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How should we edit a Papyrus collec3on in the 21 st century? The University Library in Basel possesses a collec5on of 60 papyri, mostly in Greek, 9 in Cop5c, 2 in Hiera5c and 1 in La5n. Less than half of this collec5on was published by Ernst Rabel in 1917 in Papyrusurkunden der Öffentlichen Bibliothek der Universität zu Basel (known as P.Bas.). Thanks to a two-year grant from the Swiss Na5onal Founda5on (SNF), the Basel Papyrus Project, led by Pr. Sabine Huebner, began on September 1 st 2015 and aims to make this collec5on available to both the scholarly audience and the general public. It offers a good opportunity to ques5on the prac5ce of a papyrus editor, to take into account the major technological improvements impac5ng the field of Papyrology and measure how much the methodology has already changed (or ought to) from the pioneer works of e.g. Wilcken or Grenfell and Hunt. Since the project has just started, this poster does not claim at all to erect new standards or guide lines to future publica5ons but rather to gather some ideas and maybe serve as a star5ng point for a general discussion among Papyrologists on the most efficient ways to proceed in the Digital century. 1. Imaging the papyri The first step to publish or re-publish papyri is of course to have access to them. For the Basel collec5on, all the papyri are easily accessible in the University Library, very close to the Altertumswissenscha[en building where the team members have their office. Then, good images are needed. On this point we have the chance to work with the Digital Humani5es Lab, a research ins5tute of the faculty of Humani5es of the University of Basel. But in a 5me when imaging technologies evolve so quickly, providing impressive results but o[en being 5me consuming and costly, a main ques5on is « What should we be asking ? », what kind of images are relevent to papyrus editors? High resolu5on color images: The DH Lab provided us with high resolu5on color images of both sides of all the papyri, taken by a camera in 300 dpi, in both 5f and jpeg formats . It has been sufficient for the first overall study of the collec5on but one may suggest 600 dpi would have been beber. Some collec5ons also use scanners instead of cameras, which give more homogeneity to the images and less distor5on at the edges (which has been corrected in our case by the DH lab). The DH Lab has also started to take infra red pictures with regular infrared luminescence technique but it is looking now for a beber secng, experimen5ng green light and IR fluorescence photography. 2. Ink da3ng We have the chance to collaborate with Sarah Goler of the Columbia Nano Ini5a5ve and Ancient Ink Laboratory at Columbia University (USA), whose research aims to determine the age of ancient Egyp5an manuscripts through micro-Raman Spectroscopy. Micro-Raman spectroscopy is a non-destruc5ve light scabering technique that can be used to dis5nguish physical and chemical proper5es of materials. The project members have discovered that, for a study of well-dated ancient Egyp5an papyri covering the date range from 300 BCE to 900 CE, the Raman spectra of black ink all show the characteris5c spectrum of carbon black materials. They also observed the carbon black spectra exhibit systema5c change as a func5on of manuscript date. This observa5on is unexpected given the dates of these papyri cover a 1,200-year 5me span and the fact that each manuscript has a unique provenance, archeological, and storage history. They conclude that, over this 5me-period, black ink pigments in Egypt were manufactured using similar processes. The systema5c change observed in the Raman spectrum is likely to come from two concurrent oxida5on processes: slow oxida5on of the crystalline carbon and faster oxida5on of the amorphous carbon. The changes observed are well characterized by models for carbon black Raman spectra. Oxida5ve degrada5on must proceed rela5vely uniformly over 5me to alter the Raman response of the material, providing a direct experimental indicator for the age of the manuscript. This research thus establishes the basis for a simple, rapid, non-destruc5ve method for da5ng ancient manuscripts from Egypt, as well as differen5a5ng between modern forgeries and authen5cally ancient manuscripts. Sarah Goler will come to Basel on December 11 th for a workshop on ancient ink da5ng and will take measurements on the Basel Papyri who are, in most of the cases, dated only according to paleography. This age characteriza5on should be of great help for the edi5ng and commen5ng work. 3. Visibility online Crea3on : A web site is being created, presen5ng the project and the history of the collec5on. It will contain the picture and the edited text of each papyrus together with its commentary. We are considering the possibility to link each word to its loca5on on the image, so that when an internet user would click on a word, the image window will show where this word is on the papyrus. It will be a pegagogic tool for students and non-specialist audience but also would save some 5me for papyrologist colleagues. We also have in mind that, thanks to Digital Palaeography projects like e.g. Anagnôsis and AncientLives, it could soon be possible to compare the shape of the lebers in order to characterize the same handwri5ngs on fragments from different collec5ons and to find matches to digitally reconstruct the codices. The first step would concern the Literary texts, 5 for now in Greek and 4 in Cop5c in the Basel collec5on, for which the tagging of the picture would not only be for each word but for each leber. The addi5on of a research engine, which would conveniently come in lieu of the indices, would complete this E-edi5on. Incorpora3on to existent projects : It seemed obvious from the beginning that part of our work was to include the collec5on in the main online data-bases, like the Papyrusportal and HGV for the meta-data, but also papyri.info (where both the Cop5c and Greek documentary texts will be encoded). If possible, the Literary Greek texts would join the specific work in progress data-base. 4. Reaching a wider audience The Exhibi3on in the University Library in 2017 will coincide with the 100th anniversary of the first volume of P.Bas. and will be the major public event of our program. A special focus will be made on the history of the collec5on, whose oldest aquisi5on can be related to the Humanism movement in the 16th c. Efforts to make all the documents understandable to the general audience are being made by looking for the best way to display the papyri but also the needed contextual informa5on to underline their own specific interest. Students in Ancient History will take part of this event , for example through research assignments. RTI: The DH Lab has the equipement for RTI (Reflectance Transforma3on Imaging), a computa5onal photographic method that captures a subject’s surface shape and color and enables the interac5ve re-ligh5ng of the subject from any direc5on. They have built a specific ligh5ng dome that allow them to be fast and efficient on objets as big as A2 seize. If this technology has already shown results when applied on carbonized papyri (Deverni, Herculanum), the gain for general papyrus edi5on has not yet been proven. We are planning to give it a try on specific examples where the readings need to be improved. The team Prof. Sabine Huebner Dr. W. Graham Claytor Dr. Isabelle Marthot-Santaniello Dr. Mabhias Müller For further informa5on Presenta5on of the project: altegeschichte.unibas.ch/forschung/projekte/basel-papyrus-collec5on/ DH Lab: hbp://www.dhlab.unibas.ch/ Cultural Heritage Imaging: hbp://culturalheritageimaging.org/Technologies/RTI/ Ancient Ink Laboratory: hbp://nano.columbia.edu/ancient-ink-laboratory-2 Infra-red and color image of P.Bas. Inv. 43 The ligh3ng dome in DH Lab, Basel. Examples of RTI from Cultural Heritage Imaging The Basel Papyrus Project: Poster made for the workshop Altertumswissenscha/en in a Digital Age: Egyptology, Papyrology and Beyond, Leipzig, November 4-6, 2015 The Basel Papyrus Project gives the opportunity to train students and non-specialist scholars to Papyrology thanks to conferences and workshops in Basel University.

The Basel Papyrus Project · Herculanum), the gain for general papyrus edi5on has not yet been proven. We are planning to give it a try on specific examples where the readings need

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  • HowshouldweeditaPapyruscollec3oninthe21stcentury?TheUniversityLibraryinBaselpossessesacollec5onof60papyri,mostlyinGreek,9inCop5c,2inHiera5cand1inLa5n.Lessthanhalfofthiscollec5onwaspublishedbyErnstRabelin1917inPapyrusurkundenderÖffentlichenBibliothekderUniversitätzuBasel(knownasP.Bas.).Thankstoatwo-yeargrantfromtheSwissNa5onalFounda5on(SNF),theBaselPapyrusProject,ledbyPr.SabineHuebner,beganonSeptember1st2015andaimstomakethiscollec5onavailabletoboththescholarlyaudienceandthegeneralpublic. It offers a good opportunity to ques5on the prac5ce of a papyrus editor, to take into account themajor technologicalimprovementsimpac5ngthefieldofPapyrologyandmeasurehowmuchthemethodology hasalreadychanged(oroughtto)fromthepioneerworksofe.g. WilckenorGrenfellandHunt.Sincetheprojecthasjuststarted,thisposterdoesnotclaimatalltoerectnewstandardsorguidelinestofuturepublica5onsbutrathertogathersomeideasandmaybeserveasastar5ngpointforageneraldiscussionamongPapyrologistsonthemostefficientwaystoproceedintheDigitalcentury.

    1.Imagingthepapyri

    Thefirst step topublishor re-publishpapyri is of course tohave access to them. For theBasel collec5on, all thepapyri are easilyaccessible in theUniversity Library, very close to theAltertumswissenscha[enbuildingwhere the teammembershave theiroffice.Then,goodimagesareneeded.OnthispointwehavethechancetoworkwiththeDigitalHumani5esLab,aresearchins5tuteofthefacultyofHumani5esoftheUniversityofBasel.Butina5mewhenimagingtechnologiesevolvesoquickly,providingimpressiveresultsbuto[enbeing5meconsumingandcostly,amainques5onis«Whatshouldwebeasking?»,whatkindof imagesarereleventtopapyruseditors?High resolu5on color images: TheDH Labprovideduswithhigh resolu5on color imagesof both sidesof all thepapyri, takenby acamerain300dpi,inboth5fandjpegformats.Ithasbeensufficientforthefirstoverallstudyofthecollec5onbutonemaysuggest600dpiwouldhavebeenbeber.Somecollec5onsalsousescannersinsteadofcameras,whichgivemorehomogeneitytotheimagesandlessdistor5onattheedges(whichhasbeencorrectedinourcasebytheDHlab).TheDHLabhasalsostartedtotakeinfraredpictureswithregularinfraredluminescencetechniquebutitislookingnowforabebersecng,experimen5nggreenlightandIRfluorescencephotography.

    2.Inkda3ngWehavethechancetocollaboratewithSarahGoleroftheColumbiaNanoIni5a5veandAncientInkLaboratoryatColumbiaUniversity(USA),whoseresearchaimstodeterminetheageofancientEgyp5anmanuscripts throughmicro-Raman Spectroscopy. Micro-Raman spectroscopy is a non-destruc5ve light scabering technique that can be used to dis5nguish physical and chemicalproper5esofmaterials.Theprojectmembershavediscoveredthat,forastudyofwell-datedancientEgyp5anpapyricoveringthedaterangefrom300BCEto900CE,theRamanspectraofblackinkallshowthecharacteris5cspectrumofcarbonblackmaterials.Theyalsoobservedthecarbonblackspectraexhibitsystema5cchangeasa func5onofmanuscriptdate.Thisobserva5on isunexpectedgiventhedatesofthesepapyricovera1,200-year5mespanandthefactthateachmanuscripthasauniqueprovenance,archeological,andstoragehistory.Theyconcludethat,overthis5me-period,blackinkpigmentsinEgyptweremanufacturedusingsimilarprocesses.Thesystema5cchangeobservedintheRamanspectrumislikelytocomefromtwoconcurrentoxida5onprocesses: slow oxida5on of the crystalline carbon and faster oxida5on of the amorphous carbon. The changes observed arewell characterized bymodels for carbon black Raman spectra.Oxida5vedegrada5onmustproceed rela5velyuniformlyover5me to alter theRaman responseof thematerial, providing adirect experimental indicator for theageof themanuscript. Thisresearchthusestablishesthebasisforasimple,rapid,non-destruc5vemethodforda5ngancientmanuscriptsfromEgypt,aswellasdifferen5a5ngbetweenmodernforgeriesandauthen5callyancientmanuscripts.SarahGolerwillcometoBaselonDecember11thforaworkshoponancientinkda5ngandwilltakemeasurementsontheBaselPapyriwhoare,inmostofthecases,datedonlyaccordingtopaleography.Thisagecharacteriza5onshouldbeofgreathelpfortheedi5ngandcommen5ngwork.

    3.VisibilityonlineCrea3on:Awebsiteisbeingcreated,presen5ngtheprojectandthehistoryofthecollec5on.Itwillcontainthepictureandtheeditedtextofeachpapyrustogetherwithitscommentary.Weareconsideringthepossibilitytolinkeachwordtoitsloca5onontheimage,sothatwhenaninternetuserwouldclickonaword,theimagewindowwillshowwherethiswordisonthepapyrus.Itwillbeapegagogictoolforstudentsandnon-specialistaudiencebutalsowouldsavesome5meforpapyrologistcolleagues.Wealsohaveinmindthat,thankstoDigitalPalaeographyprojectslikee.g.Anagnôsis andAncientLives, it could soonbepossible to compare the shapeof the lebers inorder to characterize the samehandwri5ngson fragments fromdifferent collec5onsand tofindmatchestodigitallyreconstructthecodices.ThefirststepwouldconcerntheLiterarytexts, 5fornowinGreekand4inCop5cintheBaselcollec5on,forwhichthetaggingofthepicturewouldnotonlybeforeachwordbutforeachleber.Theaddi5onofaresearchengine,whichwouldconvenientlycomeinlieuoftheindices,wouldcompletethisE-edi5on.Incorpora3ontoexistentprojects:Itseemedobviousfromthebeginningthatpartofourworkwastoincludethecollec5oninthemainonlinedata-bases,likethePapyrusportalandHGVforthemeta-data,butalsopapyri.info(whereboththeCop5candGreekdocumentarytextswillbeencoded).Ifpossible,theLiteraryGreektextswouldjointhespecificworkinprogressdata-base.

    4.ReachingawideraudienceTheExhibi3onintheUniversityLibraryin2017willcoincidewiththe100thanniversaryofthefirstvolumeofP.Bas.andwillbethemajorpubliceventofourprogram.Aspecialfocuswillbemadeonthehistoryofthecollec5on,whoseoldestaquisi5oncanberelatedtotheHumanismmovement in the 16th c. Efforts tomake all the documents understandable to the generalaudiencearebeingmadebylookingforthebestwaytodisplaythepapyributalsotheneededcontextualinforma5ontounderlinetheirownspecificinterest.StudentsinAncientHistorywilltakepartofthisevent,forexamplethroughresearchassignments.

    RTI: TheDH Lab has the equipement for RTI (Reflectance Transforma3onImaging), a computa5onal photographicmethod that captures a subject’ssurfaceshapeandcolorandenablestheinterac5vere-ligh5ngofthesubjectfromanydirec5on.Theyhavebuiltaspecificligh5ngdomethatallowthemtobe fastandefficientonobjetsasbigasA2 seize. If this technologyhasalready shown results when applied on carbonized papyri (Deverni,Herculanum),thegainforgeneralpapyrusedi5onhasnotyetbeenproven.We are planning to give it a try on specific exampleswhere the readingsneedtobeimproved.

    TheteamProf.SabineHuebnerDr.W.GrahamClaytorDr.IsabelleMarthot-SantanielloDr.MabhiasMüller

    Forfurtherinforma5onPresenta5onoftheproject:altegeschichte.unibas.ch/forschung/projekte/basel-papyrus-collec5on/DHLab:hbp://www.dhlab.unibas.ch/CulturalHeritageImaging:hbp://culturalheritageimaging.org/Technologies/RTI/AncientInkLaboratory:hbp://nano.columbia.edu/ancient-ink-laboratory-2

    Infra-redandcolorimageofP.Bas.Inv.43

    Theligh3ngdomeinDHLab,Basel.

    ExamplesofRTIfromCulturalHeritageImaging

    TheBaselPapyrusProject:

    PostermadefortheworkshopAltertumswissenscha/eninaDigitalAge:

    Egyptology,PapyrologyandBeyond,Leipzig,November4-6,2015

    TheBaselPapyrusProjectgivestheopportunitytotrainstudentsandnon-specialistscholarstoPapyrologythankstoconferencesandworkshopsinBaselUniversity.


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