The Artificial Clouds in the Earth's Atmosphere

8/9/2019 The Artificial Clouds in the Earth's Atmosphere

1/12
http://www.blackvault.com/


2/12

DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCENATIONAL AIR & SPACE INTELLIGENCE CENTER (AF ISR AGENCy)WRlGHT.PATTERSON AFB OHIO

AUG 2 5 Z009Colonel Mark E. HessVice CommanderNational Air and Space Intelligence Center (NASle)4180 Watson WayWrightPatterson AFB OH 454335648John Greenewald, Jr.

Dear Mr . GreenewaldThis letter is in reference to your Freedom of Information Act (FOlA) request for a copy of the

document entitled The Artificial Clouds in the Earth's Atmosphere, our case number 200902553AF.After reviewing the document you requested, it was dctennined that it is releasable. We have

reproduced a copy of the document for you as a result of your Freedom of Information Act request,however, the document is copyrighted and later copying of the document by you may be an infringementof the owner's copyright. Our reproduction for pwposes of the Freedom of Information Act is a so-called"fair use" exception to copyright infringement. Your later reproduction may not be subject to a fair useexception. We recommend that you receive pennission from the copyright owner prior to any furtherreproductions of this document.

Your request was processed in the "All Other" category. The document we are providing containsa total of 10 pages. All fees have been waived.

~ - - - ~ ~ - - + - - - - -MARK E. HESS, Colonel, U

AttachmentRequested Document

"Freedom Through Vigilante"


3/12

,,

,

L ,

I t )oo FTD-ID(RS)T-1409 - 8700.-t- onc _iLE COP'eaI FOREIGN TECHNOLOGY DIVISIONC

ARTIFICIAL CLOUDS IN THE EARTH'S ATMOSPHEREby

L.A. Andreyeva. A.A. Khanan'yan

,OTtOSLECTED' . FE8221988


4/12

' - . . ... -'"-'> - . .. .. . .. .. ..... . . .,. ,...: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ ....~ l o U < v ......""-- ....... . - - - - ~ --- . _ . -- - - - - ---- - - - - - - - - _ _ _ __ _

FTO- 10(RS)T-1409- 87

HUMAN TRANSLATIONFTD-ID(RS)T-1409-87 5 February 1988HICROFICHE NR, FTD-88-C-DQOJ53LARTIFICIAL CLOUDS IN THE EARTH IS AniOSPHEREBy: L.A. Andreyeva. A.A. Khanan'yanEnglish pages : 7

-, - - - , -- -- ClC8SS I on ForNTIS CRAUDTle TABUnannounoed !Justttioet.1oDDr D19tribution/ AvaIlab1l1ty Codes

ban. and/orDist Spocial

e - ~ Source: Chelovek 1 Stikhiya. G1drometeo1%da t ,1984, pp. 41 - 42 / "Ie '\

1:0""Country of origin: USSR ,,,,,:v,oTranslated by: Carol S. NackRequester: FTD/TQTA Distribution authorized to U.S. Government agenc.in . and their contractors (Copyright) (5 feb 88) . Other requests fo r this document shall be refened to FTO/STlNFO.

THIS TAAN$,ATION IS A RENDITION OF THE ORIGINAL FOREIGN TEXT WITHOUT AN'( ANALYTICAl OR PREPARED BY :EDITORIAl COMMENT. STATEMENTS OR THEORIESADVOCATED OR IMPliED ARE THOSE Of THE SOURCe ONRANSlATION OMS!ANO 00 NOT NECESSARILY REFLECT THE POSlTlON FOREIGN TECHNOLOGY DIVISIONOR OPINION OF THE FOREIGN TECHNOLOGY DIVISION. WPAfB. OHIO.

f'TD-lD(RS)T- 1409-87 Date 5 February 19 88

~ ~ j : ; : ~


5/12

U. S. BOARD ON GEOGRAPHIC NAMES TRANSLITERATION SYST EM Block ItalicA A 5 0 S 6B B , r r.1\ ... aIE ,If! Me J/I '"3 3 ,H H H A H R K K Jl n n i'1 M M AtH H H H

0 0 n" n

TransliterationA, aB, bV, v'0 , gD, dYe, yej E, e lZh, zhZ, zI , iY, YK, kL, 1M, mN, n0, 0P, p

Block ItalicP p P P, c CT T T ..y y y r IiX x X l1 U y ., ,"ill w U/ ..111 III OJ 11/,.b "bl w IJ wb b b 3 3 .9 ,10 JO 10

H *1! init ial ly, after VOWl!:ls, and after \:0, b;.! elsewhere.When written as in Russian, transliterate as or l .

RUSSIAN AN D ENGLISH TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Russian English Russian English Russiansincost. oincostan shchth sinhcoshtanh arcarcarc ohchthttgset cotsoc cthsch eothsech arcarc cthschcosec csc each esch arc esch

RU5sl-an Englishrot curl19 logGRAPHICS DISCLAIMER

TransliterationR, rS, sT, tu, uF, rKh, khTs, tsCh, chSh, shShch, shch..

Y, yE, e 'Yu, yuYa, ya

Englishsinh-1cosh-1tanh- 1eoth- 1sech-1each-I

All figures, g r a p ~ i c s , t ab le s, equations. etc .merged into this translation were extractedfrom the best quality copy available.

i


6/12

_ ._ . _ .--_._._ - . - - .. - -.-- . - - - - - - - - - - - . - - . . . .. . .

cause sodium atoms t9 glow in the upper atmosphere and to measurewind velocity a t al t i tudes of 85- 110 kilometers .

1

_

ARTIFICIAL CLOUDS IN THE EARTH'S ATKOSPHERE

L. A. Andreyeva, Cand idate of Physicomathematical Sciences,A. A. Khanan'yan, Candidate of Physicomathematical Sciences

In the 1950's, when rocket methods of studying t ~ e upper atmo-sphere were jus t beginning to be developed, Soviet sc ien t i s t I . S.Shklovskiy and English sc ient is t D. R. Bates suggested the idea ofcreating an a r t i f i c ia l luminous cloud. They proposed discharging asmall quanti ty of sodium vapor into the atmosphere by rockets, think-ing tha t because of resonant emission, the sodium atoms illuminatedby the sun should form a luminous cloud in the atmosphere which wouldbe clearly visible from the Earth

.,The in i t i a l experiments confirmed the rea l i ty of i mplementing

th i s idea, and t h ~ y were used to study the elementary processes whichthe


7/12

The idea ot creat ing luminous clouds to study the physicochemical and dynamic processes in the upper atmosphere proved to be sointr iguing tha t i t was rapidly developed in many r o ~ k e t experiments.After sodium, other substances began to be used, such . : l ~ l i thium,potassium, cesium, barium oxide, europium, titanium t e t r a c h l ? ~ i d e antr imethyl aluminum, which are capable of creating neutral and evenionized clouds. I.nd soon a new type of ar t i f ic ia l cloud appeared -smoke clouds formed a t stratospheric and mesospheric al t i tudes due tothe rapid combustion of certain chemically active substances in theatmosphere with the subsequent formation of a cloud of submicronpar t ic les which are good reflectors of solar radiat ion.

The use of various substances capable of actively reflect ing orreemi t t ing solar radiation and which also glow as a resul t of chemical reactions with environmental components made i t possible tostudy the s ta te of different layers of the upper atmosphere a t vi r tually any time of day, when natural cloud cover was not present, ofcourse. One can jUdge how intensively th i s method of analyzing theupper atmosphere was developed from the fact tha t during 1969-1975alone a to ta l ot around 300 rocket experiments involving the forma-t ion of a r t i f i c ia l clouds with the discharge ot various reagents wercarried out around the world. using them, i t was possible to get anidea of the nature of the physicochemical and dynamic processes in awide range of alt i tudes.

In our country, the ar t i f ic ia l luminous and smoke cloud methodwas used in research conducted by the Ins t i tute of Experimental

2


8/12

Meteorology of Goskomgidromet (s tate Committee on Hydrometeorology].An extensive program of work on studying the thermohydrodynamiccharacteris t ics of the upper atmosphere a t polar and middle lat i tudesusing the MR-12 rocket c o m p l ~ x was carried out here under themanagement of Doctor of Physicomathematical sciences, ProfessQr L. A.Katasev. In the 1970 ' s , th i s proqran was supplemented by researc:, onelec t r ica l f ields from observat ions of the dr i f t of ionized clouds,as well as investigations of the wind st ructure and turbulence in thestratosphere and mesosphere using M- lOOB meteorological rockets.During th is period, a large "number of studies on large-scalespecialized projects such as "Aktivnoye Solntse" [Active Sun],"Spok.oynoye Solntse" (Calm Sun) I "Solntse - - amosfera" [SunAtmosphere], etc . were carried out which enriched our knowledge ofthe Earth and near-Earth space. The structure of the polar atmosphere under various geophysical condit ions ~ a s studied with interna t ional cooperation in the complex rocket experiments "Polya rnoyeutroll (Polar Morning) (1972, 1974), "Ozhoul ' ;' (Joule) (1976, 1977)and "Energeticheskiy balans" (Energy Balance) (1980).

With a l l thei r apparent simplicity (the cloud was generated, i twas photographed, the intensi ty of illumination in d i f f ~ r e n t spectralbands was measured), the jo int effor ts of a large number scient i s t s and special is ts were required to conduct each of these e x p ~ r i -ments, both in the stage of preparation and laullching the r?cxets ,and la ter , for processing and analyzing the experimental data f".-O-tained. In order to record the clouds, ;i.t is necessary to establ ishground observation posts outfi t ted with a se t of special photographic

3


9/12

and spectral equipment and to provide t h e ~ e posts w i ~ h the rel iablec o m m u n i c a t ~ o n s system needed to perform synchronous measurements.Because the substances discharged are highly chemically active, awhole ser ies of technical problems must be solved in order to workwith them, such as creating special evaporators and devices to suc-cessfully discharge the substances into the atmosphere, makingsafe to work with them during instal lat ion on rocket nose cones,solving the problem of compatibility with other research i"nstrumentsinstal led on the rocket, etc.

Special requiremen ts are imposed on the individuals and equipment involved when the experiments are conducted on polar lati tudes(e.g., on astrov Kheysa in Franz Josef Land, where the northernmostatmospheric rocket soundiAg stat ion in the world is located). Hereeach l aunch requires not only a great deal of work, but sometimesalso courage.

As soon as the cloud appeared in the atmosphere, the scientis tswere rewarded for a l l thei r efforts . Literal ly two- three minutesafter the rocket is launched, when the evaporators begin to operatea t the r ~ q u i r e d al t i tude, an astonishing spectacle whose beauty isprobably only ~ x c e e d e d by the polar aurora begins to unfold in thesky. A long blue- green wake forms in the atmosphere from the dis-charge of trimethyl aluminum interspersed with red and orange s p h e r e ~ from the discharges of lithium and s o d i u ~ and somewhere on the v ~ r y top of the wake barium bursts out in a l ight blue cloud. I t israpidly separated into neutral and ionized parts which go off in

4


10/12

" " ~ ........ __ .......... . . . . . . - . . . . ~ .. . . ~ R _ _ _ _ ___ _ __ '- _ . _ - .. .... . . .. L . . . . . . ._

different directions. As time passes, this entire rather closely grouped structure begins to be whimsically \ ~ a n s f o r m e d by the ver t i cal s t r u c t u r of the wind, molecular and tUrbulent diffusion. Aftertwenty to thir ty minutes, only weak reflections which also soondisappear are l e t t of the bright cloud.

The experiment was completed .and the cloud had dispersed, but itwas s t i l l captured on film and in the memory of thQ instruments whichr ~ c o r d e d i t . Then the results of the observations are a n a ~ y z e d a tthe s i t e i t se l f and in laborator ies. They are used to reconstructthe de ta i l s of the pattern of movement of the cloud as a whole andi t s individual parts through space, which makes it possible t o deter-mine the wind velocity and direction in the investIgated range ofa,ltitudes. The parameters of molecular and turbulEnt diffusion ilreestimated from the ra te of dispersion of the cloud, and from theemission spect.rum - the ambient temperature, etc .

I t 1s 10g1cal to ra ise the question or whether it i s pract ical lynecessary to conduct experiments with ar t i f ic ia l clouds and whatparameters and properties shoul.d be investigated using them. Suchquest ions always arise when one describes a p a r t i ~ u l a r scient i f ictrend or research method. For today any area of research must cont r ibute to the solution of signif icant sc ient i f ic , technical andeconomic problems.

Looking a t eY.periments with a r t i f i c ia l clouds from th is view-point, one must admit tha t they have alreddy c o n t r i ~ u t e d a great deal

5


11/12

--

to understanding the nature of the processes which take place in theupper atmosphere. ihe f i r s t unique data about variations in windvelocity and direct.io.l clnd the density and temperature in the thenuo-sphere were obtainec these experiments; the ro le of flow movementsand interni'l} w.lves in forming the vert ical s t ructure of wind wasdemons t rated, t he mos t completa information about small - scale tur.bul l ! . ' : . ~ was obtained and the upper l imit of i t s existence in theEarth ' s a tmosphere was established. S t u d i e of the elec tr ica l andmagnetic f ields in the ionosphere and ~ a g n e t o s p h e r e were conductedbased on the dr i f t of ionized clouds, and the i r effect on the neutralcomponent of the atmosphere t/e.s estimated.

The investigations carried out showed tha t thp. s tate of theupper atmos.phere depends on many geophysical and meteorological :iactors , and the var iat ions in i t s parameters are so great and diversedepending on the time of day, lat i tude, solar and geomagnetic act ivi ty , season, etc . , that considering i t s costl iness and complexity, itwould be impossible to cover this wide diversi ty by rocket sounding _For this reason, ground and sa te l l i te methods of studying the upperatmosphere al e being ~ a p i d l y developed today . These methods can provide continuous monitoring of the state of the atmosphere on a globalscale . 'FUrther horizons are being discovered for . rocket experiments,including for the ar t i f ic ia l cloud method, and new research problemsare being se t up. They include making subsatel l i te measurements ,comparing the measurement and cal ibrat ion data of the developingground methods of sounding the upper atmosphere, and verifying thetheoret ica l models being de veloped. Th e problem of studying the

6


12/12

"nature of the propagation o f pollutants in the 20-120 kilometer l a y e ~ as a resul t of mixing caused by small- scale turbulence i s equallyimportant. The solulion of these urgent problems wil l greatly determine t ' .e direct ion ot the further development of experiments withar t i f ic ia l luminous and sDoke clouds.!

7

Documents

The Artificial Clouds in the Earth's Atmosphere