The American Pageant Chapter 27 Empire and Expansion Cover Slide Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Adapted from: Ms. Susan M

The American Pageant

Chapter 27

Empire and Expansion

Cover SlideCover Slide

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Adapted from: Ms. Susan M. PojerAdapted from: Ms. Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY Adapted from: Ms. Susan M. PojerAdapted from: Ms. Susan M. Pojer

Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY

America Turns OutwardAmerica Turns Outward• Background:Background:

– End of the Civil War to the 1880s:End of the Civil War to the 1880s:

• US = very isolationistUS = very isolationist

– 1890s: began to expand onto the world stage, why?1890s: began to expand onto the world stage, why?

• rising exportsrising exports

• manufacturing capabilitymanufacturing capability

• power, and wealthpower, and wealth

• overseas markets needed to sell goodsoverseas markets needed to sell goods

• ““yellow press” yellow press” or “or “yellow journalism” yellow journalism” ((Joseph Pulitzer Joseph Pulitzer and and William Randolph Hearst)William Randolph Hearst)

• missionaries inspired by missionaries inspired by Reverend Josiah Strong’s Reverend Josiah Strong’s Our Our Country: It’s Possible Future and Its Present CrisisCountry: It’s Possible Future and Its Present Crisis

– Strong spoke for civilizing and Christianizing savages.Strong spoke for civilizing and Christianizing savages.

America Turns OutwardAmerica Turns Outward• Darwin’s influence:Darwin’s influence:

– People interpreted survival-of-the-fittest to mean that the US = the People interpreted survival-of-the-fittest to mean that the US = the fittestfittest• needed to take over other nations to improve them.needed to take over other nations to improve them.

• Remember: Europeans had carved up Africa and China by this time.Remember: Europeans had carved up Africa and China by this time.• Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan’s Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan’s 1890 book, 1890 book, The Influence of Sea The Influence of Sea

Power Upon HistoryPower Upon History, 1660-1783, 1660-1783– argued that argued that every successful world power once held a great every successful world power once held a great

navynavy. . – helped start a naval race among the great powers helped start a naval race among the great powers – moved the U.S. to naval supremacymoved the U.S. to naval supremacy– motivated the U.S. to look to expanding overseas.motivated the U.S. to look to expanding overseas.

America Turns OutwardAmerica Turns Outward• Secretary of State James G. Blaine pushed his “Secretary of State James G. Blaine pushed his “Big SisterBig Sister” ”

policypolicy– sought better relations w/ Latin Americasought better relations w/ Latin America– 1889, he presided over the first Pan-American Conference, held 1889, he presided over the first Pan-American Conference, held

in Washington D.C.in Washington D.C.

• Other diplomatic affairsOther diplomatic affairs– US & Germany almost went to war over the Samoan IslandsUS & Germany almost went to war over the Samoan Islands

• over whom could build a naval base there over whom could build a naval base there

– Italy & US almost foughtItaly & US almost fought• due to the lynching of 11 Italians in New Orleans, due to the lynching of 11 Italians in New Orleans,

– U.S.& Chile almost went to warU.S.& Chile almost went to war• after the deaths of 2 US sailors at Valparaiso in 1892.after the deaths of 2 US sailors at Valparaiso in 1892.

America Turns OutwardAmerica Turns Outward• Venezuela & Britain Venezuela & Britain

– strengthening the Monroe Doctrinestrengthening the Monroe Doctrine– British Guiana & Venezuela had been disputing British Guiana & Venezuela had been disputing

their border for many yearstheir border for many years– when gold was discovered, the situation when gold was discovered, the situation

worsenedworsened– the U.S., (President Grover Cleveland)the U.S., (President Grover Cleveland)

• sent a note written by Secretary of State Richard sent a note written by Secretary of State Richard Olney to Britain Olney to Britain

– informing them that the British actions were trespassing the informing them that the British actions were trespassing the Monroe Doctrine Monroe Doctrine

– U.S. controlled things in the Americas.U.S. controlled things in the Americas.

America Turns OutwardAmerica Turns Outward• GB & Venezuela (cont)GB & Venezuela (cont)

– British replied—said was none of the U.S's business.British replied—said was none of the U.S's business.– Cleveland replied Cleveland replied

• Created a committee to set new boundary & if GB would Created a committee to set new boundary & if GB would not accept it, then U.S. implied it would fight for it.not accept it, then U.S. implied it would fight for it.

– GB didn’t want to fight --fear of the damage to its merchant GB didn’t want to fight --fear of the damage to its merchant trade trade • & the Dutch Boers of South Africa were about to go to & the Dutch Boers of South Africa were about to go to

war & Germany’s Kaiser Wilhem -- beginning to challenge war & Germany’s Kaiser Wilhem -- beginning to challenge Britain's powerBritain's power

– GB sees benefits of an alliance w/ the "Yankees" GB sees benefits of an alliance w/ the "Yankees" • began a period of "patting the eagle's head," instead of began a period of "patting the eagle's head," instead of

"twisting the lion's tale." "twisting the lion's tale." • referred to as the Great Rapprochement or reconciliation.referred to as the Great Rapprochement or reconciliation.

1. Commercial/Business 1. Commercial/Business InterestsInterests


U. S. Foreign Investments: 1869-1908

U. S. Foreign Investments: 1869-1908

American Foreign Trade:

1870-1914

American Foreign Trade:

1870-1914



2. Military/Strategic 2. Military/Strategic InterestsInterests

2. Military/Strategic 2. Military/Strategic InterestsInterests

Alfred T. Mahan The Influence of Sea Power on History: 1660-1783

Alfred T. Mahan The Influence of Sea Power on History: 1660-1783

3. Social Darwinist Thinking3. Social Darwinist Thinking3. Social Darwinist Thinking3. Social Darwinist Thinking

The White Man’sBurden

The White Man’sBurdenThe Hierarchy

of RaceThe Hierarchy

of Race

4. Religious/Missionary 4. Religious/Missionary InterestsInterests

4. Religious/Missionary 4. Religious/Missionary InterestsInterests

American Missionaries

in China, 1905

American Missionaries

in China, 1905

5. Closing the American 5. Closing the American FrontierFrontier

5. Closing the American 5. Closing the American FrontierFrontier

Spurning the Hawaiian PearSpurning the Hawaiian Pear

• From the 1820s, when the 1From the 1820s, when the 1stst U.S. U.S. missionaries came, the US had always missionaries came, the US had always liked the Hawaiian Islandsliked the Hawaiian Islands

• Treaties signed in 1875 & 1887 Treaties signed in 1875 & 1887 – guaranteed commercial trade guaranteed commercial trade – U.S. rights to priceless Pearl HarborU.S. rights to priceless Pearl Harbor

• Hawaiian sugar=very profitableHawaiian sugar=very profitable

• in 1890, the McKinley Tariff raised the in 1890, the McKinley Tariff raised the prices on this sugar, raising its price.prices on this sugar, raising its price.

U. S. Missionaries in HawaiiU. S. Missionaries in HawaiiU. S. Missionaries in HawaiiU. S. Missionaries in Hawaii

Imiola Church – first built in the late 1820s

Imiola Church – first built in the late 1820s

U. S. View of HawaiiansU. S. View of HawaiiansU. S. View of HawaiiansU. S. View of Hawaiians

Hawaii becomes a U. S. Protectorate in 1849

by virtue of economic treaties.

Hawaii becomes a U. S. Protectorate in 1849

by virtue of economic treaties.

Hawaiian Queen LiliuokalaniHawaiian Queen LiliuokalaniHawaiian Queen LiliuokalaniHawaiian Queen Liliuokalani

Hawaii for the Hawaiians!

Hawaii for the Hawaiians!

U. S. Business Interests In U. S. Business Interests In HawaiiHawaii

U. S. Business Interests In U. S. Business Interests In HawaiiHawaii

1875 – 1875 – Reciprocity Reciprocity Treaty Treaty

1890 – 1890 – McKinley McKinley TariffTariff

1893 – AmericanAmericanbusinessmen backed businessmen backed ananuprising against uprising against Queen Queen Liliuokalani.Liliuokalani.

Sanford Ballard DoleSanford Ballard Dole

proclaims the proclaims the Republic Republic of Hawaii in 1894.of Hawaii in 1894.

Spurning the Hawaiian PearSpurning the Hawaiian Pear

• Americans felt that the best way to offset this was Americans felt that the best way to offset this was to annex Hawaiito annex Hawaii– opposed by its Queen Liliuokalaniopposed by its Queen Liliuokalani– in 1893, desperate Americans in Hawaii revoltedin 1893, desperate Americans in Hawaii revolted

• Succeeded--Hawaii seemed ready for annexationSucceeded--Hawaii seemed ready for annexation• Grover Cleveland became president againGrover Cleveland became president again

– investigated the coupinvestigated the coup– found it to be wrongfound it to be wrong– delayed the annexation of Hawaii until he basically left delayed the annexation of Hawaii until he basically left

office.office.

To The Victor Belongs the To The Victor Belongs the SpoilsSpoils

To The Victor Belongs the To The Victor Belongs the SpoilsSpoils

Hawaiian Annexation Ceremony, 1898

Hawaiian Annexation Ceremony, 1898

Cubans Rise in RevoltCubans Rise in Revolt• 1895--Cuba revolted agst Spain1895--Cuba revolted agst Spain

– citing years of misruleciting years of misrule– Cubans torched their sugar cane fieldsCubans torched their sugar cane fields

• hoped that such destruction would either make Spain leave hoped that such destruction would either make Spain leave or America interfere (the American tariff of 1894 had raised or America interfere (the American tariff of 1894 had raised prices on it anyway)prices on it anyway)

• America supported CubaAmerica supported Cuba• situation worsened…Spanish General Valeriano situation worsened…Spanish General Valeriano

“Butcher” Weyler came to Cuba “Butcher” Weyler came to Cuba – Tried to crush the revolt Tried to crush the revolt – put many civilians into concentration camps & killed put many civilians into concentration camps & killed

many.many.

Spanish Misrule in CubaSpanish Misrule in CubaSpanish Misrule in CubaSpanish Misrule in Cuba

Cubans Rise in RevoltCubans Rise in Revolt

• American public clamored for action, American public clamored for action, – spurred on by the yellow press, but Cleveland spurred on by the yellow press, but Cleveland

would do nothing.would do nothing.

• yellow pressyellow press– competed agst each other to come up w/morecompeted agst each other to come up w/more

sensational storiessensational stories• Hearst even sent artist Frederick Remington toHearst even sent artist Frederick Remington to

draw pictures of often-fictional atrocitiesdraw pictures of often-fictional atrocities– he drew Spanish officials brutally stripping & searching an he drew Spanish officials brutally stripping & searching an

American womanAmerican woman

– in reality, Spanish women, not men, did such acts.in reality, Spanish women, not men, did such acts.

Valeriano Weyler’s Valeriano Weyler’s “Reconcentration” Policy“Reconcentration” Policy

Valeriano Weyler’s Valeriano Weyler’s “Reconcentration” Policy“Reconcentration” Policy


• Dupuy Dupuy de Lôme Letterde Lôme Letter (Spanish minister to (Spanish minister to Washington):Washington):– February 9, 1898, ridiculed President McKinleyFebruary 9, 1898, ridiculed President McKinley– published by Hearstpublished by Hearst

• February 15, 1898, the U.S. battleship February 15, 1898, the U.S. battleship U.S.S. U.S.S. Maine Maine mysteriously exploded in Havana Harbormysteriously exploded in Havana Harbor– killed 260 officers & men.killed 260 officers & men.– Despite an unknown cause, America was war-mad Despite an unknown cause, America was war-mad

and therefore Spain received the blame.and therefore Spain received the blame.

De Lôme LetterDe Lôme LetterDe Lôme LetterDe Lôme Letter

Dupuy de Lôme, Dupuy de Lôme, SpanishSpanishAmbassador to the Ambassador to the U.S.U.S.

Criticized PresidentCriticized PresidentMcKinley as McKinley as weak and weak and aabidder for the bidder for the admirationadmirationof the crowd, besidesof the crowd, besidesbeing a would-be being a would-be politicianpoliticianwho tries to leave a who tries to leave a doordooropen behind himself open behind himself whilewhilekeeping on good termskeeping on good termswith the jingoes of hiswith the jingoes of hisparty.party.

Cubans Rise in RevoltCubans Rise in Revolt• Hearst called down to Cuba, “You supply the Hearst called down to Cuba, “You supply the

pictures, I’ll supply the story.”pictures, I’ll supply the story.”

• What really happened? What really happened? – an an accidental explosion accidental explosion had basically blown up the had basically blown up the

ship—a similar conclusion to what Spanish ship—a similar conclusion to what Spanish investigators suggested—but investigators suggested—but America ignored themAmerica ignored them..

• American public wanted warAmerican public wanted war

• McKinley privately didn’t like war or the McKinley privately didn’t like war or the

• Wall Street didn’t want war because it would upset Wall Street didn’t want war because it would upset businessbusiness

““Yellow Journalism” & Yellow Journalism” & JingoismJingoism

““Yellow Journalism” & Yellow Journalism” & JingoismJingoism

Joseph PulitzerJoseph Pulitzer

William Randolph Hearst

William Randolph Hearst

Hearst to Frederick Hearst to Frederick Remington:Remington: You furnish the You furnish the pictures,pictures, and I’ll furnish the war! and I’ll furnish the war!

Remember the MaineRemember the Maineand to Hell with Spain!and to Hell with Spain!Remember the MaineRemember the Maineand to Hell with Spain!and to Hell with Spain!

Funeral for Maine victims in Havana

Funeral for Maine victims in Havana


• April 11, 1898, the president sent his war message April 11, 1898, the president sent his war message to Congress anyway, since: to Congress anyway, since: – (1) war with Spain seemed inevitable(1) war with Spain seemed inevitable– (2) America had to defend democracy(2) America had to defend democracy– (3) opposing a war could split the Republican party and (3) opposing a war could split the Republican party and

America.America.

• Congress also adopted the Congress also adopted the Teller AmendmentTeller Amendment– proclaimed that when the U.S. had overthrown Spanish proclaimed that when the U.S. had overthrown Spanish

misrule, it would give the Cubans their freedom and not misrule, it would give the Cubans their freedom and not conquer it.conquer it.

Dewey’s May Day Victory at ManilaDewey’s May Day Victory at Manila• On paper, at least, Spanish had advantage over U.S.On paper, at least, Spanish had advantage over U.S.

– more troopsmore troops– a supposedly better armya supposedly better army– younger (& seemingly more daring) generalsyounger (& seemingly more daring) generals

• Navy Secretary John D. Long & his assistant secretary, Navy Secretary John D. Long & his assistant secretary, T. Roosevelt modernized U.S. navyT. Roosevelt modernized U.S. navy– February 25, 1898, Roosevelt cabled Commodore George February 25, 1898, Roosevelt cabled Commodore George

Dewey, commanding the American Asiatic Squadron at Hong Dewey, commanding the American Asiatic Squadron at Hong KongKong

• told him to take over the Philippines.told him to take over the Philippines.

• Dewey did so brilliantly, completely taking over the Dewey did so brilliantly, completely taking over the islands from the Spanish.islands from the Spanish.

Theodore RooseveltTheodore RooseveltTheodore RooseveltTheodore Roosevelt

Assistant Assistant Secretary of the Secretary of the Navy in the Navy in the McKinley McKinley administration.administration.

Imperialist and Imperialist and American American nationalist.nationalist.

Criticized Criticized PresidentPresidentMcKinley as McKinley as having the having the backbone of a backbone of a chocolate éclair!chocolate éclair!

Resigns his Resigns his position to fight in position to fight in Cuba.Cuba.

• August 13, 1898, American troops arrived August 13, 1898, American troops arrived & captured Manila& captured Manila

• They collaborated w/ Filipino insurgents, They collaborated w/ Filipino insurgents, led by led by Emilio AguinaldoEmilio Aguinaldo, to overthrow the , to overthrow the Spanish rulers.Spanish rulers.

• On July 7, 1898, U.S. annexed Hawaii (so On July 7, 1898, U.S. annexed Hawaii (so that it could use the islands to support that it could use the islands to support Dewey, supposedly)Dewey, supposedly)– Hawaii received full territorial status in 1900.Hawaii received full territorial status in 1900.

Dewey’s May Day Victory at ManilaDewey’s May Day Victory at Manila

The Confused Invasion of CubaThe Confused Invasion of Cuba

• Spanish sent warships to CubaSpanish sent warships to Cuba• American ground troops, led by General American ground troops, led by General

William R. Shafter, were ill-prepared for William R. Shafter, were ill-prepared for combat in the tropical environmentcombat in the tropical environment– i.e. they had woolen long underweari.e. they had woolen long underwear

• “ “Rough RidersRough Riders,”,”– regiment of volunteers led by Theodore Roosevelt regiment of volunteers led by Theodore Roosevelt

& Colonel Leonard Wood& Colonel Leonard Wood– rushed to Cuba & battled at El Caney stormed up rushed to Cuba & battled at El Caney stormed up

San Juan Hill.San Juan Hill.

• Soon afterwards--August 12, 1898Soon afterwards--August 12, 1898– Spain signed an armistice.Spain signed an armistice.

• IF the Spaniards had held out for a few IF the Spaniards had held out for a few more months, they might have wonmore months, they might have won– American army was plagued w/ dysentery,American army was plagued w/ dysentery,

typhoid, & yellow fevertyphoid, & yellow fever

The Confused Invasion of CubaThe Confused Invasion of Cuba

The The “Rough “Rough Riders”Riders”

The The “Rough “Rough Riders”Riders”

The Spanish-American War The Spanish-American War (1898):(1898):

“That Splendid Little War”“That Splendid Little War”

The Spanish-American War The Spanish-American War (1898):(1898):

“That Splendid Little War”“That Splendid Little War”

How prepared was the US for war?

How prepared was the US for war?

The Treaty of Paris: 1898The Treaty of Paris: 1898The Treaty of Paris: 1898The Treaty of Paris: 1898

Cuba was freed from Spanish rule.Cuba was freed from Spanish rule.

Spain gave up Puerto Rico and the Spain gave up Puerto Rico and the island ofisland ofGuam.Guam.

The U. S. paid SpainThe U. S. paid Spain$20 mil. for the$20 mil. for thePhilippines.Philippines.

The U. S. becomesThe U. S. becomesan imperial power!an imperial power!

• When U.S. took Philippines, uproar broke out, why?When U.S. took Philippines, uproar broke out, why?– until now, US had mostly acquired territory from the until now, US had mostly acquired territory from the

American continentAmerican continent

– even with Alaska, Hawaii, & the othereven with Alaska, Hawaii, & the otherscattered islands, there weren’t many people living there.scattered islands, there weren’t many people living there.

• Anti-Imperialist League Anti-Imperialist League is formed:is formed:– firmly opposed to this new imperialism of Americafirmly opposed to this new imperialism of America

– members included Mark Twain, William James, Samuel members included Mark Twain, William James, Samuel Gompers, and Andrew Carnegie.Gompers, and Andrew Carnegie.

– Even the Filipinos wanted freedom & denying that to them Even the Filipinos wanted freedom & denying that to them was un-American.was un-American.

America’s Course (Curse?) of EmpireAmerica’s Course (Curse?) of Empire

The American Anti-The American Anti-Imperialist Imperialist

League League

The American Anti-The American Anti-Imperialist Imperialist

League LeagueFounded in 1899.Founded in 1899.

Mark Twain, Mark Twain, Andrew Andrew Carnegie, WilliamCarnegie, WilliamJames, and WilliamJames, and WilliamJennings Bryan Jennings Bryan amongamongthe leaders.the leaders.

Campaigned Campaigned against the against the annexation of theannexation of thePhilippines and Philippines and otherotheracts of imperialism.acts of imperialism.

• Expansionists say that the Philippines could Expansionists say that the Philippines could become another Hong Kong.become another Hong Kong.– British writer Rudyard Kipling wrote about “The White British writer Rudyard Kipling wrote about “The White

Man’s Burden,” urging America to keep the Man’s Burden,” urging America to keep the Philippines and “civilize them.”Philippines and “civilize them.”

• In the Senate, the treaty was almost not passedIn the Senate, the treaty was almost not passed– finally, William Jennings Bryan argued for its passagefinally, William Jennings Bryan argued for its passage

• said that the sooner the treaty was passed, the sooner the said that the sooner the treaty was passed, the sooner the U.S. could get rid of the Philippines. U.S. could get rid of the Philippines.

• The treaty passed by only one vote.The treaty passed by only one vote.

America’s Course (Curse?) of EmpireAmerica’s Course (Curse?) of Empire

Puerto Rico: 1898Puerto Rico: 1898Puerto Rico: 1898Puerto Rico: 18981900 - Foraker ActForaker Act..

PR became an “unincorporated PR became an “unincorporated territory.”territory.”

Citizens of PR, not of the US.Citizens of PR, not of the US.

Import duties on PR goodsImport duties on PR goods

1901-1903 1901-1903 the the Insular CasesInsular Cases..

Constitutional rights were not Constitutional rights were not automatically extended to territorial automatically extended to territorial possessions.possessions.

Congress had the power to decide these Congress had the power to decide these rights.rights.

Import duties laid down by the Foraker Import duties laid down by the Foraker Act were legal!Act were legal!

Puerto Rico: 1898Puerto Rico: 1898Puerto Rico: 1898Puerto Rico: 18981917 – 1917 – Jones ActJones Act..

Gave full territorial status to PR.Gave full territorial status to PR.

Removed tariff duties on PR goods Removed tariff duties on PR goods coming into the US.coming into the US.

PRs elected theirPRs elected theirown legislators &own legislators &governor to enforcegovernor to enforcelocal laws.local laws.

PRs could NOT votePRs could NOT votein US presidentialin US presidentialelections.elections.

A resident commissioner was sent to A resident commissioner was sent to Washington to vote for PR in the Washington to vote for PR in the House.House.

• Cuba Cuba – America couldn’t improve it that muchAmerica couldn’t improve it that much– Did rid of yellow fever w/ the help of General Leonard Did rid of yellow fever w/ the help of General Leonard

Wood and Dr. Walter ReedWood and Dr. Walter Reed– 1902: U.S. walks away from Cuba1902: U.S. walks away from Cuba– encouraged Cuba to write & pass the encouraged Cuba to write & pass the Platt AmendmentPlatt Amendment, ,

which became their constitutionwhich became their constitution• (1) the U.S. could intervene and restore order in case of (1) the U.S. could intervene and restore order in case of

anarchyanarchy

• (2) that the U.S. could trade freely with Cuba (2) that the U.S. could trade freely with Cuba

• (3) that the U.S. could get two bays for naval bases, notably (3) that the U.S. could get two bays for naval bases, notably Guantanamo Bay.Guantanamo Bay.

Perplexities in Puerto Rico & CubaPerplexities in Puerto Rico & Cuba

Platt AmendmentPlatt Amendment (1903) (1903)

1.1. Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with foreign powers that would endanger its foreign powers that would endanger its independence.independence.

2.2. The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if necessary to maintain an efficient, independent necessary to maintain an efficient, independent govt.govt.

3.3. Cuba must lease Cuba must lease Guantanamo BayGuantanamo Bay to the U.S. for to the U.S. for naval and coaling station.naval and coaling station.

4.4. Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt.Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt.

Cuban Independence?Cuban Independence?Cuban Independence?Cuban Independence?

Senator Orville Platt

Senator Orville Platt

New Horizons in Two HemispheresNew Horizons in Two Hemispheres

• Spanish-American War Spanish-American War lasted only 113 lasted only 113 days:days:– AFFIRMED AMERICA’S PRESENCE AS A AFFIRMED AMERICA’S PRESENCE AS A

WORLD POWER.WORLD POWER.– America’s actions after the war made its America’s actions after the war made its

German rival jealousGerman rival jealous– Made Latin American neighbors suspiciousMade Latin American neighbors suspicious– Narrowed the bloody chasm b/w the U.S. North Narrowed the bloody chasm b/w the U.S. North

& South, which had been formed in the Civil & South, which had been formed in the Civil War.War.

““Little Brown Brothers” in the PhilippinesLittle Brown Brothers” in the Philippines• The Filipinos had assumed that they would The Filipinos had assumed that they would

receive freedom after the Spanish-American Warreceive freedom after the Spanish-American War– they didn’t they didn’t – they revolted against the U.S. they revolted against the U.S. – Insurrection began on February 4, 1899, Insurrection began on February 4, 1899,

• led by Emilio Aguinaldoled by Emilio Aguinaldo– took his troops into guerrilla warfare after open combattook his troops into guerrilla warfare after open combat

proved to be uselessproved to be useless

• Stories of atrocities aboundedStories of atrocities abounded• rebellion was broken in 1901 when U.S. soldiers invaded rebellion was broken in 1901 when U.S. soldiers invaded

Aguinaldo’s headquarters & captured himAguinaldo’s headquarters & captured him

Emilio AguinaldoEmilio AguinaldoEmilio AguinaldoEmilio Aguinaldo

LLeader of the Filipinoeader of the FilipinoUprising.Uprising.

July 4, 1946:July 4, 1946:Philippine Philippine independenceindependence

• President McKinley formed a Philippine President McKinley formed a Philippine Commission in 1899Commission in 1899– deal with the Filipinosdeal with the Filipinos– in its second year, the organization was headed in its second year, the organization was headed

by William Howard Taftby William Howard Taft• He developed a strong attachment for the Filipinos, He developed a strong attachment for the Filipinos,

calling them his “little brown brothers.”calling them his “little brown brothers.”

• Americans tried to assimilate the Filipinos, Americans tried to assimilate the Filipinos, – islanders resistedislanders resisted– finally got their independence on July 4, 1946.finally got their independence on July 4, 1946.

““Little Brown Brothers” in the PhilippinesLittle Brown Brothers” in the Philippines

William H. Taft, 1stWilliam H. Taft, 1stGov.-General of the PhilippinesGov.-General of the Philippines

William H. Taft, 1stWilliam H. Taft, 1stGov.-General of the PhilippinesGov.-General of the Philippines

Great Great administrator.administrator.

Hinging the Open Door in ChinaHinging the Open Door in China

• Background:Background:– Following its defeat by Japan in 1894-1895, Following its defeat by Japan in 1894-1895,

China had been carved into “spheres of China had been carved into “spheres of influence” by the European powers.influence” by the European powers.

• Americans = alarmedAmericans = alarmed

• churches worried about their missionarychurches worried about their missionarystrongholdsstrongholds

• businesses feared that they would not be businesses feared that they would not be able to export their products to China.able to export their products to China.

• Secretary of State John Hay dispatched his famous Secretary of State John Hay dispatched his famous Open Door Open Door note:note:– urged the European nations to keep fair competition open to urged the European nations to keep fair competition open to

all nations willing and wanting to participateall nations willing and wanting to participate– became the “became the “Open Door PolicyOpen Door Policy.”.”

• All the powers already holding spots of China didn’t likeAll the powers already holding spots of China didn’t like– only Italy, which had no sphere of influence of its own, only Italy, which had no sphere of influence of its own,

accepted unconditionally.accepted unconditionally.

• Russia didn’t accept it at allRussia didn’t accept it at all

• Other nations did, on certain conditions, Other nations did, on certain conditions,

• Thus, China was “saved” from being carved up.Thus, China was “saved” from being carved up.


The Open Door PolicyThe Open Door PolicyThe Open Door PolicyThe Open Door Policy

Secretary Secretary John HayJohn Hay..

Give all nations equalGive all nations equalaccess to trade in China.access to trade in China.

Guaranteed that China would NOT be Guaranteed that China would NOT be taken taken over by any one foreign power.over by any one foreign power.

• Boxers’ Rebellion Boxers’ Rebellion (1900) (1900) – super-patriotic group known as the “Boxers”super-patriotic group known as the “Boxers”

revolted & took over the capital of China, Beijing, revolted & took over the capital of China, Beijing, taking all foreigners hostage, including diplomatstaking all foreigners hostage, including diplomats

– a multi-national force broke the rebelliona multi-national force broke the rebellion• powers made China pay $333 million for damages, powers made China pay $333 million for damages, • U.S. eventually received $18 millionU.S. eventually received $18 million

– Fearing that the European powers would carve Fearing that the European powers would carve China up for good, now, John Hay officially China up for good, now, John Hay officially asked that China not be carved.asked that China not be carved.


The Boxer Rebellion: The Boxer Rebellion: 19001900

The Boxer Rebellion: The Boxer Rebellion: 19001900

The Peaceful Harmonious The Peaceful Harmonious Fists.Fists.

““55 Days at Peking.”55 Days at Peking.”

TheTheOpen Door Open Door

PolicyPolicy

TheTheOpen Door Open Door

PolicyPolicy

America as a Pacific America as a Pacific PowerPower

America as a Pacific America as a Pacific PowerPower

Imperialism or Bryanism in 1900?Imperialism or Bryanism in 1900?

• Election of 1900Election of 1900::– McKinley sits on his front porch & Bryan actively & personally McKinley sits on his front porch & Bryan actively & personally

campaignscampaigns

– Theodore Roosevelt’s (McKinley’s VP choice) active Theodore Roosevelt’s (McKinley’s VP choice) active campaigning took the momentum away from Bryan’s.campaigning took the momentum away from Bryan’s.

– Bryan’s supporters concentrated on imperialism—a bad moveBryan’s supporters concentrated on imperialism—a bad move• Americans were tired of the subjectAmericans were tired of the subject

– McKinley’s supporters claimed that “Bryanism,” not McKinley’s supporters claimed that “Bryanism,” not imperialism, was the problem, imperialism, was the problem,

• if Bryan became president, he would shake up the prosperity that was in if Bryan became president, he would shake up the prosperity that was in America at the time; America at the time;

• McKinley won easily. McKinley won easily.

TR: Brandisher of the Big StickTR: Brandisher of the Big Stick

• William McKinley is assassinated 6 months after William McKinley is assassinated 6 months after electionelection

• Theodore Roosevelt = the youngest president ever Theodore Roosevelt = the youngest president ever at age 42at age 42

• TR promised to carry out McKinley’s policies.TR promised to carry out McKinley’s policies.– Born into a rich family Born into a rich family – graduate from Harvardgraduate from Harvard– highly energetic and spiritedhighly energetic and spirited– his motto = “Speak softly and carry a big stick,” or his motto = “Speak softly and carry a big stick,” or

basically, “Let your actions do the talking.”basically, “Let your actions do the talking.”

• RooseveltRoosevelt– developed into a master politiciandeveloped into a master politician– a maverick uncontrollable by party machines a maverick uncontrollable by party machines – he believed that a president should lead he believed that a president should lead – =the “first modern president.”=the “first modern president.”

TR: Brandisher of the Big StickTR: Brandisher of the Big Stick

Building the Panama CanalBuilding the Panama Canal

• Background: Background: – during the Spanish-American War, the during the Spanish-American War, the

battleship battleship U.S.S. Oregon U.S.S. Oregon had been forced go had been forced go around the tip of South America to join the around the tip of South America to join the fleet in Cubafleet in Cuba

• Such a waterway would also make Such a waterway would also make defense of the recent island acquisitions defense of the recent island acquisitions easier (i.e. Philippines, Puerto Rico, easier (i.e. Philippines, Puerto Rico, Guam, Hawaii).Guam, Hawaii).

• the 1850 the 1850 Clayton-Bulwer Treaty Clayton-Bulwer Treaty with with Britain had forbade the construction by Britain had forbade the construction by either country of a canal in the Americas either country of a canal in the Americas without the other’s consent and help, but without the other’s consent and help, but

• Nullified in 1901 by the Nullified in 1901 by the Hay-Pauncefote Hay-Pauncefote TreatyTreaty


• A Nicaraguan route = possible place for a A Nicaraguan route = possible place for a canalcanal– opposed by the old French Canal Company that opposed by the old French Canal Company that

was eager to build in Panama was eager to build in Panama • Wanted to salvage something from their costly Wanted to salvage something from their costly

failure there.failure there.

• Their leader = Philippe Bunau-Varilla.Their leader = Philippe Bunau-Varilla.

• The U.S. finally chose Panama after Mount The U.S. finally chose Panama after Mount Pelée erupted and killed 30,000 people.Pelée erupted and killed 30,000 people.


• U.S. negotiated a deal that would buy a 6-U.S. negotiated a deal that would buy a 6-mile-wide strip of land in Panama for $10 mile-wide strip of land in Panama for $10 million and a $250,000 annual paymentmillion and a $250,000 annual payment– treaty was retracted by the Colombian treaty was retracted by the Colombian

government, which owned Panamagovernment, which owned Panama– TR = furiousTR = furious

• wanted construction of the canal to begin before wanted construction of the canal to begin before the 1904 campaign.the 1904 campaign.


• TR & the U.S. decided time for actionTR & the U.S. decided time for action– November 3, 1903, another revolution in Panama began November 3, 1903, another revolution in Panama began

with the killing of a Chinese civilian and a donkeywith the killing of a Chinese civilian and a donkey

– when Colombia tried to stop it, the U.S., citing an 1846 when Colombia tried to stop it, the U.S., citing an 1846 treaty with Colombia, wouldn’t let the Colombian fleet treaty with Colombia, wouldn’t let the Colombian fleet throughthrough

– Panama =recognized by the U.S.Panama =recognized by the U.S.

– 15 days later, Bunau-Varilla, the Panamanian minister 15 days later, Bunau-Varilla, the Panamanian minister despite his French nationality,despite his French nationality,signed the signed the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty

• gave a widened (6x10 mi.) Panamanian zone to the U.S. for $15 gave a widened (6x10 mi.) Panamanian zone to the U.S. for $15 million.million.


• 1904, construction began on the Panama Canal1904, construction began on the Panama Canal– problems with landslides and sanitation occurred.problems with landslides and sanitation occurred.– Colonel George Washington Goethals finally organized Colonel George Washington Goethals finally organized

the workersthe workers– Colonel William C. Gorgas exterminated yellow fever.Colonel William C. Gorgas exterminated yellow fever.

• When TR visited Panama in 1906, he was the first When TR visited Panama in 1906, he was the first U.S. president to leave America for foreign soil.U.S. president to leave America for foreign soil.

• canal was finally finished & opened in 1914, at a canal was finally finished & opened in 1914, at a cost of $400 million.cost of $400 million.


Panama CanalPanama CanalPanama CanalPanama Canal

TR in Panama(Construction

begins in 1904)

TR in Panama(Construction

begins in 1904)

TR’s Perversion of the TR’s Perversion of the Monroe DoctrineMonroe Doctrine

• Latin American nations like Venezuela & Latin American nations like Venezuela & the Dominican Republic were having a the Dominican Republic were having a hard time paying their debts to their hard time paying their debts to their European debtorsEuropean debtors– Britain & Germany decided to send force to Britain & Germany decided to send force to

South America to make the Latinos paySouth America to make the Latinos pay

TR’s Perversion of the TR’s Perversion of the Monroe DoctrineMonroe Doctrine

• TR feared that if European powers interfered in the TR feared that if European powers interfered in the Americas to collect debts, they might then stay in Americas to collect debts, they might then stay in Latin AmericaLatin America• =blatant violation of the Monroe Doctrine=blatant violation of the Monroe Doctrine• so he issued his so he issued his Roosevelt CorollaryRoosevelt Corollary

– stated that in future cases of debt problems, the U.S. would take stated that in future cases of debt problems, the U.S. would take over and handle any intervention in Latin America on behalf of over and handle any intervention in Latin America on behalf of Europe, thus keeping Europe away & the Monroe Doctrine Europe, thus keeping Europe away & the Monroe Doctrine intact.intact.

• said in effect, no one could bully Latin America except the U.S.said in effect, no one could bully Latin America except the U.S.

• Corollary didn’t bear too well with Latin America, whose countries Corollary didn’t bear too well with Latin America, whose countries

once again felt that Uncle Sam was being overbearingonce again felt that Uncle Sam was being overbearing..

The Roosevelt Corollary to The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: 1905the Monroe Doctrine: 1905The Roosevelt Corollary to The Roosevelt Corollary to

the Monroe Doctrine: 1905the Monroe Doctrine: 1905Chronic wrongdoing… Chronic wrongdoing… may in America, as may in America, as elsewhere, ultimately elsewhere, ultimately require intervention require intervention by some civilized by some civilized nation, and in the nation, and in the Western Hemisphere Western Hemisphere the adherence of the the adherence of the United States to the United States to the Monroe Doctrine may Monroe Doctrine may force the United force the United States, however States, however reluctantly, in flagrant reluctantly, in flagrant cases of suchcases of such wrongdoing or wrongdoing or impotence, to the impotence, to the exercise of an exercise of an international police international police powerpower .

Speak Softly,Speak Softly,But Carry a Big Stick!But Carry a Big Stick!

Speak Softly,Speak Softly,But Carry a Big Stick!But Carry a Big Stick!

Roosevelt on the World StageRoosevelt on the World Stage• Background:Background:

– 1904--Japan attacked Russia (Russia had been in Manchuria) & 1904--Japan attacked Russia (Russia had been in Manchuria) & proceeded to administer a series of humiliating victories until the proceeded to administer a series of humiliating victories until the Japanese began to run short on menJapanese began to run short on men

– they approached Theodore Roosevelt to facilitate a peace treatythey approached Theodore Roosevelt to facilitate a peace treaty– Treaty of Portsmouth Treaty of Portsmouth (in NH, 1905)(in NH, 1905)

• both sides met, & though both were stubborn (Japan wanted all of the both sides met, & though both were stubborn (Japan wanted all of the strategic island of Sakhalin while the Russians disagreed)strategic island of Sakhalin while the Russians disagreed)

• TR negotiated a deal in which Japan got half of Sakhalin but no TR negotiated a deal in which Japan got half of Sakhalin but no indemnity for its losses.indemnity for its losses.

– TR: Receives the Nobel Peace Prize for thisTR: Receives the Nobel Peace Prize for this– America lost allies in Russia & Japan, neither of which felt that it America lost allies in Russia & Japan, neither of which felt that it

had received its fair share of winnings.had received its fair share of winnings.

Japanese Laborers in CaliforniaJapanese Laborers in California

• After the war, many Japanese immigrants poured After the war, many Japanese immigrants poured into California, and fears of a “yellow peril” arose into California, and fears of a “yellow peril” arose again.again.

• The showdown came in 1906 after the San The showdown came in 1906 after the San Francisco earthquake when the city decreed that, Francisco earthquake when the city decreed that, due to lack of space, Chinese, Japanese, & Korean due to lack of space, Chinese, Japanese, & Korean children should attend a special schoolchildren should attend a special school– became an international issue, but TR settled it became an international issue, but TR settled it

eventually.eventually.– San Francisco would not displace students while Japan San Francisco would not displace students while Japan

would keep its laborers in Japan.would keep its laborers in Japan.

Gentleman’s Agreement: Gentleman’s Agreement: 19081908

Gentleman’s Agreement: Gentleman’s Agreement: 19081908A Japanese note agreeing A Japanese note agreeing

to deny passports toto deny passports tolaborers entering the U.S.laborers entering the U.S.

Japan recognized the U.S.Japan recognized the U.S.right to exclude Japaneseright to exclude Japaneseimmigrants holding passportsimmigrants holding passportsissued by other countries.issued by other countries.

The U.S. government got theThe U.S. government got theschool board of San Francisco school board of San Francisco to rescind their order toto rescind their order tosegregate Asians in separatesegregate Asians in separateschools.schools.

1908 1908 Root-Takahira Root-Takahira AgreementAgreement

pledged the U.S. and Japan to respect each other’s territorial possessions in the Pacific and to uphold the Open Door Policy in China.

The Cares of a Growing The Cares of a Growing FamilyFamily

The Cares of a Growing The Cares of a Growing FamilyFamily

Constable of the WorldConstable of the WorldConstable of the WorldConstable of the World

• To impress the Japanese, Roosevelt sent To impress the Japanese, Roosevelt sent his entire battleship fleet, “The Great his entire battleship fleet, “The Great White Fleet,” around the world for aWhite Fleet,” around the world for atour, and it received tremendous salutes in tour, and it received tremendous salutes in Latin America, New Zealand, Hawaii, Latin America, New Zealand, Hawaii, Australia, and Japan, helping relieve Australia, and Japan, helping relieve tensions.tensions.

Roosevelt on the World StageRoosevelt on the World Stage

The Great White Fleet: 1907The Great White Fleet: 1907The Great White Fleet: 1907The Great White Fleet: 1907

Documents

The American Pageant Chapter 27 Empire and Expansion Cover Slide Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Adapted from: Ms. Susan M