THE ANCIENT WORLD

How you do something - and sometimes, whether you succeed - is often determined by how you start. The human story also has a beginning: the ancient world.

In this unit, you will learn about that world: how human beings developed the first tools and agri ­culture, giving rise to the earliest civilizations. These ancient peo­ples made startling discoveries in science and mathematics, invented new technologies from wheels to writing, and gave birth to ideas that still influence us today. One of humankind's greatest achievemellfs - the Great Wall

of China - stretches for over 5,000 miles.

Chapter 5. The Rise of River Valley Civilizations. In this chapter, you will learn about the development of farming during the Neolithic Revolution, and about the ancient river valley civilizations of Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, and China. You will also learn about the ancient Hebrews and their religious beliefs.

Chapter 6. The "Classical Era" in the West. In this chapter, you will learn about the classical civilizations of Persia, Greece, and Rome. These civilizations ruled over the Mediterranean world and much of Europe for more than a thousand years, and gave birth to great works of philosophy, art, science, music and literature.

Chapter 7. The "Classical Era" in the East. In this chapter, you will focus on the civilizations that thrived in the East. You will examine China's Zhou, Qin, and Han Dynasties, and India's Maurya and Gupta Empires. These civilizations flourished in the East during this same time period as Greece and Rome. They established Hinduism, the caste system in India, and created a unified empire in China.

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THE RISE OF RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS

• History 1 (A) Identify major causes and describe the major effects of the ... development of agriculture and the development of the river valley civilizations.

• History 2 The student understands how early civilizations developed from 8000 B.C. to 500 B.C. • History 2(A) Summarize the impact of the development of farming (Neolithic

Revolution) on the creation of river valley civilizations. • History 2(8) Identify the characteristics of civilization.

• Geography 16(8) Analyze the influence of human and physical geographic factors on major events in world history, including the development of river valley civilizations ....

• Economics 17 The student understands the impact of the Neolithic Revolutions on humanity. • Economics 17(A) Identify important changes in human Life caused by the Neolithic

Revolution .... • Economics 17(8) Summarize the role of economics in driving political changes as related to

the Neolithic Revolution. • Government 19(A) Identify the characteristics of monarchies and theocracies as forms of

government in early civilizations. • Government 19(8) Identify the characteristics of ... theocracy. • Government 20(8) Identify the impact of political and Legal ideas contained in the Hammurabi

Code, [and] the Jewish Ten Commandments .... • Culture 23 (A) Describe the historical origins, central ideas, and spread of major religious and

philosophical traditions, including Judaism ... and the development of monotheism. • Culture 24(A) Describe the changing roles of women, children, and families during major eras

of world history. •Science, Technology, and Society 27(A) Identify the origin and diffusion of major ideas in

mathematics, science, and technology that occurred in river valley civilizations ....

In this chapter, you will learn about the rise of the first civilizations - ancient cultures that still influence us today.

0- What was the Neolithic Revolution i ' ·. 0- What factors led to the rise of the first civilizations?

0- What were the accomplishments of the early river valley civilizations?

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Name Date--------

46 MASTERING THE TEKS IN WORLD HISTORY UNLAWFUL To PHOTOCOPY

SOCIAL STUDIES TERMINOLOGY IN THIS CHAPTER

• Culture • Pharaoh • fheocracy • Neolithic Revolutiott • Hieroglyphics • Mottarchy • Civilizatiott • Cutteiforttt • Mottotheisttt • Mesopota11tia • lttdus River • f ett Cottttttattdtttettts • Nile River • Huattg He • Code of Hatttttturabi

- IMPORTANT IDEAS -A. The earliest humans survived by hunting and gathering their food. They used

tools of wood, bone, and stone. They also learned to make fire.

B. About 10,000 years ago, people in the Middle East developed the first agricul­ture and domesticated animals during the Neolithic Revolution.

C. A civilization is a form of human culture in which some people live in cities, have complex social institutions, use some form of writing, and are skilled at using science and technology.

D. The first civilizations arose in fertile river valleys, where favorable geographic conditions allowed farmers to grow a surplus of food.

E. The Sumerians in Mesopotamia invented the wheel, sailboat and cuneiform writing. The Egyptians developed an advanced civilization along the banks of the Nile. They built large stone pyramids for the afterlife of their ruler - the pharaoh - and developed a form of writing known as hieroglyphics.

F. Other early civilizations developed along the Indus River on the Indian sub­continent and along the Huang He (Yellow River) in China.

G. The earliest civilizations were theocracies and monarchies. In a theocracy, reli­gious leaders govern; in a monarchy, a hereditary ruler heads the government.

H. Judaism, the religion of the ancient Hebrews (Jews), was the first religion to worship only one God.

EARLY HUMAN SOCIETY Anthropologists study the origins, customs, and beliefs of humankind. Most anthropolo­gists now believe the Great Rift Valley in East Africa was the birthplace of humankind. Many scientists believe that human beings as we know them today - homo sapiens - first appeared sometime between 400,000 and 200,000 years ago, during the last Ice Age.

Name ____________ ~~~~-~~~-Date~~~~~~~~

UNLAWFUL TO PHOTOCOPY CHAPTER 5: The Rise of River Valley Civilizations 47

THE IMPORTANCE OF CULTURE Human beings had several important advantages over other animals: superior intellect, the use of hands to make tools, and the ability to communicate through speech.

Because human beings had these ways of communicating, remembering and making things, they were able to pass on what they learned and their way of doing things from one generation to the next. In this way, the first human cultures developed.

Culture refers to a people's way of life. Culture includes such things as a peo­ple 's language, types of clothing, homes, family organization, system of govern­ment, and methods of obtaining food. Culture also includes a people 's crafts, arts, music, and religious beliefs.

THE HUNTER-GATHERERS People in the earliest human societies were hunter-gatherers. They did not know how to grow their own food. Instead, they relied on hunting, fishing and gathering wild plants for food. They learned to make fires, to make spears with pieces of bone or stone, and to make canoes and boats out of logs. Because these people made tools of stone, historians refer to these early societies as Stone Age cultures. Over thousands of years, Stone Age peoples also learned to make clay pottery and to domesticate (tame) dogs.

Early humans spent most of their time hunting for food . They migrated to areas where food - nuts, berries, fruits, grains and especially herds of wild animals - could be found. During the Ice Age, people migrated out of Africa to other parts of the world. Eventually, people even migrated to the Americas and Australia. Wherever people went, they showed great ingenuity in adapting to local conditions.

THE NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION About I 0,000 years ago, one of the great turn­ing points in history occurred. People began to change from hunters and gatherers to pro­ducers of food. Two important developments brought about this change: people learned how to grow food and how to herd animals.

Anthropologists believe this change first occurred in parts of the Middle East, where wild wheat and barley were plentiful. People noticed they could spread the seeds of these Early tools used during the Neolithic Revolution.

grains to plant and grow their own crops. They also learned how to herd farm animals such as goats, sheep and cattle. These advances are now referred to as the Neolithic Revolution.

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48 MASTERING THE TEKS IN WORLD HISTORY

Wherever agriculture was introduced, people no longer had to wander in search of food. Instead, they could build permanent homes and villages and estab­lish a fixed way of life. Populations grew. Although the emergence of agricultural societies is believed to have first occurred in Southwest Asia, it also took place inde­pendently at later times in Southeast Asia, Africa and the Americas.

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The Emergence of Social Classes. The Neolithic Revolution brought both benefits and problems. Peo­ple could grow more food than they had been able to gather or hunt, but they were also more vulnerable to attack by other peoples. Thus changes in economics -how these people met their needs for food and shelter - led to social and political changes. The introduction of agriculture and settlements led to the emergence of two new social classes: warriors and priests. Defense The planting of seeds brought about many

major changes . of the village became a major concern, resulting in the emergence of a warrior class. A priesthood emerged to conduct religious rituals in order to promote a good harvest and to protect the village from danger.

THE RISE OF RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS As agricultural societies developed and grew, their way of life further changed. Around 3,500 B.C., the first civilizations arose.

A civilization is a form of human culture in which some people live in cities, have complex social institutions, use some form of writing, and are skilled at using science and technology.

The first civilizations developed in four separate river valleys. Each of these river val­leys offered a mild climate and a water highway to other places. Water from the rivers also could be used for drinking and for cooking food. Each of these valleys was also a flood plain where an overflowing river deposited fertile soil. This rich soil led to abundant har­vests and food surpluses.

MESOPOTAMIA (3500 B.C.-1700 B.c.) Sometime between 5,000 and 6,000 years ago, the first river valley civilization developed in Mesopotamia, the region located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers (in present­day Iraq). Mesopotamia was a Greek term meaning the "land between two rivers."

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Agriculture. Although Mesopotamia was hot and dry, people learned how to irrigate the land by diverting water from the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. Irri­gation allowed fanning settlements to flourish and food supplies to increase. Fewer people were able to produce more food, leading to a surplus. Other people could begin to specialize in activities other than fanning. Some became pot­ters, weavers or metal workers. Others became warriors and priests.

Government. The people of Meso­potamia built several cities. At first, each city-state, such as Uruk, Ur, and Babylon, had its own ruler and local gods. Later, several of these city-states were united together under a single ruler.

CHAPTER 5: The Rise of River Valley Civilizations 49

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Religion. The Mesopotamians were polytheistic, believing in as many as 2,000 dif­ferent gods. Some historians contend that Mesopotamian religions were the world's oldest faiths. Mesopotamian rulers were often priests. A society governed by religious leaders is known as a theocracy.

Building. The Mesopotamians were the world's first city-build­ers. They lacked stone or timber to build their cities. Instead, they made their buildings from mud bricks and crushed reeds. They built walled cities, temples with arches, and stepped-pyramids known as ziggurats. Each ziggu­rat was made of a series of square levels, with each level slightly smaller than the one below it.

Cultural and Scientific Con­tributions. Some of the most important inventions in history A Mesopotamian ziggurat.

took place in ancient Mesopota-mia. The Sumerians (the people of Sumer) invented the wheel and the sailboat. They were able to figure how to reroute some of the water to irrigate fields farther away. They also developed tools and weapons of copper and bronze. Bronze is made by melting tin and copper together: it is stronger than copper alone.

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50 MASTERING THE TEKS IN WORLD HISTORY UNLAWFUL To PHOTOCOPY

The Sumerians devised a calendar, dividing the year into 12 months. Later, the Babylonians developed a number system based on 60, pro­viding the basis for our seconds and minutes today. They also invented the world 's earliest known writing system, cuneiform, a form of symbol writing on clay tablets. Cuneiform writing used three­dimensional marks by a stylus into clay before it hardened. Only the elite could read and write in cuneiform. Generally, priests and scribes were the ones who had this knowledge.

Legal System. The Babylonians developed the earliest written law code - the Code of Hammurabi. It covered most occurrences in daily life. Its aim was to ensure justice and protect the weak . A cuneiform writing tablet.

••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ACTIN~ AS AN AMATEUR HISTORIAN Hammurabi's Code treated nobles and commoners differently. Some of the Code's provisions punished criminals quite harshly:

195: If a son strikes his father, his hands shall be [cut] off. 196: If a [noble] man puts out the eye of another [noble]man, his eye shall be put out. 197: If he breaks another [noble]man's bone, his bone shall be broken. 198: If he puts out the eye of a [commoner], he shall pay one [silver] mina.

How did the penalty a nobleman faced for putting out the eye of a nobleman or a com­moner differ?

••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Women in Mesopotamia. Most girls stayed at home with their mothers, where they

learned cooking and housekeeping. Women were responsible for raising the children and crushing the grain. There were enormous variations in the rights enjoyed by women in dif­ferent social classes. Wealthier women were able to go to the marketplace to buy goods, could complete legal matters in their husband 's absence, and could even own property. These women could engage in business for themselves, and obtain divorces. A few women, such as relatives of the ruler, enjoyed even higher status in Mesopotamian society .

••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ACTIN~ AS AN AMATEUR HISTORIAN Create your own scrapbook on the contributions of ancient civili­zations. For Mesopotamia, include cuneiform writing, the wheel, the sailboat, irrigation, bronze tools and weapons, mud bricks, and the Code of Hammurabi. For each scrapbook item, find a photo­graph or make your own picture. Describe the contribution below the image and explain its importance to modem-day civilization .

•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

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EGYPT (3 200 B.C.-500 B.c.) Egypt is located in Northeast Africa. The world's longest river, the Nile, runs through it. Each year, the Nile floods the lands along its banks, depositing fertile soil. With bright sun­shine, a long growing season, rich soi l, and an ample supply of fresh water, Egyptian farm­ers were able to grow large amounts of food. Farmers along the Nile were able to support a large number of craftsmen, warriors, priests, and nobles. Ease of communication along the river encouraged the development of a highly centralized government.

Government and Society. The most powerful person in ancient Egypt was the pharaoh (king). The pharaoh governed Egypt as an absolute ruler. The pharaoh owned all the land, commanded the army, made laws, con­trolled irrigation and grain supplies, and defended Egypt from foreigners. Egyptians considered the pharaoh to be a god. Egypt was a monarchy, a system of government in which political power is inherited. Each pharaoh inherited absolute power from his father.

Next in the social order below the pharaoh came the priests and nobles. Then came Egypt 's warriors, scribes, merchants and craftsmen. At the bot­tom of society were peasants and slaves. They spent their time farming, herding cattle, and working on building projects for the pharaohs.

Religion. The ancient Egyptians believed the body should be preserved Pharaoh

after death to participate in the afterlife. When pharaohs died, their bod- Sesosrois 111,

ies were embalmed and buried in a special room under a large triangular (c. 1860 B.c.)

stone tomb known as a pyramid. Here they were surrounded with gold, jewels, and other precious objects for use in the afterlife, which Egyptians imagined as similar to life before death. Archaeologists have used these artifacts to learn a great deal about ancient Egypt.

I EGYPTIAN ACCOMPLISHMENTS I Medicine. Egyptians developed knowledge of the human body through embalming (preserving). They per­formed surgical operations, such as setting fractures.

Hieroglyphics. Ancient Egyptians developed one of the earli­est forms of writing, based on picture symbols. Hieroglyphics appeared on temples, pyramids and on scrolls of reed paper, known as papyrus.

Building and Art. Egyptian architects and engineers built magnificent pyramids, palaces, and temples of stone. They decorated their buildings with paintings and sculptures.

Hieroglyphic writing from a tomb.

Geometry and Astronomy. Egyptians developed geometry to build projects such as pyramids. By observing the stars, they developed a calendar based on 365 days.

Name Date _______ _

52 MASTERING THE TEKS IN WORLD HISTORY UNLAWFUL TO PHOTOCOPY

APPLYING WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED

* Identify one way in which Egyptian and Mesopotamian societies were similar.

* Identify one way in which Egyptian and Mesopotamian societies differed.

INDIA More than 5,000 years ago, the Indus River Valley became another of the first centers of human civilization. In this region, as in Egypt and Mesopotamia, a river deposited rich soil over the neigh­boring plain during its annual flood.

INDUS CIVILIZATION, circa 1500 B.C.

Agriculture and Building. Farmers grew barley, wheat, dates and melons. Food surpluses allowed people to build large cities like Harrappa and Mohenjo­Daro. Each of these cities had more than 30,000 people. More than 1,000 cities and settlements belonging to the Indus River Valley civilization have already been excavated. The artifacts found in

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400

these settlements suggest a technologically advanced urban culture. Dockyards, granruies, warehouses, brick platforms and protective walls were present in many of their cities. They were also among the first "urban planners," with almost all their houses connected to pub­lic sewers and a water supply. These people, known as the Harrappans, were also the first people known to make cotton cloth.

Trade and Collapse. Trade was an important part of the Harrappan economy. Many small clay seals, probably used for trading purposes, have been discovered by archaeolo­gists. They have also found kilns for making pottery and evidence of the use of metals. The Harappans developed their own form of writing, although scholars are still unable to decipher it. No one knows exactly why this civilization collapsed, but its end occurred suddenly.

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UNLAWFUL TO PHOTOCOPY CHAPTER 5: The Rise of River Valley Civilizations 53

APPLYING WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED What were some of the achievements of the Harappan civilization in the Indus River

Valley?---------------------------

About 500 years after the settlement of the Indus River Valley, China's first civilization emerged in the fertile plains along the Huang He (Yellow River).

Agriculture. As in the Nile and Indus River Valleys, the fertility of the soil along the Huang He was increased by the river 's periodic floods. Around 4,500 B.C., people along the Huang He began growing millet (a type of grain). Later, they learned to farm soybeans

CHINA

and raise chickens, dogs, and pigs. D Extent of Shang Empire

Government. Around 1700 B.C. a ruling family, or dynasty, known as the Shang, took power. They built the

circa 1100 s.c.

first Chinese cities and established their capital at Anyang, near the Huang He. The Shang ruled with the help of power­ful nobles. Shang kings were military leaders. They were also high priests who offered sacrifices to their royal ancestors.

Cultural Contributions. The people living in the Huang He Valley were skilled at many crafts. Their ability in bronze work can be seen in many objects surviving from this period, including superior weapons and ceremonial vessels. They also were the first to make silk textiles from silkworm cocoons. Finally, they developed a system of writing with pictographs, known as characters. Each character represented one word. Their pictorial characteristics, often with only minor modi­fications, are still used in written Chinese today. Even those speaking different dialects use the same characteristics.

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54 MASTERING THE TEKS IN WORLD HISTORY UNLAWFUL To PHOTOCOPY

APPLYING WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED Complete the chart below.

Civilization Location Agriculture Government Contributions

Mesopotamia

Egypt

Indus River Valley

China

THE ANCIENT HEBREWS The ancient Hebrews, or Israelites, lived south of Phoenicia in the area occupied by present-day Israel, Lebanon, and Jordan. Because of their location, the Hebrews were deeply influenced by the civilizations of both Mesopotamia and Egypt. According to tradition, the forefather of the Hebrews, Abraham, grew up in Mesopotamia in the city of Ur. Later, Abraham moved to Israel.

Unlike other ancient peoples, the Hebrews did not believe in many gods. Instead, they believed in one universal God, who was both just and all-powerful. This new religion was called Judaism. Jews did not believe that God had human characteristics or the head or body of an animal, like the gods and goddesses of Mesopotamia and Egypt.

PHOENICIAN AND HEBREW KINGDOMS, circa 920 B.C.

~· & SYRIA

s Byblos

MEDITERRANEAN SEA Sidon !::- •

Tyre '! .., PALESTINE

tHEBREW KINGDOMS

Q Kingdom of Judah

• Kingdom of Israel

e PhoeniC1c1

Q Ph1hs11nes

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UNLAWFUL TO PHOTOCOPY CHAPTER 5: The Rise of River Valley Civilizations 55

Jews saw their God as an invisible but powerful force or spirit that created the world and that demanded proper moral conduct. Monotheism, the belief in one God, became the basis for several later religions, including both Christianity and Islam.

THE TEN COMMANDMENTS The early history of the Hebrews and their relationship with God is told in the first books of the Bible, known as the Old Testament. According to the Bible, the ancient Hebrews migrated to Egypt to escape food shortages from drought. They remained in Egypt for hundreds of years, where they became enslaved. Their leader, Moses, later took them out of Egypt and freed them from slavery. According to the Bible, Moses also presented the Hebrews with the Ten Commandments, which came directly from God. These command­ments forbade stealing, murder, adultery, and other forms of immoral behavior. They also commanded the Hebrews to worship one God and to keep the Sabbath (a day of rest).

When the Hebrews returned to Israel from Egypt, around 1,000 B.C., they found it was occupied by new peoples. This led to a series of wars, ending with the Jewish re-conquest oflsrael. The Hebrews then established their capital at Jerusalem, where they built a temple to worship God.

APPLYING WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED Examine each of the following commandments and explain how it was important in creating a moral society.

* "Honor your father and your mother." ---------------

* "Thou shall not kill."-------------------

* "Thou shall not steal."--------------------

* "Thou shall not bear false witness against your neighbor." _______ _

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56 MASTERING THE TEKS IN WORLD HISTORY UNLAWFUL TO PHOTOCOPY

Complete the graphic organizer below. For each ancient civilization, identify its loca­tion. Then describe some of its characteristics, such as its form of government or religious beliefs. Finally, list some of its accomplishments or cultural contributions.

Mesopotamia Egypt

Location: _________ _ Location: _________ _

Characteristics: _______ _ Characteristics: _______ _

Achievements: ________ _ Achievements: ________ _

India

Location: _ ___ _

Characteristics: __ _

Achievements: __ _

THE FIRST CIVILIZATIONS

China

Location: ____ _

Characteristics: __ _

Achievements: __ _

Hebrews

Location: ____ _

Characteristics: __ _

Achievements: __ _

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UNLAWFUL TO PHOTOCOPY CHAPTER 5: The Rise of River Valley Civilizations 57

CHAPfER SfUOY CAROS ------------------------------9------------------------------,

Culture/ Civilization

* Culture. A people's way of life - their foods, clothing, customs and beliefs. Culture is a form of learned behavior that is passed from one generation to the next. * Civilization. Advanced form of society in which some people live in cities, have com­plex institutions, use some form of writing, and are skilled in science and technology

Neolithic Revolution

The Neolithic Revolution occurred in the Middle East 10,000 years ago. People saw they could obtain food by planting seeds. * Food Surpluses. People began to change

from hunters and gatherers to producers of food. * Domestication of Animals. People learned to domesticate animals such as goats, sheep, and cattle. * Settlements. People no longer had to wan­der in search of food and could now estab­lish settlements with permanent homes.

I I I I I I I

~

·------------------------------·------------------------------· River Valley Civilizations

The first civilizations developed along rivers with fertile soil from periodic floods . Here, farm­ers were able to grow a surplus of food, allowing the rise of civilization. * Mesopotamia. The region between the Tigris

and Euphrates Rivers; invented the sailboat, irrigation, the wheel, calendar, and bronze. * Egypt. Developed along the Nile River in North Africa; Egyptian society was ruled by a powerful pharaoh; built pyramids. * India. The Indus River deposited rich soil over the neighboring plain. * China. China's first civilization emerged in the fertile plains along the Huang He.

Judaism

Judaism was the religion of the ancient Hebrews. It began in the ancient lands now known as Israel. Moses led Jews out of Egyptian slavery. * Judaism is the first religion to teach

monotheism - the belief in one God. * Old Testament. History of Jewish people is told in the first books of the Bible, known as the Old Testament. * Ten Commandments. Established a moral code of conduct: emphasizes living justly; belief in one God; honoring one's parents, not killing or stealing.

------------------------------4

CHECK IN& YOUR UNOERSf ANOIN& Directions: Circle the letter that best answers the question.

1 An archaeologist discovered a preserved mummy, hieroglyphics written on stone walls, and an embalmed pharaoh. In which location on the map was this site most likely found? A Site A ( Hist t(A) )

B Site B C Site C D Site D

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58 MASTERING THE TEKS IN WORLD HISTORY UNLAWFUL TO PHOTOCOPY

First, f_XAMINE the question. This question tests your abilit y to identify an ancient river valley civilization from artifacts and t hen locate that civilization on a map. You should .!S.ECALL what you know. The ancient Egyptians had mummies and used hieroglyphics in their writing. You should also recall that ancient Egypt was located in northeast part of Africa, along the banks of the Nile River. If you APPLY what you know to these choices, you should realize that three locat ions on the map identify other ancient civilizations, but not that of ancient Egypt. The best answer is Choice A, since that location in Northern Africa is where the ancient Egyptian civilization was located.

Now try answering some additional questions on your own.

2 According to the map on the previous page, what did each of the ancient civilizations indicated by letters on the map have in common? F They were ruled by a pharaoh. ( Hist t6(B) )

G They first began along river valleys. H They farmed wheat and barley. J They buried their rulers in large pyramids.

3 The Neolithic Revolution occurred when people discovered how to -A grow food and domesticate animals ( Econ t7(A) )

B trade with others in the same river valley C fight wars using metal weapons D make stone temples for religious ceremonies

4 Archaeological discoveries suggest that -F the Sumerians in Mesopotamia invented the sailboat ( STS 27 (A) )

G farming societies developed before hunting and gathering societies H all the continents were settled at the same time J the wheel was first used in ancient China

5 Four events dealing with some early events in world history are listed below.

A. In the Ice Age, people migrate to parts of North America

B. The start of the Neolithic Revolution

C. Homo Sapiens make their first appearance in history

D. Groups of people make tools out of stone

Which is the correct chronological order of these events? A A-7B-7C-7D B A-7B-7D-7C C D-7C-7A-7B D C-7D-7A-7B

( Hist l(A) )

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UNLAWFUL TO PHOTOCOPY CHAPTER 5: The Rise of River Valley Civilizations 59

6 The river valleys of the Tigris-Euphrates, the Nile, and the Indus were centers of civi-lization because they -F had rich deposits of iron ore and coal (Geog 16(8))

G were isolated from other cultural influences H had fertile soil, fresh water, and warm climates J were easy to defend from invasion

Use the passage and your knowledge of social studies to answer the following question.

"If a seignior (noble) has knocked out the tooth of a seignior of his own rank, he shall knock out his tooth. But if he has knocked out a commoner's tooth, he shall pay one­third mina of silver."

- Code of Hammurabi

7 Which principle of Babylonian society does this excerpt from the Code of Hammurabi illustrate? A All men were equal under the law. ( Govt 20(8))

B Fines were preferable to corporal punishment. C Divisions existed between social classes. D Violence was always punished with violence.

8 Which is a major characteristic of Judaism? A belief in a single just and all-powerful God B praying five times a day C following the Eightfold Path D worshipping many gods

( Cult 23(A) )

9 What was one similarity between the ancient civilizations of Egypt and China? F They both had a democratic government. c--H-ist_2_(_B)'""""')

G They both believed in one God. H They both had written forms of communication. J They both carried on trade with the Americas.

10 Which development led to the other three? A complex civilizations B surplus of food C division of labor D domestication of plants and animals

( Hist 2(A) )

11 The Code of Hammurabi was a major contribution to the development of civilization because it -F treated citizens and slaves equally ( Govt 20(8) ) G ended all physical punishment H established written laws J rejected the principle of filial piety