The Balloon Effect: The Failure of Supply Side Strategies in the War on Drugs

8/11/2019 The Balloon Effect: The Failure of Supply Side Strategies in the War on Drugs

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Iaabrfjnm tb Tbd`rt OiaAbun, i prbc`ssbr bc Liw inf Wudlja pbljay it th`

Pnjv`rsjty bc Ailjcbrnji inf W`t`r Tùt`r, in àbnbojst it th` Pnjv`rsjty bc Oirylinf,

r`tijl sil`s bc jll`mil frums jn th` PQ ir` wbrth ipprbxjoit`ly $37 djlljbn whjl` mlbdil

r`tijl sil`s ir` prbdidly irbunf $907 djlljbn, idbut hilc th` sil`s bc th` (l`mjtjoit`) wbrlf

phiroiaùtjail jnfustry inf jn th` sio` lìmu` is abnsuo`r sp`nfjnm bn l`mil frums

suah is tbdiaab ($476 djlljbn) inf ilabhbl ($404 djlljbn).4

Vh` cjrst supply sjf` o`thbf th` Pnjt`f Qtit`s trj`f tb us` wis ittòptjnm tb

jnt`rfjat frums it th` PQ dbrf`r, whjah his sjna` d``n shbwn tb d` in unrìljstja strit`my

mjv`n th` sjz` bc th` abuntry inf th` thbusinfs bc ojl`s bc shbr`ljn` inf unprbtàt`f

dbrf`rs. Abaijn` js dut bn` `xiopl` bc th` mbv`rno`nts ràbmnjtjbn bc th` cijlur` bc thjs

tiatja ilobst 47 yìrs imb5 Jt js tru` thit is jnt`rfjatjbn `xp`nfjtur`s hiv` mrbwn, th`

iobunt bc abaijn` s`jz`f his ilsb mrbwn frioitjailly5 wh`rìs jn 9:89 jnt`rfjatbrs

s`jz`f 9.= tbns bc abaijn`, th` tbtil oiy hiv` d``n is hjmh is 67 tbns jn 9:8=.

Nbn`th`l`ss, nbt bnly fjf tbtil jopbrts ippir`ntly jnarìs`, dut th` prja` bc abaijn`, it

dbth th` jopbrt inf r`tijl l`v`ls, ilsb c`ll ripjfly.1

I obr` rà`nt `ccbrt tb `rifjait` jll`mil frums it th` sbura` his ilsb prbv`n tb d`

jn`ccàtjv` it `jth`r r`fuajnm th` supply bc jll`mil frums br rijsjnm th` whbl`sil` br r`tijl

prja`s cbr thò. Vhjs tiatja jn`vjtidly lìfs tb n`w sbura`s bc supply d`jnm f`v`lbp`f

inf drbumht bn-ljn` br tb prbfuatjbn bc obr` luaritjv` (prbcjtidl`) jll`mil sudstina`s.

Ablbodji wis brjmjnilly i oiebr supplj`r bc oirjeuini jopbrts tb th` Pnjt`f

Qtit`s jn th` 9:=7s, prjbr tb in jnarìs` jn liw `ncbraò`nt `ccbrts tb stbp th` soummljnm

4Tbd`rt E. OiaAbun inf W`t`r Tùt`r. Frum ]ir H`r`sj`s5 Lìrnjnm crbo Bth`r Sja`s, Vjo`s, & Wlia`s.Aiodrjfm`5 Aiodrjfm` Pnjv`rsjty Wr`ss, 4779.1Tilph I. ]`jsh`jt 9::7. Frums, Arjo` inf th` Ar jojnil Eustja` Qystò(] stpbrt AV 5 Mr``nwbbf Wr`ss,9::7)5 96-90


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bc thjs frum tbwirfs th` `nf bc thit fàif`. Ablbodjin soumml`rs th`n turn`f th`jr

itt`ntjbn tb inbth`r frum (whjah wis nbt is dulky, wis ìsj`r tb abnaìl inf trinspbrt inf

wis ilsb obr` cjninajilly luaritjv`) aill`f abaijn`. Vh`y s`t up prba`ssjnm lids jn

Ablbodji, turnjnm ababi lìv`s jntb pist` inf abaijn` thit th`y abulf ìsjly shjp tb th`

PQ inf @urbp`. Vh`y us`f th` sio` soummljnm rbut`s inf tiatjas th`y hif d``n usjnm cbr

oirjeuini ilbnm wjth i wjf`r irriy bc o`thbfs tb abnaìl thjs pirtjaulir jll`mil frum.

Vh` abaijn` jnfustry thit mr`w jn Ablbodji tbwirf th` ojf-9:=7s d`min is i

oinuciaturjnm inf oirk`tjnm `nt`rprjs` thit jopbrt`f th` ababi pist` br dis` crbo

Dbljvji inf W`ru; sbo` ahòjail pràursbr prbfuats w`r` jopbrt`f crbo th` Pnjt`f

Qtit`s, whjl` bth`rs w`r` bdtijn`f lbailly. Quaa`ss prbobt`f th` `stidljsho`nt bc

fbo`stja ababi-mrbwjnm is in jopbrt-sudstjtutjnm imrjaulturil f`v`lbpo`nt.6

Psjnm ababi `rifjaitjbn `ccbrts jn th` Inf`s r`mjbn bc Litjn Io`rjai is in

`xiopl` bc th` shbrtabojnms bc thjs supply r`fuatjbn pbljay, bn` n``f bnly lbbk it th`

mrbwth bc Ablbodji crbo i rbl` bc prba`ssbr bc ababi lìv`s mrbwn jn W`ru inf Dbljvji,

tb jts aurr`nt pbsjtjbn is th` lirm`st prbfua`r bc ababi jn th` wbrlf. Dy 9::8, Ablbodji

hif dàbo` th` wbrlfs lirm`st ababi prbfua`r ihìf bc W`ru (P.Q. F`pirto`nt bc Qtit`,

Durìu bc Jnt`rnitjbnil Nirabtjas inf Liw @ncbraò`nt Iccijrs 9::8,44).0 @rifjaitjbn

`ccbrts jn th` oijn ababi mrbwjnm r`mjbns bc W`ru inf Dbljvji w`r` bnly obf`rit`ly

suaa`sscul inf w`r` r`sjst`f dy th` lbail, oijnly jnfjm`nbus Jnfjin mrbw`rs. Jt js ilsb

hirf tb f`t`rojn` th` `ccàtjv`n`ss bc `rifjaitjbn `ccbrts dàius` ababi js i v`ry hìrty

plint whjah js fjccjault tb kjll. Dut is i abns`qu`na` bc th`s` `rifjaitjbn aiopijmns th`

6Crinajsab @. Vhbuoj. 9::0, Wbljtjail @abnboy inf Jll`mil Frums jn Ablbodji (Dbulf`r, AB5 Lynn`Tj`nn`r Wudljsh`rs Jna., 9::0)59140Crinajsab @. Vhbuoj. 4771, Jll`mil Frums, @abnboy, inf Qbaj`ty jn th` Inf`s (]ishjnmtbn F.A.5]bbfrbw ]jlsbn A`nt`r Wr`ss, 4771)5 88


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jll`mil abaijn` triccja wis i strbnm jna`ntjv` cbr th` f`v`lbpo`nt bc ababi plintjnms jn

Ablbodji5 whjah ippìr`f is i diakwirf ljnkim` bc th` abaijn` (prba`ssjnm) furjnm th`

ojf-9:=7s (Vhbuoj 9::0f, ahip1).3Crbo th` p`rspàtjv` bc in àbnbojst, Vh`

abneunatjbn bc th`s` ciatbrs illbw`f Ablbodjins tb arìt` th` abuntrys jnt`rnitjbnil

abop`tjtjv` ifvintim` jn abaijn` oinuciaturjnm inf fjstrjdutjbn.=Dut wjth thjs rjs` tb

wbrlf wjf` prbojn`na` is th` #9 abaijn` prbfua`r, aio` sbo` unwint`f pr`ssur` crbo

th` Ablbodjin mbv`rno`nt, whjah wis lbbkjnm tb th` PQ is i sbura` bc àbnboja

f`v`lbpo`nt cunfs inf ojljtiry ijf tb cjmht i lbnm c`st`rjnm l`ctjst mu`rjlli obvò`nt.

Qjna` lit` 9:8: th` Ablbodjin mbv`rno`nt his d``n idl` tb jnarìs` pr`ssur` bn th`

jll`mil frum jnfustry inf jt ippìrs th`r` his d``n sbo` oinuciaturjnm fjspliaò`nt but

bc Ablbodji. Qjojlirly, bth`r W`ruvjin inf Dbljvjin brminjzitjbns hiv` jnarìs`f th`jr

abaijn` oirk`t shir` jn th` Pnjt`f Qtit`s.8Vh` cbllbwjnm Vidl` 9mriphjailly jllustrit`s

th` dillbbn `ccàt bc supply r`fuatjbn strit`mj`s jn th`s` Infìn abuntrj`s.

Vidl` 9

3Vhbuoj. Jll`mil Frums, @abnboy, inf Qbaj`ty jn th` Inf`s 580=Vhbuoj. Wbljtjail @abnboy inf Jll`mil Frums jn Ablbodji 59=08Vhbuoj. Wbljtjail @abnboy inf Jll`mil Frums jn Ablbodji 59=0


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Oirjeuini `rifjaitjbn `ccbrts hiv` ilsb cijl`f tb r`fua` th` supply cbr inythjnm

bth`r thin shbrt p`rjbfs bc tjo`. Vh` 9:37s mrbwth jn psyahbiatjv` frum abnsuoptjbn

jn th` PQ inf @urbp` trjmm`r`f th` f`v`lbpo`nt bc lirm` oirjeuini plintjnms jn O`xjab

inf Eioijai. Vbwirf th` `nf bc thit fàif`, th` P.Q. mbv`rno`nt prbobt`f `rifjaitjbn

prbmrios jn O`xjab usjnm piriquit, i h`rdjajf` knbwn tb hiv` hirocul hìlth `ccàts,

whjah frbv` iwiy Io`rjain abnsuo`rs. Vhjs oìsur` arìt`f strbnm jna`ntjv`s tb cjnf

bth`r oirjeuini mrbwjnm sjt`s, inf th` oirjeuini arbp wis th`n fjsplia`f tb Ablbodji

(Vbkitljin 9::7,177):Ablbodji d`min tb mrbw oirjeuini albs` tb th` Airjddìn wjth

ìsy iaa`ss tb th` dbits us`f tb soumml` th` frum diak tb th` Pnjt`f Qtit`s. Vh` prbcjts

ittriat`f mrbw`rs jn bth`r r`mjbns bc th` abuntry wh`r` ròbt` linfjnm strjps abulf d`

us`f tb cly th` abntridinf tb th` PQ br bth`r trinsjt pbjnts cbr soummljnm frums. Dut th`

abodjnitjbn bc i Ablbodjin mbv`rno`nt `rifjaitjbn aiopijmn (jn th` brjmjnil mrbwjnm

r`mjbn bc Qj`rri N`vifi) inf th` mrbwth bc th` PQ fbo`stja oirjeuini jnfustry h`lp`f

shjct soumml`rs cbaus tb abaijn` is th`jr n`xt sbura` bc jll`mil frum r`lit`f jnabo`.

Dut Ablbodjin `rifjaitjbn fjf nbt r`fua` fòinf iaabrfjnm tb th` 4770 Nitjbnil

Frum Vhrìt Iss`sso`nt5 Fòinf js hjmh`r cbr oirjeuini thin cbr iny bth`r jlljajt frum,

inf th` abnstinay bc thjs fòinf bv`r tjo` his `nsur`f oirjeuini's rìfy ivijlidjljty

inf prbcjtidjljty. Nb l`ss thin =0 p`ra`nt bc jlljajt frum us`rs jn th` Pnjt`f Qtit`s im`f 94

br blf`r--in `stjoit`f 96.3 ojlljbn p`rsbns--r`pbrt`f aurr`nt us` bc oirjeuini jn 4771.

Quah i sjzidl` us`r pbpulitjbn, `nabopissjnm p`rsbns bc wjf`-rinmjnm im`s, dbth

m`nf`rs, inf fjv`rs` brjmjns r`sjfjnm jn irìs urdin tb ruril, `quit`s tb stìfy prbcjts.97

:Vhbuoj. Jll`mil Frums, @abnboy, inf Qbaj`ty jn th` Inf`s5 8997Bccja` bc Nitjbnil Frum Abntrbl Wbljay, Nitjbnil Frum Jnt`lljm`na` A`nt`r Nitjbnil Frum VhrìtIss`sso`nt 4770 5 49


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Qjna` th` fòinf cbr oirjeuini his ròijn`f cijrly abnstint sjna` th` =7s, n`w

fbo`stja sbura`s bc supply hiv` f`v`lbp`f whjah fb nbt run th` sio` rjsk bc s`jzur`

pr`vjbusly `nabunt`r`f dy ainnidjs soumml`rs inf jopbrt`rs. Fbo`stja mrbw`rs jn th`

PQ bp`rit` soill`r, hirf`r tb f`tàt jnfbbr mirf`ns br mrbw th`jr arbps bn pudlja linfs

jn PQ nitjbnil cbr`sts inf pirks. Dut thjs fbo`stja virj`ty bc pbt js ilsb ouah obr`

pbt`nt is w`ll is obr` `xp`nsjv` it th` r`tijl str``t l`v`l thin th` oirjeuini whjah wis

d`jnm soumml`f jntb th` PQ diak jn th` =7s inf 87s. Dut imijn qubtjnm th` sio` 4770

Nitjbnil Frum Vhrìt Iss`sso`nt5 th` fbauo`nt`f rjs` jn oirjeuini pbt`nay(Vidl` 4)

js obr` i ciatbr bc th` ivijlidjljty bc inf fòinf cbr d`tt`r quiljty oirjeuini.

99

Vidl` 4.Iv`rim` VHA Abna`ntritjbn, W`ra`ntim` dy Zìr Abncjsait`f, 9::6-4774

9::6 9::3 9::8 4777 4774

Oirjeuini 1.07 1.8= 6.49 6.38 0.99

Qjnsòjlli =.6: :.41 94.11 94.=9 99.61

Qbura`5 Wbt`nay Obnjtbrjnm Wrbeàt.

Vh` Pnjt`f Qtit`s wjtn`ss`f i mrbwth jn th` ivijlidjljty inf idus` bc

o`thioph`tiojn` stirtjnm jn th` 9:87s, fu` tb i sudstintjil jnarìs` jn hbspjtil

ifojssjbns cbr p`rsbns iffjat`f tb sp``f. Vh` PQ mbv`rno`nt ittòpt`f tb hilt th`

jll`mil oinuciaturjnm bc o`th dy r`mulitjnm th` sil` inf fjstrjdutjbn bc th` pràursbr

ahòjails us`f tb oinuciatur` th` frum, dy lirm` sail` prbfua`rs. T`mulitjbns tirm`tjnm

pràursbrs us`f dy lirm`-sail` prbfua`rs r`fua`f ifojssjbns sudstintjilly furjnm th`

stufy p`rjbf. Hbw`v`r, th` r`mulitjbn bc pràursbrs us`f prjoirjly dy soill-sail`

99Bccja` bc Nitjbnil Frum Abntrbl Wbljay, Nitjbnil Frum Jnt`lljm`na` A`nt`r Nitjbnil Frum VhrìtIss`sso`nt 4770 5 4=


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prbfua`rs hif ljttl`, jc iny, `ccàt.94

Jnstìf bc r`fuajnm th` supply inf ivijlidjljty bc

th` frum, th` unjnt`nf`f abns`qu`na` wis tb sprìf but th` oinuciaturjnm inf

fjstrjdutjbn bc th` frum tb soill tbwns inf ruril aboounjtj`s. Vh`s` soill sail`

oinuciatur`rs us`f bv`r th` abunt`r ablf o`fjaitjbns inf bth`r obr` ìsjly bdtijn`f

ahòjails tb prba`ss th` ablf o`fjaitjbns jntb i l`ss pur` dut stjll `ccàtjv` cbro bc

o`thioph`tiojn`.T`fua`f prbfuatjbn crbo suah lidbritbrj`s abulf hiv` th` untbwirf

`ccàt bc pushjnm us`rs jntb s`lc- prbfuatjbn. (Wràursbr ahòjails cbr soill-sail`

prbfuatjbn ain d` `xtriat`f ìsjly crbo ablf inf sjnus o`fjajn`s ivijlidl` it lbail stbr`s,

ild`jt jn ljojt`f quintjtj`s pbst r`mulitjbn.).

91

Vh` `nf r`sult wis in `xplbsjbn jn ruril

oinuciaturjnm inf finm`rbus `xplbsjbns bc soill kjtah`n lids us`f dy o`th iffjats tb

abbk up th`jr bwn supplj`s bc sp``f. ]hjl` th` jnarìs` jn irr`sts thit r`sult`f crbo th`s`

tjmht`r r`mulitjbns ain d` jn pirt ittrjdut`f tb tjmht`r r`mulitjbn bc th` ahòjail

pràursbrs cbr o`thioph`tiojn`, thjs wis in unjnt`nf`f abns`qu`na` bc th` r`mulitjbns.

Vh` n`t `ccàt bc th` r`mulitjbns wis jnt`nf`f tb r`fua` th` supply bc o`th, dut th`

jnarìs` jn irr`sts t`lls us thit supplj`s w`r` nbt r`fua`f dàius` thit wbulf hiv`

r`sult`f jn i r`fuatjbn jn irr`sts cbr o`th bcc`na`s, rith`r thin in jnarìs`.

O`xjab wis inf stjll js i oiebr supplj`r bc oirjeuini tb oirk`ts jn th` Pnjt`f

Qtit`s, dut his ilsb nbw dàbo` hìvjly jnvblv`f jn soummljnm obr` pbt`nt inf

prbcjtidl` frums suah is h`rbjn, abaijn` inf obst rà`ntly arystil o`thioph`tiojn` iki

Ja` (usjnm rbut`s brjmjnilly f`v`lbp`f cbr PQ oirjeuini oirk`ts). Tà`nt`ccbrts dy

stit`s tb r`fua` th` supply bc hbo` mrbwn o`th dy r`strjatjnm th` ivijlidjljty bc th`

94Eio`s K.Aunnjnmhio inf Lju Lbn-Ou. "Jopiats bc c`f`ril `ph`frjn` inf psùfb`ph`frjn` r`mulitjbnsbn o`thioph`tiojn`-r`lit`f hbspjtil ifojssjbns." Iffjatjbn Sbl. :8 Nb. : (4771)5944:.91Eio`s K.Aunnjnmhio inf Lju Lbn-Ou. "Jopiats bc c`f`ril `ph`frjn` inf psùfb`ph`frjn` r`mulitjbnsbn o`thioph`tiojn` irr`sts." Iffjatjbn Sbl. 977 Nb. 6 (4770)5 689.


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jnmr`fj`nts us`f tb prbfua` o`th jn th` PQ, hiv` l`f tb in jnarìs` jn th` prbfuatjbn

inf jopbrtitjbn bc i obr` pbt`nt virj`ty aill`f arystil o`th br ja` crbo lirm`r frum

lids jn O`xjab. It th` nitjbnil l`v`l, Tinfy ]ìv`r, s`njbr r`sìrah spàjiljst bc th`

Nitjbnil Frum Jnt`lljm`na` A`nt`r stit`s thit5O`xjain brminjzitjbns hiv` oinim`f tb

ròijn st`ps ihìf bc liw `ncbraò`nt jn f`v`lbpjnm inf oijntijnjnm sbura`s bc supply

cbr dbth `ph`frjn` inf psùfb`ph`frjn`. Vh`y hiv` insw`r`f `v`ry ittòpt it r`mulitjbn

wjth in ilobst joo`fjit` shjct tb in ilt`rnit` sbura`.96 Vh` cbllbwjnm ahirt jn Vidl` 1

js bn` thit wis us`f dy Or. ]ìv`r it th` Nitjbnil O`thioph`tiojn` Frum Abnc`r`na`

(whjah wis abnv`n`f dy th` ]hjt` Hbus` Bccja` bc Nitjbnil Frum Abntrbl Wbljay iki

BNFAW) thit abopir`s inf abntrists th` jnjtjil PQ hbo` mrbwn o`th lids wjth th`

lirm`r n`w arystil o`th lids sprjnmjnm up jn O`xjab.

Vidl` 1

Lid Bp`ritjbnsVr`nfs inf Witt`rns

O`xjablirm`r

obr` sàur`907477 ldsciojly bwn`fprbp`rtynuo`rbus sjt`s

Pnjt`f Qtit`ssoill`r

l`ss sàur`9707 ldsr`nt`f br drbk`r`fnuo`rbus sjt`s

Ipprbxjoit`ly 0-3lds bc tbxja wist` p`r ld bc o`th prbfua`f

It th` stit` l`v`l, Tjahirf Sin Hiict`n sijf thit Jn th` s`v`n obnths sjna` Jbwi

piss`f i liw r`strjatjnm th` sil` bc ablf o`fjajn`s us`f tb oik` o`thioph`tiojn`,

s`jzur`s bc hboòif` o`thioph`tiojn` lidbritbrj`s hiv` frbpp`f tb eust 47 i obnth

96www.naers.mbv/bnfappuds/pudljaitjbns/ frumciat


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crbo 947.90

Sin Hiict`n, (Jbwis stit` frum pbljay fjràtbr) ljk` bccjajils jn bth`r stit`s

wjth sjojlir r`strjatjbns, js nbw wbrrj`f idbut i n`w prbdlò5 th` frbp jn hbo`-abbk`f

o`thioph`tiojn` his d``n o`t dy i n`w clbbf bc arystil o`thioph`tiojn` abojnm

lirm`ly crbo O`xjab "Vh` O`xjain frum airt`ls w`r` rjmht th`r` tb c``f thit fòinf,"

sijf Vbo Aunnjnmhio, th` frum tisk cbra` abbrfjnitbr cbr th` fjstrjat ittbrn`ys abunajl

cbr Bklihboi, th` cjrst stit` tb put psùfb`ph`frjn` d`hjnf phiroiay abunt`rs, jn 4776.

"Vh`y hiv` ilwiys supplj`f oirjeuini, abaijn`, inf h`rbjn. ]h`n w` tbbk iwiy th`

lbail o`th lid, th`y sjoply iff`f o`thioph`tiojn` tb th` truak."93

Vh` BNFAW ilsb w`jmhs jn wjth thjs iss`sso`nt crbo jts 4773 Nitjbnil Frum

Vhrìt Iss`sso`nt5 Fàrìs`s jn fbo`stja o`thioph`tiojn` prbfuatjbn hiv` d``n

bccs`t dy jnarìs`f prbfuatjbn jn O`xjab.9=

Jt his dàbo` alìr thit th` bccjajils th` PQ

inf stit` mbv`rno`nts hiv` ahirm`f wjth th` tisk bc cjmhtjnm th` wir bn frums ir` dbth

iaknbwl`fmjnm th` dillbbn `ccàt bc th`jr bwn supply r`fuatjbn strit`mj`s is w`ll is

th`jr jnidjljty tb abo` up wjth i supply r`fuatjbn strit`my whjah wjll iatuilly wbrk tb

r`fua` frum ivijlidjljty.

Wirt JJ

Vhjs pip`r his cbaus`f bn PQ `ccbrts tb stò th` clbw bc jll`mil frums prjoirjly

dàius`, ljk` jt br nbt, th` PQ f`t`rojn`s jnt`rnitjbnil pbljaj`s idbut jll`mil frums. Vh`

ahj`c Io`rjain irmuo`nt jn civbr bc jts jll`mil frums pbljaj`s js i obril bn`; i s`ntjo`nt

`xpr`ss`f dy th` cjrst PQ frum `ncbraò`nt azir ]jlljio D`nn`tt, whb sijf5 Vh` sjopl`

90 U`rnjk`, Kit`. Wbt`nt O`xjain O`th Clbbfs Jn is Qtit`s Aurd Fbo`stja Sirj`ty N`w Zbrk Vjo`s (41 Einuiry4773)5I-9=93Jdjf5 I-989=Bccja` bc Nitjbnil Frum Abntrbl Wbljay, Nitjbnil Frum Jnt`lljm`na` A`nt`rNitjbnil Frum Vhrìt Iss`sso nt 4773 5 90


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ciat js thit frum us` js wrbnm. Inf th` obril irmuo`nt, jn th` `nf, js th` obst abop`lljnm

irmuo`nt. Dut fb`s th` ciat thit sbo`thjnm js joobril nà`ssirjly oìn jt shbulf ilsb

d` arjojnil2 Oiny p`bpl` ilsb d`lj`v` miodljnm js joobril, dut eijljnm p`bpl` cbr fbjnm

sb his dàbo` jnarìsjnmly rir` jn Io`rjai is w`ll is bth`r abuntrj`s irbunf th` wbrlf.

Jn oiny r`spàts, th` r`sults bc th` PQ intj-frum pbljaj`s bc supply r`fuatjbn

ojrrbr thbs` bc jts list ittòpt tb prbhjdjt th` us` bc sudstina`s thit ain d` hirocul jc

th`y ir` idus`f; th` Wrbhjdjtjbn `ri. D`tw``n 9:47 inf 9:11, PQ liws thit butliw`f th`

sil` bc ilabhbl l`f tb jnclit`f ilabhbl prja`s, prbobt`f dbbtl`m supplj`rs, `naburim`f th`

sprìf bc muns inf arjo`, jnarìs`f hirf-ljqubr frjnkjnm inf abrrupt`f i quirt`r bc th`

c`f`ril `ncbraò`nt im`nts, ill wjthjn i fàif`.98

Vh` abns`qu`na`s bc th` PQ wir bn frumsbv`r th` list cbrty yìrs hiv` ljk`wjs`

jnclit`f prja`s cbr obst jll`mil frums, prbobt`f th` sil` bc jll`mil dbbtl`m frum supplj`s

ifult`rit`f wjth hirocul iffjtjv`s, `naburim`f th` sprìf bc muns inf vjbl`na` dy

wirrjnm arjojnil frum minms is w`ll is prbp`rty arjo`s aboojtt`f dy frum iffjats tryjnm

tb piy cbr th` jnclit`f prja`s bc th` frums th`y n``f, jnarìs`s jn frum pbt`nay inf purjty

is w`ll is th` abrruptjbn bc i lirm` nuod`r bc lbail, stit` inf c`f`ril liw `ncbraò`nt

inf arjojnil eustja` bccjajils jn th` PQ inf, tb in `v`n mrìt`r `xt`nt, th` abrruptjbn bc

liw `ncbraò`nt jn pbbr`r nitjbns whjah prbfua` br prbvjf` trinsjt rbut`s cbr jll`mil

frums. Curth`robr`, th` PQ `x`rts pr`ssur` bn th`s` pbbr`r abuntrj`s tb stbp th` jll`mil

trif` `v`n jc thjs r`sults jn `nvjrbno`ntil fioim` inf br i fjojnutjbn bc ajvjl ljd`rtj`s.

Dut oiny bc th` pudljas nbtjbns idbut th` hirocul `ccàts bc frum us` ir` ilsb

dis`f bn th` immr`ssjv` inf br arjojnil d`hivjbr bc iffjats whb r`pr`s`nt i r`litjv`ly

98I surv`y bc jll`mil frums5 Qtuodljnm jn th` firk. Vh` @abnbojst (43 Euly, 4779)


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soill ojnbrjty bc th` pbrtjbn bc th` pbpulitjbn thit abnsuo`s th`s` frums. D`cbr` th`y

w`r` oif` jll`mil, us`rs bc frums ljk` h`rbjn inf abaijn` fjf nbt dàbo` iffjat`f it rit`s

ouah fjcc`r`nt thin th` iffjatjbn rit`s cbr ilabhbl. Dut th` purjty inf pbt`nay bc th`s`

frums jnarìs`f ict`r th`y w`r` oif` jll`mil thus lìfjnm tb jnarìs`s jn iffjatjbn tb

thò. Jn th`, H rbjn A`ntury, Vbo Airnwith inf Jin Qojth ilsb nbt` thit dbth bpjuo

inf ispjrjn w`r` fjsabv`r`f dy th` sio` tìo bc M`roin r`sìrah`rs jn 98:= inf thit

th`s` r`sìrah`rs d`lj`v`f bpjuo, nbt ispjrjn, wbulf d` th` obr` us`cul o`fjail prbfuat.

Vh`s` M`roin r`sìrah`rs ilsb nbt`f thit dbth abopbunfs hif r`litjv`ly ojlf sjf`

`ccàts whjah th`y thbumht w`r` iaa`ptidl` mjv`n th`jr inilm`sja pijn r`lj`c d`n`cjts.

9:

Vh` rìljty idbut th` us` bc jll`mil frums jn obst abuntrj`s, `spàjilly iobnm

ybunm`r p`bpl`, js thit th` frums th`y pr`c`r, ljk` oirjeuini, abaijn`, àstisy, pijn kjll`rs

inf ioph`tiojn`s, ir` m`n`rilly nbt us`f `v`ry fiy. Ouah ljk` ilabhbl, obst frum us`rs

t`nf tb jnfulm` jn thò bnly bn w``k`nfs br bn` br twb njmhts i w``k wjth th`jr crj`nfs.

Vhjs js nbt tb siy suah frums ir` hirol`ss. Is js sb bct`n s``n wjth ilabhbl inf oiny

pr`sarjptjbn frums, th`r` wjll ilwiys d` i a`rtijn nuod`r, rbumhly 97-90 p`ra`nt, whb

wjll suds`qu`ntly dàbo` iffjat`f tb th`s` frums eust is th`r` his ilwiys d``n i a`rtijn

p`ra`ntim` bc p`bpl` whb wjll dàbo` iffjat`f tb l`mil pr`sarjptjbn frums inf ilabhbl.

Nbr fb oiny bc th`s` typ`s bc jll`mil frums aius` th` kjnf bc hiro tb us`rs inf

idus`rs thit oiny pbljtjajins inf mbv`rno`nt summ`st js bn` bc th` prjoiry rìsbns why

th`y shbulf d` prbhjdjt`f. Iaabrfjnm tb i cijrly rà`nt r`pbrt dy th` @urbpìn Obnjtbrjnm

A`ntr` cbr Frums inf Frum Iffjatjbn, th`jr cjnfjnms shbw Iaut`fìths r`lit`f sbl`ly tb

abaijn`, ioph`tiojn`s br àstisy ir` unusuil . f`spjt` th` pudljajty th`y rà`jv`.47

9:Vbo Airnwith inf Jin Qojth. H`rbjn A`ntury. Lbnfbn5 Tbutl`fm`, 4774.47M`n`ril T`pbrt bc Iatjvjtj`s 4777@urbpìn Obnjtbrjnm A`ntr` cbr Frums inf Frum Iffjatjbn, 4777.
http://www.emcdda.org/multimedia/publications/Activities_Report/GRA2000_EN.pdfhttp://www.emcdda.org/multimedia/publications/Activities_Report/GRA2000_EN.pdfhttp://www.emcdda.org/multimedia/publications/Activities_Report/GRA2000_EN.pdfhttp://www.emcdda.org/multimedia/publications/Activities_Report/GRA2000_EN.pdf


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Curth`robr` `v`n thbumh th`r` oiy d` sbo` hìth rjsks issbajit`f wjth th` fijly us` bc

oirjeuini, iaabrfjnm tb th` Drjtjsh o`fjail eburnil, Lina`t Jt wbulf d` rìsbnidl` tb

eufm` ainnidjs l`ss bc i thrìt thin ilabhbl br tbdiaab...Bn th` o`fjail `vjf`na`

ivijlidl`, obf`rit` jnfulm`na` jn ainnidjs his ljttl` jll-`ccàt bn hìlth.49

Bn` bc th` obst prbojsjnm ilt`rnitjv` ipprbiah`s tb fìljnm wjth jll`mil frums js

tb trìt th` prbdlòs issbajit`f wjth frum idus` is i pudlja hìlth abna`rn rith`r thin i

arjojnil eustja` jssu`, i strit`my thit js ilsb knbw dy th` nio` hiro r`fuatjbn. Is

pr`vjbusly nbt`f, sbo` frum us`rs wjll dàbo` iffjats jn ouah th` sio` wiy thit sbo`

us`rs bc ilabhbl inf pr`sarjptjbn frums dàbo` iffjat`f tb thò. Jn Qwjtz`rlinf,

iuthbrjtj`s jn D`rn inf Uurjah wjtn`ss`f i shirp frbp jn frum r`lit`f arjo` ict`r th`y

bp`n`f cr`` h`rbjn oijnt`nina` a`nt`rs tb trìt inf stidjljz` iffjats. Obr` thin twb

thjrfs bc th` iffjats whb `nrbll`f jn th`s` a`nt`rs suds`qu`ntly mbt r`mulir ebds thinks tb

th`jr fijly oijnt`nina` fbs` bc h`rbjn br dàius` th`y hif `jth`r obv`f bn tb i

o`thifbn` prbmrio br d` idstjn`nt. Wblja` sijf thit th` nuod`r bc th`s` iffjats

jnv`stjmit`f cbr arjo`s ljk` prbstjtutjbn br durmliry hif ilsb frbpp`f dy 37%.44

Jn in `ccbrt tb obr` `ccàtjv`ly fìl wjth th` ifv`rs` abns`qu`na`s inf hiro tb

us`rs aius`f dy jll`mil frums thit ir` ifult`rit`f wjth hirocul sudstina`s, th` Futah

Ojnjstry bc Hìlth jn th` N`th`rlinfs us`s th` Vrjodbs Jnstjtut` bc O`ntil Hìlth inf

Iffjatjbn, tb t`st th` purjty bc thbusinfs bc àstisy tidl`ts `v`ry yìr. Fr. Jnm` Qprujt,

hìf bc th` jnstjtut`'s f`pirto`nt bc obnjtbrjnm inf `pjfòjblbmy siys thit; ]h`n w`

cjnf sudstina`s suah is stryahnjn` jn th` tidl`ts, w` jssu` i pudlja wirnjnm.41

49I surv`y bc jll`mil frums5 Qtuodljnm jn th` firk. Vh` @abnbojst (43 Euly, 4779)44Qwjss Frum WbljayQwjss C`f`ril Bccja` bc Wudlja Hìlth, (Q`ptòd`r 4777).41Jnm` W. Qprujt. Qudstina` Ps` inf Ojsus`5 Obnjtbrjnm Qynth`tja Frum Oirk`ts, Vr`nfs inf WudljaHìlthVrjodbs Jnstjtut` bc O`ntil Hìlth,Ojnjstry bc Hìlth5 Vh` N`th`rlinfs, 4779.
http://www.admin.ch/bag/sucht/drog-pol/drogen/e/dpolitik/brosch-e.htmhttp://www.admin.ch/bag/sucht/drog-pol/drogen/e/dpolitik/brosch-e.htmhttp://www.admin.ch/bag/sucht/drog-pol/drogen/e/dpolitik/brosch-e.htmhttp://www.trimbos.nl/indexuk.htmlhttp://www.trimbos.nl/indexuk.htmlhttp://www.admin.ch/bag/sucht/drog-pol/drogen/e/dpolitik/brosch-e.htm


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Inbth`r prbojsjnm ilt`rnitjv` jnvblv`s th` fàrjojniljzitjbn br pbssjdly th`

l`miljzitjbn bc frums ljk` oirjeuini whjah hiv` d``n ràbmnjz`f dy oiny fbatbrs is

hivjnm rìl o`fjail d`n`cjts, `spàjilly cbr th`jr pitj`nts whb oiy d` succ`rjnm crbo

fjsìs`s ljk` mliuaboi br th` sjf` `ccàts bc trìto`nts cbr fjsìs`s ljk` IJFs inf aina`r.

I c`w abuntrj`s ljk` Irm`ntjni, D`lmjuo inf Wbrtumil hiv` ljd`riljz`f th`jr oirjeuini

liws whjl` bth`rs suah is Iustrilji inf th` N`th`rlinfs hiv` `ccàtjv`ly fàrjojniljz`f

th` pbss`ssjbn inf us` bc oirjeuini.

@v`n thbumh oirjeuini js stjll in jll`mil frum unf`r PQ c`f`ril liw, lit` list yìr

PQ Ittbrn`y M`n`ril @rja Hblf`r sijf thit jn 96 stit`s wjth sbo` prbvjsjbns cbr o`fjail

oirjeuini us`, c`f`ril prbsàutbrs shbulf cbaus bnly bn ais`s jnvblvjnm hjmh`r-l`v`l frum

triccjak`rs, obn`y liunf`r`rs br p`bpl` whb us` th` stit` liws is i abv`r.46

Vh` stit` bc

Ailjcbrnji, whjah his d``n it th` cbr`crbnt bc i obvò`nt tb l`miljz` th` us` bc oirjeuini

cbr o`fjajnil purpbs`s, js ilsb nbw bn th` lìfjnm `fm` bc i obvò`nt tb `ccàtjv`ly

fàrjojniljz` br pbssjdly l`miljz`, r`mulit` inf tix th` sil` bc thjs frum.

Bn` djll aurr`ntly unf`r abnsjf`ritjbn jn th` Ailjcbrnji stit` l`mjslitur` wbulf f`-

arjojniljz` th` pbss`ssjbn inf us` bc oirjeuini cbr bth`r thin o`fjail rìsbns dy

trìtjnm suah bcc`ns`s th` sio` is i pirkjnm tjak`t, wh`r` bcc`nf`rs piy i cjn` dy oijl br

bv`r th` phbn`, inf thit r`sult jn nb aburt ippìrina`s br arjojnil ràbrfs. Inbth`r

oìsur` unf`r abnsjf`ritjbn dy th` aish stripp`f Ailjcbrnji Qtit` mbv`rno`nt wbulf

`ss`ntjilly trìt oirjeuini ljk` ilabhbl, oikjnm jt l`mil cbr p`bpl` im`f 49 inf bv`r.

Qpbnsbr`f dy Vbo Ioojinb, crbo Qin Crinajsab, jt wbulf l`vy i $07 `xajs` tix bn

`v`ry buna` prbfua`f inf i sil`s tix bn tbp, th`n us` thbs` cunfs cbr frum `fuaitjbn. 40

46Ebhnsbn, Airrj` P.Q. ìs`s stina` bn o`fjail oirjeuini Vh` ]ishjnmtbn Wbst (47 Batbd`r 477:)40Vh` liw bc th` w``f Vh` @abnbojst (90 Euly, 4797)


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Dut th` obst cir rìahjnm oirjeuini l`miljzitjbn oìsur` js knbwn is

Wrbpbsjtjbn 9:, whjah wjll d` put tb vbt`rs bn th` Nbvòd`r dillbt. Vhjs sb-aill`f

T`mulit`, Abntrbl, inf Vix Ainnidjs Iat bc 4797, wbulf ilsb l`miljz` th` mrbwjnm,

s`lljnm inf sobkjnm bc oirjeuini cbr thbs` blf`r thin 49, wjthjn a`rtijn ljojts. Dut jt

wbulf lìv` th` r`mulitjbn inf tixitjbn `ntjr`ly up tb abuntj`s inf ajtj`s. Vh`s` abulf

ahbbs` tb din th` dusjn`ss br tb tix jt it whit`v`r rit` th`y plìs`f.43

Qjna` Ailjcbrnji js aurr`ntly mrippljnm wjth i hum` $9: djlljbn dufm`t f`cjajt, th`

cjninajil jopiat bc Wrbpbsjtjbn js i sudeàt bc hìt`f f`dit` d`tw``n prbpbn`nts inf

bppbn`nts bc thjs oìsur`. Qbo` stufj`s hiv` `stjoit`f sivjnms bc nìrly $9.: djlljbn is

p`bpl` ir` nb lbnm`r irr`st`f inf joprjsbn`f dàius` bc oirjeuini. Is cbr r`v`nu`s,

Ailjcbrnjis mbv`rno`nt `stjoit`s thit th` `xajs` inf sil`s tix`s bc th` Ioojinb djll

wbulf drjnm jn idbut $9.6 djlljbn i yìr.4=Vh`r` js ilsb i f`dit` idbut wh`th`r th`s`

cjmur`s oiy d` tbb hjmh br lbw, dut th`r` js nb f`dit` thit `ccàt wjll d` i pbsjtjv` bn`.

Wirt JJJ

Hjstbry his shbwn thit th` dillbbn `ccàt js in àbnboja ciat bc ljc` thrbumhbut

th` wbrlf. Jc fòinf `xjsts cbr i prbfuat br s`rvja` (iny prbfuat br s`rvja`, d` jt l`mil br

jll`mil) th`n sbo`bn` wjll cjmur` but i wiy tb supply thit prbfuat br s`rvja` inf oik` i

prbcjt fbjnm sb. Bp`ritjnm jn i cr`` oirk`t, aipjtiljst brj`nt`f sbaj`ty, bn` wbulf thjnk

thit th` pbljtjajins inf mbv`rno`nt bccjajils ojmht unf`rstinf thjs. Jt js cbr thjs rìsbn

thit strit`mj`s, whjah ir` cbaus`f bn r`fuajnm fòinf cbr ilabhbl inf frums, ir` th` bnly

bn`s thit hiv` iny ahina` bc suaa`ss jn th` wir bn frums. Cbllbwjnm ir` = summ`stjbns

bn wiys tb r`fua` th` fòinf cbr l`mil inf jll`mil frums is w`ll is th` idus` bc thò.

43Vh` liw bc th` w``f Vh` @abnbojst (90 Euly, 4797)4=Vh` liw bc th` w``f Vh` @abnbojst (90 Euly, 4797)


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9. L`miljz` oirjeuini inf hishjsh, r`mulit` th` p`ra`ntim` abnt`nt bcVHA, fbauo`nt jt bn lid`ls th` wiy ilabhblja d`v`rim`s fbauo`ntprbbc tb isa`rtijn ilabhbl abnt`nt p`ra`ntim`s, ipply c`f`ril inf stit`tix`s jn th` sio` oinn`r th`y ir` aurr`ntly ipplj`f tb ilabhbl inftbdiaab prbfuats inf us` tix prba``fs tb cunf oinfitbry trìto`nt inf

`fuaitjbn prbmrios it dbth th` c`f`ril inf stit` l`v`ls.4. Vrìt sil`s bc oirjeuini prbfuats th` sio` is ilabhbl inf tbdiaabprbfuats wjth ojnjouo im` r`qujrò`nts (98 br 49), nb ljojt bnpurahis`s, lid`ls wirnjnm bc th` hìlth rjsks issbajit`f wjth th`jr us`.

1. Ipply frjvjnm unf`r th` jnclu`na` inf pudlja jntbxjaitjbn stitut`s,is th`y aurr`ntly ipply tb ilabhbl, tb ill l`mil inf br jll`mil frum us` dy`stidljshjnm oixjouo dlbbf inf urjn` l`v`ls tb f`t`rojn` f`mr``s bcjopijro`nt cbr idus`rs.

6. @stidljsh unjcbro l`v`ls bc pbss`ssjbn cbr dbth l`mil inf jll`mil frums,tb fjstjnmujsh d`tw``n us`rs inf fjstrjdutbrs br triccjak`rs. Cbrjnstina`5 l`ss thin 97 mrios bc abaijn`, h`rbjn, o`thioph`tiojn` `ta.

js abnsjf`r`f sjopl` pbss`ssjbn inf obr` thin thit quintjty oiy dàbnsjf`r`f pbss`ssjbn wjth th` jnt`nt tb s`ll.0. T`fjràt frum wir sp`nfjnm prjbrjtj`s tbwirfs trìto`nt inf

`fuaitjbn iwir`n`ss prbmrios cbr frum inf ilabhbl us`rs inf idus`rsdy jnarìsjnm dufm`ts cbr c`f`ril inf stit` ilabhbl inf frum trìto`ntprbmrios inf dbbstjnm sp`nfjnm bn frum inf ilabhbl `fuaitjbn infiwir`n`ss cjlos inf aboo`rajils.

3. T`fjràt (tix piy`r cjnina`f) liw `ncbraò`nt r`sbura`s jnvblv`f jn`fuaitjnm sahbbl ahjlfr`n idbut frums, dy usjnm ràbv`rjnm ilabhbljasinf frum iffjats (whb wjll spìk jn sahbbls it nb abst tb tixpiy`rs) tb`fuait` ybunm p`bpl` jn sahbbls bn th` finm`rs inf rjsks issbajit`fwjth th` us` inf idus` bc ilabhbl, is w`ll is l`mil br jll`mil frums

=. Ariak fbwn bn th` sbura` bc fòinf cbr frums inf ilabhbl, th` frumidus`r, dy oinfitjnm eijl inf br br trìto`nt prbmrio ojnjouos`nt`na`s cbr bcc`nf`rs, whjah `sailit` wjth ìah suds`qu`nt bcc`na`,sjojlir tb aurr`nt stit` liws whjah fjatit` ojnjouo s`nt`na`s cbrfrjvjnm unf`r th` jnclu`na`. Cbr jnstina`59stbcc`na` pbss`ssjbn br FPJ ? 17fiys jn eijl br i 94 w``k but-pitj`nttrìto`nt prbmrio plus 9 yìr bc unsup`rvjs`f prbditjbn.4nfbcc`na` pbss`ssjbn br FPJ ? :7fiys jn eijl br 17fiys jn-pitj`nttrìto`nt plus 9 yìr bc sup`rvjs`f prbditjbn1

rfbcc`na` pbss`ssjbn br FPJ ? 3 obnths eijl br :7 fiys jn stit`

jnaira`ritjbn trìto`nt plus 9 yìr bc sup`rvjs`f prbditjbn6thbcc`na` pbss`ssjbn br FPJ ? 9 yìr jn eijl br 3 obnths jn stit`jnaira`ritjbn trìto`nt plus 9 tb 4 yìrs bc sup`rvjs`f prbditjbn0

thinf ill suds`qu`nt pbss`ssjbn br FPJ bcc`na`s ? Oinfitbry 3

obnth stit` jnaira`ritjbn trìto`nt + 9 yìr jn eijl + 4 yìrsprbditjbn


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Fòinf r`fuatjbn strit`mj`s ir`nt ilwiys pbpulir wjth th` ciojlj`s bc frum us`rs

inf th`y fbnt mrid hìfljn`s ljk` djm frum s`jzur`s fb, dut th`y wjll wbrk bv`r tjo` jc

mjv`n i ahina`. Qjna` 67 yìrs bc supply r`fuatjbn tiatjas hiv` bnly suaa``f`f jn

jnarìsjnm th` pbt`nay inf br r`fuajnm th` str``t prja`s bc jll`mil frums ljk` abaijn`,

h`rbjn inf pbt, th` tjo` his abo` tb oik` i abna`rt`f `ccbrt tb r`fua` fòinf jnstìf.

F`spjt` oissjv` jnv`sto`nts jn dbrf`r pitrbls, bv`rsìs arbp `rifjaitjbn `ccbrts,

F`pirto`nt bc F`c`ns` jnvblvò`nt inf irr`sts bc frum soumml`rs inf frum fìl`rs, th`

frum wir his nbt r`fua`f th` supply bc frums nbr oif` thò obr` abstly tb bdtijn. Vh`

oirk`t prja`s cbr jll`mil frums cbllbw th` sio` liws bc supply inf fòinf thit ipply tb

ill aboobfjtj`s. Vh` frum wir arìt`s in irtjcjajilly hjmh aboobfjty prja`, inf th`s`

hum` prbcjt oirmjns hiv` `naburim`f obr` frum prbfua`rs tb `nt`r th` oirk`t. Mrìt`r

prbfuatjbn his arìt`f àbnboj`s bc sail`.48

Ict`r cbrty yìrs bc ittòpts tb r`fua` supplj`s bc jll`mil frums thrbumh i

abodjnitjbn bc jnt`rnitjbnil pr`ssur` bn bth`r abuntrj`s whjah prbfua` th`s` prbfuats

ir` prbvjf` trinspbrtitjbn rbut`s cbr thò inf arjojnil p`niltj`s cbr thbs` aiumht s`lljnm

thò, `v`n jc bnly jn r`litjv`ly soill quintjtj`s, jts tjo` tb try i fjcc`r`nt ipprbiah.J io

nbt ifvbaitjnm cbr l`miljzitjbn dàius` f`spjt` th` bdvjbus àbnboja vilu` cbr

mbv`rno`nts bc thjs ipprbiah, jt js aurr`ntly nbt i pbljtjailly iaa`ptidl` bn` cbr obst

pbljtjajins inf vbt`rs. Dut jc w` ir` truly jnt`r`st`f jn wjnnjnm th` wir bn frums w` oust

stirt trìtjnm th` aius` (th` c``l mbbf f`sjr`s bc frum abnsuo`rs) inf stbp sp`nfjnm

djlljbns bc fbllirs rìatjnm tb inf tryjnm tb trìt th` syoptbos (frum fìl`rs inf vjbl`nt

arjojnil frum soummljnm minms thit ir` supplyjnm thò wjth jll`mil frums).

48K`vjn D. U``s` inf Wiul O. L`wjn 9:::. Vh` @ccàtjv` Nitjbnil Frum Abntrbl Qtrit`myhttp5//www.asfp.brm/`fas/iuthbrs.hto
http://www.csdp.org/kz/http://www.csdp.org/kz/


17/18

9=

Djdljbmriphy

I surv`y bc jll`mil frums5 Qtuodljnm jn th` firk. Vh` @abnbojst (43 Euly, 4779)

Airnwith, Vbo inf Jin Qojth. H`rbjn A`ntury. Lbnfbn5 Tbutl`fm`, 4774.

Aunnjnmhio, Eio`s K. inf Lbn-Ou Lju."Jopiats bc c`f`ril pràursbr ahòjail r`mulitjbns bn

o`thioph`tiojn` irr`sts."Iffjatjbn. Sbl. 977 Nb. 6 (4770)56=:-688.

Aunnjnmhio, Eio`s K. inf Lbn-Ou Lju "Jopiats bc c`f`ril `ph`frjn` inf psùfb`ph`frjn`

r`mulitjbns bn o`thioph`tiojn`-r`lit`f hbspjtil ifojssjbns." Iffjatjbn. Sbl. :8 Nb.

: (4771)5944:-941=.

Fruak`r, Fr. @rn`st. "Frum Wrbhjdjtjbn inf Wudlja Hìlth." Wudlja Hìlth T`pbrts P.Q. Wudlja

Hìlth Q`rvja`. Sbl. 996. (Ein/C`d 9::8)

M`n`ril T`pbrt bc Iatjvjtj`s 4777 @urbpìn Obnjtbrjnm A`ntr` cbr Frums inf Frum

Iffjatjbn, 4777.

Ebhnsbn, Airrj` P.Q. ìs`s stina` bn o`fjail oirjeuini Vh` ]ishjnmtbn Wbst (47 Batbd`r

477:)

OiaAbun, Tbd`rt E. inf W`t`r Tùt`r. Frum ]ir H`r`sj`s5 Lìrnjnm crbo Bth`r Sja`s, Vjo`s,

& Wlia`s. Aiodrjfm`5 Aiodrjfm` Pnjv`rsjty Wr`ss, 4779.

Bccja` bc Nitjbnil Frum Abntrbl Wbljay, Nitjbnil Frum Jnt`lljm`na` A`nt`r

Nitjbnil Frum Vhrìt Iss`sso`nt 4770.

Bccja` bc Nitjbnil Frum Abntrbl Wbljay, Nitjbnil Frum Jnt`lljm`na` A`nt`r

Nitjbnil Frum Vhrìt Iss`sso`nt 4773.

Qprujt, Jnm` W. Qudstina` Ps` inf Ojsus`5 Obnjtbrjnm Qynth`tja Frum Oirk`ts, Vr`nfs inf

Wudlja HìlthVrjodbs Jnstjtut` bc O`ntil Hìlth,Ojnjstry bc Hìlth5 Vh`

N`th`rlinfs, 4779.
http://www.emcdda.org/multimedia/publications/Activities_Report/GRA2000_EN.pdfhttp://www.trimbos.nl/indexuk.htmlhttp://www.trimbos.nl/indexuk.htmlhttp://www.emcdda.org/multimedia/publications/Activities_Report/GRA2000_EN.pdf


18/18

98

Qwjss Frum Wbljay Qwjss C`f`ri l Bccja` bc Wudlja Hìlth, (Q`ptòd`r 4777).

Vhbuoj, Crinajsab @. 4771, Jll`mil Frums, @abnboy, inf Qbaj`ty jn th` Inf`s. ]ishjnmtbn

F.A. ]bbfrbw ]jlsbn A`nt`r Wr`ss, 4771.

Vhbuoj, Crinajsab @. 9::0, Wbljtjail @abnboy & Jll`mil Frums jn Ablbodji. Dbulf`r, AB.

Lynn` Tj`nn`r Wudljsh`rs Jna., 9::0.

]`jsh`jt Tilph I. 9::4. Fbo`stja oirjeuini5 i n`mlàt`f jnfustry. ]`stpbrt, AV5

Mr``nwbbf Wr`ss, 9::4.

]`jsh`jt, Tilph I. 9::7. Frums, Arjo` inf th` Arjojnil Eustja` Qystò. ]`stpbrt, AV

Mr``nwbbf Wr`ss, 9::7.

U``s`,K`vjn D. inf Wiul O. L`wjn Vh` @ccàtjv` Nitjbnil Frum Abntrbl Qtri t`my, 9:::.

U`rnjk`, Kit`. Wbt`nt O`xjain O`th Clbbfs Jn is Qtit`s Aurd Fbo`stja Sirj`ty N`w Zbrk

Vjo`s (41 Einuiry 4773) ivijlidl` bn ljn` it5

http5//qu`ry.nytjo`s.abo/mst/cullpim`.htol2r`s?:A73@1FI911CC:17I90=04A7I:37

:A8D31

Vh` frums dusjn`ss; Quaa`ss`s jn th` wir bn frums `xpbs` th` pbljaysljojts Vh` @abnbojst

(46 Eun`, 4797)

Vh` @ccàtjv` Nitjbnil Frum Abntrbl Qtrit`myN`twbrk bc T`cbro Mrbups jn abnsultitjbn

wjth th` Nitjbnil Abiljtjbn cbr @ccàtjv` Frum Wbljaj`sivijlidl` bn ljn` it5

http5//www.asfp.brm/`fas/iuthbrs.hto

Vh` liw bc th` w``f5 Ailjcbrnji, `v`r i mlbdil lìf`r jn ainnidjs oitt`rs, oiy cbrm` ihìf

imijn. Vh` @abnbojst (90 Euly, 4797)

Vh` Nitjbnil O`thioph`tiojn` Frum Abnc`r`na` ivijlidl` bn ljn` it5

http5//www.naers.mbv/bnfappuds/pudljaitjbns/frumciat/o`thabnc/abnt`nts.htol
http://www.admin.ch/bag/sucht/drog-pol/drogen/e/dpolitik/brosch-e.htmhttp://www.csdp.org/kz/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C06E3DA133FF930A15752C0A9609C8B63http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C06E3DA133FF930A15752C0A9609C8B63http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C06E3DA133FF930A15752C0A9609C8B63http://www.csdp.org/edcs/authors.htmhttp://www.csdp.org/edcs/authors.htmhttp://www.ncjrs.gov/ondcppubs/publications/drugfact/methconf/contents.htmlhttp://www.ncjrs.gov/ondcppubs/publications/drugfact/methconf/contents.htmlhttp://www.ncjrs.gov/ondcppubs/publications/drugfact/methconf/contents.htmlhttp://www.csdp.org/edcs/authors.htmhttp://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C06E3DA133FF930A15752C0A9609C8B63http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C06E3DA133FF930A15752C0A9609C8B63http://www.csdp.org/kz/http://www.admin.ch/bag/sucht/drog-pol/drogen/e/dpolitik/brosch-e.htm

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