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The Baroque Churchesof the
Philippines
Spanish-Colonial Architecture
Prof. Rondell C. GasconPARTDES
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History of
Philippine Architecture
Architecture in the Philippines today is the result of anatural growth enriched with the absorption of varied
influences. It developed from the pre-colonial influences of our
neighboring Malay brothers, continuing on to theSpanish colonial period, the American Commonwealthperiod, and the modern contemporary times.
As a result, the Philippines has become an architecturalmelting pot-- uniquely Filipino with a tinge of theoccidental.
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History of
Philippine Architecture The arrival of the Spaniards in the 16th
century brought inAntillian architecture.
Though not specifically suited for the hottropics, European architecture wastransposed via Acapulco, Mexico into auniquely Filipino style.
The style traces its roots from theAntilles,in Central America rather than frommother Spain.
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History of
Philippine Architecture Christianization of the islands created the need to
establish religious structures to support the growingnumber of religious organizations. Though they don'tcompare with those seen in Europe or in Latin America,
Philippine colonial churches are unique in their ownsense.
These colonial churches were typically designed byanonymous friar-architects and built between 1600 and1750.
Most were initially constructed with bamboo and nipa,but the friars realized that to instill a sense of awe, aswell as to caution against the terrible menace of fire andearthquake, more grandiose buildings had to be erected
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Precursors and features ofBaroquearchitecture
In the 17th century, the baroque style spread through Europe andLatin America, where it was particularly promoted by the Jesuits.
Important features of baroque architecture include:
long, narrow naves are replaced by broader, occasionally circularforms
dramatic use of light, either strong light-and-shade contrasts,chiaroscuro effects or uniform lighting by means of several windows
opulent use of ornaments large-scale ceiling frescoes
the external facade is often characterized by a dramatic centralprojection the interior is often no more than a shell for painting and sculpture
(especially in the late baroque) illusory effects and the blending of painting and architecture
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The Baroque Churches
Currently, 26 baroque churches that have
been identified as National Cultural
Treasures for their cultural significanceand distinctive architecture have
undergone or still undergoing restoration
headed by the National Commission for
Culture and Arts (NCCA).
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4 Baroque Churches of the Philippines
included in the UNESCO List of World
Heritage Sites
1. San Agustin Church: District ofIntramuros,City of Manila (1993)
2. Church of La Nuestra Senora de laAsuncion: Municipality of Santa Maria,Province ofIlocos Sur San Agustin: (1993)
3. Church of San Agustin: Municipality of Paoay,
Province ofIlocos Norte Santo Tomas: (1993)4. Church of Santo Tomas de Villanueva:
Municipality of Miag-ao, Province ofIloilo:(1993)
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NUESTRA SEORA DE LA ASUNCIONSta. Maria, Ilocos Sur
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UNESCO World Heritage Site
Sta. Maria Church Nuestra Seora de la
Asuncion in Santa
Maria town ofIlocos
Sur
Its citadel complex
was the hub for
evangelizing
indigenous peoplesliving in adjacent
highlands
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This church is uniqueamong Philippinechurches since it wassituated on a hill elevated
from the central townplaza.
The hill is surrounded bya retaining wall on allsides.
The churchs bell tower
consists of stackedoctagonal horizontalcross-sections ofdecreasing diameter
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Father Pedro G. Galende, O.S.A. in his bookAngels in Stone writes
about Paoay Church: It is like a huge barn-like structure with anintimations of a Borobodur temple (Indonesia) rather than a Christianchurch...
There is massiveness, movement, integration and above all, a forcefulsweep of illusion that says a great deal of Filipino ingenuity...
The result is outstading and undeniably Filipino type ofArchitecture...typically Filipino...
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Borobodur temple (Indonesia)
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Built from 1694 to between 1702 and 1710, this catholic church is the
premier example ofPhilippine Earthquake Baroque, an architecturalsolution to the area's challenging, natural setting.
The facade is divided vertically by square pilasters that extends fromthe ground all the way to the top of the pediment
The walls are 1.67 meters thick constructed using de capaza andbricks fused with lime mortar.
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Both sides of thenave are linedwith the mostvoluminous stone
buttresses seenaround theislands.
They aredecorated withhuge scrolls, andtopped bydecorativepinnacles.
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Buttresses make Paoay church an
Earthquake-baroque church
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The present bell tower,constructed much later in 1793,is made ofcoral stones andlime powderwith molasses asbinder.
The Paoay Bell tower wasoccupied by the Katipuneros in1899.
Also used as observation post
by the Filipino guerillas duringWorld WarII.
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Paoay Church featured in
Philippine Stamp
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CHURCH OF SANTO TOMASDE VILLANUEVA
Miag-ao,Iloilo
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UNESCO World Heritage Site
Miag-ao Church
Miag-ao's church is "themost outstanding exampleof the peripheral baroquestyle blended withembellishment [from] folkmotifs found in thePhilippines,"
This is according to the1992 report of JorgeGazano, an architecturalexpert ofICOMOS, the
United Nations'International Committee forMonuments and Sites
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Church features:
profusely ornamented church-front.
Reigning over its fully hand-sculptured pediment isSt. Christopher, dressed Filipino-farmer style withhis pants rolled up, and carrying the Christ Child onhis back.
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The holy figures stand beside coconut,
papaya and guava trees ready for harvest.
They were rendered by folk artisansworking from their imagination and
whatever guidance the priest, who had no
architectural training, could offer.
No similar tropical-Asian composition
exists.
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Miag-ao Church
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the faade is a mixture ofdecorative stylesClassical, Baroque,Rococoall linked bytropical fantasy in adesign uniquelyPhilippine.
For this synthesis andreinterpretation of foreign
influences, Miagaochurch is called a WorldHeritage Site.
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The Church walls was said to be1.5meters thick and made from gluedlimestones and egg whites since there
werent any cements at that time. The two flanking bell towers on the side
which also doubles as a watchtower weremade in different times, the left towerwhen facing the church is olderthan theother.
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Miag-ao Cemetery
ArchitecturalFeature:
The cemetery ofMiagao is made of
red bricks andyellow sand stone.
It has threeRomanesqueentrances and abrick dome. The
structure isoctagonal and isobviously in earlyrenaissance form.
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SAN AGUSTIN CHURCH
Intramuros, Manila
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UNESCO World Heritage Site
San Agustin Church
Built from 1586 to 1606 inside Intramuros, the WalledCity where the city of Manila began, San AgustinCatholic church is the oldest extant Christian sanctuaryin the Far East, and the Philippines' oldest stone edifice.
It marks the start of using permanent materials in
contrast to indigenous, lightweight architectural media.
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San Agustins leftbell tower wasdamaged in aManila earthquakein 1880.
The church musthave survivedmore or less than300 mild andstrongearthquakes sinceit was built 500years ago.
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UNESCO World Heritage Site
San Agustin Church
The only church within Intramuros to
survive the destruction of World WarII,
this structure features 19
th
centuryhandpainted trompe loeil in its interior as
well as the countrys earliest dated retablo,
pulpit, choir lectern, and choir stalls.
The magnificent retablo is alive withantique images tucked into gilded niches.
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San Agustin Dome ceiling detail
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San Agustin corridor
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San Agustin choir loft
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San Agustin church because of its brilliant, rich andmiraculous history is one of the most sought afterCatholic institution for personal events like matrimony,baptism and others, as well as a favorite destination oftourists and devotion for pilgrims.
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A typical preparation for a San Agustinchurch wedding.
Reservation should be made more or less
that 2 years before the wedding ceremony.
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Epitaph seen on the floor of
San Agustin
The church also features a crypt which houses the
remains of Manilas founder, Miguel Lpez de Legaspi,
Filipino patriot and artist Juan Luna, and other prominent
and historical figures.
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Early Architectural Plans of other
Spanish Colonial Structures
Floor Plan
and
elevation of
Binondo
Church and
towers
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Faade of the monastery of San Juan de Dios.
The merging of West with East is obvious in this faade:
the front of the building is in the El Escorial or Carmelite
style, and is flanked by Chinese-style towers.
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Monastery of San Juan de Dios. Mapas de Amrica yFilipinas en los libros espaoles de los siglos XVI yXVIII
In 1656, the medical friars of San Juan de Dios tookcharge of the hospital of the Brotherhood of Mercy. In1850, the hospital of San Juan de Dios was sited next tothe Parian gate.
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Tower of the Santa
Cruz church. 1850-1898. Many of the towers of
Philippine churchescomprise a series of
sections whose girthdecreases as theyclimb upwards.
Their shape anddimensions are
reminiscent of thecomposition of otherAsiatic styles ofarchitecture
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Other Spanish-Colonial Churches
in the Philippines MOLO Church Architectural
Features: Both the exterior and
interior are Gothic-Renaissance in style.
The exterior isdecorated withgeometric arch windowsand Doric Columns.
The shape of the churchvisibly forms a cross, inother words thestructure is like aBasilica.
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JAROMETROPOLITAN
CATHEDRAL Architectural
Features: The Pseudo- Gothic
style of Jaro is
actually acombination ofRenaissance andBaroqueArchitectures.
The Church is madeout of white hewnstones andconcrete.
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The interior
of Jaro Cathedralis the opposite ofMolo church'sinterior.
Here
Romanesque andBaroqueArchitectureflourished.
There are three
baroque altarsand Male Saintsstand on eachpillar.
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San Jose ParishChurch (Iloilo City)
ArchitecturalFeature: The whole
structure isobviously Neo-classical in thesimplest form.
The facade is aone-story affairflanked withTuscan columns
and rose windows. There is a statuedniche on thecenter of thetriangularpediment
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The interior of the Church is like a Basilica, it has three
baroque-neoclassic altars made out of lime stone. A unique feature of the church is a tabular marble altar at
the intersection of the central nave and the two wings.
There is a pair of wooden pulpits which are heavilycarved.
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San JoaquinChurch
Architecturalfeatures
The only church inthe Philippinessporting a Bas-reliefabout Tetuan'sbattle in Morocco
The bas-relief usedas the facadeproves that thestructure isextremely baroque.
The windows framesare heavilydecorated with floraland shell carvings.
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Cherubs areused asadditionalornaments to
the facade. The faces of the
Saints at thechurch looks soOriental ratherthanEuropean.
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Exercise no. 5
1. Using your OSLO and drawingmaterials, create a DESIGN for the faade(the front part only) of a Spanish-colonial
church. 2. Be guided with the characteristics of
Filipino and Spanish Baroque stylesfusion.
3. Provide labels and short explanation ofyour design (concept, materials used,motif, etc.).