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The Art and Science of Debriefing: a Simulation
Experience
The Art and Science of Debriefing: a Simulation
Experience
Mary Cantrell, MAPULSE Center – Director
Arkansas Children’s Hospital
Mary Cantrell, MAPULSE Center – Director
Arkansas Children’s Hospital
DebriefingDebriefing
The most important aspect of running any simulation -
Debriefing
“Simulation is just a good excuse to do debriefing”
Dan Ramer
The most important aspect of running any simulation -
Debriefing
“Simulation is just a good excuse to do debriefing”
Dan Ramer
Learning ModelLearning Model
Unconsciously – Incompetent
Consciously - Incompetent
Consciously – Competent
Unconsciously - Competent
Unconsciously – Incompetent
Consciously - Incompetent
Consciously – Competent
Unconsciously - Competent
Your Best Teacher was…Your Best Teacher was…
• Smart• Wise• Caring • Concerned• Unspoken expert
• Smart• Wise• Caring • Concerned• Unspoken expert
How people practiceHow people practice
Internal Frames
• EXAMPLES: • Thanksgiving is a day I eat all my
favorite food.• Dancing makes me look goofy• If I don’t leave work by 4:45 I will
be stuck in traffic.
Internal Frames
• EXAMPLES: • Thanksgiving is a day I eat all my
favorite food.• Dancing makes me look goofy• If I don’t leave work by 4:45 I will
be stuck in traffic.
Learners FramesLearners Frames
• Feelings• Assumptions• Knowledge• Stuff I know is true• Stuff I learned in school
• Feelings• Assumptions• Knowledge• Stuff I know is true• Stuff I learned in school
Frames shape actionsFrames shape actions
• Thanksgiving is a day I eat all my favorite food. – Eat all day – I can diet tomorrow.
• Dancing makes me look goofy – Don’t go near the party with a dance floor.
• If I don’t leave work by 4:45 I will be stuck in traffic. - Hurry all day to get it done because I don’t want to get home at 6pm.
• Thanksgiving is a day I eat all my favorite food. – Eat all day – I can diet tomorrow.
• Dancing makes me look goofy – Don’t go near the party with a dance floor.
• If I don’t leave work by 4:45 I will be stuck in traffic. - Hurry all day to get it done because I don’t want to get home at 6pm.
Medical Frames & ActionsMedical Frames & Actions
Residents don’t have any power… and I can’t tell my attending what to do.
When you do airway, you have to use an AMBO bag. I can’t find one and I think this patient is not going to make it.
I just got out of school and everyone thinks I know what I am doing.
Residents don’t have any power… and I can’t tell my attending what to do.
When you do airway, you have to use an AMBO bag. I can’t find one and I think this patient is not going to make it.
I just got out of school and everyone thinks I know what I am doing.
How do you define errors?How do you define errors?
• Intentionally rational action• Seemed like a good idea at the
time, given the circumstances.• Lack of knowledge
• Intentionally rational action• Seemed like a good idea at the
time, given the circumstances.• Lack of knowledge
Our Basic AssumptionOur Basic Assumption
Everyone participating in activities in the PULSE Center is intelligent, well trained, cares about doing their best and they want to improve.
Everyone participating in activities in the PULSE Center is intelligent, well trained, cares about doing their best and they want to improve.
Debriefers JobDebriefers Job
• Help learner to surface their frames and analyze the impact on their actions.
• Be the UNSPOKEN EXPERT• Facilitate open/safe discussion
• Help learner to surface their frames and analyze the impact on their actions.
• Be the UNSPOKEN EXPERT• Facilitate open/safe discussion
Frames Actions Results
Debriefing leads to new frames
Debriefing changes later actions
Judgmental Statements & QuestionsJudgmental Statements & Questions
• Can anyone tell us where John made his big mistake?
• Does someone have a clue as to what went wrong with this patient?– Setting them straight – I’m right – You are wrong– I know --- you don’t (essential failure in
thinking)– Truth------error (next time do it my way)– I know the answer- can you guess what I am
thinking? – “pimping”
• Can anyone tell us where John made his big mistake?
• Does someone have a clue as to what went wrong with this patient?– Setting them straight – I’m right – You are wrong– I know --- you don’t (essential failure in
thinking)– Truth------error (next time do it my way)– I know the answer- can you guess what I am
thinking? – “pimping”
Non-Judgmental (???)Non-Judgmental (???)
• I’m right – your wrong – but I don’t want to upset you.
• “Feedback Sandwich”– Something soft (complement)– Something meaty (criticism)– Something soft (complement)
Creates confusionHas hidden truthsConsequences unclear
• I’m right – your wrong – but I don’t want to upset you.
• “Feedback Sandwich”– Something soft (complement)– Something meaty (criticism)– Something soft (complement)
Creates confusionHas hidden truthsConsequences unclear
Debriefing with Good JudgmentDebriefing with Good Judgment
• How did the learner make meaning of what happened
• Instructor “From what I know this happened in the simulation and this is where I saw the problems”
• Learner is also smart and well trained trying to do the best so… why did the learner take these actions? (they must have a good reason)
• How did the learner make meaning of what happened
• Instructor “From what I know this happened in the simulation and this is where I saw the problems”
• Learner is also smart and well trained trying to do the best so… why did the learner take these actions? (they must have a good reason)
Errors are discussableErrors are discussable
• Mistakes are made and recognized and then changes happen
• Source of learning happens when you know what happened and how it can be different
• Make mistakes discussable • Enhance patient safety• Let learners identify their own
mistakes
• Mistakes are made and recognized and then changes happen
• Source of learning happens when you know what happened and how it can be different
• Make mistakes discussable • Enhance patient safety• Let learners identify their own
mistakes
Debriefing with Good JudgmentDebriefing with Good Judgment
• Learner makes a mistakes • Debriefer is genuinely curious• Discuss what that looked like• Learners feel worthwhile and
intelligent• Respectfully insert your expertise• Frame changes can happen!
• Learner makes a mistakes • Debriefer is genuinely curious• Discuss what that looked like• Learners feel worthwhile and
intelligent• Respectfully insert your expertise• Frame changes can happen!
Debriefing is Discussion (not lecture!)Debriefing is Discussion (not lecture!)
• The Debriefer should talk less• Try only asking questions• Get the learners to talk to each other• Make it SAFE to discuss • Be a facilitator; not a lecturer• Closed ended questions – as
appropriate• Open ended questions
• The Debriefer should talk less• Try only asking questions• Get the learners to talk to each other• Make it SAFE to discuss • Be a facilitator; not a lecturer• Closed ended questions – as
appropriate• Open ended questions
Three Elements of DebriefingThree Elements of Debriefing
Reactions– Feelings– Facts
Understanding – Explore deeper meaning
Summary– The take home message
Reactions– Feelings– Facts
Understanding – Explore deeper meaning
Summary– The take home message
Advocacy-InquiryAdvocacy-Inquiry
• Advocacy – observation, statement, fact - neutral
• Inquiry – question or curiosity*
*GENUINE Curiosity (you want to understand)
• Advocacy – observation, statement, fact - neutral
• Inquiry – question or curiosity*
*GENUINE Curiosity (you want to understand)
Successful DebriefingSuccessful Debriefing
• Genuinely interested – You see yourself as the good teacher not the good healthcare worker
• Pre-scenario briefing of expectations• Reinforcing good practice • Correct a limited number of errors• Avoid excessive correction (people only
remember 1 or 2 things - what is the take-home message?)
• Genuinely interested – You see yourself as the good teacher not the good healthcare worker
• Pre-scenario briefing of expectations• Reinforcing good practice • Correct a limited number of errors• Avoid excessive correction (people only
remember 1 or 2 things - what is the take-home message?)
Successful, Con’tSuccessful, Con’t
• Stress key educational points• Use playback so the learners can
see themselves• Talk less, facilitate more• Be respectful of any learner
criticism• Use Advocacy – Inquiry • Plus /Delta
• Stress key educational points• Use playback so the learners can
see themselves• Talk less, facilitate more• Be respectful of any learner
criticism• Use Advocacy – Inquiry • Plus /Delta
Plus/DeltaPlus/Delta
Encounter DetractorsEncounter Detractors
• Lack of purpose, objectives• Excessive criticism, negative
feedback• Humiliating a team member• Fixating on medical procedure
• Lack of purpose, objectives• Excessive criticism, negative
feedback• Humiliating a team member• Fixating on medical procedure
Encounter DetractorsEncounter Detractors
• Underestimating the learner’s emotions/feelings
• Lecturing• Hypercriticizing learner’s
performance• Allowing discussion to focus on
limitations of simulation
• Underestimating the learner’s emotions/feelings
• Lecturing• Hypercriticizing learner’s
performance• Allowing discussion to focus on
limitations of simulation
Debrief RoadblocksDebrief Roadblocks
• This would never happen• If this was a real case, I would
have done things differently• No matter what you say, I don’t
agree with you
• This would never happen• If this was a real case, I would
have done things differently• No matter what you say, I don’t
agree with you
Good Debriefing QuestionsGood Debriefing Questions• How do you think that went?• What did you do well?• How would you do this
differently next time?• How do you rate your
communication between team members?
• How do you think that went?• What did you do well?• How would you do this
differently next time?• How do you rate your
communication between team members?
Good Debriefing QuestionsGood Debriefing Questions
• What was not done?• How did you feel?• What do you think happened?• Has this ever happened to you
in the past, how did you react?
• What was not done?• How did you feel?• What do you think happened?• Has this ever happened to you
in the past, how did you react?
Good Debriefing QuestionsGood Debriefing Questions
• What did you see happening?• Would you have done the same
thing as _____?• What information was being
used?• Did you need anything that was
not there?
• What did you see happening?• Would you have done the same
thing as _____?• What information was being
used?• Did you need anything that was
not there?
Thank you! Thank you!
Mary Cantrell, MAUniversity of Arkansas for
Medical [email protected]
PULSE Center – [email protected]
Mary Cantrell, MAUniversity of Arkansas for
Medical [email protected]
PULSE Center – [email protected]
