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The Atlantic World, 1492-1800

The Atlantic World, 1492-1800

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The Atlantic World, 1492-1800. I. Spain Colonizes the Americas. 1492 – Columbus sets sail in search of route to India Never reached India, “discovered” Americas for Spain Spain began turning lands of the Americas into colonies : Lands that are controlled by another nation - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: The Atlantic World,  1492-1800

The Atlantic World,

1492-1800

Page 2: The Atlantic World,  1492-1800

I. Spain Colonizes the Americas

1492 – Columbus sets sail in search of route to India Never reached India, “discovered” Americas for

SpainSpain began turning lands of the Americas

into colonies: Lands that are controlled by another nation

Other explorers Pedro Alvares Cabral – claimed land that becomes

Brazil for Portuguese Ferdinand Magellan – sailed south around South America,

sailed west through Pacific Ocean Died in Philippines Only 18 of 250 men made it back to Spain

Page 3: The Atlantic World,  1492-1800

I. Continued…

Conquistadors Hernando Cortes – defeated Aztecs in 1521

Superior weapons, diseases from Old World (small pox, measles, typhus)

Francisco Pizarro – conquered Incan Empire in 1532 Francisco de Coronado – headed north to present-

day United States in search of gold Settling In

Spanish imposed their culture onto Natives Forced conversion to Catholicism, feudal-like social/economic

system Large mestizo population develops – mix of Spanish and Native

American System of encomiendas enforced – natives were forced to work

for Spanish landholders Workers were abused, worked in harsh conditions

Page 4: The Atlantic World,  1492-1800

I. Continued…

Spain becomes richest, most powerful nation in 16th century Increased its wealth and military, increased territorial

holdings into North AmericaCatholic priests became leaders in colonizing and

converting in North America Many, however, pushed for better treatment of native peoples Encomienda system abolished in 1542 – moved towards

African slavery as main source of laborNative rebellions

Starting as early as Columbus’ arrival, natives resisted Spanish rule

1680 – Pueblo Indians organized a rebellion that pushed the Spanish out of southwest U.S. for 12 years

Page 5: The Atlantic World,  1492-1800

II. Settlement of North America

England, France, and the Netherlands began competing with Spain and Portugal for dominance in Americas

France set up in modern-day Canada, known then as New France Began moving south – by early 1700s, claimed what is

now midwestern U.S., all the way to LouisianaEngland’s first colony was founded in 1607 – Jamestown,

Virginia Opened the door to more settlers, mostly stayed along

eastern coast The Dutch establish New Netherland, profiting from the

fur trade Was slow to attract settlers

Page 6: The Atlantic World,  1492-1800

II. Continued…

Series of battles between European powers dominated the 17th and 18th centuries 1664 – English drive out Dutch (surrendered without firing a

shot) 1754 – French and Indian War began

Was a part of a larger world conflict called the Seven Years’ War French were defeated in 1763, England claimed all their territory

in N. AmericaNative Americans

Came into conflict with English settlers over land and religion Led to a series of wars and battles 1675 – King Philip’s War was bloodiest on both sides

Disease killed more native people than warfare

Page 7: The Atlantic World,  1492-1800

III. Slave Trade

Slavery had already existed in Africa for centuries Slavery among African societies common, represented wealth Slaves had some rights, even held positions of authority Arab merchants traded slaves to Asia beginning in 8th century

Portuguese the first to explore Africa At first, more interested in gold than slaves As Native American population dwindled, the need for other

sources of labor increased in the AmericasBetween 1500 and 1850, more than 12 million

Africans shipped to Americas Estimated 10-20% died along the way

Middle Passage – name of slave voyage to Americas Overcrowded, unsanitary conditions Often led to death, suicide, rebellions

Mostly men were shipped (tipped balance of African population) Local African rulers worked with Europeans for trade of

slaves/goods

Page 8: The Atlantic World,  1492-1800

III. Continued…

Directly linked to plantation and mining economies of Americas Triangular trade – slaves to America, raw materials to

Europe, European goods to Africa, cycle repeats itselfImpact of the Slave Trade

African families torn apart, women outnumbered men in many areas

Conflicts between African societies increased Economies of American colonies may not have survived

without the work of the slaves Cultural blending – mix of African culture with that of the

Americas/Europe Religions – mixed Catholicism/Protestantism with traditional

African beliefs (example: Vodun in Haiti)

Page 9: The Atlantic World,  1492-1800

III. Continued…

Slave resistance and rebellion Kept cultural heritage alive as a way of resisting Worked slowly, broke tools, ran away Open revolts occurred throughout Americas

Examples: Haitian independence movement, Nat Turner in U.S.End of Slave Trade

Abolition of the slave trade came from a variety of reasons: Enlightenment thinking Christian revivalism/humanitarianism Industrial revolution – less emphasis on agriculture labor Slave trade less important/profitable than trade of other

commodities Last country to end slave trade – Brazil (1831)

Page 10: The Atlantic World,  1492-1800

IV. Global Economy

Colonization of Americas created more opportunities for trade and commerce A truly global economy emerged as goods (and people) are

shipped worldwideColumbian Exchange – global transfer of foods,

plants, animals during colonization of the Americas Agricultural products found in New World made their way

to the Old World for first time 2 most important from Americas: corn and potatoes

Played huge role in boosting world population Americas received foods and animals not seen before

Examples: sugarcane, horses, cows Diseases also part of exchange (mostly to the Americas)

Page 11: The Atlantic World,  1492-1800

IV. Continued…

Economic Revolution Global trade created new economic systems and focus on

wealth in growing nations Mercantilism – belief that a country’s power depended on its

wealth Goal was to obtain as much wealth as possible Wealth was obtained through export of goods Colonies became important for nations to become self-

sufficient and grow wealthy (access to raw materials, labor)

Capitalism – economic system based on private ownership and the investment of resources for profit Individual merchants, not just governments, became very

wealthy and powerful through trade

Page 12: The Atlantic World,  1492-1800

5-Minute Response

Choose one of the Social Studies Themes (political, social, religious, economic, technological) and describe in detail the changes that occurred in the Atlantic World in the 15th-18th centuries.