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ClassAvesBy Matt Glattstein
&Nick Zorn
Class Aves Around 10,000 living species Largest number of species out of all
Tetrapods Adaptations of birds:
Hollow Bones Beaks Feathers Wings
Order Sphenisciformes aquatic, flightless birds living almost
exclusively in the southern hemisphere, especially in Antarctica.
adapted for life in the water, penguins have countershaded dark and white plumage, and their wings have become flippers.
Between 17 and 20 species 4 chambered heart
Order Sphenisciformes
Order Anseriformes Roughly 150 living species of birds in 3
families: the Anhimidae, Anseranatidae, and the Anatidae, which includes over 140 species of ducks, geese, and swans.
Capable of flight and web footed for swimming
Earliest ancestors around since the Cretaceous period
Order Anseriformes
Order Falconiformes 290 species in this order Wings are long and fairly broad 4 families in this single order Birds of prey, eat lots of mice, rats, and
rabbits Carnivorous with a sharp beak and
talons for grasping food.
Order Falconiformes
Order Columbiformes includes the doves and pigeons 313 different species worldwide Excellent in flight Capable of drinking by sucking up water 4 families
Order Columbiformes
Order Strigiformes Mainly owls Include over 200 different species They generally have small beaks and
wide faces They are found all over the world except
Antarctica Split into two familes
Order Strigiformes
Order Passeriformes Includes more than half of all bird
species Known as perching birds Contains over 110 families Size ranges from 2.6 inches to 28 inches
Order Passeriforms
Evolution Birds evolved from ancient reptiles about 150
million year ago. They have teeth, long tails and other reptile
characteristics, the Archaeopteryx is a fossil that supports this theory of evolution from reptile to bird
The Archaeopteryx also featured feathered wings. Throughout their evolution, birds have developed other unique adaptations, such as hollow or pneumatic bones, beaks and feet of different shapes.
Evolution continued Ancestors consisting of
therizinosauroids, oviraptorosaurs, troodontids, and dromaeosaurids
Feathers Feathers are important adaptations for flight, They also provide insulation against the cold
and water. Most males species use feather displays to
attract the females during the mating season. Feathers are classified according to size and
location. Vanned or contour feathers are bigger and
form the exterior layers, while down feathers are smaller and found very close to the skin.
Wings
Wings are essential in locomotion, avoiding predators, and hunting
Each wing has a central vane to hit the wind, composed of three limb bones, the humerus, ulna, and radius
Beaks Two bony projections—the upper
and lower mandibles—are covered with a thin keratinized layer of epidermis known as the rhamphotheca.
In most species, two holes known as nares lead to the respiratory system
Used for eating and for grooming, manipulating objects, killing prey, fighting, probing for food, courtship and feeding young
Nutrition Birds have high metabolic rates Birds have different beaks and tongues
depending on where they leave and what type of food they consume
For example, a hummingbirds tongue is used to suck nectar but a woodpecker uses its heavy beak to break through wood and eat the insects inside
Birds need a constant supply of nutrients
Digestion The stomach of a bird is separated into two regions;
the Proventriculus, It does the chemical digestion half of the work and the gizzard which grinds and digests food
Their enzymes are very strong as sometimes they swallow seeds or sand whole
Birds need a constant nutrient supply Birds are grouped by their feeding habits which
sometimes conflict with human interest such as the destruction of orchards
There are also birds that eat meat and other types of animals
Circulatory system The circulatory system of a bird is similar
to that of reptile They also have a 4 chambered heart
similar to that of reptiles Their heart has differently separated
ventricles and atria Fun Fact: A Ruby Throated
Hummingbird’s heart will beat up to 1200 times per minute or 20 beats a second
Gas Exchange Because of their high metabolic rate,
they intake more oxygen The parabronchi is what make up the
lungs of the bird, from there capillaries extend and are associated with capillary beds allowing gas exchange
Temperature Regulation Birds internal temperature remains
between 38-45 degrees Celsius but depending on their environment some birds let it rise and drop due to the temperature outside
The temperature will also change frequently during flight
Nervous System and Sensory Organs The forebrain of birds is much larger than reptiles
including the corpus striatum The corpus striatum functions in visual learning, feeding,
and nesting The optic tectum also plays an important role in sensory
functions Birds eyes are much larger portioned to their body than
many other animals They have a double focusing mechanism allowing them to
catch fish or other types of food without any kind of visual distraction
Due to their good sense of vision, the hearing of a bird is also good
Excretion and Osmoregulation Urinating, unfortunately, wastes a lot of
water but birds have come up with a different way of regulating water
Instead of converting their ammonia to urea, they mostly convert it to uric acid, which is excreted as a white paste or even a dry, white powder
This way they are able to regulate the water
Fertilization All birds lay amniotic eggs with hard shells made
mostly of calcium carbonate During sexual reproduction, the male bird's
sperm passes out of the testis and into the vas deferens. The vas deferens is a duct that expands near the cloaca into a storage organ.
Once the male bird deposits his semen into the female bird's cloaca, the female birds lay sets of eggs. These eggs are referred to as clutches. The eggs are laid in distinct groupings in plainly distinct nests.
Development Once the eggs are fertilized and laid
they hatch, once the eggs hatch they are basically smaller versions of the adults and just grow larger in size as time goes on
Migration Many different birds go through the
migration process which is basically where they have 2 homes; one summer home and one home for the winter
As you can imagine the winter home is in warmer parts of the globe like Mexico or Florida while the summer home may be anywhere
Navigation It has recently been discovered that
birds know which direction is which by the placement of the sun
Many scientists believe that birds have “internal clocks” which allow birds to know approximately what time it is and then base that off of where the sun is and it’s location in the sky
Pictures you need for your worksheet
Vocabulary for your worksheet Contour feathers- usually symmetrical and line the body and
cover the base of the flight feathers Down feathers- feathers that lie beneath the contour
feathers and supply insulation for the bird Flight feathers- line the tip and trailing edge of the wing and
are asymmetrical with longer barbs on one side of the shaft Clutch- the number of eggs laid and chicks produced by a
female bird Altricial-an animal that is helpless at hatching or at birth Precocial-having developed to a high degree of
independence at the time of hatching or birth Migration- periodic round trips of animals between breeding
and nonbreeding areas or to and from feeding areas
DONE!