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-The‚RefugeeCrisis‘intheEuropeanUnion-Germany‘sAsylumSeekers:Health/CrimeIssues,Citizens‘AttitudesTheThirdInternationalConferenceLEPH2016inAmsterdam,TheNetherlands2-5October
JoachimKerstenSeniorResearchProfessorGermanPoliceUniversity
Münster/Germany
Topics
• RefugeemovementstoEurope• Crime,Health,Education,Culturaltraditions,Genderrelations
• WhyGermany?• AttitudesofGermancitizenstowardsrefugees• TheNewYear’sEveCologneMob
Refugee routes into WesternEurope/Germany
Konstanzsuburb refugee shelter 1950s(demolished 1961)
Post1945housing
Konstanzschool children getting lunchacrossthe border inKreuzlingen,Switzerland
Children inCologne
Germanrefugee children
Migrationto Germany
• 17th-19thcentury:fromFrance(Huguenots),Poland,ItalytothecitiesandtotheRuhrregion;oneseventhofthepopulation;
• 1945-‘49:11-14milliondisplacedpersons(D.P.);
• 1948-1961:2,7millionrefugeesfromEastGermany;
• 1955-1966‚GuestWorkerImmigration‘;
Postwarmigration to Germany
• Post1989:EastGermansandEasternEuropeans;
• 1991-1993asylumseekers/refugeesfromthecivilwarregions:Balkans(Ex-Yugoslavia)andelsewhere;
• Last25yearsrefugeesandasylumseekersfromAfrica;
Acity walk 1945
Refugee shelter
1960s‚Guest‘-Workers arriving at Munichstation platform 11
WhydorefugeescometoGermany?
Wheredorefugeescomefrom?
• Non-EUentryintoGermany:Syria60%(40%Sept.2016),Afghanistan24%,Iraq8%,Pakistan3%,Eritrea(4th largestgrouptoEU),Somalia1%,other5%;
• 2015acrossMediterraneanSea:741.583;• Male:58%,Female16%,Children26%;• 2015:morethan3000drowned;• SavedbyEUmission:13000;GermanNavy9600;
WhydotheycometoGermany?
• 2015:1.1milltoGermany(2014:worldwide19.5millUNHCR);86%tocountriesofthedevelopingcountries,globalSouth;mostSyrianstoTurkey,Jordan,IraqandLebanon;
• FromSyria,IraqcostsforgettingintoEU:comparativelylow;
• Existingnetworksofcountriesoforigin;contactpointsinGermancities;
• Fairlygoodchanceofbeingaccepted(ortolerated);goodeconomy,favorablelabormarket;welcomingatmosphere(untilNYE2015);
WhydorefugeescometoGermany?
• CollapseofSchengen/DublinEUmultibarriersystem;
• Since‚ArabSpring‘bilateralagreementsb/w:EUandLibya,Tunisia,Morocco,Albania,Ukrainenolongerenforceable;Maghrebcountrieshaveuntilnowblockeddeportation;
• EconomicproblemshavealsodiminishedinternalEUcooperationre:refugeeinfluxmanagement;
• GreeceandItalycannotsystematicallyregistertheincomingrefugees,andprocessthemintoasylumprocedures;
WhydorefugeescometoGermany?
• FranceandUKnolongeracceptlargenumbersofrefugeesandasylumseekers;Hungary,Poland,Denmarkactivelydeterrefugees;Slovakianpolicehaveshotatrefugees,Hungary(‘herdedintofields,…keptincages,…fedlikeanimals’,Kingsley2016,p.267)
• Germanyhasbecome‚Ersatz-destination(Zufluchtsland)‘Oltmer 2016,p.16
Refugees:Healthissues
• Refugeehealthsituation2015arrivals:healthyyoungmen;betterthanthatofaverageGermans(Montgomery,presidentofGermanMedicalAssoc.).MedicalcostbelowthoseofGermans.
• Arenoriskbutareatrisk.• Onethirdofchildrenposttraumaticsymptoms;majorchallenge;
Refugees:Healthissues
• Healthcare:nohealthinsurance,costscoveredbymunicipalities;
• Vaccinations,paintreatment,acuteillness:sameaccess;pregnancy
• 15mths.restrictions:healthservice,mediacl treatmentcanbeprovidedbutobligation;
• Germanyfederalsystem:healthregulationsvaryfromrestrictive(Saxony,Bavaria)togenerousin8Länder:chipcardwithfullhealthcover;
• Psychotherapy,preventivetreatment,rehabilitation,dentistry,prosthesisneedapplicationsbypatient
Refugees:Healthissues
• Inititial examination:respiratorysystem,infectiousdeseases;
• Voluntaryhelperskeepsystemrunning;• Vaccinationsbyfarandwideaccepted;• Lackofqualifiedinterpreters/culturescouts;• Pediatrics:25-50%communicationproblems/barriers;
• Culturalconflictissues,Turks/Kurds;
Criminality• CityofBrunswickpolicereport:Nearprovisionalrefugeehousing,increasedratesofpropertycrime(shop-lifting),noincreaseofseriouscrime.
• Syrians(0.5%)andIraqisleastvisibleincrimestats(September2016BKAdata).
• KosovoandorganizedgroupsfromSoutheasternBalkans:breakandenter,pickpocketing;
• PoliceDüsseldorfspecialsquad‚Casablanca‘:2200Maghreboffenders;theft,robbery,assault,threats;Cologne40%ofpersonsofMaghreboriginareregisteredsuspects;
Refugees:educationandlabour market
• 70%capableofwork,10%haveuniversitydegree(18%ofGermans);twothirdsnoprofessionalqualification(14%ofGermans);55%ofrefugeesagedunder25;
• OECD:15year-oldSyrians:65%belowminimumcompetencies(16%ofGermans);twothirdsofyoungstersfromSyria;400000(of1mill.)schoolage;
• BavariaChamberofCrafts:70%ofprofessionaltrainees(Syria,Iraq,Afghanistan)dropout;
• Menialwork,mini-jobs,lowrankhealthcarejobs;• Sincebeginning2016:MandatorydistributionacrossGermany.
Culturaltraditions,Genderrelations
• Religiouspracticeinasecularsociety;• InsomeMuslimcultures:Acceptanceofphysicalpunishment;Highdomesticviolencerates;
• Reportingattitudes;• Masculinityissues:family‚honor‘,‚protection‘ofvirginity/chastityoffemalefamilymembers;
• Forsomemigrantsinhostsociety:materialstatus/conditionsseemmoreimportantthaneducation;
AttitudesofGermanstowardsrefugees
• 1991-‘93:25%ofGermansagainstnewcomers;
• 2015:initialresponsenotrejection,ratherwelcomingandwillingnesstosupport;
Germanworries:• 65%:EUwillnotbeabletocope;• 63%:xenophobiawillincrease;• 51%:refugeeswilltakeadvantageoftheGermanwelfaresystem;
AttitudesofGermanstowardsrefugees67%ofGermanssawproblems(2015/16):• inadequatehousing/accommodation;• donotwanttohaverefugees‘shelterintheirneighborhood;
• 8%areactivelysupportingrefugees;33%knowpeoplewhoareinvolvedinactivesupport;
• Sincebeginningof2016largerproportionofworriedpersons;
CologneMainStationNewYear‘s Eve2015
• Year2015Cologne:Policeregisterednearly2000North-Africanassuspectsofcrime,mainlyMoroccans;
• 0,5percentofSyrianswerereportedascrimesuspects;NorthAfricans.40percent;
• "taharrusch dschamai ( جماعيتحرش )“766• 766(January,now1700)criminaloffencesreportedinCologne,Hamburgetal.50%includesexualoffences;
• AllsuspectsfromMorocco,Algeria,andTunisia;veryfewidentified(2016July:10%);
CologneMainStationNewYear‘s Eve2015
• TheMaghrebconnection:networksofyoungmenfromNorthAfricancountriesinNorthRhineWestphalia,Düsseldorf;estimate2200;
• toGermanyviaTurkey,somewithSyriandocuments;
• policereportsofrobberies,theft,assault,drugdealing.
• 5500personsfromAlgeria,MoroccansandTunisiansaresubjecttodeportationorders;
• firstsixmonthsof2015:only53couldbereturnedtotheircountriesoforigin.
Colognemob attacks
WhathappenedattheCologneRailwayStation?
• Policewasexpectingterrorattack,hadnocontrol,didnotorderreinforcement,couldnotinformcorrectly;
• Offendersformedaviolentmob;usedthemasssituationandrenderedgroupsoffemalevictimshelpless;
• Screamsforhelpwerenotheard,bystandersdidnotintervene;noriskofdetection;
• Outbreakofviolenceamongamobofradicallyuncivilizedyoungmales.Arefugeeproblem?
• 68cases;3Syriansarrested;20ISmembersexposed;sexualharrassment inpublicpools:fewindivudualcases
Policingthecrisis
• PoliceonbordersandinGermancitiesandtowns:peacefulmaintenanceofsecurityandorder;
• solvingsevereconflictsinthesheltersamonginhabitants;
• Reportsofsexualharrassment/assaultbyrefugeewomen;
Chancellor Merkel:‚Wirschaffendas‘.
EURefugee Situation
• Humanitarian aspects:no limitation to influx;• Chancellor Merkel‘s initial motivation;• Economic aspects:needs immigration policy,dependent onlabour market situation andand needs;
• Identity issues:fear of loss of cultural ornationalidentity;
Cultural/NationalIdentityFears• Substantialrise of populist movements (Pegida etal.);
• Election gains of populist/right-wing parties inEUmember states;
• Populistmovements/parties inTheNetherlands,France,Denmark,Germany(AFD);Italy,Greece.
• InEUcountries15%(+)of electorate:Nationalist,right-wing extremist attitudes,homophobic,misogynist,anti-Semitic etcetera;Hungary morethan half,20%Neo-Nazi;Poland,Slovakia
• Now:Anti-Islamis common denominator;
Refugees onthe move
Berlinerswatching ‚Rosinenbomber‘
CARE
References
• Kingsley,P.(2016),TheNewOdysey – TheStoryof Europe‘s Refugee Crisis.Faber&Faber:London.• Behrendes,U.(2016),DieKölnerSilvesternacht2015/2016undihreFolgen.in:NeueKriminalpolitik
28(3),323-344• Kersten,J.(2016), Flüchtlingskrise,Männergewaltund"Stranger Danger"- Anmerkungen
zurKöln-Debatte.In:NeueKriminalpolitik 28(4),(inprint).• Shane,S.(2016),TheLessons of Anwar al-Awlaki.TheNewYorkTimes;
http://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/30/magazine/the-lessons-of-anwar-al-awlaki.html?_r=0• Wößmann,L.(2016),IntegrationdurchBildung,inForschung&Lehre1/2016,pp.10-13.• Oltmer,J.(2016),Ersatz-Zufluchtsland?WarumdieBundesrepublik2015zumZielumfangreicher
Flüchtlingsbewegungengewordenist,inForschung&Lehre1/2016,pp.14-16.• Petersen,T.(2016),SorgenundHilfsbereitschaft.DieEinstellungenderDeutschenzur
Flüchtlingskrise,inForschung&Lehre1/2016,pp.18-21.• Reuman,K.(2016),WahrheitenüberJournalistenundWissenschaftler.DasBeispielder
Flüchtlingsfrage,,inForschung&Lehre1/2016,pp.22-23.• SüddeutscheZeitungOctober 2015- September2016.• Douthat,R.(2016),Germanyonthe brink,inTheNewYorkTimes,OpEd January 9th.• Behr,R.(2016),ÜbergriffeinKöln:"DieHauptsorgederPolizeiwarTerror“.InterviewDerStandard
(Vienna)http://derstandard.at/2000028693096/Uebergriffe-in-Koeln-Die-Hauptsorge-der-Polizei-war-Terror.
References
• DeutschesHistorischesMuseum(1999),1949-1999WegederDeutschen,Rowohlt:Hamburg.
• Rosgartenmuseum Konstanz(2002),mager&knapp.AlltagswelteninderGrenzstadtKonstanz1920-1960.KonstanzerMuseumsjournal:Konstanz.
• Sassen,S.(1999),Guestsand Aliens.TheNewPress:NewYork.• Vaccaro,T.(2001),Entering Germany1944-1949,Taschen:Köln.• Darchinger,J.-H.(2012),Wirtschaftswunder.DeutschlandnachdemKrieg.
Germanyafterthe war.Taschen:Köln.• KölnischerKunstverein(2006),ProjektMigration,Dumont:Köln.
• Contact:[email protected]