oil and natural gas industry,

diamond mining companies, and even a portion of fisheries revenues being retained to help support

further research and management has also been suggested.

While there have been many advances in scientific knowledge, there have also been many

socioeconomic successes as well. The BCLME Programme has been successful in breaking down

geopolitical borders between adjacent southern African countries with a history of hostility and distrust.

These countries are now working together toward a common goal that requires much collaboration and

agreement. On a worldwide scale, cooperative ties are being built between northern hemisphere first‐

world countries and southern hemisphere third‐world countries as Norway and Iceland have dedicated

many in‐kind contributions to the BCLME Programme in hopes of preserving the world’s fisheries.

Capacity building has also been very successful, particularly with regards to educational

scholarships. By providing the means for employees to complete their bachelors, masters, and doctoral

degrees in fields related to the needs and goals of the BCLME Programme (i.e. natural sciences,

oceanography, communication, computers), many benefits are attained. Firstly, many employees return

to the BCLME Programme with an increased education level that manifests itself in a greater

understanding of the ecological and social workings of the BCLME. Second, the increased educational

level allows for the employee to earn a higher income and therefore invest more money into the local

Rohr | 12

economy through the increased purchase of goods and services. Future research should include more

focus on the socioeconomic module to specifically determine how the investment in education

manifests itself in improvements to society outside of the BCLME realm.

Overall, the BCLME Programme has made large advancements in the improvement of scientific

knowledge and the management of marine resources within the boundaries of Angola, Namibia, and

South Africa. The Programme has also made ground‐breaking socioeconomic and governance

improvements by creating intergovernmental infrastructure through the establishment of the BCC.

While there have been many perceived successes there are also many areas that would benefit from

additional development. If given the financial opportunity, the BCLME Programme will continue to

improve and serve as an example for other developing LME programs.

Rohr | 13

Figure 1: Map of the 64 Large Marine Ecosystems. Each ecosystem is characterized by distinct

bathymetry, hydrography, bathymetry, and trophodynamics (from Sherman, 2006). The Benguela

Current LME is represented by number 29.

Rohr | 14

Figure 2: The Five Modules and associated Indicators as used for the evaluation of Large Marine

Ecosystems (adopted from Sherman and Duda, 1999).

PPoolllluuttiioonn &&

EEccoossyysstteemm HHeeaalltthh FFiisshh

&& FFiisshheerriieess

GGoovveerrnnaannccee SSoocciiooeeccoonnoommiiccss

PPrroodduuccttiivviittyy PRODUCTIVITY MODULE INDICATOR Photosynthetic activity Zooplankton biodiversity Oceanographic variability

SOCIOECONOMIC MODULE INDICATOR Integrated assessment Human forcing Sustainability of long‐term Socioeconomic benefits GOVERNANCE

MODULE INDICATOR Stakeholder participation Adaptive management

FISH & FISHERIES MODULE INDICATOR Biodiversity Finfish Shellfish Demersal Species Pelagic Species

POLLUTION & ECOSYSTEMHEALTH MODULE INDICATOR Eutrophication Biotoxins Pathology Emerging diseases Health indices

Rohr | 15

Figure 3: Left: A map of Africa with the BCLME region outlined (map courtesy of NOAA NMFS and URI

Environmental Data Center, http://www.lme.noaa.gov/Portal/). Right: The Benguela Current Large

Marine Ecosystem with the major oceanographic currents (Shannon, 2006).

http://www.lme.noaa.gov/Portal/�

Rohr | 16

Figure 4: The level of commercial fisheries in the BCLME region by amount landed (top) and by the economic value of that catch (bottom) since 1950. The data are grouped by commercial group. (Sea Around Us Project, 2008). The top graph illustrates the decrease in catch biomass of many commercially important fish species since the late 1980’s. The bottom graph translates this decrease in catch biomass into a decrease in revenue.

Rohr | 17

Table 1: The 17 Large Marine Ecosystem Programs currently funded by or in the preparation stages for

the Global Environment Facility and their participating countires (adopted from Sherman, 2006).

Large Marine Ecosystem (# of countries) Participating Countries Gulf of Guinea (6) Benin, Cameroon, Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Nigeria, Togo Yellow Sea (2) China, Korea Patagonia Shelf/Maritime Front (2) Argentina, Uruguay Baltic (9) Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania,

Poland, Russia, Sweden Benguela Current (3) Angola, Namibia, South Africa South China Sea (7) Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines,

Thailand, Vietnam Black Sea (6) Bulgaria, Georgia, Romania, Russia, Turkey, Ukraine Mediterranean (19) Albania, Algeria, Bosnia‐Herzegovina, Croatia, Egypt,

France, Greece, Israel, Italy, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, Yugoslavia

Red Sea (7) Djibouti, Egypt, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Yemen

Western Pacific Warm Water Pool‐SIDS (13) Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Nauru, Niue, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu

Canary Current (7) Cape Verde, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea‐Bissau, Mauritania, Morocco, Senegal

Bay of Bengal (8) Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Maldives, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand

Humboldt Current (2) Chile, Peru Guinea Current (16) Angola, Benin, Cameroon, Congo, Democratic Republic

of the Congo, Côte d’Ivoire, Gabon, Ghana, Equatorial Guinea, Guinea, Guinea‐Bissau, Liberia, Nigeria, São Tomé and Principe, Sierra Leone, Togo

Gulf of Mexico (3) Cuba, Mexico, United States Agulhas/Somali Currents (8) Comoros, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius,

Mozambique, Seychelles, South Africa, Tanzania Caribbean (23) Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize,

Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Grenada, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Puerto Rico, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela

Rohr | 18

Appendix A – Activity centers in the Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem, location, main research targets and projects that are in progress and/or completed. For a complete description of the Activity Centers and associated projects, please see the BCLME Programme website at http://www.bclme.org. Centre for Biodiversity, Ecosystem Health, and Pollution Location: Luanda, Angola TARGETS PROJECTS Ecosystem type and biodiversity

• Map and classify shoreline, shallow water, and estuarine habitats for suitable aquaculture areas

• Assess biodiversity and species composition • Assess long‐line fisheries by‐catch

Mining, oil, and diamonds • Assess current policies and legislation • Determine environmental effects of these activities • Determine effects of sediment discharge from on‐shore and near‐shore diamond

mining • Develop an oil spill contingency plan

Pollution • Assess land‐based marine pollution • Develop a common set of management friendly water and sediment quality

guides • Monitor trans‐boundary pollution • Integrate urban expansion in Luanda Bay, Angola

Capacity building

Centre for Living Marine Resources Swakopmund, Namibia TARGETS PROJECTS Outreach • Assess ways to involve local communities

• Create an interactive web‐site to promote outreach Artisanal fisheries • Promote regional harmonization

• Promote management • Create a demonstrational website for the Artisanal Fisheries Institute

Commercial fisheries • Assess fisheries catch data • Determine optimal harvesting strategies

Commercially important fish stocks

• Conduct surveys and assess mesopelagic, demersal, and pelagic fish with special focus on economically important species

• Conduct a feasibility study of the establishment of fish aging center • Conduct a feasibility study of the use of genetics for fish stock identification • Analyze revenue raising instruments • Determine the ability to use top predators as indicators of ecosystem change

Management • Develop a management plan for the Bronze whaler shark • Develop responsible aquaculture policy • Conduct a feasibility study for the Ecosystem Approaches for Fisheries (EAF)

Management Social Aspects • Conduct baseline socio‐economic surveys

• Conduct an economic and legal study of trade of fish and fish products • Harmonize socio‐economic policies and legal provisions

Capacity building • Sponsor working group meeting of researchers • Purchase catamaran type ski‐boats

Rohr | 19

Centre for Environmental Variability Cape Town, South Africa TARGETS PROJECTS Historical oceanographic data

• Assess Namibian data • Compile, review, and reinterpret Angolan data • Assess present state of oceanographic monitoring in South Africa

Implement current technologies in data collection

• Conduct a feasibility study, purchase, and retrieve a moored array in the Tropical Atlantic

• Conduct a feasibility assessment of a towed undulating oceanographic recorder• Use a continuous underwater fish egg sampler to characterize the spawning

habitats of harvested pelagic species • Develop satellite remote sensing products • Purchase and install tidal gauges

Plankton community • Analyze ichthyoplankton to develop an index of long‐term change Harmful algal blooms (HAB) • Harmonize the regulations of toxins

• Determine the distribution and diversity of HAB cysts • Develop a monitoring protocol

Low oxygen water (LOW) • Complete a critical review of LOW • Improve the monthly State of the Environment reporting on LOW • Assess transboundary processes that contribute to LOW

Shellfish • Develop a shellfish sanitation program Cold and warm water event • Analyze and assess predictability

• Develop a better understanding of South Atlantic variability Capacity building • Sponsor two attendees to the Climate Variability Program Workshop on South

Atlantic Climate Observing System in Brazil • Provide training for ichthyoplankton monitoring • Develop operational capacity building for shellfish sanitation program • Develop operation capacity building for monitoring HABs • Sponsor an international workshop on forecasting and data assimilation • Special focus on capacity building and upgrading communication system in

Angola

Rohr | 20

Appendix B – The projects completed by BENEFIT and BCLME Programme, the project number, and the

module indicator of the project. The prefixes represent the following:

• BCLME or PCU stands for projects that are managed by the Programme Coordination Unit in

Windhoek;

• BEHP stands for projects that are managed by the Activity Centre for Biodiversity, Ecosystem

Health and Pollution in Luanda, Angola;

• LMR stands for projects that are managed by the Activity Centre for Living Marine Resources in

Swakopmund, Namibia; and

• EV stands for projects that are managed by the Activity Centre for Environmental Variability in

Cape Town, South Africa .

Online access to all final reports can be found at http://www.bclme.org.

PROJECT TITLE PROJECT NUMBER MODULE INDICATOR Development of and making operational, a viable and integrative environmental early warning system (EEWS) for the BCLME

BCLME/EEWS/05/01 Environmental Variability and Oceanography

A cross‐cutting simulation modeling capability for the BCLME

BCLME/MODEL/05/01 Environmental Variability and Oceanography

The marine scientific status of the Angola‐Benguela Front: The synthesis of scientific inputs into the Angola‐Benguela Front workshop: April 2006

BCLME/BOUNDARY/05/01 Fish and Fisheries

Angola‐Benguela Front workshop report: BCLME‐BENEFIT, April 2006


BCLME Southern Boundary workshop report: May 2006


Northern Benguela transboundary small pelagic and mid‐water resources research planning workshop – A synthesis of the scientific input discussions and outputs from the workshop with annexes

BCLME/LMR/CF/03/10 Fish and Fisheries

Report on potential shared hake stocks – research planning meeting between Namibia and South Africa

BCLME/LMR/CF/03/06 Fish and Fisheries

Report on outcomes of consultations undertaken, gaps in information and data and necessary amendments to the TOR’s for SEIS

BCLME/SEIS/05/01 Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management (EAF)

Integration and review of training and capacity PCU/T&CB REVIEW/06/01 Training and Capacity Building

Rohr | 21

building in the BCLME Programme Assessing potential to produce final ocean colour maps of Namibia’s marine environment

PCU/POLYTECH/05/01 Environmental Variability and Oceanographic Processes

Report on MARPOL 73/78: Adoption, compliance and monitoring in the BCLME region

PCU/MARPOL/07/01 Governance

Training course report: impact assessment and decision making in the BCLME region

PCU/EIA/07/01 Training and Capacity Building

Report on the legislative, policy and governance frameworks in the BCLME region

PCU/POLGOV/07/01 Governance

Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem Strategic Action Programme: Stakeholders participation plan

PCU/STKPT/07/01 Governance

Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem Strategic Action Programme: Training and Capacity Building Plan

PCU/TCBPLN/07/01 Governance

The Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem – State of stocks review 2007

PCU/SSR/07/02 Fish and Fisheries

Appraisal of environmental management guidelines in the seabed mining industry

PCU/RSM/07/01 Ecosystem Health and Pollution

A legal study to determine interim financial management services for the Benguela Current Commission

PCU/BCCFINMGT/08/01 Governance

Harmonisation of national environmental policies and legislation for marine mining, dredging and offshore petroleum and production activities in the BCLME region

BEHP/IA/03/01 Governance

Ecosystem mapping and biodiversity: Consultative workship, Swakopmund, April 2004

BEHP/BAC/WORKSHOP/04/01

Marine Biodiversity and Conservation

Baseline assessment of sources and management of land‐based marine pollution in the BCLME region

BEHP/LBMP/03/01 Ecosystem Health and Pollution

Assessment of the cumulative effects of sediment discharges from on‐shore and near‐shore diamond mining activities on the BCLME

BEHP/CEA/03/03 Ecosystem Health and Pollution

The development of a common set of water and sediment quality guidelines for the coastal zone of the BCLME

BEHP/LBMP/03/04 Ecosystem Health and Pollution

Marine litter program BEHP/ML/03/01 Ecosystem Health and Pollution Optimal line sink rates: mitigating seabird mortality in the South African longline fisheries

BEHP/EEF/03/01/02 Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management (EAF)

By‐catch of threatened seabirds, sharks and turtles in longline fisheries in the Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem: An integrated approach

BEHP/EEF/03/01/02 Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management (EAF)

Assessment of cumulative impacts of scouring of sub‐tidal areas and kelp cutting by diamond divers in near‐shore areas of the BCLME region

BEHP/CEA/03/04 Ecosystem Health and Pollution

Mapping of the BCLME shoreline, shallow water and marine habitats – Physical Mapping Project

BEHP/BAC/03/02 Marine Biodiversity

Analysis of threats and challenges to marine biodiversity and marine habitats in Namibia and Angola

BEHP/BTA/04/01 Marine Biodiversity

Angola’s needs for multi‐sectoral management of marine environment information: Scoping

BEHP/WS/03/02 Monitoring and Evaluation

Rohr | 22

workshop, 7 April 2003: Alte Brucke Conference Centre, Swakopmund, Namibia Development of institutional capacity in biodiversity management in BCLME countries

BEHP/CD/03/01 Training and Capacity Building

Regional oil spill contingency planning in the BCLME region

BEHP/OSCP/03/01 Ecosystem Health and Pollution

Identification of communities, biotopes and species in the offshore areas and along the shoreline and in the shallow subtidal areas in the BCLME region: Section A – Namibian coastal data acquisition


Identification of communities, biotopes and species in the offshore areas and along the shoreline and in the shallow subtidal areas in the BCLME region: Section B – Angolan coastal field survey report


Identification of communities, biotopes and species in the offshore areas and along the shoreline and in the shallow subtidal areas in the BCLME region: Section C – Demersal fish assemblages analysis


Marine environmental survey of bottom sediment in Cabinda Province, Angola – Survey of the bottom fauna and selected physical and chemical compounds in October 2006

BEHP/NANSEN/06/01 Pollution and Ecosystem Health

A strategy for developing ballast water management activities in Angola

BEHP/SWB/08/01 Ecosystem Health and Pollution

Implementation plan for BCLME regional aquaculture policy options

LMR/MC/03/01 Governance

Determination of optimal harvesting strategies for the hake trawl and longline fisheries in Namibia and South Africa

LMR/CF/03/07 Fish and Fisheries

A review of aquaculture policy and institutional capacity in the BCLME region with recommended regional policy options

LMR/MC/03/01 Governance

An assessment of the state of the commercial fisheries catch data in the BCLME region


A BCLME regional integration study regarding trade in fish and fish products – equitable trade

LMR/SE/03/02 Fisheries Socioeconomics and Trade

An analysis of commercial law in the BCLME countries – equitable trade in fish and fish products


Recommendations on benefication and commercialization of fishing activities in the BCLME countries


Assessing the role and impact of eco‐labeling in the three BCLME countries


Marketing analysis of major fish products markets in the Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem


As assessment of the legislation and regulations controlling access to key export markets in the three BCLME countries

LMR/SE/03/02 Governance

Micro‐economic systems analysis of the BCLME commercial marine fisheries


BCLME commercial fisheries rights holder and vessel analysis


Rohr | 23

The desirability of balanced trade in fish and fish products among the three BCLME countries


Transformation in the marine fishing industries of the BCLME countries


An analysis of fisheries management protocols in the BCLME countries


Comparative legal analysis and report on law reform

LMR/SE/03/03 Governance

A transboundary study with emphasis on deep water hake in the Luderitz‐Orange River Cone Area

LMR/NANSEN/04/04 Fish and Fisheries

A transboundary study with emphasis on deep water hake in the Luderitz‐Orange River Cone Area


Review of the state of knowledge and research on the distribution, biology, ecology and abundance of non‐exploited mesopelagic fish and the bearded goby in the Benguela ecosystem

LMR/CF/03/08 Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management (EAF)

Report on the biological, social and economic impact of rights allocations in the BCLME region


Retrospective analysis of Sardinella fisheries in Angola

LMR/CF/03/11B Fish and Fisheries

An assessment of how coastal communities can become involved and benefit from the BCLME Programme: Angolan visit

LMR/COM/03/01 Coastal Communities

As assessment of how coastal communities can become involved and benefit from the BCLME Programme: Final report

LMR/COM/03/01 Coastal Communities

Review and audit of the legal provisions and institutional arrangements that impact on the artisanal fisheries sector in the BCLME region: Final report – Angola

LMR/AFSE/03/01A Governance

Review and audit of the legal provisions and institutional arrangements that impact on the artisanal fisheries sector in the BCLME region: Final report – South Africa


Review and audit of the legal provisions and institutional arrangements that impact on the artisanal fisheries sector in the BCLME region; Final report – Namibia


Introducing the BCLME Programme to the wider audience within the coastal communities

LMR/COM/03/02 Socioeconomic

Overview and analysis of socio‐economic and fisheries information to promote management of artisanal fisheries in the BCLME region‐ Angola

LMR/AFSE/03/01B Fisheries Socioeconomic

Overview and analysis of socio‐economic and fisheries information to promote management of artisanal fisheries in the BCLME region‐ Namibia


Overview and analysis of socio‐economic and fisheries information to promote management of artisanal fisheries in the BCLME region‐ South Africa


Socioeconomic baseline survey of coastal communities in the BCLME region – Angola

LMR/AFSE/03/01C Fisheries Socioeconomic

Socioeconomic baseline survey of coastal LMR/AFSE/03/01C Fisheries Socioeconomic

Rohr | 24

communities in the BCLME region – Namibia Socioeconomic baseline survey of coastal communities in the BCLME region – South Africa

LMR/AFSE/03/01C Fisheries Socioeconomic

Ecosystem approach to fisheries (EAF) management in the BCLME: Report of the third regional workshop, Cape town, South Africa: 30 October – 3 November 2006

LMR/EAF/03/01 Fish and Fisheries

Management accounting and public finance: Fisheries sector – BCLME countries


Global International Waters Assessment (GIWA): Sub‐region 44: The Benguela Current – final report

LMR/SE/03/05 Monitoring and Evaluation

Survey of the pelagic fish resources of Congo, Gabon, and Cabinda, Angola, 15th July – 28th july 2004: BCLME Sardinella recruitment studies


A transboundary study of the pelagic fish stocks of southern Angola and northern Namibia


Ecosystem approach to Fisheries (EAF) management in the BCLME : Report of the second regional workshop, Luanda, Angola: 20‐24 March 2006

LMR/EAF/03/01 Fish and Fisheries

Ecosystem approaches for fisheries (EAF) management in the BCLME – Report on the first regional workshop, Windhoek: 21‐24 September 2004

LMR/EAF/03/01 Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management (EAF)

Transboundary survey between Namibia and South Africa with focus on spawning and the early life history of hakes


Feasibility study into the establishment of a permanent regional fish‐ageing centre in one of the BCLME countries


A review of the impacts of seismic surveying and toxicity of oil on pelagic fish, the benthos and the sardinella fishery in Angolan waters

LMR/CF/03/12 Ecosystem Health and Pollution

Feasibility study into the application of genetic techniques for determining fish stock identity of transboundary populations in the BCLME region


Results and conclusions of the project “Ecosystem Approaches for Fisheries Management in the Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem”

LMR/EAF/03/01 Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management (EAF)

Harmonisation of socio‐economic policies and legal provision for effective implementation of the BCLME Programme

LMR/SE/03/04 Fisheries Socioeconomics

An analysis of revenue raising instruments for the important commercial fisheries in the BCLME countries


Training course notes: Economics of natural resources


Harmonisation of socio‐economic policies and legal provision for effective implementation of the BCLME Programme: Summaries, recommendations and measureable indicators


Top predators as biological indicators of ecosystem LMR/EAF/03/02 Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries

Rohr | 25

change in the BCLME: Final report with Annex 2: Manual of methods for monitoring Cap Fur Seals in the BCLME; Annex 3: Monitoring seabirds in the BCLME – data collection manual

Management (EAF)

Migratory behaviour and assessment of the Bronze Whaler (Carcharinus brachyurus)


Development of an operational capacity for real‐time observations and forecasting of harmful algal blooms in the BCLME region: Detection of harmful algal blooms through deployment of bio‐optical moorings

EV/HAB/02/05 Harmful Algal Blooms

SADCO holdings of Namibian data: Assessment of historical oceanographic data available from SADCO

EV/SADCO/03/01 Environmental Variability and Oceanographic Processes

Upgrade communications systems for Angolan BCLME core partners institutions

EV/ANGOLA/03/06 Training and Capacity Building

Development of an operational capacity for monitoring of harmful algal blooms in countries bordering the northern part of the BCLME: Phase 1 – Design

EV/HAB/02/02A Harmful Algal Blooms

Proceedings of the BENFIT/BCLME Luderitz Upwelling Cell Orange River (LUCORC) Workshop, April 2004

EV/PROVARE/02/02A Fish and Fisheries

Development of an operational capacity for monitoring harmful algal blooms in the northern Benguela: Phase 1 – Design pilot monitoring in the Luderitz area


Low oxygen variability in the Benguela ecosystem: A review and new understanding

EV/LOW/02/01 Environmental Variability and Oceanographic Processes

Development of an operational capacity for real‐time observation and forecasting of harmful algal blooms in the Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem region: Utility of models in forecasting HAB events


Feasibility study for cost effective monitoring for shellfish sanitation in Namibia and Angola with an analysis of the various options for implementation of shellfish safety programmes

EV/HAB/02/02A Harmful Algal Blooms

Investigation into the diversity and distribution of cysts of harmful algal blooms within the Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem region


A proposed Benguela regional shellfish sanitation monitoring programme

EV/HAB/02/01‐3 Harmful Algal Blooms

BCLME/BENEFIT Luderitz Upwelling Cell/Orange River Cone (LUCORC) workshop report: A synthesis of the Luderitz Upwelling Cell Orange River Cone Area. The synthesis of the scientific inputs into the LUCORC workshop: April 2004

EV/PROVARE/02/02A Fish and Fisheries

Report on the benthic workshops held in Angola and Namibia – November 2005: R.V. Alexander von Humboldt post‐cruise analysis and training

EV/HUMBOLDT/04/01 Training and Capacity Building

Diagnosis of large scale South Atlantic modes that impact on the transboundary Benguela Currently

EV/LS/02/06 Environmental Variability and Oceanographic processes

Rohr | 26

Large Marine Ecosystem: Investigation the potential for improved predictability and sustainable management Feasibility assessment for use of a towed undulation oceanographic recorder in the Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem

EV/PROVARE/02/01 Environmental Variability and Oceanographic Processes

Harmful algal bloom workshop and distance learning course, 22 January to 2nd February 2007

EV/PROVARE/07/01 Capacity Building and Training

Assessment of key transboundary processes and measurement scales in respect of low oxygen water (LOW) variability: Implement the LOW generation areas that provides input to transboundary models in project EV/LOW/02/03

EV/LOW/02/04 Environmental Monitoring and Oceanographic Processes

Assessment of key transboundary processes and measurement scales in respect of low oxygen water (LOW) variability: Preliminary implementation and examination of the role of large scale and transboundary hydrodynamic control of LOW variability

EV/LOW/02/03 Environmental Monitoring and Oceanographic Processes

An interim report on the status of shellfish sanitation programmes in Namibia and Angola: Development of an operational capacity for a shellfish sanitation monitoring programme in countries bordering the northern part of the Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem: Phase 11 – Implementation


Characterising the spawning habitat of harvested pelagic species (Sardinops sagax, Trachurus sp., Engraulis capensis) using continuous underwater fish egg samples (CUFES) and net sampling


Assessment of appropriate surface forcing (SST) and initial comparison of output against quickscat wind

EV/MODEL/05/01 Environmental Variability and Oceanographic Processes

Investigation into the diversity and distribution of cysts of harmful algal blooms within Luanda Bay (Angola) and Walvis Bay and Luderitz Bay (Namibia)

EV/HAB/05/01 Marine Biodiversity

Low oxygen variability in the Benguela Ecosystem: A review and new understanding

EV/LOW/02/01 Environmental Variability and Oceanographic Processes

Development of a satellite remote sensing product for operational application


Development of an operational capacity for a shellfish sanitation monitoring programme in countries bordering the northern part of the BCLME: Phase 11 – Implementation


The extension of PIRATA in the South East Atlantic including a cruise report on deployment of mooring s and buoy system

EV/PIRATA/03/01 Environmental Variability and Oceanography

A synthesis of requirements of various sectors of government and industry relating to microalgal toxins and other sanitary issues


Compilation of inventory and acquisition of oceanographic environmental data in the Angola


Rohr | 27

sector of the BCLME. Phase one – inventory Comprehension review and where appropriate re‐interpretation of oceanographic information on the Angola sector of the Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem


Assessment of the present state of oceanographic environmental monitoring in the Angolan sector of the Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem

EV/ANGOLA/03/03 Environmental Variability and Oceanography

Retrospective analysis of plankton community structure in the Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem (BCLME) to provide an index of long‐term change in the ecosystem

EV/PROVARE/02/05 Environmental Variability and Oceanography

Analysis of Benguela dynamic variability and assessment of the predictability of warm and cold events in the BCLME

EV/LS/02/03 Environmental Variability and Oceanography

Review of existing information on harmful algal bloom in Angola including past and present monitoring of phytoplankton

EV/HAB/02/02A‐1 Harmful Algal Blooms

The BCLME mid‐term evaluation report RAF/00/G32/1G/31 Monitoring and Evaluation BCLME strategic planning workshop on training and capacity building, Johannesburg

Held in South Africa, July 2004

Training and Capacity Building

Consultative meeting on capacity building and training for effective management of the Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem (BCLME)

Held in Windhoek, March 2004


Benguela Current Commission: Interim agreement between Angola, Namibia and South Africa

Governance

A compendium of legal instruments and conventions relevant to the BCLME countries (Angola, Namibia and South Africa): Draft document

Governance

Regional zooplankton taxonomy and identification training workship, Swakopmund, 8‐19 Januray 2007 (BCLME‐BENEFIT‐CmarZ): Workshop Report


Regional zooplankton taxonomy and identification training workshop, Swakopmund, 8 – 19 January 2007 (BCLME‐BENEFIT‐CmarZ): Guide to some common copepods in the Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem


Report on BCLME Highlights Symposium, 9‐10 May 2005, Breakwater Lodge, Cape Town

Monitoring and Evaluation

The extension of PIRATA in the South East Atlantic – Final Report

Environmental Variability and Oceanographic Processes

The changing state of the Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem: Expert workshop on climate change and variability and impacts thereof in the BCLME region: Workshop report, Kirsenbosch Research Centre, CapTown 15‐16 May, 2007


Assessment of the structure and functioning of the Angola Front (AF) Zone and associated natural resource exploitation issues: Workshop Report, Talatona Convention Centre, Luanda, Angola, 2‐3 October 2006.


Rohr | 28

On the assessment of the status of the Abidjan Convention in the Benguela Current region and implications for the Benguela Current Commission: Report commissioned by PCU for Abidjan and Nairobi CoP meeting, Johannesburg, November 2007

Pollution and Ecosystem Health

A regional assessment and management plan for port waste reception facilities in the BCLME region in accordance with MARPOL/73/78

Ecosystem Health and Pollution

Rohr | 29

LITERATURE CITED BCLME Programme Co‐ordinating Unit. 1999. Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis. BCLME Programme Co‐ordinating Unit. 2002. Strategic Action Programme. Carlton, JT and JB Geller. 1993. Ecological roulette: the global transport of nonindigenous marine

organisms. Science, 261: 78‐82. Chapman, P and LV Shannon. 1985. The Benguela Ecosystem Part II. Chemistry and related processes.

Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review. 23: 183‐251. Clark, B.M., W.F. Meyer, C. Ewart‐Smith, A. Pulfrich, and J. Hughes. 1999. Synthesis and assessment of

information on the BCLME Thematic Report No. 3: Integrated overview of diamond mining in the Benguela Current Region. Submitted to the United Nations Development Program, AEC Report #1016/1.

Colberg, F, CJC Reason, and K Rogers. 2004. South Atlantic Respose to ENSO and induced climate

variability in an OGCM. J. Geophys. Res. 100: 15835‐15847. Crawford, R.J.M. 1998. Responses of African penguins to regime changes of sardine and anchovy in the

Benguela system. South African Journal of Marine Science, 19: 355‐364. Crawford, R.J.M., P.J. Barham, L.G. Underhill, L.J. Shannon, J.C. Coetzee, B.M. Dyer, T.M. Leshoro, and L.

Upfold. 2006. The influence of food availability on breeding success of African penguins Spheniscus demersus at Robben Island, South Africa. Biological Conservation, 132: 199‐125.

Crawford, R.J.M., L.G. Underhill, L. Upfold, and B.M. Dyer. 2007. An altered carrying capacity of the

Benguela upwelling ecosystem for African penguins (Spheniscus demersus). ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 570‐576.

Crawford, R.J.M., A.J. Williams, J.H. Hofmeyr, N.T.W. Klages, R.M. Randall, J. Cooper, et al. 1995. Trends

of African penguin Spheniscus demersus populations in the 20th century. South African Journal of Marine Science, 16: 101‐118.

de Barros, P., M. O’Toole, H. Verheye, F. Vaz‐Velho, N. Sweijd, P. Pillay, C. Attwood, G. Bailey, P. Rabe, I.

Hampton, G. Schneider, B. van Zyi, J. Augustyn, V. de Barros Neto, N. Luyeye, b. Tjizoo, C. Kuske, L. Staegmann, A. da Silva, G. D’Almeida, F. Botes, J. Titus, M. de Lourdes Sardinha, and V. Shannon. 2007. A decade of collaboration: to commemorate the final symposium of the BENEFIT and BCLME programmes.

Duda, A.M. and K. Sherman. 2002. A new imperative for improving management of large marine

ecosystems. Ocean and Coastal Management 45: 797‐833. Duncombe Rae, CM, FA Shillington, JJ Agenbag, J Taunton‐Clark and ML Grundlingh. 1992. An Aghulas

ring in the South Atlantic Ocean and its interaction with the Benguela upwelling frontal system. Deep‐Sea Research 39: 2009‐2027.

Rohr | 30

Edwards, S.F. and S.A. Murawski. 1996. Potential benefits from efficient harvest of New England groundfish. In Sherman, Jaworski, and Smayda (eds) The Northeast Shelf Ecosystem: Assessment, Sustainability, and Management, pp. 511‐526.

Food and Agriculture Organization – United Nations. 2003. Trends in oceanic captures and clustering of

large marine ecosystems: Two studies based on the FAO capture database. FAO Technical Paper 435, 71 pp.

Graham, RL, CT Hunsaker, RV O’Neill, and BL Jackson. 1991. Ecological risk assessment at the regional

scale. Ecological Applications 1:196‐206. Hampton, I., D.C. Boyer, A.J. Penney, A.F. Pereira, and m. Sardinh. 1999. Benguela Current Large Marine

Ecosystem Thematic Report No. 1: Integrated overview of fisheries of the Benguela Current region. Submitted to The United Nations Development Programme.

Juda, L. and T. Hennessey. 2005. Governance profiles and the management of the uses of large marine

ecosystems. In Hennessey and Sutinen (eds) Sustaining Large Marine Ecosystems: The Human Dimension pp. 83‐109.

Monterio, Pedro MS and AK ven der Plas. 2006. Low Oxygen Water (LOW) Variability in the Benguela

System: Key processes and forcing scales relevant to forcasting. In Shannon, Hempel, Malanotte‐Rizzoli, Moloney, and Woods (eds) Benguela: Predicting a Large Marine Ecosystem.

Morant, P.D. 1999. Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem Thematic Report No. 4: Integrated

overview of the offshore oil and gas industry in the Benguela Current region. Submitted to The United Nations Development Programme CSIR REPORT ENV‐S‐C 99057.

Murawski, S.A. 1996. Can we manage our multispecies fisheries? In Sherman, Jaworski, and Smayda

(eds) The Northeast Shelf Ecosystem: Assessment, Sustainability, and Management, pp. 491‐510. Olsen, S.B., J.G. Sutinen, L. Juda, T.M. Hennessey, and T.A. Gringalunas. 2006. A handbook on

governance and socioeconomics of large marine ecosystems. Coastal Resource Center, University of Rhode Island.

O’Toole, M. 2008. Presentation at the 4th Global Conference on Oceans, Coasts, and Islands: Advancing

Ecosystem Management and Integrated Coastal and Ocean Management by 2010 in the Context of Climate Change. Hanoi, Vietnam. April 7‐11, 2008.

Programme Coordinating Unit. 2004. Institutional review and analysis for Benguela Current Commission.

Project PCU/BCC/04/01. Rickelefs, RE. 1987. Community diversity: relative roles of local and regional processes. Science 235: 167‐

171. Ruiz, GM, JT Carlton, ED Grosholz, and AH Hines. 1997. Global invasions of marine and estuarine habitats

by non‐indigenous species: mechanisms, extent, and consequences. American Zoology, 37: 621‐632.

Rohr | 31

Shannon, L.V. 1985. The Benguela ecosystem part I. Evolution of the Benguela, physical features and

processes. In Barnes, M., ed. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev. 23: 105‐182. Shannon, V. 2006. A Plan Comes Together. In Shannon, Hempel, Malanotte‐Rizzoli, Moloney, and Woods

(eds) Benguela: Predicting a Large Marine Ecosystem, pp. 3‐10. Shannon, L.V. and M.J. O’Toole. 1999. Synthesis and assessment of information on the Benguela Current

Large Marine Ecosystem (BCLME) Thematic Report No. 2: Integrated overview of the oceanography and environmental variability of the Benguela Current region. Submitted to the United Nations Development Programme.

Shannon, L.V. and M.J. O’Toole. 2003. Sustainability of the Benguela: ex Africa simper aliquid novi. In

Hempel and Sherman (eds) Large marine ecosystems of the world: trends in exploitation, protection and research, pp. 227‐253.

Sherman, K. 1994. Sustainability, biomass yields, and health of coastal ecosystems: an ecological

perspective. Marine Ecology Progress Series 112: 277‐301. Sherman, K and LM Alexander (editors). 1986. Variability and management of large marine ecosystems.

AAAS Selected Symposium 99. Westview Press, Inc., Boulder, CO. 319 pp. Sherman, K and AM Duda. 1999. An ecosystem approach to global assessment and management of

coastal waters. Marine Ecology Progress Series 190: 271‐287. Sherman, K. 2006. Forecasting within the context of large marine ecosystem programs. In Shannon,

Hempel, Malanotte‐Rizzoli, Moloney, and Woods (eds) Benguela: Predicting a Large Marine Ecosystem, pp. 11‐34.

Tapscott, C. 1999. An overview of the socio‐economics of some key maritime industries in the Benguela

Current region Thematic Report No. 4: A report prepared on behalf of the Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem Project. Submitted to the United Nations Development Program.

United Nations Development Programme – Global Environment Facility. 2001. Project Document:

Integrated management of the Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem (BCLME). Submitted to the United Nations Office for Project Services, Project # RAF/00/G32/A/1G/31.

United Nations Development Programme. 2007. The Benguela Current Commission. Vousden, D.H. and M. Ngoile. 2005. GEF independent mid‐term evaluation: Integrated management of

the Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem (BCLME). Submitted to the United Nations Office for Project Services, Project # RAF/00/G32/A/1G/31.

Rohr | 32

Did you pull together the reports, activity charts, etc. or were they extant?

Documents

The Benguela Current Large Marine - Data center · 2008-07-07 · The Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem Programme (BCLME Programme) completed its first decade in 2007, which