Marine Tetrapods 4 limbs Breathe air with lungs Terrestrial
ancestor species Reptiles, birds, mammals + 1 species of frog in
Asia
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Part 1 of test You will be identifying BY ENGLISH, COMMON NAME,
not latin species name.
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Beluga Whale
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Blue Whale
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Dolphin
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Humpback whale
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Manatee
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Orca (Killer Whale)
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Sea Otter
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Sea Lion
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Seal
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Walrus
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FYI Fossil and DNA evidence shows that the ancestors of ocean
mammals were LAND mammals.
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Traits of ALL Marine Mammals Viviparous (internal nourishment
and development of fetus) Body hair (on many but not all) Mammary
glands Specialized teeth (type of teeth corresponds to type of
food) External opening of reproductive system DIFFERENT from
external opening of digestive system
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Pinnipeds Fin footed mammals Carnivores Walrus, seal species,
sea lion species Only one species of walrus Seals swim w/ rear
flipper for power Sea lions swim w/ front flippers for power
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Manatees + Dugongs Paddle like tails No pelvic limbs Herbivores
Shallow tropical oceans
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Cetaceans (whales) No pelvic limbs (do have remnants of pelvic
bones in skeleton!) No body hair Dorsal blowholes for breathing
Swim w/ horizontal tails for power Baleen- adaptation for filter
feeding in some whales Toothed whales- carnivores
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Slide 21
Breathing Hypoxia- state of small amounts of oxygen in the body
Must reach surface of water to breathe. Amount of time spent
underwater between breaths varies based on species Rapid
exhale-inhale pattern at surface then hold breath while underwater
called APNEUSTIC BREATHING PATTERN Lungs collapse from water
pressure in deep dives- marine mammals can handle this!
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Dont memorize, but be impressed! ANIMALMAX KNOWN DIVING DEPTH
(m) MAX KNOWN DURATION OF TIME UNDER WATER (min) Human676
Dolphin53512 Sperm whale3000138 Manatee6006 Sea otter232.3 Elephant
sealMale 1530, Female 1273Male 89, Female 120 @ ~100 meters under
water the lungs collapse completely
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HOW??? Oxygen forced out of lungs as they collapse store oxygen
in red blood cells Have more red blood cells than humans
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Communication Sound! They sing to each other. Humpback Whale
"songs For reproduction and hunting Behavior- watch each others
movements and move in appropriate response. Dolphins play and hunt
in groups Orca's use sound and visuals to hunt together
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Reproduction Sexual reproduction Live birth Babies must be able
to swim with mom immediately Milk often has very high fat content
to help babies grow fast Time the mothers spend with baby varies
greatly mother and calf gray whale Baja Mexico FYI Newborn gray
whale ~16ft long, compared to mother ~49ft long!
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Chapter 12
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This week Friday Starting Thursday, ending Friday we are
watching the Blue Planet episode about the North and south Pole
ecosystems
Adaptation: Milk Fat Milk produced can be up to 60% fat so the
baby gains weight quickly. Cows milk 3-5% fat Needed because
newborns do not have enough fat and fur to stay warm on their own.
Hooded Seals: Baby weaned after 4 days! Adults need to maintain
large amounts of blubber/fat in order to survive in the cold
water/air.
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Adaptation: Migrating animals Cold water contains more small
organisms to feed on than warm water Gray Whales migrate 18,000km
per year: Summer near Bering Sea (lots of food) ~September leave
and start swimming south January-March near Baja, Mexico (calves
born there) ~April leave and start swimming north again
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Time on Land v. in water Common for sea mammals to give birth
OUT of water WHY??? What common traits do you see in the seal pups
below? (cute doesnt count!) EXCEPTION: Cetaceans
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Mating Areas on land EXAMPLES: Walrus leks Lek- arrangement
where males pick a spot and show off, females get to decide which
male with mate with FYI walrus gestation= 15 months! Baby spends
about 1 year living off milk from mom. walrus on russian coast
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Why are polar bears considered sea mammals? Ursus maritimus
Hunt on sea ice Will swim long distances for the next meal
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Polar bears Polar bear video (on DVD)
https://maps.google.com/maps?q=churchill+canada&i e=UTF-
8&hq=&hnear=0x526fd949c8f9f537:0xd10c44d8423762
dd,Churchill,+MB,+Canada&gl=us&ei=bOomU-
uMIIfF0QGCi4GgCA&ved=0CKkBELYD
https://maps.google.com/maps?q=churchill+canada&i e=UTF-
8&hq=&hnear=0x526fd949c8f9f537:0xd10c44d8423762
dd,Churchill,+MB,+Canada&gl=us&ei=bOomU-
uMIIfF0QGCi4GgCA&ved=0CKkBELYD YES, polar bears have black
skin. WHY is that useful? Polar bear fur is not actually white, but
nearly see- though. (like a dusty window)
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How Baleen Whales Eat Skimming Engulfment Gray whales have
short baleen therefore a different way of feeding
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Toothed Whales in Arctic All carnivores Living in groups called
pods
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And the strange animal award goes to THE NARWHAL Eat fish and
squid in deep arctic waters 1 tusk on males(left incisor tooth) Can
sense salinity, temperature, and pressure of water!
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Adaptations for Hunting Echolocation (like sonar that
submarines use) Works for schools of fish, not good for mammals or
individual fish Vision and Brute force Works for individuals or
small groups of hunters going after other sea mammals Orca hunting
video shown last week
For the most part animals in the antarctic require similar
adaptations as those in the arctic Need to survive cold air/water
Need to eat enough Need to avoid predators
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Adaptation: teeth Teeth are designed for the animals specific
prey species Small or large teeth or baleen I hope the penguin
moved after this picture was taken!
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Surprising uses of teeth Weddell seal uses teeth to scrape open
an air hole in ice. Teeth become smaller and duller over time
Animal becomes less proficient at finding prey Weddell seals tend
to have shorter lives than other species.
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How humans changed Antarctic Ecosystems Cold water = many fish
Overfishing and whaling in last 100 years Fewer larger mammals and
more smaller mammals Example: ~30000 blue whales feeding in 1929,
~2000 blue whales feeding 2010 Remember the moral of Happy
Feet!
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The Antarctic Food chain Depends on krill Top predator is IN
the water: Leopard Seal leopard seal hunting
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Toothed whales All are migrating animals Here Killer Whales
mainly eat seals Sperm whales are most widely distributed whales on
earth Think Moby Dick.
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Final Thought Question Why are the arctic and antarctic
ecosystems vital to the entire world even though they have fewer
types of organisms than other areas?