The Atlas Linguarum Europae as an Instrument for Eurolinguistic Research - Wolfgang Viereck

8/17/2019 The Atlas Linguarum Europae as an Instrument for Eurolinguistic Research - Wolfgang Viereck

1/33

1

J ournal for E uro Li nguisti X 8 (2011): 1-33

Wolfgang Viereck

The Atlas Linguarum Europaeas an Instrument for Eurolinguistic Research

Abstract

Using various illustrations as examples, te article gives an overvie! of te "urolinguistic fiel#s of interest!ic can benefit from te Atlas Linguarum Europae: loan!or# researc (illustrate# b$ !or#s for %in&' an#%potato'), et$mological researc an# te implications for etnolinguistic researc (illustrate# b$ !or#s for

%grave') an# motivational researc (an# its connection to various preistoric an# istoric lexical la$ers) as !ellas, to a limite# #egree, t$pological researc

ommaire

A l'ai#e #es illustrations exemplaires, l'article #onne un aper*u #es #omaines #e recerce eurolinguisti+ue +ui pourraient bnficier #e l' Atlas Linguarum Europae: la recerce #'emprunts (illustre par les mots pour %encre'et %pomme #e terre'), la recerce t$mologi+ue et ses implications pour la recerce etnolinguisti+ue (illustre

par les mots pour %tombe') et la recerce motivationelle (et sa connection avec #e #iverses couces pr-istori+ues et istori+ues), et, un #egr limit, la recerce t$pologi+ue

.usammenfassung

Anan# verscie#ener beispielafter /arstellungen gibt #er Arti&el einen berblic& ber #ie eurolinguistiscennteressensgebiete, #ie vom Atlas Linguarum Europae profitieren &nnen: #ie 4en!ortforscung(veranscaulict an #en 5rtern fr %6inte' un# %7artoffel'), et$mologisce orscung un# ire mpli&ationenfr etnolinguistisce orscung (veranscaulict an #en 5rtern fr %9rab') un# orscung u;eeicnungsmotiven (un# ire a?e, t$pologisce orscung

1 ntro#uctor$ @emar&s

;ernar#ino ;ion#elli (180-188B), to#a$ at least alf forgotten, !as in man$ !a$s an originalscolar C also in te area of linguistic geograp$ our #eca#es before Dules 9illiron

publise# is Petit Atlas Phonétique du Valais Roman (1881), !ic comprise# some 2Elocalities an# 3B regional maps, an# full$ sixt$ $ears before 9ustav 5eigan# an#, once more,Dules 9illiron brougt out teir larger operations of tis &in#, ;ion#elli presente# fascicle 1of is programmaticall$ callenging Atlante Linguistico d’Europa in 181 6e issues#iscusse# !ere, accor#ing to te subtitle, FGoioni preliminari, classificaione, carattere eregno #elle lingue in#oeuropeeH 5it te pan-"uropean proIect, te Atlas Linguarum

Europae (A4"), ;ion#elli's far-sigte# anticipation of suc #reams an# is spa#e!or& on bealf of cartograpic proIections of linguistic facts on a "uropean scale seem all te moreremar&able

Jis map FKrospetto topografico #elle lingue parlate in "uropaH is interesting from a istorical perspective 5en it appeare# in 181, istorico-comparative linguistics a# alrea#$ ma#e


2/33

2

some progress, but its greatest acievements !ere still to come in te secon# alf of tenineteent centur$ ;ion#elli's map !as, of course, constructe# accor#ing to te &no!le#geof te time an# it is tus not surprising tat it so!s a number of terminological an# factualinaccuracies n te 20t centur$, te i#ea of a "uropean linguistic atlas !as first a#vocate# b$

5ilelm Kessler in 1L2L in te area of !or# geograp$ 6e ponologists follo!e# onl$ afe! $ears later !it @oman Da&obson's proIect presente# at te congress of linguists inMopenague in 1L3B 6e econ# 5orl# 5ar, o!ever, put an en# to tese proIects Afterte !ar "mil Ketrovici an# >anual #e Kaiva ;olo !ere among te first to support terealisation of a "uropean linguistic atlas1

everal $ears later >ario Alinei a# te plan to anal$se n#o-"uropean ponemes on a"uropean scale, !ereas Antonius A 5eiInen !as te first to envisage an interlingual,comparative map an# ten an interlingual, comparative atlas 5eiInen !as tus te foun#er ofte A4" in 1LN0, !ose first presi#ent e !as

6e A4" map FMarte #e #istribution #es familles et #es groupes linguisti+uesH gives anaccurate #escription of "urope's linguistic situation t can easil$ be consulte# in te proIect's

publications, !ose latest fascicle, fascicle N, appeare# fairl$ recentl$ (ongolian an# 6ur& languagesP• ;as+ue (1)P• Maucasian (2 ): Ab&ao-A#$ge an# Ga&o-/agestanianP• n#o-"uropean (10): Albanian, Armenian, ;altic, 9ermanic, 9ree&, ranian,

Meltic, @omance, @oman$ an# lavicP• emitic (1): Arabic (>altese)P• Uralic (B): innis, 4appis, Kermic, amo$e#, Ugric an#


3/33

3

Ftere is little cance of a serious brea&troug in istorical an# geograpic linguistics unless #ifferentlanguage groups an# families are stu#ie# simultaneousl$ in teir mutual relationsips an# on te basis ofone of teir most important parameters, namel$ teir dialect continuum in istorical an# mo#ern times Dialects, an# not onl$ languages since an$ comparative stu#$ of stan#ar# languages RST b$ neglecting

#ialects, necessaril$ gives onl$ a partial an# incomplete reconstruction of te linguistic continuumPmodern #ialects, an# not onl$ ancient languages, as is tra#itional in n#o-"uropean stu#ies, for it is

possible tat mo#ern #ialects preserve more arcaic features tan te most arcaic !ritten #ocumentsRTH

Until no! commentaries of B2 notions an# 8 computer-pro#uce# multi-colour maps ave

been publise#, large-format pro#uctions (N cm x B0 cm), eac !it an accompan$ing seetof e+ual #imension explaining te various s$mbols emplo$e# 6e obIective ere as been tocreate a s$mbolog$ in#icating conceptual congruit$ across language(-famil$) boun#aries

2 Kresentation of a 6$pological >ap

6e A4" is, primaril$, an interpretative !or# atlas 6$pological maps are fe! in number6e$ #eal !it te presence vs absence of te #efinite article, te position of te a#Iective!it regar# to te noun or !it te obligator$ vs free use of subIect pronouns

As to te #efinite article, "urope is #ivi#e# rougl$ into t!o areas (see >ap 1): 6e !esternarea so!s te article an# te eastern area #oes not >ore specificall$, te !ole lavic area!it te exception of ;ulgarian an# >ace#onian, te !ole Uralic area except for Jungarianan# te Altaic an# Maucasian areas #o not ave te #efinite article 5itin te area !ere tearticle #oes appear, tere is an a##itional opposition bet!een pre- an# postposition of te#efinite article ;as+ue #iffers from te surroun#ing prepositive @omance areasP but !itin

te n#o-"uropean area itself not onl$ te can#inavian area (/anis R!it te exception ofte /anis #ialects of 5est an# out Dutlan# tat use a prepositive #efinite articleT,

Gor!egian, !e#is, aroese an# celan#ic), but also a compact area forme# b$ Albanian,@omanian (te onl$ @omance area !it postposition), ;ulgarian an# >ace#onian (te onl$lavic areas !it te #efinite article) ave postposition 6e picture is tus contra#ictor$: for,on te one an#, postposition of te #efinite article isolates te can#inavian area from itscommon 9ermanic ancestr$P on te oter an#, it contributes to unif$ing, #espite teir#ifferent origin, all ;alcanic groups: @omanian of @omance origin, ;ulgarian an#>ace#onian of lavic origin, an# Albanian of ll$ric origin 6is feature is one of te man$on te basis of !ic te ;alcan linguistic area forms a Sprach!und" 6e #istributional areaso!s tat te formation of te #efinite article is more recent tan tat of genetic brancings

(Alinei 1LLNa: 33, !it several corrections an# a##itions)


4/33

9enerall$ spea&ing, te areal #istribution of t$pological features #oes not seem to correspon#to tat of genetic features !itin te frame!or& of language families or language groups

6e interpretation of !or# maps follo!s #ifferent lines 6ree aspects are important in tisconnection: loan!or# researc, et$mological researc going bac& to preistoric times an# testu#$ of motivations in #esignating certain obIects

3 4oan!or# @esearc

4oan!or#s usuall$ belong to te istorical perio#, as te$ are connecte# !it tecnolog$,culture an# commerce 6e A4" as important contributions to its cre#it in tis area9enerall$ spea&ing, tere are no problems !it et$molog$ ne suc example is teexpressions provi#e# for te notion in#" A commentar$ on in# as not $et been publise#!itin te A4" frame!or& n ancient times blac& in& !as mostl$ pro#uce# !it lampblac&n te 3r# centur$ A/, a mixture of soluble iron salt !it tannic aci#, often extracte# fromoa& bar&, came into use 6is t$pe of in& sprea# among te tribes of "urope 6erefore te!or# for %in&' in present-#a$ 9ermanic languages is i#entical !it %blac& in&', cf 9erman

sch$ar% $ie Tinte (%blac& as in&') or sch$ar% auf $ei& (%blac& on !ite RpaperT') or "nglisatramentous %blac& as in&' 6e same is true of te most !i#el$ #iffuse# expressions for %in&'in te lavic area, suc as @ussian 'ernila Kolis c%ernid(o Mec 'ernidlo an# orbian


5/33

E

'ornid(o" 6e$ all go bac& to a Kroto-lavic root )'*rnidlo meaning %blac& colour, in&' 6e!or#s for in& in innis, ngrian, or#vin, 4appis, Kermic an# amo$e#t+ernila are all loans from @ussian 'ernila" Also ris du!h goes bac& to l# ris du! %blac&'n a##ition to tis most !i#esprea# colour, tere !ere an# tere are also in&s of #ifferent

colours

n te soutern 9ermanic area an# in te ;ritis sles, te use of in& goes bac& to te contact!it te @omans #uring te first centuries A/ n& came to can#inavia from te ;ritissles Attestations !ritten !it in& in te @unic alpabet ave come #o!n to us from te 13 t

an# 1t centuries

Accor#ing to te ,-ford English Dictionar. (1L8L) blac& is Fa !or# of #ifficult istor$Hrings (1LBB: 1E8) assumes tat l# "nglis !l/c !lac !as a translation of 4atinatramentum %in&', #erive# from 4atin ater %blac&' l# "nglis !l/c !lac came tocan#inavia from te ;ritis sles !it te intro#uction of Mristianit$ 5ereas !lac#

meaning %in&' is obsolete in "nglis to#a$ (cf ,-ford English Dictionar. 1L8L, sv !lac# , sb2a), all te can#inavian languages ave retaine# it !it tis meaning (cf !e#is !l0c#celan#ic !le# /anis !l/c Gor!egian an# aroese !le## )" innis 1!2l0##i is a loan from!e#is an# 4appis !l/##a is a loan from !e#isOGor!egian

6e loans from 4atin atramentum 1li!rarium2 are of course, not restricte# to te !est an#nort 9ermanic area 6e$ appear in #irect form in ;elorussian, U&rainian, Mec, lova&,Kolis atrament an# 4ituanian 1a2tramentas" 6e loan process starte# from Kolis

n te 9erman-spea&ing area Tinte (!it variants) #ominates, going bac& to 4atin tincta1aqua2 %coloure# (!ater)' 6e !or# must ave been borro!e# after te secon# or Jig

9erman consonant sift Tinte pre#ominate# over te !or#s going bac& to 4atin atramentumas !ell as to 4atin encaustum" rom 9erman, Tinte sprea# to a number of languages suc asKolis (tint3a4), 4ituanian (tinta), 4atvian (tinte), "stonian (tint ), 4ivonian (tint ) an# lovene(tinta) 6e U&rainian form tinta coul# also ave been borro!e# from Jungarian tinta 6is isa #irect loan from 4atin, as is te case !it panis an# Matalan, Kortuguese an# talian tinta

n te !estern 9ermanic area, in parts of te @omance an# te lavic areas, !or#s succee#e#tat go bac& to 4ate 4atin encau1s2tum !ic, in turn, #erives from 9ree& —56789:;


6/33

B

mentione# plant is un&no!nCit is cultivate# for foo# in most tropical an# sub-tropicalregions of te !orl# V te tuber of te Solanum tu!erosum te common potato, belonge# tote important foo# crops in te An#ean iglan#s t is believe# tat panis sailorsintro#uce# te common potato into pain an# Kortugal, accor#ing to te ,-ford English

Dictionar. (1L8L), Fsoon after 1E80, an# tence, c 1E8E, into tal$H (sv potato, 2a) romtere potatoes !ere ta&en to Austria, 9erman$, !iterlan#, te Geterlan#s, an# to rance

Jo! te potatoes came to "nglan# is #ifficult to sa$ 6e$ ma$ ave been intro#uce# frompain or ma$ ave reace# "nglan# in#epen#entl$ rom tere te$ soon foun# teir !a$ torelan# Don 9erar# (1ELN) refers to potatoes gro!ing in "nglan# in 1ELB, but e !as !rongin stating tat e a# obtaine# tem from


7/33

N


8/33

8


9/33

L


10/33

10

"nglis potato goes bac& to panis patata !atata an# ultimatel$ to te no! extinct 6ainoslanguage of Jaiti (>artin 1LB3) t is e+uall$ atteste# in !e#is potat1a2 pot0t1a2,

Gor!egian potet1e2 /anis potet , patet an# /utc petat patat" >uc more often tan te fullform potatoes te form !it te omission of te first unstresse# s$llable occurs in "nglan#,mainl$ as taties" 6e same ten#enc$ is also at !or& in oter languages, as in Gor!egian tetesn "nglis taters an unet$mological r #evelope# in regions in !ic te pronunciation of a

postvocalic r !as generall$ preserve# in te #ialects, te so-calle# rotic areas, !ile tatescomes from a non-rotic area in "nglan# t is igl$ li&el$ tat chitties is a form of1po2tatoesBtaties !it affriction of te initial tC t is un#oubte#l$ relate# to chat note# in te


11/33

11

,-ford English Dictionar. (1L8L) as #ialectal, meaning %a small poor potato' (sv chat , sb)An et$molog$ is not offere# ere "+uall$ unclear is te et$molog$ of spud Accor#ing to te,-ford Dictionar. of English Et.molog. (nions 1LBB) it means %spa#e-li&e implement for#igging or !ee#ing' (atteste# in te 1N t centur$) an# %potato' (first atteste# in 18E) (sv

spud ) t is to be assume# tat ere te #esignation of te implement !as later transferre# tote pro#uct #ug out !it it

inall$, priddhas, li&e praties, is #ue to language contact, tis time !it 9aelic tat !asspo&en on te sle of >an (>anx pridd.r.n, pl)

9iven te !i#e-sprea# use of te potato in te "uropean eating culture, it is surprising to notetat it as no name of its o!n in te 9ermanic languages to !ic restrict m$self ere Asmentione# above, potato (an# relate# terms) originall$ referre# to a #ifferent plant 6is %noname of its o!n' is even more obvious !en te man$ #esignations are ta&en into accounttat go bac& to talian tartufolo, meaning %truffle' 6o tese belong, for example, earlier, ie

late 1Bt centur$, 9erman Tartuffel , no! artoffel risian #antffel #artffel celan#ic#artafla, /anis #artoffel #artFffel an# Gor!egian #antoffel Jere, again, te first unstresse#s$llable ma$ be omitte#, as in 9erman T.ft Tofels Gor!egian toflar , /anis tFffel#en an#risian tu$$el#e"

Apart from te potato an# te tartufolo groups +uite a number of terms exist for te potatotat are in actual fact #escriptions of te tuber, motivate# b$ a comparison !it te fruit ofmuc ol#er !ell-&no!n plants:W !it apple as a simplex or as a secon# element of a compoun#: !e#is 0pple Gord0pple

Gor!egian eple Gordeple /utc aardapel , risian eerdaapel 9erman Erdapfel Erpfel 6e last example so!s tat compoun#s are sometimes no longer transparent but turne#

into opa+ue compoun#s #ue to various assimilator$ processes n "nglan# suc motivate#names #i# not catc on 6e ,-ford English Dictionar. (1L8L) lists earthCapple asobsolete, supplies te meaning %potato' !it a +uestion mar& an# a##s Ftranslating renc

pomme de terreHW !it pear as a simplex or as a secon# element of a compoun#: !e#is p0ra Gordp0ra

Gor!egian p/re, 9erman =irne Erd!irne" 6ere are also cases !it variation of te firstelement, in !ic more or less s$non$mous expressions !it %eart' are use#, suc as9erman Hrund!irne an# =oden!irne (etal Age tat brougt Kroto-n#o-"uropean to "urope Arcaeolog$ an# genetic researc

prove# a little later, o!ever, tat tere !as irrefutable evi#ence for cultural continuit$ fromte Kaleolitic to te ;rone Age in "urope 6ese insigts le# to te so-calle# Geolitic/ispersal 6eor$, !ic assumes tat Geolitic farmers coming from te >i##le "astintro#uce# Kroto-n#o-"uropean into "urope, an# te Kaleolitic Montinuit$ 6eor$, !icassumes tat tere !ere no invasions from non-"uropean peoples 5it te follo!ing

example !ant to so! tat it is not !itout speculation to #eal !it aspects going so far bac& in time Alinei, a strong supporter of te Kaleolitic Montinuit$ 6eor$, as&s F5$ asn#o-"uropean a common !or# for %#$ing', but not for 'bur$ing' an# %grave'XH (Alinei 2008:


12/33

12

1E) an# conclu#es tat onl$ te Kaleolitic Montinuit$ 6eor$ can account for tis Je placesis common !or# for %#$ing' (Kroto-n#o-"uropean Ymer -, atteste#, accor#ing to im, inMeltic, 9ermanic, talic, 9ree& an# ;alto-lavic) to >i##le Kaleolitic, !ic must terefore

be regar#e# as belonging to Mommon n#o-"uropean, !ile te notions of %bur$ing' an#

%grave' belong, respectivel$, to te Upper Kaleolitic an# >esolitic, !en te$ !ere alrea#$expresse# b$ #ifferent n#o-"uropean !or#s n or#er to #o tis Alinei a# to manipulate te#ata n a##ition to )merC !ic, contrar$ to Alinei's belief, is not atteste# in Meltic, nor inAlbanian or 6ocarian, te follo!ing verbal roots are liste# in >allor$ an# A#ams (1LLN:1E0), sv death, !it te meaning %#ie, peris': )ne#C )IelC an# )dheuC" 6e$ !ere ase+uall$ !i#esprea# as !as )merC an#, conse+uentl$, of te same age n contrast, te#istributions of )dhg $heiC %peris' atteste# onl$ in 9ree& an# anscrit, an# )1s2terC %&ill',atteste# onl$ in 9ermanic an# l# ris, suggest late isoglosses in n#o-"uropean 6us,

Iu#ging from te #istributions of te verbal roots in Kroto-n#o-"uropean !e can postulate atleast a relative temporal #ifference bet!een te t!o groups !itout pinpointing it to a specific

perio# f !e are faitful to te #ata, as, of course, !e soul# be, Alinei's example #oes not

prove !at e sa$s it proves All too often scolars are so prou# of teir teor$ tat te$#isregar# te #ata !en te$ #o not fit te teor$ 6is le# @aven >c/avi#, Dr, !o, as a#ialectologist, a# al!a$s been faitful to te #ata to te remar& tat Ffor man$ linguists,data as become te most obscene of all four-letter !or#sH (1LN2: 1L2)

4.1. Etymological Considerations

n connection !it te above remar&s #esignations of %grave' !ill be investigate# in a numberof "uropean languages 6e$ !ere elicite# as responses to te A4" +uestion: FZuel est #ansvotre #ialecte le nom #u trou #ans la terre o[ l'on met le mortXH R5at is in $our #ialect tename of te ole in te eart !ere one la$s te #ea#XT As alrea#$ note# above, tese !or#s

are ver$ ol# in#ee# in "uropean languages 6e first forms of burial appear alrea#$ in te>i##le an# Upper Kaleolitic (i##le "nglis grao#ern "nglis grai##le/utc graf K >o#ern /utc graf"

As l# Murc lavonic so!s gre!M %to #ig' an# gro!* %grave', te mentione# root is alsote basis for most of te lavonic languages: 6o#a$ !e ave gro! in erbian, Mroatian,


13/33

13

lovenian an# ;ulgarian, grM! in Kolis, hro! in Mec an# lova& an# ro$ in orbianlovenian #ialects also so! te #iminutive gro!ec as !ell as gro!i+'e gro!lGe an# pogro!all going bac& to tis root @ussian gro! to#a$ means %coffin', !ereas it also meant %grave'earlier (Kfeifer 1LLL: EL0) 5eter @omanian groapN %grave' is relate# to te lavonic

languages, for instance, to ;ulgarian gro!,

is a matter of #ebate 6ere are et$mologists !oassume groapN to be autoctonous, an# oters !o relate it to Albanian gropO alsomeaning %grave', %pit' (Mior]nescu 2002: 3NL) 6at gropO is an ol# !or# in Albanian

becomes apparent troug te presence of te relate# verb gremonG %to #ig' 6e notions for%grave' in @omani so! tat @omani borro!e# freel$ from neigbouring languages: hro!osis a loan from lova& hro! gra!o a loan from 9erman Hra! go


14/33

1

2 n#o-"uropean )sepC %to occup$ oneself !it someting', %to onoursometingOsomeone' (Ko&orn$ 1LEL-1LBL: L0L), %to care about', %to onour' (@ixO7mmel2001: E3), %to pursue someting !it sincere s$mpat$' (5al#e 1L30-1LEB: 8N)

rom tis root an# its extension )sepCel %respect', %care' 4atin sepelZre %to bur$' (%to inter' or%to burn') #evelope#, !ic, in turn, also gave sepult]ra %burial', also %burning' an# sepulcrum %grave', %grave-moun#' >o#ern reflexes of tese !or#s can be foun# in almost all@omance languages, see Matalan sepultura or sepulcre (Morominas 1LE: 28), Kortuguese

sepultura or sepulcro (>aca#o 1LNN: 182), talian sepoltura or sepolcro panis sepulturaor sepulcro an# renc sépulture or sépulcre" "nglis sepulchre %a tomb or burial-place' an#

sepulture %interment, burial', %a burial-place, grave' are loans from l# renc

Monnections exist !it anscrit s?pati %caresses, cares' an# !it l# Kersian hapari.aC %toso! respect'

2E n#o-"uropean )1s2#epC )1s2#opC or )1s2#apC %to cut !it a sarp tool', %to split'(Ko&orn$ 1LEL-1LBL: L30ff), )1s2#epC %to oe', %to cut' (@ixO 7mmel 2001: EEE)

Jere !e ave a case of te so-calle# mobile s" 5en n#o-"uropean s forme# te firstmember of an initial consonant group, it !as an unstable soun# an# liable to #isappear un#ercon#itions !ic ave not $et been accuratel$ #efine#

l# Krussian en#opts %to bur$', 4ituanian #^pas an# 4atvian #aps bot meaning %grave (-moun#)', go bac& to tis root 6ere is 9ree& 192_`b:U %#itc’ %grave' an# l# Murclavonic #opaG #opati %to #ig' (raen&el 1LB2-1LBE: 21N) Kolis #api %curc$ar#' or@ussian #opa %eap, stac&' must also be mentione# in tis connection

2B n#o-"uropean )u &erC %to loc&, to cover, to guar#, to save' (Ko&orn$ 1LEL-1LBL:11B0f), %to protect', %to save' (@ixO7mmel 2001: B8f)

6e Albanian #everbal noun e$er 1L82: 3N)

rom tis root also #evelope#, inter alia, >i##le ris fert %grave-moun# (close# !it stones)'

(\ >o#ern ris fert %graveR-moun#T'), 9otic $arGan l# Gorse o#ern 9erman $ehren %to #efen#',%to protect'

2N n#o-"uropean )menC %to tin&, to be mentall$ excite#' (Ko&orn$ 1LEL-1LBL: N2Bffan# @ixO7mmel 2001: 3Ef)

6is root #evelope# into 9ree& 8` %#esire, remember', scan memnim %memorial' an#4atin meminZ %remember' an# monumentumBmonimentum %memorial', %someting tatremin#s', %tomb' @omanian mormntBmormnt an# @omani morminto bot meaning %grave',

are #erive# from te last-mentione# !or# (>e$er-4b&e 1L3E: BE, Miac 18NL: 1N0 an#5olf 1LB0: 1E) 4atin monumentumBmonimentum also foun# its !a$ into 5els, cfm.n$ent %grave$ar#', an# into "nglis 6e earliest recor#e# sense of monument in "nglis,


15/33

1E

no! obsolete, !as %a sepulcre, place of sepulcre' 1300 is te first attestation liste# in te,-ford English Dictionar. (lL8L), 1BE8 te last in tis meaning 6e sense %a structure ofstone or oter lasting material erecte# in memor$ of te #ea#, eiter over te grave or in some

part of a sacre# e#ifice' !as a#opte# in "nglis onl$ in te late 1Bt centur$ (,-ford English

Dictionar., 1L8L, sv monument , sb 1 an# Eb)

@elate# expressions exist in a number of n#o-"uropean languages, suc as anscrit man.ate%tin&s' an# m?nasC %sense', Armenian iCmanam %un#erstan#', l# ris doCmoiniur %believe,mean', 4ituanian men\ %to remember' an# man.ti %to un#erstan#', 4atvian mint %toremember' an# l# Murc lavonic poCm*nti %to remember'

28 n#o-"uropean )moghC %big, strong, eav$' (5a#e 1LLL: 123)

5a#e sees a connection bet!een tis n#o-"uropean root an# present-#a$ @ussian mogila%grave', namel$ via l# Murc lavonic mogti %to be able to' Jo!ever, e also mentions

alternatives an# allu#es to possible connections !it Arabic magh[rah %cave', Albanian gamulO (!it gCmBmCg metatesis) %moun# of various &in#s' an# @omanian mNgurN %moun#'

i##le ris grapic #oublet of uag" everalet$mologists explain it as an ol# !or# for %e$e' n a number of languages %e$e' serve# to#esignate a ole, an opening, as in l# ris derc 1K >o#ern ris dearc2 9ree& ;j, 9oticaugoCdauro %!in#o!', l# celan#ic


16/33

1B

Aegean tat came into ;as+ue via berian me#iation "vi#ence for tis is te similarit$ ofberian ildu !it ;as+ue il du %e &ille# im' urtermore, tere are connections !it"truscan hil or il %to &ill, to sacrifice' an# Jebre! hilel %to pierce', %to inIure'

32 inno-Ugric 4anguages

321 innis an# "stonian: n innis tere is onl$ one !or# for %grave', namel$ hauta"Accor#ing to te most recent innis et$mological #ictionar$ (7ulonen 1LL2: 18) hauta ase+uivalents !it te same meaning in all te innic languages: ngrian hauta altese

%9rave' is qa!ar in >altese, !ic comes from Arabic qa!r %grave' 6is is a #everbal noun!ic is #erive# from te verb qa!ara %to bur$' n te past, @omanceOtalian tom!a seems toave been use# in restricte# circles, tooP it is extant in te place-name >tCTom!a foun# in


17/33

1N

gmC %to bur$' _ gen !ic is a rare !or#-formation element, grn a loan!or# fromKersian g]r %grave' _ an uni#entifiable secon# element, # 5ara .r literall$ %blac& eart' 1# 5ara%blac&' an# .r %eart'), sin l# 6ur&is sin !ic is a loan!or# from Minese ts’in %innerroom of an ancestral all', %tomb, sepulcre', tei# te# %ole' an# .a% .r literall$ %#ar&-

bro!n eart' ( .a% %#ar&, #ar&-bro!n' an# .r %eart')

emantic Monsi#erations

n most n#o-"uropean languagesCan# be$on#Cte nouns !ere #erive# from a verb, as te#esignations for %grave' go bac& to te activit$ tat !as necessar$ to pro#uce one All te9ermanic languages belong to tis large group an#, !it fe! exceptions, in te lavoniclanguages all te correspon#ing expressions go bac& to te same root (cf 21) Also tose!or#s tat are #erive# from )!hedhCB)!hed hhXC an# ) 1s2#epC belong to tis group (cf 23an# 2E) n one !a$ or anoter te act of #igging is te basis of te !or# ne can conclu#e!it reasonable certaint$ terefore tat in te respective countries te #ea# bo#$ !as lai# in a

ole in te groun# tat a# previousl$ been #ug 6e Anglo-axons, b$ te !a$, #ug a rater#eep rectangular grave, often of consi#erable #imensions

Also in oter languages #everbal nouns exist !ere, o!ever, te act of #igging is notexpresse# n te case of te root )tu &emC te original verb is not to be ta&en literall$ asnoting reall$ s!ells (cf 22) @ater one must assume tat tumuli !ere te basis of tisroot tat loo&e# li&e a s!ell in te fiel#s 2n contrast to, for instance, )ghre!hCBJ)g hre!hC aole !as probabl$ not #ug first, but te #ea# bo#$ !as covere# !it eart from !ic amoun# resulte# tat loo&e# li&e a s!ell 6e same can be sai# of te root of @ussian mogilaif one follo!s altese, 6ur&is an# ;as+ue #everbal nouns are atteste# t is stri&ing tat onl$ in;as+ue te meaning of te verbal root is connecte# !it #eat (cf 31) n tis, ;as+ue#iffers clearl$ from all oter languages mentione# !ere #eat pla$s no role in #esignatingte grave

E >otivational @esearc

o muc to loan!or#s an# earl$ et$mological researc !itin te frame of te A4" ;ut tereis a tir# important aspect, namel$ te stu#$ of motivations

>otivational mapping is an innovative manner of interpreting geolexical #ata t goes be$on#an interest in et$molog$ an# as&s for te causes or te motives in #esignating certain obIects


18/33


19/33

1L

6e follo!ing tree maps (>aps E-N) present te #istribution of te A4" #ata accor#ing tote tree la$ers mentione# 6e$ are base# on te responses to te follo!ing nine notions of

plants, animals an# natural penomena: !lac#!err. !utterfl. cornflo$er firefl. lad.!ird

lightning rain!o$ thunder an# $easel"


20/33

20


21/33

21

9enerall$ spea&ing, te results are not surprising @esponses to te ol#est la$er are, of course,lo!est in number 6e$ are mainl$ to be foun# in te periper$ of "urope, namel$ in @ussiaan# parts of te ;al&an Ans!ers tat refer to te antropomorpic la$er are about t!ice asfre+uent as tose of te oomorpic la$er 5it te exception of 9erman$, te Geterlan#san# some regions in souteastern "urope (Jungar$, @omania an# ;ulgaria) te$ are#istribute# fairl$ evenl$ over "urope, o!ever !it clear #ifferences in fre+uenc$ >ost ofte antropomorpic responses are, again, to be foun# in te periper$ !it Kortugal in te5est, Gor!a$ in te Gort, icil$ in te out an# te ;altic states, Kolan#, ;elorussia, teU&raine an# @ussia in te "ast n one localit$ in 4ituania five antropomorpic ans!ers!ere atteste# 4ituania is in some respects a special case 6is !as te last "uropean countr$


22/33


23/33

23

Also te la#$-bir# $iel#s a ric arvest ever$!ere in "urope >ost commonl$ a Mristian orslamic religious being or notion is associate# !it anoter animal, suc as a bir# (cf "nglislad.C!ird2 a en (/anis marihFne renc poulette au !on Dieu Matalan gallineta de la

@are de Deu2 a co! ("nglis lad.Cco$ or co$Clad. renc uslim area !e fin# %Alla', %mos+ue' an# %atima', te name of>oamme#'s #augter

or plants te magico-religious motivations are more numerous 6at te proof of %language

as a mirror of te istor$ of religions' is possible so convincingl$ in botan$ is #ue to tefoun#er of mo#ern botan$, Marl 4innaeus Je lai# #o!n te rules for naming plants an##eci#e# to retain all tose names of plants tat a# been name# after &ings, go#s or Mristiansaints 6e pans$ (


24/33

2

follo!ing groups, spanning te tree la$ers, can be #istinguise# ere sall concentrate onte ;al&an:

• %log': a pre-agrarian relic: 5e ave Albanian !u%mi %log' \ nata e !u%mit %te log'snigt' ( Mristmas "ve)P see also erbianOMroatian !xdni[# %log'P it is relate# to

!adnGZ dan %Mristmas "ve' Fn Gortern Albania te Mristmas log is also venerate# b$ te >uslim population, an# te lengtening of te #a$s is celebrate# b$ processions, farming rituals, suc as lustrations of te barn$ar#, of te cattle, of fruittrees an# !or&ing tools 6e log is greatl$ onoure#: !u%mi !uG?r noble log' is terespectful greeting a##resse# to it on te eve 6e fire must burn te !ole nigtH(Alinei 1LLNb: 2BB) ince Mristianisation !as more successful !it te !intersolstice tan !it te summer solstice, suc fires for te !inter solstice are met !itto#a$ muc more rarel$ A similar i#ea is foun# in central tal$ !ere ceppo %log'means %Mristmas' r see "nglis }ulelog 9erman vhristus#lot% %Mrist's log' or

zul!loc# (^ule bloc&), renc !~che %log', ;as+ue ga!on%u%i (from Ha!on %bonnenuit') or -u!il , bot meaning %log' 6ese expressions !ere no longer elicite# b$ te

A4" Jere #ifferent religious conceptions become intermingle# A Mristians$ncretism is also foun# in talian ceppo di Pasqua %"aster log'


25/33

2E


26/33

2B

• %(!inter) solstice': agrarian cults of te solstice: Jungarian (also Jungarian in@omania, lova&ia, ex-^ugoslavia): #ar?cson. 1napGe2• cf also (l#) @ussian#oro'un ;ulgarian #ra'on %Mristmas /a$' erbianOMroatian #rx'ati @ussian#ora'it %to step, to pass' \ %a passing #a$ across te turning-point' \ !inter solstice'

• #esignations #enoting a %ne! beginning', %Ge! ^ear': Albanian nata e #olendra


27/33

2N

#olendarO %Mristmas singer' F6e colindatori sing first at teir ost's ouse, ten atall te village's ouses to case evil spirits a!a$ an# announce teir arrival R6e$T bring ealt an# !ealt, represente# b$ a branc of fir place# in a vase full ofone$ an# cic&peas A goo# number of colinde reflect a cosmic m$tolog$ +uite

alien to Mristen#om, concerning te creation of te !orl#S 9o# places te eart onfour silver pillarsS ter arcaic collinde present an islan# in te mi##le of te sea,!ere a gigantic tree gro!s, aroun# !ic a group of girls #ancesH (Alinei 1LLNb:2N1)

• %birt', %birt#a$': expressions #enoting te birt of te sun an# of cultures, seeAlbanian RnatallajjWT talian natale € te Albanian suffix CashO 4atin natalis cf

{atalis Solis {atalis >nace#onian

!oi‚B!oi# K Albanian !o%hiq, !o%hi# , @omanian !oi‚ pre-Mristian origin (%little9o#', %cil#-9o#')

6en !e also fin# Mristian names for Mristmas, of course een in a "uropean perspective,te$ are relativel$ rare

• %"aster': see Albanian pash#Ot 9ree& `967, Rpas&al'aT or panis pascua1s2" %"aster'for Mristmas !as also elicite# in risian

• %little "aster': ee Albanian p?sh#a e


28/33

28

in risian !it te elf Pu#en (%puc&'), in soutern tal$ !it te elf @onachello, in @omanian!it Paparuga an# %!itc' an# in 9ree& !it te @oira 6e butterfl$ appears in Austria as%te forest elf' an# in /utc as !oter$iGf an# !oterhe- (%butter !itc') air$ names for te

butterfl$ are also atteste# in talian 1farfarello2 an# renc 1farfardet2 bot closel$ connecte#

!it farfa>la %butterfl$' 6e grassopper ma$ be %pregnant moter' an# %la#$' in talian an#%#emoiselle, #ame' in renc Accor#ing to Alinei, tese names point to an earlier no longerrecognisable sacre# female being"

As for plants, te motivation %fair$' occurs in "nglan# for te Krimula veris ( fair. cups),%!itc' in "nglis #ialects for K$rus Aucuparia, 4eonto#on 6araxacum an# /igitalis

purpurea urtermore, 5rigt's English Dialect Dictionar. (18L8-1L0E) notes %Dupiter' forempervivum tectorum

or te supernatural po!ers suc as te corn spirit !e also encounter antropomorpicmotivations suc as, in relan#, carlin sean!hean (bot meaning %ol# !oman'), old maid

1old2 hag cailleach (%ol# ag', also meaning %!itc') A m$tical %ol# man' (der Alte der ornalte) is !i#esprea# in 9erman$, as is a m$tical %ol# !oman' (die Alte altes Wei!) (cf;eitl 1L33O2000)

Among natural penomena an# planets, te rainbo! as antropomorpic representationsever$!ere in "urope n te 6ur&ic area te$ are associate# !it 6=ngri, in te Uralic area!it U&&o an# 6iermes, in te n#o-"uropean area !it 4aume (in te ;altic region), ris,%ol# !oman' (in te @omance region), often togeter !it %bo!', %bell or %ribbon' ortun#er as !ell as for ligtning one encounters 9ermanic 6orr, 4ituanian Ker&nas an# teinno-Ugric U&&o Games for clou# can be motivate# b$ %ol# man', as in !e#is or temoon !e fin# %ol# man' in te Genets area an# %oar$ ol# man' in stiac an# for te sun

tere is te sun-go# ^arilo in @ussian an# U&rainian

E32 6e .oomorpic 4a$er

n te most arcaic la$er tat can be #istinguise#, ie te oomorpic an# totemic la$ercaracteristic of egalitarian societies, te realia investigate# appear in te form of eiter ananimal or a &insip name

tarting !it supernatural, magico-religious beings, an appropriate example !oul# be te lastcorn seaf cut at arvesting into !ic te vegetation #emon, it !as believe#, retreate# nrelan# !e fin# grann. (%gran#moter') an# in 9erman @utter (%moter'), Hrosse @utter(%gran#moter') or Erntemutter (%arvest moter') as #esignations for te last corn seafAnimal names are also atteste# for te last corn seaf: girria (%are'), hare’s!iteBsheafBseatBtail co$ hog piardMg (%cra$fis'), ra!!it an# s$allo$ occur in relan# >an$more animals are recor#e# in 9erman$ (cf ;eitl 1L33O2000)

Moming to animals, @iegler (1L3NO2000) a# alrea#$ interprete# !il# animals an# insects asrelics of a totemistic vie! of te universe in !ic te$ !oul# be our closest relatives 6isrelationsip, similar to &insip, is conse+uentl$ expresse# b$ &insip terms Kropp (1LB)notes tat te totem animal in its original form is embo#ie# b$ te %moter' an# b$ matrilinear&ins 6is is in#ee# !at !e most often fin# in "uropean #ialects >an$ &insip names !ere

recor#e# for te la#$-bir#: %gran#moter' in, eg, Kolis, @ussian, erbian an# Mroatian,%moter' in, eg, @omanian, ;elorussian, %aunt' in 9erman an# talian, %bri#e an# spouse' in,


29/33

2L

eg, 6ur&is, Albanian, talian, %sister-in-la!' in ;ulgarian %9ran#fater' occurs in !e#isan# >altese an# %uncle' in Albanian

6e butterfl$ as a relative appears as %gran#moter' in @aeto-@omance 1mammadonna2, as

%moter' in 9erman an# ar#inian an# as %(gran#)fater' in te Uralic area

7insip names for te !easel aboun#: Albanian nusO% nuse lalOs (Albanian nuse %bri#e',%$oung spouse, $oungest #augter-in-la!' _ lalO !ic is an allocutive for %relatives') n9ree& tere is „8…†:97 %bri#e' an# in ;ulgarian ne


30/33

30

6e tree perio#s mentione#, of course, #o not en# an# begin abruptl$ Arcaeological fin#sso! tat tere !ere flui# transitions also bet!een te tone Age on te one an# an# te>etal Age on te oter an# tat antropomorpic representations !ere &no!n also in te

Geolitic perio# (cf >ller-7arpe 1LL8) Also @iegler note#: F@emar&able are te man$

transition pases tat le# from te teriomorpic to te antropomorpic apperceptionH(1L3NO2000: 82BfP translate# from 9erman) 6at te transitions bet!een te pagan an# teMristian la$er can be better #ocumente# are to be explaine# !it te greater temporal

proximit$ to us Up to te earl$ t centur$ A/ te earl$ Mristian curc a# been anun#ergroun# curc an# it too& man$ centuries until te Mristian fait a# penetrate# te!ole of "urope n can#inavia eaten#om an# Mristianit$ a# co-existe# #o!n to te 11t

centur$ (cf Mapelle 200E, !o calls is boo& caracteristicall$ Featen MristiansH) an#4ituania became cristianise# onl$ in te late 1t centur$

Dust as earlier pagan places of !orsip a# turne# into Mristian places of pra$er, so Mristiancurces turne# later into mos+ues 6e best-&no!n example of suc a transformation is no

#oubt te Jagia opia in stanbul Also De!is s$nagogues !ere consecrate# as Mristiancurces A goo# example of !ere te cange !as even &ept in te name is te inagogaanta >aria la ;lanca in 6ole#o, !ic a# become a Mristian curc alrea#$ in 10E long

before te De!s !ere expelle# from pain in 1L2

5it ne! religious beliefs a !ave of ne! #esignations follo!e#, $et te ol# conceptions oftenremaine# te same 6o ta&e Iust one example out of man$:

F5en Mristianit$ came to ;ritain, te brigt $ello! flo!ers of te plants in te k.pericum famil$ tata# been associate# !it te gol#en brigtness of ;al#ur te sun-go# came to be calle# t Don's !ort,as ;al#ur's /a$ became t Don's /a$ 6e plant continue# to be tougt a cure for !oun#s an# on tDon's "ve goo# Mristians !ore a sprig of it to !ar# off evil spirits an# especiall$ to protect temselvesagainst te stra$ tun#erbolts of te go#sH (Asle$ 1LN: 11B)

aint Don's /a$ is te Mristian e+uivalent of te summer solstice, one of te most importantevents in preistoric times n te earl$ Mristian perio#, pagan tougt !as alive an# !ellJo!ever, examples of tis can easil$ befoun# to#a$ 6e initials ofMasparO7aspar_>elcior_;altasar_te $ear are still !ritten on te entrance #oors of

people's ouses in Matolic areas in 9erman$, in tal$ an# in Kolan# on "pipan$, Danuar$ B,to protect te people from evil of an$ &in# an# small pictures of t Mristoper are ung up

b$ car #rivers as a protection in man$ countries, suc as te U&raine an# 9erman$Apparentl$ "nligtenment as a# no effect on people's piet$

6e A4" relies, of course, on "uropean #ialects an# languages 6e motivational proce#ureunearte# some important elements in te mosaic of te cultural #evelopment of "uropeUn+uestionabl$ teir conse+uences transcen# te frontiers of te "uropean continent n teligt of te complementarit$ of !orl# cultures it !oul# be igl$ #esirable to complement te

presente# picture !it insigts into oter cultures

Wolfgang Vierec# ,!ere Dorotheenstr" ‡a

ˆ‰Š‹ˆ =am!erg


31/33

31

@eferences

Alinei, >ario (1L83), Fntro#uctionH, in: Alinei, >ario (e#), Atlas Linguarum Europae vommentaires vol 1,fasc 1, Qario (2008), Fort$ ^ears of A4": >emories an# @eflexions of te irst 9eneral "#itor of ts >apsan# MommentariesH, Reilano: @usconi;runner, Jellmut et al (1LL3), F9rabH, in: Le-i#on Alte ulturen, vol 2, 11L-123, >anneim: >e$ers

4exi&onverlagMapelle, 6orsten (200E), keidenchristen >ain: von .abernMiac, Alexan#re #e (18NL R1LN8T), Dictionnaire d’ét.mologie dacoCromane snabrc&: ;iblio artin (1LB8), Et.mologisches Wrter!uch der !as#ischen Sprache Diale#te


32/33

32

>aca#o, Dos Ke#ro (1LNN), Dicion?rio etimolMgico da lingua portuguesa, 4isbon: 4ivros Jorionte>=giste, Dulius (1L82-1L83), Estnisches et.mologisches Wrter!uch, Jelsin&i: Jelsingin ^liopiston

>onistuspalvelu>allor$, Dames K O A#ams /ouglas Z (1LLN), Enc.clopaedia of >ndoCEuropean vulture, 4on#on: itro$

/earborn Kubl

>anos-Dones, >araleen (2000), The Spirit of =utterflies @.th @agic and Art Ge! ^or&: Jarr$ G Abrams>artin, ;ernar# (1LB3), F/ie 7artoffelH, in: cmitt, 4u#!ig "ric (e#), Deutsche Wortforschung ineurop0ischen =e%gen, vol 2, 3-112, 9ie?en: cmit

>c/avi#, @aven , Dr (1LN2), FMarr$ ^ou Jome nce >oreH, {euphilologische @itteilungen N3: 1L2-1LE >e$er, 9ustav (1L82), Et.mologisches Wrter!uch der al!anesischen Sprache, reprint of te

original e#ition tra?burg 18L1, 4eipig: .entralanti+uariat #er //@>e$er-4b&e, 5ilelm (1L3E R1LN2T), Romanisches et.mologisches Wrter!uch, reprint of te completel$

revise# 3r# e#ition, Jei#elberg: 5inter>ller-7arpe, Jermann (1LL8), Hrund%ge frher @enschheitsgeschichte, E vols, /armsta#t:

5issenscaftlice ;ucgesellscaft>ller-7aspar, Ulri&e (1LLB), kand!uch des A!erglau!ens, 3 vols, 5ien: 6osa>ller-5ille, >icael (1L8L), F9rabH, in: ;autier, @obert-Jenri et al (e#s), Le-i#on des @ittelalters, vol ,

1B21-1B28, >ncen: Artemis

Gaso, Alessan#ro O Kra$on, rie#elm (1LL8), F9rabbautenH, in: Manci&, Jubert et al (e#s), Der neue Paul. En%.#lop0die der Anti#e, vol , 11NL-118E, tuttgart: >etler,-ford English Dictionar. impson, Don A O 5einer, "#mun# M (e#s) (1L8L), The ,-ford English

Dictionar., 2n# e#, xfor#: Mlaren#on Kressnions, Marles 6 (e#) (1LBB), The ,-ford Dictionar. of English Et.molog. xfor#: Mlaren#on Kressrel, ncen: /eutscer

6ascenbuc ndogermanisches et.mologisches Wrter!uch, 2 vols, ;ern: ranc&eKropp, ncen: Janser R6e @ussian

original appeare# in 1LBT

Kucariu, extil (1LNE), Et.mologisches Wrter!uch der rum0nischen Sprache Lateinisches Element mit =erc#sichtigung aller romanischen Sprachen, 2n# e# Jei#elberg: 5inter

@iegler, @icar# (1L3NO2000), F6iergestaltH F6iernamenH, in: ;=ctol#-t=ubliOJoffmann-7ra$er 1L3NO2000,8: 81L-82 8B3-L01

@ix, Jelmut O 7mmel, >artin (2001), Le-i#on der indogermanischen Ver!en Die Wur%eln und ihre Prim0rstamm!ildungen, 2n# exten#e# an# improve# e#, 5iesba#en: @eicert

gu$, Dean (1LE3), Les noms populaires des plantes dans les P.rénées ventrales, ;arcelona: >onografias #elnstituto #e "stu#ios Kirenaicos

ei#enstic&er, Keter (1LLN), Die %elt%amen namen all’ Studien %ur !erlieferung der Pflan%ennamen, tuttgart:teiner

emrau, @icar# O @ump, @iitta-n&eri (1LLN), Langenscheidts niar&o (2003), Slo


33/33

33

nformatics2 L, E8-80, 6o&$o:9ai&o&ugo /aiga&u

ntroduction, Assen:

Documents

The Atlas Linguarum Europae as an Instrument for Eurolinguistic Research - Wolfgang Viereck