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Ironically, most monarchs in Europe benefited from religious strife. Established monarchs consolidated their power while ambitious opportunists used the chaos to gain power. The Holy Roman Empire remained decentralized and lost its prominence but almost all other countries gained strength and the ability to compete with each other.

The Attempted Revival of Empire• HRE was a confederation

of loosely connected German states

• Momentarily united under Charles V (Hapsburg ruler)▫ Spaniard who had

inherited the title from his mother’s family

▫ Became caught up in the Lutheran controversy and was unable to consolidate control

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The Attempted Revival of EmpireAllowed German princes freedom of religionCountries were ruled as separate administrationsOnly used military power to subdue rebellions

▫ Both French and Ottoman rulers worked against the HRE

▫ Charles became so defeated in his efforts that he split the kingdom between his brother (Philip II of Spain) and his son (Ferdinand) and retired to a monastery

The New Monarchs• England, France, and Spain▫ Increased political power through…

Taxation (sales, households, salt)English kings struggled to raise taxes as a result of the Magna Carta but increased royal fees and finesHenry VIII confiscated church holdings but placed additional charitable burdens on the states

Control of the nobilityStrongly centralized administrations

Large standing armies (especially France and Spain)Overwhelmed private armies of nobles thereby reducing their power

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Spanish Inquisition

• Ferdinand and Isabel mobilized the Catholic church to consolidate their power▫ Religious justification to advance the state▫ Intended to discover secret Muslims and Jews▫ Used by Spanish monarchy to detect Protestant

heresy and political dissidentsSentenced hundreds to hang from the gallows or burn at the stakeIntimidated many into silenceStrict Roman Catholic orthodoxy in Spain

Student-created video:

The Spanish Inquisition

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Constitutional States

• Countries in which the rulers shared their power with representative bodies: England and Holland▫ The process was not always easy▫ Effective in harnessing popular support while

allowing dissenting views▫ Merchants were central to the elected bodies and

therefore their was little government interference in business

Led to extraordinary prosperity

English Civil War (1642-1647)

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The Six Wives of Henry VIII• Horrible Histories ☺

The Six Wives of Henry VIII

The Six Wives of Henry VIII• To satisfy his desires and to secure a

male heir, Henry married six times:▫ His marriage to CATHERINE OF

ARAGON was annulled 1533.▫ In 1536, ANNE BOLEYN was

executed for alleged treason and adultery and her daughter Elizabeth was declared illegitimate.

▫ JANE SEYMOUR died in 1537 shortly after giving birth to the future Edward VI.

▫ Henry wed ANNE OF CLEVES sight unseen on the advice of Cromwell, the purpose being to create by the marriage an alliance with the Protestant princes. The marriage was annulled by Parliament and Cromwell was dismissed and eventually executed.

▫ CATHERINE HOWARD was beheaded for adultery in 1542.

▫ Henry’s last wife, CATHERINE PARR, a patron of humanists and reformers, survived him.

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Edward VI (1547-1553)• When Henry died, his son and successor, Edward

VI, was only ten years old.

Mary I (1553-1558)• In 1533, Catherine of

Aragon’s daughter succeeded Edward (who had died in his teens) to the English throne as Mary I and proceeded to restore Catholic doctrine and practice.

• Bloody Mary

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Elizabeth I (1558-1603)• It was not until the reign

of Anne Boleyn’s daughter, Elizabeth I, that a lasting religious settlement was worked out in England. Elizabeth merged a centralized Episcopal system, which she firmly controlled, with broadly defined Protestant doctrine and traditional Catholic ritual.

Reasons for the English Civil War

• In 1603, Elizabeth died. She never married, so there were no heirs to continue the Tudor Dynasty

• Mary Stuart’s son James I became the King of England – started the Stuart Dynasty in England

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Arthur

Mary I"Bloody Mary"

Elizabeth I Edward VI

Henry VIII

Civil WarCommonwealthOliver Cromwell

Charles II"Merry Monarch"

James II

Charles I

James I

Mary StuartQueen ofScotland

James VKing of

Scotland

Margaret Mary

Henry VII

Reasons for the English Civil War

• Queen Elizabeth recognized the importance of working with Parliament

• James I did not; believed he should be absolute monarch because of Divine Right(God chooses royal families to rule); James I did not listen to Parliament

• Major problems between Parliament & King over issues of Authority, Money, & Religion

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Problems between the King and Parliament

• Authority—James I believed in divine right and absolutism; Parliament felt king should be limited by Parliament

• Money—James I has to ask Parliament for money to finance government and life style

• Religion—Puritans were members of the Anglican Church who wanted all Catholic rituals removed; Puritans were active members of Parliament & were angered when James I arranged marriage of son (Charles) to a Catholic princess

Reasons for the English Civil War• When James I died in 1625, his son

Charles I became king• Charles was “worse” than James:▫ Charles believed in divine right &

absolute monarchy; refused to discuss ideas with Parliament—only called Parliament when he needed money

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Reasons for the English Civil War• Parliament got fed up with Charles I

& refused to give him money unless he signed The Petition of Rightsin 1628:▫ King could not jail people

without a good reason▫ King could not make taxes

without Parliament's approval▫ King could not keep his soldiers in

peoples’ homes & could not use army to maintain order during peacetime

Civil War

• Charles I was really mad at Parliament & refused to call another Parliament for 11 years until he needed money to end revolts in Ireland & Scotland

• Conflict between supporters of the King (Royalists/Cavaliers) & Parliament grew so bad that a civil war was inevitable

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Arthur

Mary I"Bloody Mary"

Elizabeth I Edward VI

Henry VIII

Civil WarCommonwealthOliver Cromwell

Charles II"Merry Monarch"

James II

Charles I

James I

Mary StuartQueen ofScotland

James VKing of

Scotland

Margaret Mary

Henry VII

Civil War• War between Cavaliers (Royalists) vs

Roundheads (supporters of Parliament)lasted for 5 years

• Roundheads found a strong leader in Oliver Cromwell; Cromwell and Roundheads won & beheaded the king (1st public execution of a king)

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After the Civil War• After the Civil War, a Commonwealth was

created—type of government with no king & ruled by Parliament

• Oliver Cromwell led the Commonwealth, but did not use democracy— he became a military dictator

New Commonwealth

• Life in the Commonwealth was harsh because it was led by Cromwell & the Puritans; Forced strict religious rules on people of England:

• It was illegal to go to theaters & sporting events; “merrymaking” & “amusement” were illegal

• Citizens hated living this way & began to want to bring back a king again

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The Restoration (1660)

Restoration• People grew tired of the severe,

religious rule of Oliver Cromwell & the Puritans; many wanted a king again

• Cromwell died of a disease in 1658 and his son Richard was unable to continue the commonwealth.

• In 1660, Charles I’s son became King of England—Charles II was called the “Merry Monarch” because he brought back theatres, sporting events, dancing & he got along with Parliament!!

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Arthur

Mary I"Bloody Mary"

Elizabeth I Edward VI

Henry VIII

Charles II James II

Charles I

James I

Mary StuartQueen ofScotland

James VKing of

Scotland

Margaret Mary

Henry VII

Restoration

• Charles II learned from the lessons of his father & grandfather:▫ Did not try to rule by Divine Right & did

not threaten Parliament’s authority▫ Passed Habeas Corpus Law—

everyone guaranteed a trial after arrest; cannot be held in jail forever▫ Anglicanism was official religion,

but treated Puritans & Catholics equally

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Restoration

• During the Restoration, Parliament strengthened the Church of England—only Anglicans could attend universities, serve in Parliament, be priests in Anglican Church

• Parliament created Constitutional Monarchybased on the Magna Carta & the Petition of Right (Guaranteed rights of people & limited king)

Restoration

• BUT, there were problems:▫ Charles II needed more money than

Parliament was willing to give; so he made a secret agreement with Louis XIV of France to convert to Catholicism in exchange for money▫ Charles II had no children; when

he died, his openly-Catholic brother James II will be king (Parliament's worst fear!!)

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Glorious Revolution• James II, ignoring Parliament’s religious laws, appointed

Catholics to government and university positions.• Parliament was worried the throne would go to James

II’s son who was to be raised Catholic.• Parliament encouraged William of Orange (ruler of the

Netherlands who was married to James II’s daughter Mary) to invade and take over.

• James II fled to France when he realized he had little support from England.

• This peaceful transfer of power was called the Glorious Revolution.

William and Mary

• William and Mary swore an oath that they would govern the people of England.

• Parliament passed the English Bill of Rights.• This passage made it clear that Parliament was

in control.

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English Bill of Rights• The Bill of Rights laid out certain basic rights for (at the time) all Englishmen. These rights

continue to apply today, not only in England and Wales, but in each of the jurisdictions of the Commonwealth realms as well. The Act set out that there should be:▫ no royal interference with the law. Though the sovereign remains the fount of justice, he or

she cannot unilaterally establish new courts or act as a judge.▫ no taxation by Royal Prerogative. The agreement of parliament became necessary for the

implementation of any new taxes.▫ only civil courts, not Church courts, are legal▫ freedom to petition the monarch without fear of retribution▫ no standing army may be maintained during a time of peace without the consent of

parliament.▫ no royal interference in the freedom of the people to have arms for their own defence as

suitable to their class and as allowed by law (simultaneously restoring rights previously taken from Protestants by James II)

▫ no royal interference in the election of members of parliament▫ the freedom of speech and debates or proceedings in Parliament ought not to be impeached or

questioned in any court or place out of Parliament▫ "grants and promises of fines or forfeitures" before conviction are void▫ no excessive bail or "cruel and unusual" punishments may be imposed

Back to Constitutional States…

• The Dutch▫ Fought a long war for independence from the

Spanish▫ Gained their independence in 1648▫ Government based on locally elected councils that

formed the foundation of the Dutch Republic