The Atlantic World 1492-1800. Key Themes Cultural Interactions – Interaction between European...
If you can't read please download the document
The Atlantic World 1492-1800. Key Themes Cultural Interactions – Interaction between European states – Native interactions with European states Economics
Key Themes Cultural Interactions Interaction between European
states Native interactions with European states Economics
Mercantilism Triangular Trade Empire Building The
Establishment/Destruction of various European and Native
Empires
Slide 3
Christopher Columbus Made four voyages to the Americas Voyages
evolved over time What is the controversy surrounding Christopher
Columbus?
Slide 4
The Voyages of Christopher Columbus First Voyage Explorer
Sought alternative trade route to Asia 3 ships used Encountered the
Taino people Sought gold and other riches Second Voyage Empire
Builder Sought to establish an empire for Spain 17 ships Over 1,000
soldiers and colonists
Slide 5
Columbuss Voyages
Slide 6
Colonization The establishment of colonies Lands that are
controlled by another, generally stronger nation Colonies used to
support a nation How could foreign lands support a strong
nation?
Slide 7
Amerigo Vespucci American continents named after him Sailed
down the coast of South America
Slide 8
Ferdinand Magellan Led first expedition that sailed around the
world Magellans crew made it around the globe He was killed in the
South Pacific
Slide 9
Spanish Conquistadors (Conquerors) Hernan Cortes Conquered the
Aztec Empire in 1521 Francisco Pizzaro Conquered the Incan Empire
by 1533
Slide 10
Fall of the Aztec Empire Last Ruler: Montezuma II Could not
match Spanish weapons Other natives aligning with Spanish Disease
(Smallpox)
Slide 11
Fall of the Incan Empire Last Ruler: Atahualpa Captured and
held hostage by Pizarro Ransom of gold and silver paid Strangled
Empire without leadership falls apart
Slide 12
Spains Pattern of Conquest Reconquista Imposed Spanish culture
on the natives Often intermarried Produced a Mestizo population
Mixed Spanish and Native population Encomienda Spanish work system
Natives mined, farmed, and ranched land controlled by the Spanish
Oppressive system
Slide 13
The Encomienda System
Slide 14
Other Spanish Explorers Juan Ponce de Leon Explored Florida
Francisco Coronado Explored present day Arizona, New Mexico, Texas,
Oklahoma, and Kansas
Slide 15
Spanish Explorations
Slide 16
Spanish Empire Spain claimed a HUGE empire in the Americas
Various raw materials including gold and silver brought Spain great
wealth
Slide 17
Opposition to Spanish Rule Bartolome de Las Casas Dominican
Monk Criticized the actions of Spain on encomiendas and treatment
of natives
Slide 18
Pope Native leader in todays New Mexico Led an organized
resistance against Spanish
Slide 19
Human Cost Spain carves out an immense empire in the Americas
at a huge human cost Millions of natives lost their lives War
Disease (more deadly)
Slide 20
Two Legacies Other European states would attempt explorations
and empire building in the Americas Natives continually subjected
to harsh European rule
Slide 21
European Exploration
Slide 22
European Nations Settle North America Diverse Empire
Building
Slide 23
Big Idea European nations lay claim to large parts of North
America, but England drives the French and Dutch out and creates
the thirteen colonies.
Slide 24
Competing Claims in North America France, the Netherlands, and
England will each Attempt to find a Northwest Passage Establish
colonies in the Americas
Slide 25
French Explorers Giovanni da Verrazano Italian who sailed for
France Explored New York Harbor Jacques Cartier (pictured) Explored
what is today Canada Explored the St. Lawrence River Founded
Montreal
Slide 26
Verrazanos Voyages
Slide 27
Cartiers Exploration
Slide 28
More French Explorers Samuel de Champlain Established Quebec
with 32 colonists Became the base for the French colonial empire
New France Jacques Marquette Explored Great Lakes regions and Upper
Mississippi River
Slide 29
Slide 30
Sieur de La Salle Explored the lower Mississippi Claimed large
land mass of Louisiana
Slide 31
The La Salle Explorers
Slide 32
The French North American Trading Empire Immense land trading
empire Sparsely populated Why? More interested in the fur trade
than settlement
Slide 33
Slide 34
The English Arrive in North America 1607: Jamestown established
Disastrous Start More interested in finding gold At times,
starvation Tobacco: Savior of Jamestown
Slide 35
Puritans Create a New England Pilgrims Separatists from the
Church of England Founded Plymouth Plantation in 1620 Famous
Leader: William Bradford Sought total religious freedom Puritans
Reformers of the Church of England Founded Massachusetts Bay in
1630 Famous Leader: John Winthrop Sought religious freedom AND
PROFITS
Slide 36
Pilgrims
Slide 37
John Winthrop City on a Hill Famous governor and leader of
Massachusetts Bay Colony
Slide 38
Henry Hudson Henry Hudson, and English Captain, was hired by
the Dutch East India Company to scout for opportunities in North
America, specifically the Northwest Passage He explored three
waterways looking for this passage Later all named after him Hudson
River Hudson Bay Hudson Strait Through these voyages, the Dutch
claimed settlements in modern day New York, New Jersey, and
Pennsylvania
Slide 39
Slide 40
The Dutch Formed the Dutch West India Company (1621) Colonized
the region Included present day Manhattan Became New
Netherlands
Slide 41
Slide 42
The Dutch vs. The British The British easily defeated the Dutch
The British were starting to become one of the worlds strongest
powers Opened up the Atlantic coast of North America for worldwide
trade
Slide 43
Slide 44
Britain vs. France French and Indian War (1754) Caused by a
dispute over the Ohio Valley Part of a larger European War (Seven
Years War) British win war by 1763
Slide 45
Before and After
Slide 46
Native Americans Interactions with Europeans in North America
While some peaceful trade existed, Natives fought against Dutch
French BRITISH (ESPECIALLY)
Slide 47
British View Towards Natives British pushed the Natives off of
land Wanted Natives isolated Saw Natives as heathens (little
attempts to convert) How does this view compare to the
Spanish?
Slide 48
War Between Colonists and Natives English battled Powhatan
around Jamestown King Philips War Native leader Metacom and his
warriors defeated by British Massacres on both sides Why do you
think the fighting was so ferocious?
Slide 49
Slide 50
Disease (Artist Representation) Natives decimated by diseases
Smallpox ravaged whole tribes Led to a severe labor shortage in
colonies Who would fill the void?
Slide 51
British Treatment of Natives Would foreshadow future cruel
actions of the United States towards native populations Methods
which the US would also use in deal with Native Americans: Treaties
not followed by the US Taking away of land Forced migrations
War
Slide 52
The Atlantic Slave Trade Oppressive Cultural Interactions
Slide 53
Big Idea The slave trade decimates African social and family
life, and millions of slaves are brought to the Americas to
work.
Slide 54
Agency Purposeful, goal-oriented activities of individuals or
groups of people Think about the agency of Europeans and Africans
in this story
Slide 55
Slavery A 10,000 year old system Existed around the world
Usually conquered prisoners of war However, race would play a key
role in the Americas Hereditary
Slide 56
Causes of Slavery Existed in Africa for hundreds of years Slave
trade spread through Muslim slave trade Slaves had some avenues to
advance
Slide 57
Slide 58
Demand for Africans Needed to replace native slaves Why
Africans? Africans had built up immunity to Euro. Diseases
Experience in farming Ignorance of landscape Easily identifiable by
skin color
Slide 59
Atlantic Slave Trade (The Numbers) Between 1500-1600 300,000
slaves brought Between 1600-1700 1.3 million slaves brought By 1870
9.5 million slaves brought to Americas
Slide 60
Atlantic Slave Trade
Slide 61
Slavery Spreads Throughout the Americas England would be a
leader in the slave trade Transported 1.7 million slaves
Transported 400,000 to what would become USA By 1830: Grew to 2
million
Slide 62
Slide 63
African Cooperation and Resistance Local African rulers
directly participated in the slave trade Traded for gold, guns, and
other goods Africans enslaved did not go willingly Agency of
Africans Would resist enslavement by various means
Slide 64
African Resistance
Slide 65
A Forced Journey Triangular Trade System Europe: Manufactured
goods Africa: Slaves Americas: Raw Materials Note: There were
various ways for these goods to travel
Slide 66
The Middle Passage Voyage that brought Africans to West Indies
Later transported to Americas Appalling Conditions 20% of slaves
died each trip Disease and suicide (agency)
Slide 67
The Middle Passage Crammed Into the Holds of Ships
Slide 68
Olaudah Equiano the air soon became unfit for respiration, from
a variety of loathsome smells, and brought on a sickness among the
slaves, of which many died, thus falling victims to the improvident
avarice, as I may call it, of their purchasers. This wretched
situation was again aggravated by the galling of the chains, now
become insupportable. The shrieks of the women, and the groans of
the dying, rendered the whole a scene of horror almost
inconceivable.
Slide 69
African Agency Africans kept their culture alive Musical and
oral traditions
Slide 70
African Agency Africans privately and openly opposed slavery
Private: Broke tools, uprooted plants, and worked slowly Public:
Led slave rebellions (Stono Rebellion of 1739)
Slide 71
African Resistance
Slide 72
Slide 73
Consequences of Slavery Broke apart African families Africans
added distinct labor and culture in Americas Many American nations
have significant African- American peoples
Slide 74
The Columbian Exchange and Global Trade Capitalism!
Mercantilism! Communism..! (Not Yet)
Slide 75
Big Idea The colonization of the Americas leads to global
exchange of food, plants, animals, and diseases. These goods enrich
the diets and economies of Europe and further shatters the native
civilizations of the New World.
Slide 76
The Columbian Exchange Global transfer of foods, plants, and
animals during colonization of the Americas Americas sent back
items never seen before in Asia, Africa, and Europe Including
Tomatoes, squash, pineapples, tobacco, cacao beans, turkey CORN AND
POTATOES
Slide 77
The Columbian Exchange Europe/Africa/Asia introduced new things
as well Including Horses, cattle, sheep, and pigs Bananas,
black-eyed peas, yams Grains: wheat, rice, barley, and oats
Disease: smallpox, measles, influenza, malaria
Slide 78
Slide 79
Global Trade Colonial empires influenced nations of Europe New
wealth + overseas trade = new business and trade practices
Slide 80
The Rise of Capitalism Economic system based on private
ownership and investment of resources (money) Businesses across
Europe grew and Flourished Why? Overseas colonization and
trade
Slide 81
One Effect: Inflation Steady rise in the price of goods
Increased money supply increased demand for goods Supply often
could not keep up Thus goods were scarce and valuable
Slide 82
Joint-Stock Companies Investors bought shares of stock in a
company Paid for establishment of overseas colonies Examples:
Jamestown and Massachusetts Bay
Slide 83
The Growth of Mercantilism Economic policy that emphasized the
importance of wealth and a good balance of trade
Slide 84
Mercantilism
Slide 85
Mercantilism (Two Important Steps) Step 1: Gold! Obtain lots of
gold and silver Step 2: Favorable Balance of Trade Sell more goods
than you buy Exports out value imports
Slide 86
What role did colonies play in mercantilism? Provided silver
and gold Provided raw materials Was a sizeable market for
manufactured goods
Slide 87
Economic Revolution Changes European Society Great changes in
European society Growth of towns Rise of merchants Increased wealth
of nations Strengthening of national identities Yet Europe still a
largely rural society Most Europeans did not enjoy social mobility
like merchants Communism? Not Yet.
Slide 88
Items that came from the Old World Onion Carrot Garlic Rats
Pigeons Diseases Lettuce Coffee Hazelnuts Sugar Rice Watermelon
Olives Citrus Fruits Bananas Yams Honey Bee Horses Peaches
Artichokes Cantaloupe
Slide 89
Items that came from the New World Llama Vanilla Corn Chili
Pepper Tomato Potato Cotton Cranberry Sweet Potato Sun Flowers
Pineapple Pecans Tobacco Cacao Beans