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The American Pageant
Chapter 2:The Planting of English
America
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Adapted from: Ms. Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY
• Background:– By 1600- North America = largely
unclaimed– Even though Spanish had much
control in Central & South America.• Spain had only set up Santa Fe, • France had founded Quebec• Britain had founded Jamestown
England’s Imperial StirringsEngland’s Imperial Stirrings
• Earlier in the 1500s– GB failed to effectively colonize due to internal
conflicts.– Protestant Reformation:
• King Henry VIII broke w/Church– After Elizabeth I became queen, GB became
basically Protestant– Rivalry w/Catholic Spain intensified– In Ireland
• Catholics sought Spain’s help in revolting against England
• English crushed the uprising • developed an attitude of sneering contempt for
natives.
England’s Imperial StirringsEngland’s Imperial Stirrings
• Francis Drake – pirated Spanish ships for gold – circumnavigated the globe– Elizabeth I knighted him on his ship – reward angered Spanish who sought
revenge.• Meanwhile
– English attempts at colonization in the New World failed embarrassingly• Sir Walter Raleigh and the Roanoke
Island Colony• known as “The Lost Colony.”
Elizabeth Energizes AmericaElizabeth Energizes America
• Spain attacked Britain– lost in the Spanish Armada’s defeat of 1588
• opened the door for Britain to cross the Atlantic.• swarmed to America • took over the lead in colonization & power
– Victory also fueled England to new heights due to…• Strong government/popular monarch, more
religious unity, a sense of nationalism• Golden age of literature (Shakespeare)• Beginning of British dominance at sea (which
lasts until U.S. tops them, around 1900)• Britain & Spain finally signed a peace treaty in 1604.
Elizabeth Energizes AmericaElizabeth Energizes America
• Population growth in the 1500s• Enclosure
– New Policy (fencing in land) for farming– = less or no land for the poor.
• woolen districts fell upon hard times economically. – Workers lost jobs
• Tradition of primogeniture = 1st born son inherits ALL father’s land– younger sons of rich folk (who couldn’t inherit money)
tried their luck with fortunes elsewhere, like America.• By the 1600s, the joint-stock company was perfected
– investors put money into the company w/hopes for a good return
– forerunner of today’s corporations.
England on the Eve of EmpireEngland on the Eve of Empire
VirginiaVirginia
The Charter of the Virginia Company: Guaranteed to
colonists the same rights as Englishmen as if they had stayed in England.
This provision was incorporated into future colonists’ documents.
Colonists felt that, even in the Americas, they had the rights of Englishmen!
English ColonizationEnglish Colonization
Late 1606 VA Co. sends out 3 ships
Spring 1607 land at mouth of Chesapeake Bay.
Attacked by Indians and move on.
May 24, 1607 about 100 colonists [all men] land at Jamestown, along banks of James River
Easily defended, but swarming with disease-causing mosquitoes.
England Plants the Jamestown “Seedling”
England Plants the Jamestown “Seedling”
Jamestown Settlement, 1609
Jamestown Settlement, 1609
Chesapeake BayChesapeake Bay
Geographic/environmental problems??
Jamestown Fort & Settlement Map
Jamestown Fort & Settlement Map
Jamestown Fort & Settlement
(Computer Generated)
Jamestown Fort & Settlement
(Computer Generated)
Jamestown HousingJamestown Housing
Jamestown SettlementJamestown Settlement
Jamestown Chapel, 1611
Jamestown Chapel, 1611
1606-1607 40 people died on the voyage to the New World.
1609 another ship from England lost its leaders and supplies in a shipwreck off Bermuda.
Settlers died by the dozens!
“Gentlemen” colonists would not work themselves.
Game in forests & fish in river uncaught.
Settlers wasted time looking for gold instead of hunting or farming.
The Jamestown Nightmare
The Jamestown Nightmare
High Mortality RatesHigh Mortality Rates
The “Starving Time”:1607: 104 colonists
By spring, 1608: 38 survived
1609: 300 more immigrants
By spring, 1610: 60 survived
1610 – 1624: 10,000 immigrants
1624 population: 1,200
Adult life expectancy: 40 years
Death of children before age 5: 80%
“Widowarchy”“Widowarchy”
High mortality among husbands and fathers left many women in the Chesapeake colonies with unusual autonomy and wealth!
Captain John Smith:The Right Man for the Job??Captain John Smith:The Right Man for the Job??
There was no talk…but dig gold, wash gold, refine gold, load gold…
• Luckily, in 1608, a Captain John Smith took over control– whipped the colonists into shape.– Kidnapped by local Indians
• forced into a mock execution by the chief Powhatan
• “saved” by Powhatan’s daughter, Pocahontas.
– Why?• meant to show that Powhatan wanted peaceful
relations w/ the colonists.
– main contribution? • gave order & discipline• “no work, no food” policy.
Captain John Smith:Captain John Smith:
PocahontasPocahontas
A 1616 engraving
Pocahontas “saves” Captain John Smith
Chief PowhatanChief Powhatan
Powhatan Confederacy Powhatan dominated a
few dozen small tribes in the James River area when the English arrived.
The English called allIndians in the areaPowhatans.
Powhatan probably sawthe English as allies in his struggles to control other Indian tribes in the region.
1614-1622 peace between Powhatans and the English.
1614 peace sealed by the marriage of Pocahontas to Englishman John Rolfe.
1622-1644 periodic attacks between Indians and settlers.
1622 Indians attacked the English, killing 347 [including John Rolfe].
Virginia Co. called for a “perpetual war” against the Native Americans.
Raids reduced native population and drove them further westward.
Culture Clash in the Chesapeake
Culture Clash in the Chesapeake
1644-1646 Second Anglo-Powhatan War
Last effort of natives to defeat English.
Indians defeated again.
Peace Treaty of 1646 Removed the Powhatans from their
original land.
Formally separated Indian and English settlement areas!
Culture Clash in the Chesapeake
Culture Clash in the Chesapeake
John RolfeJohn Rolfe
What finally made the colony prosperous??
Tobacco PlantTobacco Plant
Virginia’s gold and silver. -- John Rolfe, 1612
Tobacco’s effect on Virginia’s economy:
Vital role in putting VA on a firm economic footing.
Ruinous to soil when continuously planted.
Chained VA’s economy to a single crop.
Tobacco promoted the use of the plantation system.
Need for cheap, abundant labor.
Virginia: “Child of Tobacco”Virginia: “Child of Tobacco”
• In the seventeenth century, the earliest British colonies in Virginia were saved from economic ruin by– (A) the introduction of price controls on
agricultural commodities– (B) the introduction of tobacco cultivation– (C) formal trade treaties with American
Indians– (D) the extension of the western frontiers– (E) increased reliance on indentured
servitude
Sample QuestionSample Question
• Which of the following was NOT a result of the Age of Exploration in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries?A. Sporadic warfare among Indian
peoples
B. The Columbian Exchange
C. European domination of the Atlantic Ocean
D. The Price Revolution
E. African slavery in North America
Sample QuestionSample Question
• The purpose of the Treaty of Tordesillas was – (A) to divide the non-European world
between Spain and Portugal – (B) to specify which parts of North America
should be French and which parts Spanish – (C) to create an alliance of France, Holland,
and England against Spanish designs in the New World
– (D) to divide the New World between France and Spain
– (E) to exclude any Portuguese colonization from the Western hemisphere.
Sample QuestionSample Question
Why was 1619 a pivotal year
for the Chesapeake settlement?
Why was 1619 a pivotal year
for the Chesapeake settlement?
VirginiaHouse of Burgesses
VirginiaHouse of Burgesses
The House of Burgesses established in 1619 & began to assume the role of the House of Commons in England
Control over finances, militia, etc.
By the end of the 17c, H of B was able to initiate legislation.
A Council appointed by royal governor
Mainly leading planters.
Functions like House of Lords.
High death rates ensured rapid turnover of members.
Growing Political PowerGrowing Political Power
James I grew hostile to Virginia He hated tobacco.
He distrusted the House of Burgesses which he called a seminary of sedition.
1624 he revoked the charter of the bankrupt VA Company.
Thus, VA became a royal colony, under the king’s direct control!
Virginia Becomes a Royal Colony
Virginia Becomes a Royal Colony
English Tobacco Label
English Tobacco Label
First Africans arrived in Jamestown in 1619.
Their status was not clear perhaps slaves, perhaps indentured servants.
Slavery not that important until the end of the 17c.
17c Populationin the Chesapeake
17c Populationin the Chesapeake
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
1607 1630 1650 1670 1690
White
Black
WHY this large increase in black popul.??
MarylandMaryland
A royal charter wasgranted to GeorgeCalvert, Lord Baltimore,in 1632.
A proprietary colony created in 1634.
A healthier locationthan Jamestown.
Tobacco would be the main crop.
His plan was to govern as an absentee proprietor in a feudal relationship.
Huge tracts of land granted to his Catholic relatives.
The Settlement of Maryland
The Settlement of Maryland
Colonization of Maryland
Colonization of Maryland
St Mary’s City (1634)St Mary’s City (1634)
Currency in Early Maryland
Currency in Early Maryland
Colonists only willing to come to MD if they received land.
Colonists who did come received modest farms dispersed around the Chesapeake area.
Catholic land barons surrounded by mostly Protestant small farmers.
Conflict between barons and farmers led to Baltimore losing proprietary rights at the end of the 17c.
In the late 1600s, black slaves began to be imported.
A Haven for CatholicsA Haven for Catholics
Baltimore permitted high degree of freedom of worship in order to prevent repeat of persecution of Catholics by Protestants.
High number of Protestants threatened because of overwhelming rights given to Catholics.
Maryland Toleration Act of 1649 Supported by the Catholics in MD.
Guaranteed toleration to all CHRISTIANS.
Decreed death to those who denied the divinity of Jesus [like Jews, atheists, etc.].
In one way, it was less tolerant than before the law was passed!!
A Haven for CatholicsA Haven for Catholics
MD Toleration Act, 1649MD Toleration Act, 1649
The Toleration Act of 1649The Toleration Act of 1649
...whatsoever person or persons shall from henceforth upon any occasion of offence otherwise in a reproachfull manner or way declare call or denominate any person or persons whatsoever inhabiting, residing, traficking, trading or comercing within this province or within any ports, harbours, creeks or havens to the same belonging, an Heretick, Schismatick, Idolator, Puritan, Independent Presbyterian, Antenomian, Barrowist, Roundhead, Separatist, Popish Priest, Jesuit, Jesuited Papist, Lutheran, Calvenist, Anabaptist, Brownist or any other name or term in a reproachful manner relating to matters of Religion shall for every such offence foreit and lose the sum of ten shillings Sterling or the value thereof to be levied on the goods and chattels of every such offender and offenders...
and if they could not pay, they were to be "publickly whipt and imprisoned without bail" until "he, she, or they shall satisfy the party so offended or grieved by such reproachful language...."
West IndiesWest Indies
• While British were colonizing Virginia– also settling the West Indies– Spain’s declining power opened the door
• By mid-1600s;– England had secured claim to several West Indies
islands, including Jamaica in 1655.
• grew lots of sugar on brutal plantations there• 1000S of African slaves needed to operate
sugar plantations• At first, Indians were used
– disease killed an estimated 90% of all Native Americans
– Africans were brought in.
The West Indies: Way Station to Mainland America
The West Indies: Way Station to Mainland America
• “codes” were set up – defined the legal status of slaves &
rights of the masters. – Used to control so many slaves– typically strict & exacted severe
punishments for offenders.
The West Indies: Way Station to Mainland America
The West Indies: Way Station to Mainland America
Colonizing the Carolinas
Colonizing the Carolinas
• In England:– King Charles I had been beheaded. – Oliver Cromwell had ruled for ten very
strict years– Englishmen restored Charles II to the
throne in “The Restoration.” (After all the turmoil Civil War, they just went back to a king.)
• The bloody period had interrupted colonization.
BackgroundBackground
• Carolina was named after Charles II– formally created in 1670.
• Carolina flourished – Developed close economic ties w/ the
West Indies, due to the port of Charleston.
• Many original Carolina settlers had come from Barbados – brought in the strict “Slave Codes” for
ruling slaves.
CarolinaCarolina
As the number of slaves increased, white colonists reacted to put down perceived racial threat.
Slavery transformed from economic to economic and racial institution.
Early 1600s differences between slave and servant were unclear.
By the mid-1680s, black slaves outnumbered white indentured servants.
Colonial SlaveryColonial Slavery
Beginning in 1662 “Slave Codes” Made blacks [and their children]
property, or chattel for life of white masters.
In some colonies, it was a crime to teach a slave to read or write.
Conversion to Christianity did not qualify the slave for freedom.
Colonial SlaveryColonial Slavery
• Rice emerged as the principle crop in Carolina.– African slaves were hired to work on
rice plantations, due to • (a) their resistance to malaria and just as
importantly• (b) their familiarity with rice.
• Despite violence w/Spanish & Indians, Carolina proved to be too strong to be wiped out.
Colonial SlaveryColonial Slavery
Port of Charles Town, SC
Port of Charles Town, SC
Also named for King Charles II of England.
Became the busiest port in the South.
City with aristocratic feel.
Religious toleration attracted diverse inhabitants.
North Carolina
North Carolina
• Many newcomers to Carolina = “squatters,” – people who owned no land, usually down
from Virginia.• North Carolinians developed a strong
resistance to authority– due to geographic isolation from
neighbors.
North CarolinaNorth Carolina
• Two type of Carolinians developed: – (a) aristocratic. wealthier down south around
Charleston and rice & indigoplantations
– (b) strong-willed and independent-minded up north own small tobacco farms
• 1712, North & South Carolina were officially separated
• 1711– Tuscarora Indians attacked North Carolina,– Carolinians responded by crushing the opposition
• Sold 100s to slavery • Left the rest to wander north, eventually
becoming the Sixth Nation of the Iroquois.
North CarolinaNorth Carolina
The primary export.
Rice was still an exotic food in England. Was grown in Africa,
so planters imported West African slaves.
These slaves had a genetic trait that made them immune to malaria.
By 1710 black slaves were a majority in Carolina.
Crops of the Carolinas: Rice
Crops of the Carolinas: Rice
American Long Grain Rice
Crops of theCarolinas:
Indigo
Crops of theCarolinas:
IndigoIn colonial times, the main use for indigo was as a dye for spun cotton threads that were woven into cloth for clothes.
Today in the US, the main use for indigo is a dye for cotton work clothes & blue jeans.
Rice & Indigo Exportsfrom SC & GA: 1698-
1775
Rice & Indigo Exportsfrom SC & GA: 1698-
1775
GeorgiaGeorgia
• Georgia was intended to be a buffer between the British coloniesand the hostile Spanish settlements in Florida (Spanish, Indians, runaway slaves) and the enemy French in Louisiana.
• founded last, in 1733, by a high-minded group of philanthropists, mainly James Oglethorpe.
Georgia: The Buffer ColonyGeorgia: The Buffer Colony
• Named after King George II• also meant to be a 2nd chance
site for wretched souls in debt.• James Oglethorpe
– ablest of the founders – dynamic soldier-statesman– repelled Spanish attacks.– saved “the Charity Colony” by his
energetic leadership& by using his own fortune to help with the colony.
Georgia: The Buffer ColonyGeorgia: The Buffer Colony
• All Christians, except Catholics, enjoyed religious toleration
• many missionaries came to try to convert the Indians.– John Wesley = one of them
• he later returned to England & founded Methodism.
• Georgia grew very slowly.
Georgia: The Buffer ColonyGeorgia: The Buffer Colony
Late-Coming GeorgiaLate-Coming Georgia
Founded in 1733.
Last of the 13 colonies.
Named in honor of King George II.
Founded by James Oglethorpe.
Georgia--The “Buffer” Colony
Georgia--The “Buffer” Colony
Chief Purpose of Creating Georgia: As a “buffer” between the valuable
Carolinas & Spanish Florida & French Louisiana.
Received subsidies from British govt. to offset costs of defense.
Export silk and wine.
A haven for debtors thrown in to prison.
Determined to keep slavery out! Slavery found in GA
by 1750.
The Trustees of Georgia
[1734]
The Trustees of Georgia
[1734]
Plantation Colonies
Plantation Colonies
• Slavery was found in all plantation colonies.• growth of cities was often stunted by forests.• establishment of schools & churches was
difficult due to people = spread out.• Southern crops =
– tobacco – rice– some indigo in the tidewater region of SC.
• All the plantation colonies permitted some religious toleration.
• Confrontations w/Native Americans were often.
Plantation ColoniesPlantation Colonies
Makers of America:
The Iroquois
Makers of America:
The Iroquois
• Iroquois League (AKA the Iroquois Confederation) – Located in what is now NY state– = a great power.
• Included:– Mohawks– Oneidas– Onondagas– Cayugas– Senecas.
• vied w/ neighboring Indians& later French, English & Dutch for supremacy.
IroquoisIroquois
• The longhouse = the building block of Iroquois society.– Only 25 feet wide, but over 200 feet
long, longhouses were typically occupied by a few blood-related families (on the mother’s side).
• The Mohawks = middlemen w/European traders.
• The Senecas = fur suppliers.
IroquoisIroquois
• The Five Nations of the Iroquois’ rivals= the neighboring Hurons, Eries, & Petuns, were vanquished.
• Throughout the 1600s &1700s, the Iroquois allied w/ the British & French (whichever was more beneficial).
IroquoisIroquois
• When American Revolution broke out, the question of w/ whom to side was split– Most sided with the British, but not all.
• Afterwards, the Iroquois were forced to reservations– = unbearable to these proud people.
• An Iroquois named Handsome Lake arose to warn his tribe’s people to mend their ways.– His teachings live today in the form of the
longhouse religion.
IroquoisIroquois
