THE AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITTEE - AJC Archives Thirty-Fourth Annual Meeting of the American Jewish Committee was held at the Hotel ... de Sola Pool, Victor S. Riesenfeld, Joseph Schlossberg,

THE

AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITTEE

THIRTY-FOURTH ANNUAL REPORT

1941

OBJECTS OF THE COMMITTEE

"The objects of this corporation shall be, to preventthe infraction of the civil and religious rights of Jews, inany part of the world; to render all lawful assistance andto take appropriate remedial action in the event of threat-ened or actual invasion or restriction of such rights, or ofunfavorable discrimination with respect thereto; to securefor Jews equality of economic, social and educationalopportunity; to alleviate the consequences of persecutionand to afford relief from calamities affecting Jews, whereverthey may occur; and to compass these ends to administerany relief fund which shall come into its possession orwhich may be received by it, in trust or otherwise, for anyof' the aforesaid objects or for purposes comprehendedtherein."

—Extract from the Charter.

OFFICERS AND EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

OfficersChairman, LOUIS E. KIRSTEIN

President, SOL M. STROOCK

Honorary Vice-Presidents IRVING LEHMANABRAM I. ELKUS

Vice-Preside

Treasurer, SAMUEL D. LEIDESDORF

LESSING J. ROSENWALDCARL J. AUSTRIAN

Executive CommitteeCARL J. AUSTRIAN (1942)*

New York, N. Y.GEORGE BACKER (1943)

New York, N. Y.JAMES H. BECKEE (1943)

Chicago, 111.JOHN L. BERNSTEIN (1943)

New York, N. Y.DAVID M. BRESSLER (1943)

New York, N. Y.FRED M. BUTZEL (1944)

Detroit, Micb.LEO M. BUTZEL (1942)

Detroit, MJch.JAMES DAVIS (1944)

Chicago, 111.ABRAM I. ELKUS (1943)

New York, N. Y.LEON FALK, Jr. (1942)

Pittsburgh, Pa.LOUIS FINKELSTEIN (1943)

New York, N. Y.PHILLIP FORMAN (1942)

Trenton, N. J.ELI FRANK (1943)

Baltimore, Md.MRS. M. L. GOLDMAN (1943)

Ban Francisco, Cal.HAROLD K. GUINZBURG (1944)

New York, N. Y.HENRY ITTLESON (1943)

New York, N. Y.MILTON W. KING (1943)

Washington, D. C.LOUIS E. KIRSTEIN (1944)

Boston. Mass.SIDNEY LANSBURGH (1942)

Baltimore, Md.ALBERT D. LASKER (1943)

Chicago, 111.EDWARD LAZANSKY (1942)

Brooklyn, N. Y.FRED LAZARUS. Jr. (1944)

Columbus, OhioIRVING LEHMAN (1943)

New York, N. Y.SAMUEL D. LEIDESDORF (1914)

New York, N. Y. .SOLOMON LOWENSTEIN (1944)

New York, N. Y.MORRIS WOLF (1942)

Philadelphia, Pa.

JAMES MARSHALL (1942)New York, N. Y.

LOUIS B. MAYER (1943)Culver City, Cal.

GEORGE Z. MEDALIE (1944)New York, N. Y.

LOUIS J. MOSS (1943)Brooklyn, N. Y.

MRS DAVID de SOLA POOL (1943)New York, N. Y.

JOSEPH M. PROSKAUER (1942)New York, N. Y.

JAMES N. ROSENBERG (1942)New York, N. Y.

SAMUEL I. ROSENMAN (1942)New York, N. Y.

WILLIAM ROSENWALD (1942)Greenwich, Conn.

WALTER N. ROTHSCHILD (1944)Brooklyn, N. Y.

MURRAY SEASONGOOD (1942)Cincinnati. Ohio

JESSE H. STEINHART (1942)San Francisco, Cal.

EDGAR B. STERN (1942)New Orleans, La.

HORACE STERN (1943)Philadelphia. Pa.

ROGER W. STRAUS (1942)New York, N. Y.

LEWIS L. STRAUSS (1942)New York, N. Y.

SOL M. STROOCK (1943)New York, N. Y.

DAVID H. SULZBERGER (1942)New York, N. Y.

WILLIAM B. THALHIMER (1943)Richmond, Va.

FREDERICK M. WARBURG (1944)New York, N. Y.

SIDNEY J. WEINBERG (1942)New York, N. Y.

WILLIAM WEISS (1944)New York, N. Y.

MAURICE WERTHEIM (1943)New York, N. Y.

JOSEPH WILLEN (1942)New York, N. Y.

HENRY WINEMAN (1942)Detroit, Mich.

Secretary

MORRIS D. WALDMAN

Assistant Secretary

HARRY SCHNEIDERMAN

Director, Educational DepartmentSIDNEY WALLACH

386 Fourth Avenue, New York, N. Y.Cable Address, "WISHCOM, New York."

•The year given after each name la the date on which member's termexpires.

702 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

THIRTY-FOURTH ANNUAL MEETING

January 12, 1941

The Thirty-Fourth Annual Meeting of the AmericanJewish Committee was held at the Hotel Astor, NewYork City, on January 12, 1941. Sol M. Stroock, Chair-man of the Executive Committee, called the meeting toorder.

The following Corporate Members were present:

Community Representatives

CONNECTICUTHartford: Isidore Wise

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIAWashington: Milton W. King

ILLINOISChicago: B. Horwich

MARYLANDBaltimore: Sidney Lansburgh

NEW JERSEYJersey City: Harry GoldowskyNew Brunswick: Abraham JelinPaterson: Mendon MorrillTrenton: Phillip Forman

NEW YORK:Albany: Robert C. PoskanzerNew York City: Carl J. Austrian; David M. Bressler;

David A. Brown; Morris R. Cohen; William Fischman;Arthur J. Goldsmith; Leo Gottlieb; Henry S. Hen-dricks; Stanley M. Isaacs; Joseph J. Klein; ArthurK. Kuhn; William Liebermann; Edward A. Norman;Carl H. Pforzheimer; Joseph M. Proskauer; HaroldRiegelman; A. J. Rongy; Samuel Schulman; BernardSemel; Lewis L. Strauss; Alan M. Stroock; Sol M.Stroock; Nathan Sweedler

REPORT OF AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITTEE 703

Syracuse: David M. HolsteinUtica: S. Joshua KohnWhite Plains: P. Irving Grinberg

PENNSYLVANIAPhiladelphia: Justin P. Allman; Jacob Billikopf; Al.

Paul Lefton; Horace Stern; Morris WolfScranton: A. B. CohenWilkes-Barre: Reuben H. Levy

Members-at-Large

Louis Bamberger, South Orange, N. J.; Louis E. Kir-stein, Boston, Mass.; S. D. Leidesdorf, New YorkCity; William Rosenwald, New York City; WilliamB. Thalhimer, Richmond, Va.; Joseph Willen, NewYork City.

Delegates from Affiliated Organizations

CONFERENCE COMMITTEE OF NATIONAL JEWISH WOMEN'SORGANIZATIONS: Mrs. Herbert S. Goldstein

BRITH SHOLOM : Michael SeeligFREE SONS OF ISRAEL : Isaac G. SimonHADASSAH: Mrs. David de Sola PoolHEBREW SHELTERING AND IMMIGRANT AID SOCIETY OF

AMERICA: Abraham Herman; John L. Bernstein; Solo-mon Dingol; Harry Fischel; Jacob Massel; AlbertRosenblatt

INDEPENDENT ORDER B'RITH ABRAHAM: Max L. Hol-lander; Max Silverstein

JEWISH WELFARE BOARD: Joseph RosenzweigNATIONAL COUNCIL OF JEWISH WOMEN: Mrs. Karl J.

Kaufmann; Mrs. Sophia M. RobisonORDER OF UNITED HEBREW BROTHERS: Max E. GreenbergRABBINICAL ASSEMBLY, JEWISH THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY

OF AMERICA : Max ArztUNION OF ORTHODOX JEWISH CONGREGATIONS OF AMERICA :

Benjamin Koenigsberg; William WeissUNITED SYNAGOGUE OF AMERICA: Louis J. Moss

704 A M E R I C A N J E W I S H Y E A R BOOK

WOMEN'S BRANCH OF THE UNION OF ORTHODOX JEWISHCONGREGATIONS OF AMERICA: Mrs. Joseph M. Asher

WOMEN'S LEAGUE OF THE UNITED SYNAGOGUE OF AMERICA:Mrs. David Kass; Miss Sarah Kussy; Mrs. SamuelSpiegel

There were also present the following guests:

Louis Azrael, Baltimore, Md.; Jacob Blaustein, Bal-timore, Md.; Rudolph I. Coffee, San Francisco, Calif.;Benjamin Friedman, Syracuse, N. Y.; Sidney Goldmann,Trenton, N. J.; Mrs. Abraham Jelin, New Brunswick,N. J.; Mr. and Mrs. John J. Kislak, Jersey City, N. J.;Mrs. Reuben H. Levy, Kingston, Pa.; Louis Rudner,Trenton, N. J.; Charles M. Siegfried, Syracuse, N. Y.,and the following from New York City: Paul Baerwald,S. Bardin, Salo W. Baron, Edward M. Benton, Henry J.Bernheim, Mrs. Sidney C. Borg, J. George Fredman,Max Gottschalk, Fred Harris, Adolph Held, EdwardHerbert, Bernard Kahn, I. L. Kandel, Mrs. BenjaminKoenigsberg, Jacob Landau, Isaac Landman, Horace S.Manges, Walter Mendelsohn, Maximilian Moss, Davidde Sola Pool, Victor S. Riesenfeld, Joseph Schlossberg,Max M. Warburg, Morton S. Webster, Mrs. Joseph Willen,and Miss Ethel H. Wise.

REPORT OF AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITTEE 70S

MORNING SESSION

Memorial Address on Dr. Cyrus Adler

The Chairman announced that, following the deathof Dr. Adler on April 7 last, a special meeting of theExecutive Committee was called to adopt a resolutionexpressing the Committee's sense of loss at the passingof its beloved President. The text of this resolution,unanimously adopted on April 8, is embodied in theAnnual Report of the Executive Committee.

The Chairman also announced that, following the deathof Dr. Adler, the various organizations with which Dr.Adler was affiliated had considered the holding of a jointmemorial service but had decided against it in deference tothe wishes of Dr. Adler's family. Instead the officers haddecided to devote part of this annual meeting, the firstgeneral meeting since Dr. Adler's death, to commemoratethe services which he had rendered the Committee. Inaccordance with this decision, the Chairman reported, theSecretary had been requested to deliver an appropriateaddress at this meeting. (For the text of this address,delivered by Morris D. Waldman, Executive Secretary, seep. 728.)

Presentation of Annual Report

At the request of the Chairman, who was preventedfrom doing so himself because of a cold, Judge HoraceStern read the Annual Report of the Executive Committee.(For text of report, see p. 714.)

Report of Survey Committee

Mr. Victor S. Riesenfeld, Chairman, presented a talkon the work of the Survey Committee. At the presenttime, the Survey Committee consists of: Carl J. Austrian,Robert M. Benjamin, Alfred L. Bernheim, Mrs. Sidney C.Borg, Joseph E. Brill, Jacques Coleman, Phillip Forman,Arthur J. Goldsmith, Harold K. Guinzburg, Adolph Held,Mrs. William de Young Kay, Samuel D. Leidesdorf, HenryA. Loeb, Solomon Lowenstein, Horace S. Manges, WalterMendelsohn, Samuel I. Rosenman, William Rosenwald,


Ralph E. Samuel, Roger W. Straus, Alan M. Stroock,David H. Sulzberger, Paul Felix Warburg, Morton S.Webster, Maurice Wertheim, Joseph Willen and Ethel H.Wise; with Morris D. Waldman, ex-officio, and SidneyWallach, as director of the Educational Department of theCommittee.

Report of the Committee on Peace Studies

Professor Morris R. Cohen, Chairman, presented areport of the Committee on Peace Studies. ProfessorCohen's report was discussed by those present. (For textof the report, see p. 736.)

At the present time the Committee on Peace Studiesconsists of: Dr. Schlomo Bardin, Dr. Salo W. Baron,Dr. Morris R. Cohen, Mrs. David de Sola Pool, Dr. LouisFinkelstein, Mr. Max Gottschalk, Mr. Adolph Held,Dr. Maurice Hexter, Mr. Alexander Kahn, Dr. BernhardKahn, Dr. I. L. Kandel, Dr. Maurice J. Karpf, Mr. ArthurK. Kuhn, Mr. Jacob Landau, Mr. Henry Monsky, Mr.Edward A. Norman, Dr. A. L. Sachar, Mr. Joseph Schloss-berg, Mr. Alan M. Stroock and Mr. Max Warburg; withMr. Harry Schneiderman and Mr. Morris D. Waldman,ex officio.

Corporate Membership

It was reported that the Committee suffered the lossof the following Corporate Members in 1940, since thelast Annual Meeting:

Cyrus Adler, Philadelphia, Pa., April 7.Benjamin Evarts, Holyoke, Mass., Aug. 3.Jacob H. Hollander, Baltimore, Md., July 9.Arthur M. Lamport, New York City, Nov. 8.Victor Rosewater, Philadelphia, Pa., July 12.

Minutes expressing the Committee's grief and senseof loss were adopted by the Executive Committee.

It was announced that, in accordance with the provisionsof the by-laws, the following Nominating Committee,empowered to name candidates to succeed those memberswhose terms expire today, and fill existing vacancies, had


been appointed: David M. Bressler, Chairman, Edmund H.Abrahams, Edward Adaskin, Mortimer Adler, JacobBillikopf, James Davis, A. B. Freyer, William P. Haas,Eugene Mannheimer, Joseph H. Schanfeld, Michael A.Stavitsky, Nathan Sweedler, Felix Vorenberg.

Following is a list of the nominees of the NominatingCommittee:

STATE CITY

CONNECTICUTILLINOIS

INDIANAIOWAMAINE

MARYLAND

MASSACHUSETTSMICHIGANNEW JERSEY

NEW MEXICONEW YORK

New BritainChicagoSpringfieldHammondMason CityBangorPortlandBaltimore

HolyokeGrand RapidsHobokenNew BrunswickLas VegasNew RochelleNew York

NORTH CAROLINAOHIOPENNSYLVANIA

SOUTH CAROLINAVIRGINIA

PoughkeepsieYonkersGoldsboroSteubenvilleBraddockHazletonCharlestonNorfolk

NOMINEES

Samuel M. DavidsonFrank L. SulzbergerHerman E. SnyderSamuel p . SeiferSam RaizesMichael PilotIsrael BernsteinJacob BlausteinSidney LansburghSamuel ResnicHarry ShulskyJulius LichtensteinAbraham JelinLouis C. IlfeldOscar HeymanEdward L. BernaysDavid M. BresslerEmanuel CellerMorris R. CohenHarold K. GuinzburgJoseph C. HymanHenry IttlesonArthur K. KuhnHerbert H. LehmanAlexander MarxMaximilian MossWalter N. RothschildSamuel SalzmanHugh Grant StrausRoger W. StrausSol M. StroockRalph WolfAlbert D. KahnIrving SchneiderLionel WeilJoseph FredmanMalcolm GoldsmithNat LandauSidney RittenbergCharles L. Kaufman


Though opportunity was afforded to the sustainingmembers to make independent nominations, no suchnoninations were offered.

In the following communities, in which the Committeereceives its support from local federations and welfarefunds, the nominations were made by the Boards of thoseorganizations:

STATE

CALIFORNIA

COLORADOCONNECTICUTFLORIDA

ILLINOISINDIANAKANSASKENTUCKYMASSACHUSETTS

MICHIGANMINNESOTAMISSISSIPPIMISSOURI

NEW JERSEY

NEW YORK

OHIO

OREGON

CITY

Los Angeles

OaklandSan DiegoSan FranciscoDenverStamfordMiamiTampaPeoriaTerre HauteKansas CityLouisvilleBoston

LynnWorcesterDetroitMinneapolisVicksburgSt. Louis

Atlantic CityBayonnePassaicElmiraNewburghNiagara FallsRochesterSyracuseTroyUticaCincinnatiClevelandColumbusYoungstownPortland

NOMINEES

Isaac PachtMendel B. SilberbergLeonard J. MeltzerJacob WeinbergerMax C. SlossLewis I. MillerAbraham WofseyD. J. ApteErnest MaasArthur LehmannMarshall TaxayJoseph CohenStuart G. LevyR. B. GryzmishMilton KahnEli A. CohenGeorge W. FarberJulian H. KrolikArthur BrinLouis L. SwitzerCharles M. RiceErnest W. StixHarry CassmanWilliam RubinVictor GreenbergBenjamin F. LevyBertram A. StroockMorton J. CohnHenry M. SternDavid M. HolsteinJoseph GoodmanS. Joshua KohnMurray SeasongoodEdward M. BakerFred Lazarus, Jr.Herman C. RitterMax S. Hirsch


STATE CITY NOMINEES

PENNSYLVANIA Philadelphia J. C. GutmanAl. Paul LeftonHorace SternLeon C. SunsteinMorris Wolf

Reading Sam R. LurioScranton A. B. Cohen

RHODE ISLAND Woonsocket Arthur I. DarmanTENNESSEE Chattanooga Sidney Marks

Knoxville Ben R. WinickMax Wolf

Memphis Eric D. HirschNashville Nathan Cohn

TEXAS Galveston Isaac H. KempnerSan Antonio Jake KarotkinWaco Melvin H. Adams

VIRGINIA Richmond J. Irving KaufmannWASHINGTON Spokane Joe RubensWISCONSIN Milwaukee Joseph L. Baron

The Chairman of the Executive Committee reportedthat it had agreed to nominate the following persons forMembership-at-Large, to serve for one year:

George Backer, New YorkLouis Bamberger, NewarkJohn L. Bernstein, New YorkLeo M. Brown, MobileFred M. Butzel, DetroitLeo M. Butzel, DetroitSolomon Eisner, HartfordJacob Epstein, BaltimoreLeon Falk, Jr., PittsburghEli Frank, BaltimoreEdward S. Greenbaum, New YorkHiram J. Halle, New YorkHerbert J. Hannoch, NewarkWalter S. Hilborn, Los AngelesWilliam L. Holzman, OmahaJ. J. Kaplan, BostonLouis E. Kirstein, BostonSamuel D. Leidesdorf, New YorkMonte M. Lemann, New OrleansLouis E. Levinthal, PhiladelphiaChas. J. Liebman, New YorkSolomon Lowenstein, New YorkJulian W. Mack, New York


Louis B. Mayer, Culver City, Cal.George Z. Medalie, New YorkHenry Morgenthau, Sr., New YorkReuben Oppenheimer, BaltimoreMilton J. Rosenau, Chape! Hill, No. Car.Lessing J. Rosenwald, PhiladelphiaWilliam Rosenwald, Greenwich, Conn.Morris Rothenberg, New YorkHenry Sachs, Colorado SpringsDavid H. Sulzberger, New YorkWilliam B. Thalhimer, RichmondF. Frank Vorenberg, BostonFrederick M. Warburg, New YorkMax M. Warburg, New YorkSidney J. Weinberg, New YorkMaurice Wertheim, New YorkJoseph Willen, New YorkHenry Wineman, Detroit

Upon motion, the Secretary was requested to cast oneballot for the nominees for Community Representativeswhose terms expired, as presented by the NominatingCommittee, and also for the nominees for Members-at-Large presented by the Executive Committee. He so did,and announced the election of the several nominees.

Executive Committee and Officers

Mr. Lewis L. Strauss submitted the following jointreport of the two Nominating Committees, which hadbeen appointed by the Chairman of the Executive Com-mittee to nominate successors to the officers and thosemembers of the Executive Committee whose terms expireat this meeting, as well as additional members of theExecutive Committee:

"The Nominating Committee has been faced this yearwith a sad task, selection of a successor to our late belovedPresident.

"Due to world events, the work of the American JewishCommittee as all of us know has expanded rapidly and asa result, a considerable number of able and devoted youngermen and women have been brought into the organization,


upon whom have devolved heavy duties. In addition,older members of the Committee have been obliged tobecome more active.

"Certain changes in our structure such as the electionof regional vice presidents and methods for sharing respons-ibility would very greatly facilitate our work but yourCommittee is limited to the structure provided in ourby-laws. We feel that the times, the increased work andthe growth of the community all point to the need of areview and revision of our by-laws to those ends. Ourcharter provides that our by-laws may be amended onlyafter a thirty day notice to our membership before anannual or special meeting and your Nominating Committee,exceeding its particular authority in this connection,urgently recommends the appointment of a small com-mittee to immediately undertake the study and preparationof amendments to the by-laws to accomplish these purposes.The meeting which would follow the thirty day noticecould be formal and need not summon our membershipfrom a distance, as a quorum of 21 only is required.

"Within our present corporate structure therefore yourCommittee presents the following slate: For Chairman,The Hon. Louis E. Kirstein; for President, Mr. Sol M.Stroock; for Honorary Vice Presidents, The Hon. AbramI. Elkus and Hon. Irving Lehman; for Vice Presidents,only two being authorized by our by-laws, Lessing J.Rosenwald and Carl J. Austrian; for Treasurer, Samuel D.Leidesdorf.

"For membership in the Executive Committee, werecommend the re-election of the following, whose termsexpire at this meeting:

"Fred M. Butzel, Detroit; James Davis, Chicago; LouisE. Kirstein, Boston; Fred Lazarus, Jr., Columbus; S. D.Leidesdorf, Solomon Lowenstein, George Z. Medalie,Frederick M. Warburg and William Weiss, of New YorkCity.

"Furthermore, we recommend election of the followingto fill vacancies on the Executive Committee:


Milton W. King, of Washington, D. C ; Walter N.Rothschild, of Brooklyn, N. Y.; Harold K. Guinzburgand David H. Sulzberger, of New York City.

"Respectfully submitted,

HAROLD K. GUINZBURGS. D. LEIDESDORFSOLOMON LOWENSTEINMAURICE WERTHEIMMORRIS D. WAI.DMAN, ex officio

Committee to Nominate Officers

CARL J. AUSTRIANJAMES H. BECKERJ. J. KAPLANHORACE STERNLEWIS L. STRAUSSWILLIAM B. THALHIMERHENRY WINEMANMORRIS D. WALDMAN, ex officio

Committee to Nominate Suc-cessors to Members of the Exec-utive Committee

Upon motion, the report of the Nominating Committeeswas adopted and the Secretary was requested to cast oneballot for the nominees of the Nominating Committees,which he did, and announced the election of the severalnominees.


LUNCHEON SESSION

Mr. Jacob Landau, Director of the Jewish TelegraphicAgency and the Overseas News Agency, presented a reportof his observations during an extended tour of Argentina,Brazil and Uruguay. Mr. Landau touched on the twomajor problems affecting the position of the Jews in SouthAmerica. Anti-Semitism, he reported, was assumingserious proportions in the countries which he visited,largely as a direct result of a well-organized, well-financedand concentrated Nazi anti-Semitic propaganda campaign.Mr. Landau said that the masses of the people were basic-ally liberty-loving, democratic and devoid of prejudicetoward Jews but, being unorganized and inarticulate, theywere unable to give effective resistance to the strong Naziagitation.

Mr. Landau disclosed that the Nazi propaganda cam-paign was having unfavorable effects on the official attitudetoward immigration, especially on prospects for large-scaleJewish settlement in South America. Despite the factthat the vast resources of these countries require largepopulations for their full exploitation and for the economicdevelopment of the continent, Mr. Landau reported thatmany of the governments had increased their immigrationrestrictions.

Mr. Landau also stressed the importance of furnishingguidance to the Jewish inhabitants of South America,especially the refugees, in their adjustment to the generalcommunity.

Upon motion, adjourned.

MORRIS D. WALDMAN,

Secretary


ANNUAL REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVECOMMITTEE

To the Members of the Executive Committee:

We meet today in the shadow of a great loss. CyrusAdler, our President from 1929 to the day of his death, isno longer with us. In the words in which he preferred todescribe the passing of great men in Israel, he has beentranslated to the Academy on High. For several yearsbefore his death, Dr. Adler's health was poor, but he con-tinued nevertheless to carry on his work as a leader of thisCommittee and other important communal activities.Eventually, however, he was compelled to suspend muchof his work. He passed away on April 7, 1940.

At an extraordinary meeting held on April 8th yourExecutive Committee unanimously adopted the followingresolution expressive of its keen sense of loss:

The Executive Committee of the American Jewish Committee,at a special meeting held today, records its profound grief at thepassing of its beloved President, Dr. Cyrus Adler.

Dr. Adler was one of the founders of the American Jewish Com-mittee in 1906 and one of its outstanding leaders during the thirty-four years of its existence. He was a vice-president of the Committeeand chairman of its Executive Committee from 1915; upon the deathof Louis Marshall in 1929, he became its President, a post which hefilled with distinction to his dying day.

Dr. Adler was peculiarly fitted to head an organization whosepurpose is to protect the civil and religious rights of Jews throughoutthe world. Possessed of encyclopedic knowledge of history, imbuedwith broad sympathies, gifted with profound insight into humannature, and filled with abiding love for his fellow men, Dr. Adler'soutlook and understanding were worldwide in scope. An outstand-ing Semitic scholar, he was thoroughly acquainted with the cultureand traditions of Judaism, and held in deep reverence and loveeverything associated with it. Although he placed his notablescholarly and administrative abilities at the service of his countryand the general community, he devoted himself especially, at greatpersonal sacrifice, to the advancement of the religious and culturalwelfare of Jews in this country and abroad.

As President of the American Jewish Committee, he gave unstint-ingly of his time, energies, wise counsel and deep wisdom. Modestand retiring, he shunned publicity, but those who had the privilegeof being associated with him know of his constant devotion to theinterests of his people and his unflagging industry on their behalf.


Although he held positions of leadership and responsibility in in-numerable and diversified civic and communal organizations, he wasalways approachable to officers and members of the Committee, infact to Jews everywhere. Patient and tolerant of differences ofopinion as to methods and procedure, he was uncompromising inhis convictions where principle was concerned.

There was scarcely any step taken by the Committee during thepast thirty-four years that did not benefit by his guidance. In 1919he was one of the representatives of the Committee to the PeaceConference at Versailles which labored with marked success tosecure for Jews in countries involved in the peace settlement civil,political and religious rights. Shocked at the deplorable plight ofthe Jews of Eastern Europe during and after the World War, he ledin mobilizing American Jewish resources for the relief and rehabili-tation of overseas communities.

After the rise of the Nazi regime and the tragic destruction of theJewish communities in Germany and neighboring countries, he ledthe Committee's efforts in calling world attention to the false Nazipropaganda, especially its spurious racial dogmas, and to its inhu-manity and brutality. Profoundly stirred by injustice, he spoke outunequivocally wherever it appeared; yet he never lost his sense ofdignity and proportion and never resorted to any form of demagogy.

As a preeminent religious leader, he was a defender of the spir-itual life and an uncompromising foe of materialism and irreligion.In his last official address as President of the Committee he calledagain for a strengthening of Jewish religious institutions and Jewisheducation in America. It was with deep gratification that the Com-mittee noted his selection by President Roosevelt as the spokesmanof the Jews of America in his efforts to mobilize the resources ofreligion for world peace.

The Executive Committee of the American Jewish Committeedeeply mourns his passing. We shall sadly miss his able and inspiringleadership. On behalf of the entire membership of the Committeewe record our abiding affection for him and we extend to his belovedwife and daughter our deepest sympathy in their bereavement.

Deferring to the wishes of Dr. Adler's family, the manyorganizations with which he was affiliated in positions ofleadership agreed not to arrange for a joint memorialservice which was suggested by many friends and admirersof our departed President. These organizations decided,instead, to devote part of the time of their regular generalmeetings to some form of recognition of the services whichDr. Adler had rendered to them. In accordance with thatdecision, Mr. Waldman, the Secretary, has been requestedto deliver at this meeting an address commemorating theservices which Dr. Adler rendered the American JewishCommittee, of which he was one of the founders and an


active officer from the day of its inception, in November1906, to the day of his death.

There is no doubt that the tragic events overseas whichwere so violently destructive of European civilization andat the same time had such devastating effects upon theJewish population, aggravated Dr. Adler's illness andimpeded his recovery. He was spared, however, the sightof the collapse of the continental democracies. Althoughthese disasters would not have shaken his faith in theultimate triumph of justice and right, he would have beenprofoundly saddened by the ruthless invasion of neutralcountries, followed by the total subjection of France andthe then imminent threat to the survival of Great Britain.

Though dismayed, the outside world was not surprisedby the imposition upon the peoples of the conquered landsof Nazi ideas and practices which these peoples profoundlyabhorred, beginning with the attack upon the Jewish popu-lations. No more surprising was the adoption of theseideas and practices by governments which saw in adherenceto Nazi Germany their only chance for national survival.The world has not been deceived regarding the significanceof these, at times sudden, conversions. Except for Rou-mania, in which the Jews have always been a pawn in thegame of domestic as well as foreign politics, all the countriesconcerned regarded the adoption of the Nazi way of life,with its merciless attempt to destroy an innocent anddefenseless minority, as a measure taken unwillingly inthe hope of appeasing the aggressor. Not even exceptingRoumania were these measures desired or approved bythe populations as a whole. Certainly not in Italy, whoserulers are accomplices in the crimes perpetrated by therulers of Nazi Germany, did the senseless adoption of anti-Semitism as a government policy meet with the approvalof the populace who could not see why the small numberof Jews who had been an integral part of the nation sinceits inception had suddenly become, as they were asked tobelieve, an undesirable alien element. In Hungary which,since 1920, had gone backward insofar as liberalism wasconcerned, the greatest single factor underlying the in-creasingly drastic anti-Jewish legislation of the past fewyears was the desire to appease the German war monster.


Only fear of punishment can explain the compromises withNazism by Yugoslavia and Bulgaria. The populations ofthese countries are losing their susceptibility to Nazi propa-ganda as reports of the true meaning of Nazi rule filterthrough from the occupied countries. Complete degradationand enslavement of the conquered peoples by their Nazimasters, coupled with the ruthless suppression of any signsof independent expression, have resulted in widespreadunrest in the conquered countries. Despite censorship,reports from Nazi-dominated regions show signs of increas-ing resistance. Anti-German sentiment is growing in France,which is being stripped of its food supplies and despoiledof manufactured goods, machinery, scientific treasures andworks of art; the Netherlanders, with the memories of fourcenturies of independence, engage in a campaign of passiveresistance; Norway is pervaded by a spirit of defiant in-dependence which terror cannot put down; Poland, hardesthit of all, is experiencing unremitting and merciless Nazienslavement. As resistance to Nazi rule grows, susceptibilityto Nazi propaganda declines.

How abhorrent Nazi doctrines are to people raised in thedemocratic tradition is shown by the resistance bravelyoffered by large sections of the populations of territoriesoverrun by German might — Bohemia-Moravia, Denmarkand Norway, Belgium and the Netherlands. Unusuallyheartening was the report brought to our shores severalmonths ago of the noble action of the people of Antwerp.When the conquerors ordered all Jews of that city not toappear in public without a distinguishing arm-band, theorder was made ridiculous when all the people of the cityappeared on its streets wearing the arm-band required ofJews. This silent but effective protest forced the Naziauthorities to rescind the order.

We may be sure that the people of France just as in-tensely abhor and execrate Nazi barbarism. The outsideworld knows that so-called unoccupied France is just asfirmly under Nazi domination as the rest of the country,and that, although the anti-Jewish measures recentlyadopted by the Vichy Government may have had thesupport of an influential faction, we are confident that theydo not reflect the ideas or wishes of the people of France


whose forbears, one hundred and fifty years ago, led West-ern Europe in emancipating Jews from political and civildisabilities, and followed the founders of our own countryin enunciating principles of self-government based uponthe sanctity of the individual which won universal accep-tance.

Encouraged as we may properly be by the fact that thetyrannical measures now in effect in the whole of Con-tinental Europe, west of Russia, have been imposed directlyor indirectly by Nazi dictation and will undoubtedly bequickly expunged when Nazi domination is ended, weshould not lose sight of the fact that the physical and moraleffects of these measures will endure long after. Especiallydisastrous will be the situation of the five million Jews wholive in the subjugated or vassal states—deprived of political,civil and social equality with their compatriots and thusset apart as an inferior people. The recent completion ofan eight-foot concrete wall in Warsaw enclosing an area inwhich a half million Jews must live under indescribablywretched conditions, and the establishment of virtualghettos in other large cities of Poland, are an earnest ofNazi plans for all Jews who come within reach of Nazicontrol. The Jews within these territories are also beingsystematically robbed of their possessions, and, what iseven more cruel and portentous, their right to earn a liveli-hood in almost every field of human endeavor is beingruthlessly taken away. At the same time, tens of thousandsof them are being forcibly removed from places in WesternGermany in which they and their ancestors have lived forgenerations, even centuries, and without preparations fortheir care, are being deported en masse to the south ofFrance where they swell the number of refugees from otherparts of France and from Belgium and the Netherlands,rendering many-fold more difficult the task of the JointDistribution Committee and other relief agencies.

That the Nazi Gestapo has formulated plans for a massexpulsion of European Jews to Madagascar in the eventof an Axis victory, has been rumored during the past year.Although the existence of this plan was referred to as anestablished fact in the Italian newspaper La Stampa lastsummer, and reliable persons coming from Germany to this


country have alleged having heard of the scheme in officialquarters, no official pronouncement has yet been made.Such a cruel, wicked, inhuman plot to banish millions toan island known to be virtually entirely unsuited as anabode for Europeans would be wholly in keeping with theNazi record for fiendish frightfulness.

In Eastern Europe, also, developments during the pastyear have profoundly altered the position of a large numberof our brethren. The incorporation of Bessarabia, northernBukowina, and the Baltic states into the Soviet Union hasseriously affected the destinies of over 600,000 Jews, bring-ing the total number under Soviet rule to close to fivemillion. There has been no physical molestation of Jews,as such, in the newly-acquired territories, nor any specialinfringement of their civil rights, but Jews are suffering,along with other groups, from the extension to these seizedterritories of the Soviet anti-religious policy. As a conse-quence of Communist hostility to religion, Jewish religious,communal and religio-cultural activities are undergoingrapid liquidation. The Hebrew school system has beenreplaced by Yiddish and Russian secular schools. ManyJews in these regions are suffering economically becauseof suspected opposition to Communism or former anti-communist activities. There are also reports of massdeportations into the interior of Jews and' others who areregarded as politically unreliable.

The overseas situation, however, is not entirely black.Recent events in the Near East give ground for the hopethat Palestine will not, as was feared, become part of thetheatre of active war operations and thus be cut off as arefuge, which it has continued to be during the past yearfor some thousands of refugees, despite restriction of landpurchase and the continuance of a narrow immigrationpolicy. Palestine's possibilities as a haven for oppressedJews were temporarily reduced by the refusal of the Britishgovernment to allow refugees from enemy countries toenter Palestine. It is gratifying, however, to note thatthere has been a marked improvement in Arab-Jewishrelations stimulated by the common emergency of war.During the year, Palestine entered into the active sphereof military activity, with the Jewish settlement being


particularly hard hit by the ruthless bombing of the opencity of Tel Aviv which resulted in many casualties. TheJews there have now satisfactorily organized a complete AirRaid Precautions system and have been insistent in theirdesire to serve in the British forces. Jewish contingentshave, upon the urgent request of the settlement, beenadmitted to active military participation.

As a result of these events and conditions, the problemswhich will confront those who will seek to bring about thereconstruction of Europe after the present conflict arebound to be more numerous, more complicated and farmore difficult of solution than those which obtained afterthe World War of 1914-1918. But the problems involvedin dealing with the Jewish situation will be even morecomplex and far more acute.

Having faith in the ultimate triumph of justice andrighteousness, we believe that the restoration to all inhab-itants of Europe of the "inalienable rights" with whichall men have been endowed by the Divine Creator iscertain to come about. But the struggle for human equalitywill not end with the formal recognition of these rights.An arduous and long-sustained effort will be requiredto undo the evil which has been wrought by the spread offalse dehumanizing Nazi teachings. The temporarily inter-rupted onward march of the forces of public education andenlightenment, before which the legions of ignorance andbigotry were retreating, before the Nazi attack on civiliza-tion, must be resumed. At the same time, the oppressedand the dispossessed will require immediate aid if theyare to survive, help will have to be extended for the repa-triation of the deported, and those forced to begin newexistence in foreign lands will need the sympathetic assist-ance of all.

Keenly realizing that these problems would be unpre-cedented in number and magnitude, your Executive Com-mittee decided, shortly after the outbreak of the presentwar, to institute studies of these post-war problems withthe object of placing the results of such researches at thedisposal of such bodies, public and private, as would


engage in efforts for post-war reconstruction and rehabilita-tion of the plundered and uprooted Jewish victims of Nazityranny.

A special committee has formulated detailed plans forthese studies, and a small staff of experts has been at workfor several months. You will receive from its chairman,Professor Morris R. Cohen, a comprehensive report of theplans and activities of this special committee, which con-sists not only of members of the American Jewish Com-mittee, but also of many other persons representative ofvarious shades of Jewish thought; the peace studies com-mittee is also in touch with various groups which arestudying general post-war problems, and enjoys the whole-hearted cooperation of several important Jewish organiza-tions. Your Executive Committee wishes to avail itselfof this opportunity to express to Professor Cohen and theother members of the Committee on Post War Problemsits grateful appreciation of the time and unselfish devotionthey have given to the difficult task assigned to them.

Events abroad during 1940 continued to prove thatthose observers were correct who had warned the Americanpeople that the anti-Jewish drive in Germany was thespear-head of an assault on civilization. The realizationof this was made more vivid by the fact that in all thecountries which fell before the German onslaught it wasthe leading anti-Jewish agitators who composed the ele-ments which, by their divisive activities, weakened theinternal unity of the people, spread a spirit of defeatismand, in some cases, even engaged in outright treasonableacts which helped to pave the way and make easy thetask of the invaders. This spectacle and reports of thealarming inroads made by Nazi and Fascist elements inCentral and South America have awakened our fellow-citizens to the dangers to the American way of the invasionof Nazi-Fascist ideologies, and at the same time havebrought a keener awareness of the precious nature of theirdemocratic heritage and a more conscious determinationto cherish and preserve it. Mr. Jacob Landau, the Manag-ing Director of the Jewish Telegraphic Agency and the


Overseas News Agency, a keen and reliable student ojinternational affairs, just returned from a five months'visit to a number of South American countries, has sub-mitted a report of his findings, the essentials of which willbe presented at this meeting. Never before in the historyof our country has there been so much discussion in books,newspapers and other periodicals, from platform, from thepulpit and from the radio microphone, of the significanceand value of democracy, and the perils which lurk in ourfalling prey to the machinations of those who seek toweaken our national unity by stirring up latent, or creat-ing new, hostility between groups of different religions,national origins, or cultural backgrounds.

As a result, anti-Jewish agitation struck a new low ofdisrepute during the past year. As we pointed out at yourlast annual meeting, even at its height this agitation,though ominous, never succeeded in making serious inroadson American public opinion but always remained an under-world movement, disapproved and condemned by alldecent Americans. The expressions of disapproval andcondemnation of this movement were more frequent andmore outspoken during the past year than in precedingyears. At the same time, there was a perceptible falling offof interest among those sections of the population whichhad formerly listened to the mouthings or read the scrib-blings of mischief-making rabble-rousers and misguidedfanatics. There was a slight temporary upsurge in themaleficent activities of these elements in the months preced-ing the recent general elections, when attempts were madeby them and even by a few candidates for office to appeal toanti-Jewish prejudice. At the same time, over-zealouspartisans of one side or the other endeavored to influencepublic attitudes by efforts to convince voters of specificreligious sects, racial or national origins that their interestswould be affected in one way or another by the outcomeof the elections. In line with the consistent policy of theAmerican Jewish Committee since its inception, your Exec-utive Committee condemns all such appeals to group pre-judices and interests and reiterates its firm belief that, in


casting their ballots, all American citizens should be, andthe overwhelming majority are, guided solely by theirconvictions as to what is best for our country.

It is encouraging to note that the few candidates foroffice who, in one way or another, were associated withanti-Jewish activities were defeated. Another cause forsatisfaction is the fact that, following the elections, severalof the agencies which had exploited the occasion for spread-ing their anti-Jewish lies suspended their activities. Itwould be an error, however, to conclude from these encour-aging incidents that the danger from this source has passed.The bitter lesson of the past seven years should be ever inour minds, namely, that there exists in our country eco-nomic and social factors which, in times of crisis, can beexploited by unscrupulous persons to create division in theranks of American citizens by whipping up latent inter-group prejudices. Nor must it be forgotten that, althoughthe influence of Nazi propaganda in this country has un-doubtedly been reduced, efforts to promote it are con-tinuing. The need for continuous and unremitting vigilanceand for effective steps to forestall and counteract anti-Jewish attacks from whatever source is as great as it everwas. Insofar as the American Jewish Committee is con-cerned, this need is being met by the Survey Committee,a special sub-committee set up four years ago to performthis specific task. A report of this Committee will besubmitted to you in the course of this meeting.

Cooperation with other organizations having aims andobjectives parallel to our own is one of the most importantfeatures of the work of the Committee. In its report ayear ago, your Committee informed you that since theoutbreak of the war, the General Jewish Council, in whichthe American Jewish Congress, the Anti-DefamationLeague, the Jewish Labor Committee, and the AmericanJewish Committee are represented, had been giving earneststudy to the possibilities of closer cooperation among theconstituent bodies and more intensive coordination of theirwork. This study and negotiations looking to a practicalbasis are still in progress, and a full report regarding them


will be submitted to you later. In the meantime, com-munity leaders have been kept informed of the backgroundof, and factors involved in, these negotiations by the Com-mittee's secretary who has reported on these and othersubjects at regional conferences of the Council of Federa-tions and Welfare Funds during the past year in Birming-ham, Salt Lake City, St. Paul, Milwaukee, and Atlanta.Although a formal agreement has not yet been reached,efforts to secure closer cooperation have by no means beendelayed, and you will be gratified to learn that overlappingand duplication in the specific area of counteracting anti-Jewish agitation have been considerably reduced.

Not the least important of the activities conducted bythe Committee, under the supervision of the Survey Com-mittee, is the work of the Community Service Unit whosefunction it is to maintain contact with local Jewish com-munities in all parts of the country with a view to aidingthem, with advice and materials, in coping with theirproblems. At the same time, the local community organi-zations render our office valuable service in keeping usinformed of significant occurrences which may be helpfulto our Committee in dealing with the situations whichcome within its scope. Contact with the local communitiesis maintained not only by correspondence but also throughvisits paid to the communities by members of the Com-mittee and of the professional staff including a CommunityConsultant who devotes the major part of his time to thisphase of the work. During the past year, the practice ofholding Seminars at the office of the Committee wascontinued. In addition to these seminars, the Committeeheld a two-day conference last month at which fifty-sevenleaders from thirty-three communities were given detailedinformation of the techniques and procedures being em-ployed and of the work being done in the United States andan opportunity to discuss the problems which confrontthem in their communities.

Underlying and supporting the work of the variousdepartments is the Committee's Library of Jewish In-formation. This, you will recall, is the special departmentunder which the library, research, and publication facilitiesof the office have been integrated. This department offers


its service to clergymen, writers, editors and other indi-viduals and to organizations interested in obtainingauthentic and objective information on Jews and factsconcerning them. The Library of Jewish Informationincludes a specialized library of about 5,000 volumes,dealing with contemporary Jewish and related matters,to which from ISO to 200 books and pamphlets are addedeach month. The library also contains about 10,000pamphlets and receives more than 600 periodicals regularlyfrom all parts of the world. Of these about 400 are kepton file in the library. Several hundred newspaper clippingsare made daily.

The Research Staff of the Library of Jewish Informationis composed of experts in their various fields, who preparereports, memoranda, lists and occasional publications onfactual information of interest. The Research Staff isresponsible for the compilation and editing of the Contem-porary Jewish Record and the American Jewish Year Book.

These two publications of which the latter is issued bythe Jewish Publication Society of America, are becomingincreasingly valuable for the dissemination of importantfacts and interesting viewpoints. Among the noteworthyarticles which were published in the six 1940 issues of theContemporary Jewish Record, the following have been foundof special interest: The Future of European Jews by Dr.Salo W. Baron; Religious Education in Schools by Dr. F.Ernest Johnson; Jews in the U. S. S. R. by Jacob Lest-chinsky; Culture Against Barbarism by Thomas Mann;Are American Jews Falling Into the Nazi Trap? by RichardC. Rothschild; Psychology of the Refugee by GerhartSaenger; In Nazi Warsaw by Abraham Weiss; ExclusionaryImmigration Laws by Felix S. Cohen; Canada's FifthColumn by Albert Miller.

In the current volume of the American Jewish YearBook is published a summary of the results of the 1937census of Jewish congregations and estimates of the Jewishpopulation of the United States. This study, you willrecall, was made in cooperation with the United StatesBureau of the Census, under the auspices of the AmericanJewish Committee which financed the undertaking andrendered technical supervision through a committee of


experts consisting of Dr. Morris R. Cohen, Chairman,Doctors Louis I. Dublin, Harry G. Friedman, and AlvinJohnson, and the Assistant Secretary of the Committee.The work was directed by Dr. H. S. Linfield.

Following the completion of this study, your Committeewas convinced that it is desirable that work along theselines should be carried on continuously instead of beingconcentrated in two or three years, and that such workwould most appropriately be conducted under the auspicesof the Synagogue Council of America, a body which consistsof the delegates from national rabbinical and congregationalbodies, which represent the religious interests of the Jewishcommunity. At the suggestion of your Committee, theSynagogue Council agreed to set up a Statistical Depart-ment for this purpose, the Committee agreeing to con-tribute toward the budget of that Department.

The acceleration of momentous events in Europe, withtheir far-reaching repercussions, make more vital than everthe need for the work of the Committee and kindredorganizations. The European tragedy confronts us all,without exception, with a responsibility and a challenge.We cannot discharge the one unless we meet the other.The challenge is not only to our sympathies but also toour resources. Along with other Jewish organizations withwhom it is cooperating, your Committee is exerting everyeffort to shoulder the added burden which has been placedupon it. It must feel, however, that it has behind it in thiscolossal task the full faith and strength of the communityand the active interest of all who recognize in our workone facet of a common human duty. For the rights ofJews as of other human beings are dependent upon thesurvival of democracy, and efforts to safeguard those rightscannot succeed unless they are integrated with efforts topreserve the democratic way of life.

Your Committee, therefore, has looked upon its workin the broader light of the maintenance of democraticand religious values in the present crisis. Its efforts forbetter understanding, for national unity, for the supportof the basic principles of justice and freedom have been


impregnated with a sterling faith in the survival of theAmerican tradition despite the constant attack by theforces of evil. We look forward to a world in which peaceis assured by the reestablishment of the rule of law andby the universal acceptance of the ethical premises whichunderlie the prophetic ideals of our faith and the democraticideals of American society. We are dedicated to the highresolve that these ideals shall not perish.

Respectfully submitted,THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE


MEMORIAL ADDRESS ON DR. CYRUS ADLER

By Morris D. Waldman

Thirty days is the traditional period of mourning inIsrael. That period has long since ended and our tearshave long since dried. Yet today at the first meeting ofthe Corporate Members since the passing of Cyrus Adler,we are especially conscious of his absence. Time hasallayed the anguish of his departure so that we can reviewhis association with us free from the deep melancholy of arecent bereavement, yet governed by a reverent affectionthat will never diminish. Therefore, I shall take advantageof the great privilege accorded to me to speak of thatassociation, not by delivering a funeral oration, but byrecounting, without rhetoric, a number of episodes in thehistory of the Committee which reflect the qualities thatcharacterized him and his leadership.

You know the story of the establishment of the AmericanJewish Committee following the Kishineff, Homel, andother pogroms in Russia from 1903 to 1905. Dr. Adlerhimself recounted that story at the 25th Annual Meetingof the Committee. It was at the meetings of the Committeefor the Relief of Victims of Russian Massacres, where Iserved as secretary, that I first got to know him. Thoughthen only in his early forties, he had already attained aposition of distinction in the Jewish community. He hadmade a most valuable contribution to an understandingof the Russo-Jewish situation at that time in the form ofa volume published under the title "The Voice of Americaon Kishineff," which was a painstaking record of officialand public protests, addresses and resolutions evoked bythose shocking events.

Though I had occasional contact with him in communalmatters in subsequent years, my continuous associationwith him began in the early part of 1928 when I was calledto the American Jewish Committee. Louis Marshall wasstill alive and vigorous. The Executive Committee wasvery small, and nine of its seventeen members residedoutside of New York City. I vividly recall the regular


monthly meetings of the Committee at the home of Mr.Marshall, which were usually well attended. Dr. Adler,Judge Lehman, Cyrus Sulzberger, Judge Elkus, Max J.Kohler, David Bressler, Lewis Strauss and Judge Sternwere generally on hand, and Julius Rosenwald, Judge EliFrank and Dr. Milton Rosenau would attend frequently.The office of chairman of the Executive Committee was notprovided for in the By-laws of the Committee. It wascreated, I am reliably informed, to honor Dr. Adler andto formalize the recognition of the devoted service he hadbeen rendering for many years. It was evident to me thenthat he was the Elisha upon whose shoulders the mantleof authority would eventually fall. So when Mr. Marshallpassed away, it was natural that Dr. Adler should beelected his successor. It was at that time that BenjaminN. Cardozo, Herbert H. Lehman, and Felix M. Warburgbecame members of the Executive Committee.

Marshall and Adler, both observant Jews, both dis-tinguished scholars, both men of stature, differed in manyof their traits. I shall only refer to one difference in qualitiesbetween these two late presidents. Though Mr. Marshallhad the highest respect for the judgment of his colleagues,he had, as you know a dynamic personality so that, inbetween meetings of the Executive Committee, he rarelyhesitated to take action on his own responsibility. I couldnot but gain the impression that the meetings of the Exec-utive Committee mirrored in large measure his owndominant personality. Dr. Adler, despite a strong will ofhis own, was, on the contrary, meticulous in consultingthe other members of the Committee before taking action.This policy was followed not because he lacked confidencein his own judgment; he was no "yes" man. He had thecourage of his convictions and some of us may recall anumber of occasions when he stood out alone against theopinions of all his other colleagues; and in some of thosecases I believe the minority of one was right. It was thispolicy of always consulting his colleagues that helped todevelop the American Jewish Committee into a genuineworking democracy, at least so far as the Executive Com-mittee and sub-committees are concerned.

Dr. Adler's knowledge of international affairs, acquired


over many years, was both deep and extensive. It had itsbeginning with his visit to the Orient in 1891 and 1892and served him well on many occasions. In connectionwith the campaign conducted by the Committee whichresulted in the abrogation of the Treaty with Russia towhich he referred as "the most signal act of justice everundertaken by a great state," his compilation of Americandiplomatic correspondence involving Jews, made a numberof years earlier, was a veritable text-book. With the helpof Dr. A. M. Margalith of Yeshiva College, he was busyrevising a comprehensive work on the same subject nearlyup to the time of his death. His knowledge of Americandiplomatic precedents again came into play in 1913 afterthe Balkan wars which were followed by the transfer ofseveral hundred thousand Jews from Turkish sovereigntyto countries under the domination of the Greek OrthodoxChurch, when he prepared a brief for presentation to thePresident of the United States, to prove that it was whollyin line with the traditional policy of the United States ofAmerica to intercede and even intervene with other govern-ments to assure freedom from oppression for religious orracial minorities. His most noteworthy service in thefield of international relations was rendered at great per-sonal inconvenience to himself when in 1919 he accompaniedLouis Marshall to the Paris Peace Conference on behalfof the Committee. This experience further equipped himfor the leadership he was later to assume. With character-istic diligence and foresight he kept a diary of the proceed-ings at Paris which is one of the chief treasures in thearchives of the Committee and which contains invaluablehistorical material concerning those successful efforts tosecure equality of rights for people belonging to all minor-ities in the eastern and southeastern states of Europe.

These are merely illustrations of the active part he tookin international matters but I stress them because suchknowledge and experience were an indispensable qualityin the person of the president of the American JewishCommittee, especially as, up to 1933, the interest of theCommittee virtually centered on situations overseas. Andthough of late years our attention has been concentratedon the domestic scene, we all realize that the situation here


is largely the effect of events abroad, and that the problemswith which we are concerned cannot be solved by isolatingthe Jews of America from their fellow-Jews in other partsof the world, any more than we can fully safeguard thewelfare of America if we isolate America from the worldat large. Dr. Adler was one of the first in the United Statesto sense that Nazism was not only a peril to Jews in Ger-many and elsewhere, but also a potential danger to civili-zation as a whole. So when in September, 1930, afterspending some weeks in observation of Nazi agitation inGermany, I submitted a report at the Annual Meeting ofthe Committee,— a special occasion to which others, notmembers of the Committee, were invited,— and I pressedfor attention to this situation, Dr. Adler, in spite of skepticalreactions from some of those present who were thoroughlyconvinced "that it could not happen" there or elsewhere,endorsed my findings and warnings and authorized thesetting up in the Committee office of a special departmentto deal with the German situation. That was the nucleusof what has now evolved into the imposing Library ofInformation.

The work done by this department in gathering everybit of available information in that territory of interestmade it possible for us, within a very few weeks afterHitler's accession to power, to publish what we alwaysrefer to as our White Book, "The Jews in Nazi Germany,"a complete and invulnerably accurate account, based onofficial German sources, of the economic, social, and politicalsituation of the Jews of Germany and of the criminal actsperpetrated by the new regime. In the opinion of thosewho are in a position to know the value of such publications,this White Book was in a great measure responsible forspreading information which showed the falsity of Nazianti-Jewish propaganda, and for the beginnings of thatawareness of the danger of Nazism not only to civilizationin Europe but to the American way of life, the extent andintensity of which is reflected in present American foreignpolicy. Dr. Adler gave close attention to the preparationof this important book, read the proofs, and gave invaluableadvice.

His active cooperation in this connection was char-


acteristic of his personality. He always gave close atten-tion to the details of the Committee's work, assuring us overand over again tha t he had no desire to be spared adminis-trative burdens, but that , on the contrary, he wished tobe consulted on all bu t routine matters. He was promptin replying to letters, punctual in attendance a t meetingsand conferences, and industrious in carrying out anyspecial tasks. These qualities made administrative opera-tion, in the matters under his attention, smooth andefficient.

Dr. Adler was a religious man. Religion to him was thevery cornerstone of life, Judaism the warp and woof of thefabric of Jewry. Born in the United States, long before thegreat influx of Europeans which began in the eighteeneighties, he was in the position, in his formative years,to absorb American traditions and ideals free from thoseinfluences that affect natives of large cosmopolitan centers.Perhaps it is because of this environment tha t Dr. Adler'sJudaism was fortified and tha t he realized, more clearlythan he otherwise would have, the harmony of Judaismwith Americanism, and recognized more profoundly theimpress of the Jewish prophetic traditions on early Amer-ican Puritan life and the Hebrew influence on the spiritualfoundations of American democracy. He was thereforeamong the first to recognize that the Nazi movementwhich purported to be, and appeared to many liberal peopleto be, an idealistic resurgence of Germany, marred onlyby what they conceded to be deplorable discriminationagainst its Jewish population, was in reality what everyonenow sees, a hideous repudiation of Christianity and theJudaeo-Christian ideals and principles and the destructionof the civilization built upon those ideals and principles.

In his anguish over the threatened destruction by bruteforce of all that makes life worthwhile to free men—assaultupon the dignity of human personality, the suppressionof the free search for knowledge, especially precious tohim as a scholar, the constriction of human liberty in itsother aspects—freedom to speak and write one's thoughts,freedom of conscience, freedom to labor and move about—Dr. Adler exhibited a quality tha t was particularly charac-teristic, namely, his utter detestation of humbug and


insincerity. You will probably recall his frequent emphaticprivate and public allusions to what all intelligent men nowrecognize are the incredibly puerile and burlesque moraldefenses set up by the Nazis for the brutalities which theyhave been perpetrating. You will recall with what clearand convincing logic he demolished, long before the Nazipact with Stalin opened the eyes of the whole world, oneof the earliest of those Nazi moral defenses, namely, thatNazi Germany had saved the western world from Bolshe-vism, by pointing out that it was this same country thathad sent Lenin in a sealed car through Germany intoRussia to launch the first Bolshevist state.

I said that Dr. Adler was a religious man. To himJudaism, the religion of the Jew, was the fundamentalbasis for the preservation of the Jewish people; withoutit there was no valid reason for their existence. Thoughnot a nationalist Jew, he at the same time believed thatthe preservation of the Jewish people was necessary forthe perpetuation of Judaism. He deeply felt the bond ofkinship with all Jews regardless of their lesser religious orsecular differences. Neither that Jewish bond nor thatJewish faith could, in his view, conceivably conflict withloyalty and devotion to America. On the contrary theycould only strengthen those qualities. Cyrus Adler wasnot a Jew by unfortunate accident. He gloried in being aJew. Early in his life he defined his position in the worldin the following words:

I will continue to hold my banner aloft. I find myself born—ay,born—into a people and a religion. The preservation of my peoplemust be for a purpose, for God does nothing without a purpose.His reasons are unfathomable to me, but on my own reason I placelittle dependence; test it where I will it fails me. The simple, theultimate in every direction is sealed to me. It is as difficult to under-stand matter as mind. The courses of the planets are no harder toexplain than the growth of a blade of grass. Therefore am I willingto remain a link in the great chain. What has been preserved forfour thousand years was not saved that I should overthrow it. Mypeople have survived the prehistoric paganism, the Babylonianpolytheism, the aesthetic Hellenism, the sagacious Romanism, atonce the blandishments and persecutions of the Church and it willsurvive the modern dilettantism and the current materialism, holdingaloft the traditional Jewish ideals inflexibly until the world shallbecome capable of recognizing their worth.


Nothing, therefore, that was Jewish was alien to himand, though not a Zionist, he had an abiding interest inthe development of Palestine and joined with LouisMarshall and Felix Warburg to promote the enlargedAgency for Palestine, and with Mr. Marshall formulatedin connection with this notable undertaking the policy ofthe American Jewish Committee reflected in its pledge"to aid in the realization of the British Declaration . . .and . . . to cooperate with those who, attracted by religiousor historic associations, shall seek to establish in Palestinea center for Judaism, for the stimulation of our faith, forthe pursuit and development of literature, science and artin a Jewish environment, and for the rehabilitation of theland."

Dr. Adler recieved many well merited honors in his life,academic honors for his scholarship, high office in theo-logical and educational institutions, and in learned societies,and in communal organizations of a secular character.The last, if not the crowning tribute of his life, was thecall that came to him from the President of the UnitedStates to be one of three American citizens to confer withhim, and through his representative, with the revered headof the Catholic church, the present Pope, with respectto the means of bringing about a righteous and lastingpeace in the world. His fellow-Jews everywhere hailedthis appointment with pride and satisfaction, recognizingthat Cyrus Adler was the most qualified representative forthis task because his personality was the very synthesisof religion, scholarship and civic responsibility.

Realizing the great possibility of service to humanity inthe call from the President he subjected himself to thestrain of a journey to the White House and when I sawhim a few days later I realized the great spiritual satis-faction this had given him and I prayed that he might bespared to carry on the task that had been laid upon him.

I was afforded the opportunity of visiting Dr. Adlerduring his last illness. I saw him several times, and despitehis condition, solicitously watched over by his graciousand devoted wife, he continued to exercise the charmingsocial amenities and exhibit the human qualities thatendeared him to those who were vouchsafed his friendship.


He was rapidly losing his physical powers but his mind wasas clear as ever, and the vigor of his soul was undimmed.His interest in the problems of the Committee remainedso keen that despite his doctor's orders and my concernnot to subject him to a strain, he insisted upon my over-staying the allotted time in the desire still to keep informedso that he might continue to serve the great cause whichoccupied so cherished a place in his heart.

For the initiative he often displayed; for his boundlesscourage; for his sympathetic support of every proposalthat he was convinced could be useful; for his ripe wisdom;for his broad-gauged spirit that regarded the Committeeonly as an instrument for service and not as an end in itself;for his catholicity of interests not compromised or weakenedby any yielding of his convictions; for his high moral andintellectual integrity that would brook no betrayal forreasons of expediency, the Committee and the Jews of thiscountry and of the world are under an everlasting debt ofgratitude. The memory of the righteous is a blessing, sayour Sages. As his memory will be for us a lasting blessing,so will the institutions which he helped to create be a long-standing monument for the benefit of future generations.He belongs eminently with those ancient leaders of whomEcclesiasticus speaks:

"Leaders of the people by their counsel and by their knowledge oflearning suitable for the people, wise and eloquent in their instruc-tions . . . Their bodies are buried in peace, but their name liveth forevermore. The people will tell of their wisdom, and the congregationwill show forth praise."


REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON PEACESTUDIES

To the Members of the American Jewish Committee:

Throughout our country as well as in the free BritishCommonwealth thoughtful men and women with a senseof responsibility for the future are individually and ingroups studying the problems of an enduring and endurablepeace. As indicative of the variety of these groups I maymention the Federal Council of Churches, the CatholicAssociation for International Peace, The American Associ-ation of University Women, The League of Nations Associa-tion, The Foreign Policy Association, The Commission toStudy the Organization of Peace, The Institute of Inter-national Education, and The National Policy Associationat Washington. Clearly we have not only a vital interestbut an imperative duty to see that the Jewish element inthese world problems receives due consideration.

Since the days of Jeremiah, Jews have recognized thattheir welfare cannot be independent of that of the city orcountry in which they live. Even if all of us were citizensof a separate commonwealth in Palestine or anywhere else,we could not set up a Chinese Wall around us and remainindifferent to the conditions outside of our own territory.It is not possible for any group, no more than for anyindividual, to live in complete isolation or rightly to expectto prosper in an unjust or miserably organized world. Noone today can have real peace when his neighbors are atwar. Moreover, in view of Hitler's repeated public declara-tions, which his practice has cruelly confirmed, that hemeans to exterminate the Jews of Europe, and in view ofhis persistent effort to make life unbearable for us evenbeyond the lands which he directly controls, we have noalternative but to line up with the democratic forces fightingfor a world-order in which every individual, no matter ofwhat race or creed, can expect his rights as a human beingto be respected. In this regard our basic interest is entirelyidentical with that of our fellow American citizens whowish to maintain the principles embodied in the Declarationof Independence and in the concluding sentence of Lincoln'sGettysburg Address.


The Need for Jewish Studies of Peaceand Post-War Problems

But our duty not only to ourselves and to our childrenbut to our fellow citizens and to all who are struggling fora just world-order, requires of us a more specific under-taking in addition to joining our countrymen in the generalstruggle. This necessary task grows out of two circum-stances. ,

1. Wherever we find anti-democratic forces arrayedagainst liberal civilization and against its conception ofhuman freedom and of the rights of every individual, wefind anti-Jewish measures a major part of their program.This is no accident. Those opposed to the modern move-ment of liberation which led to the American and FrenchRevolutions must oppose the emancipation of the Jewswhich was one of the consequences of the liberal regime.As we have more opportunity to become aware of thevarious anti-Semitic movements, we have the greaterobligation to keep our fellow citizens informed of the dangerwhich these movements have in store for our traditionalAmerican way of life.

2. As those who are not Jews do not as a rule study theJewish problem, they do not realize the various peculiarfactors that enter into it. This neglect is well illustratedin the last July issue of the Annals of the American Academyof Political and Social Science. Devoted especially to acomprehensive survey of the conditions of a lasting world-peace, it never even mentions the Jews. When I calledthis to the attention of a colleague who is justly regardedas one of the best informed specialists in internationalaffairs, he quite naively remarked that the Jewish problemwould solve itself if the democratic powers win the warand equal rights are extended to all citizens. While thisanswer states a consummation devoutly to be wished for,it utterly neglects our actual past experience in countrieslike Poland and Roumania. After the last World War,they did solemnly pledge themselves to that ideal, andstill managed to degrade their Jewish citizens and to deprivethem of many necessary means of subsistence. In Polandthis occurred with hardly a single law on the statute-book


avowedly discriminating against the Jews. It was allbrought about by administrative measures with the co-operation of private non-Jewish organizations. Clearly itis impossible to understand the actual conditions underwhich human beings live if we rely only on legal documentson paper.

Nor can we reasonably expect many of our fellow citizensto be acquainted with the actual conditions under whichJews are living abroad if we do not provide them withadequate and' thoroughly authenticated and reliable in-formation. It is sad, and for us humiliating, to note thatthe largest library on the Jewish question is at Munich,and is used to give the false appearance of scholarship tothe venomous propaganda with which the Nazis are poison-ing the minds of the unwary throughout the world. Unlesswe can convince those open to conviction of the misleadingor utterly false character of the Nazi contentions, thispseudo-scientific "literature" is bound to influence worldopinion and thus the conditions under which we shall liveeven after the present active hostilities end. Indeed, evenmany of our own people need to be enlightened as to thebasic falsity of such current charges as the supposed "badmanners" of the Jews, their peculiarly "unassimilable"character or their economically "unproductive" role.

Today we have a special psychologically compellingreason for an intensive study of the Jewish situation abroadas well as at home. The defeat of France, the precariouscondition of Great Britain and the spread of anti-Jewishlegislation even in regions not yet invaded by Hitler, hasproduced amongst many of us a deplorable feeling of utterhelplessness, culminating at times in panicky hysteria.But "if hopes were dupes, fears may be liars." Under nocondition must we fall into Hitler's deliberate trap ofparalyzing us by inducing feelings of terror or else benumb-ing uncertainty. Our problem is thus: How can we escapethis trap without falling into the opposite one of deludingourselves with vain and baseless hopes? Obviously onlyby fearless and painstaking study of the actual conditionand drift of world affairs, and by such preparation for thedifferent eventualities that only a well informed understand-ing can foresee. And since we cannot hope to change the


world situation all alone without the cooperation of ourfellow citizens, we must keep the latter informed too. Theduty to undertake this is all the more imperative becausethe horrible destruction in Europe leaves us in Americathe only ones in a position to do so.

In accordance with the fundamental aim of defendingour rights in the free forum of the world's conscience, forwhich the American Jewish Committee established itsLibrary of Information, our Committee on Peace andPost-War Problems was instituted. Its membership isnot restricted to those who have been connected with theAmerican Jewish Committee, and it is, I believe, fairlyrepresentative of the diverse elements of the Jewish popu-lation of America. From the beginning we have understoodour function to be limited to ascertaining and makinggenerally available those facts that will promote a betterunderstanding of the actual situation and of the possibleeffects of various proposals or plans for dealing with ourproblems. As the value of our work depends entirely onthe reliability of our results, on their scholarly or scientificrectitude, we cannot commit ourselves in advance to anypolitical or partisan program. But it is reasonable toexpect that reliable information and proper integration ofpast experience will prevent serious mistakes and be posi-tively helpful to those who will have to deal in a practicalway with the terms of any peace treaty and with theproblems that will face us when active hostilities terminate.

In this connection it is well to remember that as the waragainst the Jews began long before the present Europeanconflict, it is likely to continue after peace between Ger-many and England is declared. It is not likely that thetorrents of hatred let loose against the Jews by the power-fully organised Nazi propaganda will at once completelydisappear on the signing of any treaty.

At the outset we are faced with the difficulty of the greatuncertainty as to the outcome of the present war and as tothe kind of world situation that will follow it. But notonly are the possible alternative results limited in number,but we can be fairly certain that whether one or the otherside "wins" and imposes a Carthaginian peace, or whetherthere is a stalemate and a negotiated compromise truce,


Europe will emerge terribly impoverished because of thefearful destruction that has been wrought. And besidesthe general distress there will be special suffering for theJewish people. The Jews will be in a worse plight than therest of the population, not only because, even before thepresent war, they lost a major part of their means of sub-sistence but also because they have become the object ofintense nationalist suspicion and hatred that will takemore than a generation to dissolve. War always leaveswounds and suffering which are not conducive to good will.

Thus, three groups of problems are certain to confrontus on the day any formal peace is declared:

1. The problems of immediate relief preparatory torehabilitation; what to do for the millions of our brethrenin unprecedented distress;

2. The problems of migration; how to help those whocannot possibly remain in Europe but must emigrate; and

3. The more general problems of keeping up the per-ennial fight to which not only we, as Jews, but all civiliza-tion, must devote themselves, and that is, the maintenanceof the fundamental rights of human beings irrespective oftheir race or creed. There is no safety for anyone in a worldin which such rights are ignored.

Although various Jewish organizations and scholarshave in past years accumulated a great mass of informationregarding these problems, there is nevertheless a cryingneed not only for additional knowledge but also for betterintegration of what we already have, if we wish to be pre-pared to act promptly and with adequate intelligence. Weare opposed by an enemy that has secured unexpectedtriumphs because his action has been based on thoroughknowledge. Let us not fail through insufficient attentionto the lessons of experience.

The Problems To Be Studied

1. Relief and RehabilitationThose who have followed the work of the J.D.C. and

other relief agencies know how terrifically complicatedand distracting was the task of helping the Jews of EasternEurope to get on their feet after the first World War. But


when the present one ends, the problem of relief will be oneof a magnitude and complexity far beyond anything wehave ever thought of before. At the end of the last waronly the Jews of one section of Eastern Europe were incritical need of help, principally to start their own agenciesof reconstruction. The resources of the Jews of Russiaand Poland were not completely wiped out, and othercountries joined us in extending the helping hand. Whenthe present hostilities end, over 5,000,000 Jews in Europeand possibly more in Northern Africa and the Near East,will be in unprecedented heart-rending distress, and we inAmerica are likely to be the only ones in a position to beof help. We cannot, therefore, expect any of our existingagencies using present methods, to deal adequately withthe problems that will then face us. We do not, in fact,as yet know how the war will affect our own resources.But even if by superhuman efforts we should be able toraise as much as $100,000,000 a year, it would still bepitiably inadequate to bring permanent relief to over5,000,000 people. And yet we cannot, we dare not, giveup all effort. We must, therefore, make conscientious,intensive studies of how our very limited means can bringabout a maximum good in this overwhelming catastrophewhich has befallen our people. Though it is obviouslyimpossible to formulate definite plans at present, we mustgive our serious thought to the matter and be preparedwith the necessary knowledge of the political, economicand social conditions in the countries where relief is to beadministered. Needless to add, this cannot be done with-out taking into account the long experience of the J.D.C.arid of the relief and rehabilitation agencies that the Jewsof Europe have themselves developed.

2. Migration and Colonization

In regard to the problems of migration we face evenmore grave difficulties which we dare not evade. Under nocircumstances can we admit in principle that the Jews area surplus population in Europe, any more than Moham-medans and Christians. We must insist that Jews havebeen natives in Germany, Roumania, Poland or Hungary


for so many centuries that no non-Jew is in a position tosay that his own family has been there for a longer time.Jewish labor and intelligence have contributed to thebuilding up of these countries and Jewish lives have beensacrificed in their defense.

If, therefore, there are any human rights at all, the Jewsof Europe not only have a clear right to remain in thecountries which they have thus helped to build up, butare entitled to the same protection of their lives and theirmeans of earning a livelihood as are all other inhabitants.It would be an unpardonable sin to give up that basic claim.

Nevertheless, we must face the fact that hundreds ofthousands, if not millions, of Jews will want, or be com-pelled, to leave Europe as soon as peace is declared. Evenif Hitler be completely defeated and all antagonism to theJews were to disappear, it would hardly be possible toreturn the many homeless refugees to their former habita-tion and economic position. For the vast reshuffling ofpopulation which has already taken place, and the im-poverished conditions of Europe will offer most seriousobstacles to any such restoration.

We shall, therefore, have to face the inescapable task ofhelping a large number, not only to leave Europe and trans-port themselves to other countries, but also to help themadjust themselves to make a living in their new homes.

To meet this situation we have to be prepared to studyevery country in the world where there is any opportunityfor Jews to come in either as individuals in what is knownas infiltration, or as groups in the process known as colo-nization. This requires:(1) A study of the natural resources, climatic and health

conditions, economic opportunities, legal, political andsocial affairs of the countries of immigration;

(2) How the Jews in the countries of emigration can beproperly trained and prepared for their new life, andhow they can be aided to wind up their affairs in theirold homes in the most advantageous way; and finally

(3) How to arrange adequate transportation to their newones. The last must include not only the obtaining ofproper visas, economic shipping and railroad facilities,but also provisions for stops in countries of transit.


We must also consider the contingency of a German-dominated Europe, in which case some measures will haveto be taken by us to counteract the well-known Nazi plansfor the expulsion of Jews to uncivilized territories, withoutregard to habitability. We must have a knowledge ofthese territories in order to expose the possible attemptsof the Nazis to disguise their hideous plans under the formof a totalitarian "solution" of the Jewish question.

Thus, we are reliably informed that Hitler plans to dumpthe 5,000,000 Jews of Europe into Madagascar, to promisethem local autonomy, and to demand that the rest of theJews of the world support his plan or else see it carried outin a more brutal way. We have made a careful study ofthe opportunities of Madagascar and are prepared to showwhat horrors are involved in the plan.

The transplanting of human beings to radically differentclimatic and social conditions is always a grave and perilousundertaking. The record of many failures at colonization,e.g., by the British in the West Indies, shows the necessityof taking all factors into account, the economic and ethno-graphic as well as the geographic. On the other hand, therecord of Jewish colonization in Palestine, in Argentineand in Southeastern Europe shows that with proper selec-tion and training, Jews can make excellent colonizers. Itis important that American Jews, as well as men of goodwill everywhere, should get rid of the myth that Jews havealways been traders or in the professions and entirely unfitfor pioneer labor.

It is also important to show the economic fallacy which,especially in time of large unemployment, has in manylands served to shut the gates against immigration, viz.,that the newcomers will take away jobs from the natives.This, like the old wage fund theory, is based on the falseassumption that there is a fixed and unchangeable numberof positions, so that an increase of population means alarger number of unemployed. This ignores the fact thata larger number of people can create a larger market ordemand for goods, and that the principal wealth of a nationis in its human resources. History shows unmistakablythat countries like Holland, England and America havebeen made great by the immigration of vigorous people.


The obvious remark may be added that the problemsof migration are not exclusively Jewish. Similar questionscertainly arise for other people. For this reason cooperationwith non-Jewish bodies, scientific and philanthropic, isindispensable. We must not only consult geographers,public health officials and the like, but avail ourselves ofthe knowledge gathered by the International Labor Officeas to the economic, political and social conditions inthe different countries of immigration and emigration.And while the Coordinating Foundation and the Inter-governmental Committee (Evian Conference) have notas yet been able to do much practical work, they haveamassed considerable useful information.

A number of Jewish organizations have been interestedin various phases of the foregoing problems. The JewishColonization Association (ICA) has been in the field ofcolonization for over fifty years, and the Hebrew ImmigrantSociety (HIAS) has for a similar period been giving necessaryaid and protection to immigrants. An agency of these two,the HICEM, has been especially concerned with the trans-portation of refugees and migrants. They have all ac-cumulated a body of information based on their experienceand study of the situation in different countries.

The same is true of the ORT and the National RefugeeService, and to a larger extent of the Joint DistributionCommittee and the American Jewish Committee. TheRefugee Economic Corporation has specialized in studyinglands of possible large scale settlement.

In this situation it is natural to find both a large amountof overlapping and a deplorable lack of needed informationon certain important issues, due to the absence of anycentral agency to coordinate or integrate the various fact-finding activities.

3. Political, Economic and Cultural Status

The problems of relief are concerned with temporaryor transitional situations, and migration or colonizationcan directly affect only a fraction of the Jewish people.The vast majority of our fifteen or sixteen millions will


perforce have to remain in the lands where they now are.Our main problem is therefore:

What kind of a world will result from the war and what,if anything, are we to do about it? We need not overlookthe element of uncertainty as to the outcome of the struggle.It will indeed be a tragically different world if the Attilaof our day prevails. But a British victory even as completeas that of the last war will not necessarily bring about themessianic kingdom or stop the process of social changewhich always involves an element of uncertainty as to thefuture. No treaty between the nations now at war willentirely solve the problems of our political rights, economicopportunities or cultural status. We shall have to continueour age-long struggle for existence, and the result willdepend, in part at least, on our vigilance and our abilityto understand the difficulties ahead of us.

(a) Let us begin at home and see how these problemsappear in the United States. It is safe to assume that oneof the questions about which a majority of the Jews ofthis country are most concerned is that of their futureeconomic status, and more specifically how their childrenwill find proper opportunity to earn a living. Quite apartfrom the effect of anti-Semitic discrimination the Jews,like the Irish, Scotch, Norwegian and other elements ofthe American population, differ from the general or statisti-cally "normal" occupational distribution. Rather few ofus are engaged in heavy industry, and a very high pro-portion of us are found in retail trade and in the middle-classor white-collar occupations. Now it is well to rememberthat there is nothing inherently evil or disadvantageousto any country if, in a free economy, various groups showspecial aptitudes which enable them to prevail in certaineconomic fields. The health, the future intelligence orsound public works in any community depend on engagingthe best doctors, teachers or engineers regardless of theirdescent. Still in times of radical economic changes it isdangerous to have too many of our people in any one fieldin which employment may be rapidly contracting. By andlarge the economic welfare of Jews as of any other groupdepends, of course, most of all on the general prosperityof our country. But our "abnormal" occupational dis-


tribution, and the fact that we are practically excludedfrom certain fields such as the public utilities, make itnecessary for us to study how the post-war economicsituation will affect us.

Recent years have witnessed not only a deplorableincrease of social and economic discrimination against us,but the rise of sinister un-American efforts to arouse hatredagainst us and even — in its extremist form — to threatenus with Czarist or Nazi pogroms. As a result many of ourown people have been seized with panicky fear, and havesupported efforts to fight anti-Semitism that show moreheat than wisdom. The European war and the practicalalliance of Hitler's Germany with Stalin's Russia havevisibly decreased the power of such men as Father Coughlin.Yet it would be inexcusable folly to believe that anti-Semitism is entirely dead in this country, never to reviveagain. Much obviously depends on future developmentsof our political and economic conditions, on the possiblegrowth of militarism and efforts at appeasement withGermany (to sell our surplus cotton, foodstuffs, oil, auto-mobiles, etc.).

The Survey Committee, whose report you have justheard, has rightly called attention to the fact that to fightanti-Semitism effectively, we must not be satisfied withanswering false charges against us. We must join our trulypatriotic fellow-citizens in repelling the forces that wouldoverthrow the traditional American democratic spirit ofequal opportunity for all. But a comprehensive under-standing of the genesis and causes of anti-Semitism isessential for developing sound relations between Jews andtheir neighbors. There is much evidence to show thatanti-Semitism is a symptom of social, economic and politicaldeterioration, and so long as the sources of the infectionare not understood, we cannot hope to deal effectivelywith its manifestations.

But when all is said about strengthening our economicposition and minimizing as far as we can the menace ofanti-Semitism, there still remain the problems of morale:how can we develop the inner strength to face the difficultieswhich, lacking omnipotence, we cannot evade. Before theEmancipation, when Jews were all perforce members of a


unified community, this was largely a task of strengtheningthe traditional faith. But in view of the present-daydifferences amongst us as to religion as well as to economicsand politics, it seems hopeless to expect all Jews to agreeon any one ideology. Indeed, it may well be maintainedthat any attempt to ignore our conscientious differenceswould be not only actually impossible, but ethically un-desirable as an interference with freedom of conscience.Still, while we do not want to organize Jews on a totalitarianbasis, greater cooperation among our divergent groups maybe possible on the basis of a common desire to know whatare our real dangers and how we may be best prepared toweather the storms ahead of us. I may refer to the ex-perience of the Conference on Jewish Relations as showingthat cordial intellectual cooperation between most diverseelements of our people is possible if we restrict ourselvesto the ascertaining of objective truth. And while suchstudies will not bring about unanimity as to our ultimateobjectives, they can certainly promote better mutualunderstanding and thus remove the baneful acerbity ofinternecine quarrels which have at times wrought moreharm to us than the blows of our enemies.

(b) The problems of the Jews in other parts of the West-ern Hemisphere are bound to affect us so intimately thatvery close attention to them is urgent. In any possiblestruggle between the United States and the Axis powersfor influence in Latin-America the position of the Jews isbound to become crucial. While as citizens of the UnitedStates we wish to avoid all kinds of political partisanship,we must remember the precarious condition in which theJews now find themselves in many of the Latin-Americancountries. Any studies of ours which will enable our breth-ren to adjust themselves to the rest of the population inthese countries will not only render an indispensable serviceto people who have not yet established themselves, butare bound in the long run to be helpful to the Jews of theUnited States. Recent visits to South America by Messrs.Borchardt and Landau confirm this.

(c) In regard to the part of Europe now under Germancontrol, the first post-war problem that naturally arises isthe economic one: How will the Jews be able to support


themselves? Let us begin with the assumption of a com-plete British victory. Will it be possible for those whoseproperty has been confiscated or who have been deprivedof their business or professional calling, to be restored tothe position that they occupied before the advent of theHitler regime? Natural economic movements in recentyears as well as the deliberate governmental policies haverelentlessly driven the Jews from their traditional occu-pations. Where shall they turn to to be able to earn theirliving?

No exploration, however, of the economic possibilitiesof post-war Europe can ignore the political and socialfactors which have led to the rise of Nazism and otherforms of intense intolerant nationalism. Will a Poland,for instance, restored by an Allied victory, treat its Jewsmore liberally than it did after 1919? To answer thiscrucial question, we must understand the roots and thestrength of the liberal and of the reactionary forces, andbe able to distinguish between the relatively permanentand the transitory elements in the European situation.

In this connection we must not, in our enthusiasm, ignorethe economic, military and various historic-psychologicdifficulties in the way of any European regime dedicatedto the liberal ideal of the American Bill of Rights, or theFrench Declaration of the Rights of Man. Few Europeansnow seem to believe in it firmly, and large sections of theJewish population have thus given up faith in the idealof the Emancipation, and demand rather a regime in whichthe Jews will be treated as a national minority with acertain amount of local autonomy in regard to educationand various other cultural affairs. In view of this situation,it is of the utmost importance that we study not only theactual working of the minority treaties but also the socialand psychological factors which have prevented the fruitionof the hopes in which they were conceived.

There are those who think that if Hitler is victoriousall the Jews that he can reach will be either killed outrightor at once dumped into some pesthole in Africa. Butreflection shows that while the amount of harm that hecan thus effect is unfortunately enormous, large numbersof human beings cannot be so easily wiped out or readily


disposed of. And if the history of the Jews since the Hadri-anic persecutions be any guide, it is reasonable to assumethat there will be Jews in Europe after Hitler's days areover. It is thus, in any case, necessary to study the preciseposition of the Jews in the Nazi plans for the new economicorder. This is not as difficult to do as it might at firstappear. For a thorough examination of Hitler's generalpolicies shows that they have little originality, that theyare all but a brutal intensification of plans and measurespreviously discussed or even in part carried out in Germanysince the reaction that followed the Napoleonic wars. Wemust know these plans and measures if we are to do any-thing about them before it is too late.

(d) If I say little about the problems of Palestine, it isnot because I do not think they are important but becausethey have already received a relatively great deal of atten-tion from the Jewish Agency, the various Zionist organi-zations, The Palestine Economic Corporation and variousJewish scholars in all lands. There is, however, one aspectof the situation which has not been as yet duly consideredbecause it seems too horrible to contemplate, and that isthe possibility that the Axis powers may capture Palestine.No matter how remote that may seem today, we must notfail to consider it.

We must therefore investigate the Nazi and Fascistattitude on the problem of Palestine and also the attitudeof the Catholic Church which has always regarded itselfas the proper guardian of the Holy Places. In any case, thefuture of Palestine and the problem of Arab-Jewish relationsmust be viewed from a long-range point of view, if we areto be prepared for the various situations which maydevelop.

(e) Nor must we forget that the problem of five millionJews in Soviet Russia may become a burning one in thevery near future. It will certainly be so if war breaks outbetween Germany and the Soviet Union; and it may alsodevelop into an acute form if German influence in Russiashould increase as it may do in certain contingencies. Atpresent we have inadequate knowledge of Jewish condi-tions in Russia, not only because of the general attitude ofits government in discouraging the sending out of news,


but also because we have not established sufficient meansof contact to enable us to gather available information.

The magnitude and diversity of the foregoing problemsseems staggering and it would, indeed, be quixotic topretend that the resources of our Committee or of anyother single organization are adequate to deal satisfactorilywith all these issues. But as I pointed out before, ours isnot the only effort in this direction. Nor is it necessarythat all institutes devoted to this work be consolidatedinto one. What is necessary is that all workers cooperatefreely, and not only avoid duplication but make theirinformation readily available to those in a position to makegood use of it, to those who can weld the iron facts intoswords or ploughshares.

The Institute On Peace And Post-War Problems

The foregoing considerations have led to the organizationof our Research Institute on Peace and Post-War Problemsto gather the necessary information from all possible sourcesand make it available to all who are vitally interested orcan be helpful in meeting our problems as best we can.By keeping in touch with what other organizations havedone and are planning to do, it can serve as a coordinatingagency, to promote cooperation and a more productivedivision of labor among those working in this field.

Its own research work will aim to fill the gaps in ourmost urgently needed knowledge and to keep the latteras up-to-date as is possible in these rapidly changing times.It may take for its motto the saying of Hillel: "If I donot look after myself who will? But if I look after myselfalone, what do I amount to?" And we may add the sayingof Rabbi Tarphon: "The day is short and the task isgreat—. It is not incumbent on thee to complete the wholework, but neither art thou free to neglect it."

The program of its studies may be exhibited in the fol-lowing tables:*

While the foregoing indicate the general plan, the order

*At this point Professor Cohen exhibited a number of charts.


of studies will naturally be influenced by the actual develop-ment of the world-situation.

We have been fortunate to secure the services of Dr. MaxGottschalk as the Director of the Division of Migration andColonization, and for the time being, as Acting Directorof the whole Institute. Dr. Gottschalk's presidency ofHiCEM and his long and honorable connection with the ICAare well known to the Jewish public. Not so well knownbut almost equally valuable for our purpose is his experiencein the International Labor Office of the League of Nations.His staff already includes: Dr. Eugene Hevesi, formerlycommercial attach^ of the Hungarian Legation in Rou-mania and in the United States; Dr. Simon Segal, a special-ist on Polish affairs and formerly on the research staffof the Foreign Policy Association; Mr. Moses Moskowitz,for some time on the research staff of the American JewishCommittee and the helpful secretary of our Committeesince its beginning; and Dr. Theodor Gaster, a worthyson of a great father. Not only is it planned to enlargethis staff, but also to engage a number of experts to pre-pare special reports for us. It is also planned to organizea body of advisers of the leading scholars in the variousfields of our interest whom we can consult.

In closing I wish to express my personal thanks whichI am sure will also be your thanks to my colleagues on thePeace Committee; and I trust no one will think that Iam making any invidious discrimination when I referespecially to the contributions of Professor Baron, Dr. Kahnand Mr. Max Warburg. We have, of course, been guidedby the statesmanlike vision of Mr. Waldman and the everhard-working Harry Schneiderman, and it is needless toadd that this report would not have been possible withoutthe loyal services of Dr. Gottschalk and his devoted staff.

Respectfully submitted,MORRIS R. COHEN,

Chairman

752 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOKf

LIST OF CORPORATE MEMBERS BY CLASSES

Class A.—Community Representatives

STATES AND CITIES REPRESENTATIVES

ALABAMABIRMINGHAMMOBILEMONTGOMERY

ARIZONAPHOENIX

ARKANSASLITTLE ROCK

CALIFORNIAFRESNOLONG BEACHLos ANGELES

OAKLANDPASADENASACRAMENTOSAN DIEGOSAN FRANCISCO

STOCKTON

COLORADODENVER

CONNECTICUTANSONIABRIDGEPORTHARTFORD

MERIDENNEW BRITAINNEW HAVENNEW LONDONNORWALKNORWICHSTAMFORDWATERBURY

DELAWAREWILMINGTON

111

1

1

112

11112

1

1

112

11211111

1

Leo K. Steiner, Sr.

Lucien Loeb

Barnett E. Marks

C. C. Rubenstein

Leon I. Diamond

Harry A. HollzerIsaac PachtMendel B. SilberbergLeonard J. Meltzer

Oliver GoldblattJacob WeinbergerMax C. SlossJesse H. SteinhartFillmore C. Marks

Lewis I. Miller

William P. HaasIsidore Wise

Samuel M. Davidson

Abner SchwartzAbraham WofseyPhilip N. Bernstein

Aaron Finger

1942

1943

1943

1943

1943

1942194419441944

19431944194419421942

1944

19421943

1944

194319441943

1942


STATES AND CITIES REPRESENTATIVES

DIST. OF COLUMBIAWASHINGTON

FLORIDAJACKSONVILLEMIAMIPENSACOLATAMPA

GEORGIAATLANTAAUGUSTASAVANNAH

IDAHOBOISE

ILLINOISCHICAGO

EAST ST. LOUISOAK PARKPEORIAROCKFORDROCK ISLAND

(Tri-Cities*)SPRINGFIELDWAUKEGAN

INDIANAEVANSVILLEFORT WAYNEGARYHAMMONDINDIANAPOLISSOUTH BENDTERRE HAUTE

1

I111

111

1

13

1111

111

1111111

Joseph D. KaufmanMilton W. King

D. J. ApteJ. M. EdrehiErnest Maas

Leonard Haas

Edmund H. Abrahams

Leo J. Falk

James H. BeckerJoseph L. BlockJames DavisSamuel A. GoldsmithBernard HorwichSol KlineAlbert D. LaskerHerbert M. LautmannFrank L. Sulzberger

Arthur LehmannGeorge Seidler

Abraham W. GellmanHerman E. Snyder

A. A. BrentanoNathan L. SalonH. RosenbloomSamuel D. SeiferJ. J. KiserWill WelberMarshall Taxay

19431943

194419431944

1943

1942

1943

194219421942194219431942194319421944

19441943

19421944

1942194219421944194319431944

"Includes Rock- Islanrl and Moline. 111., and Davenport, Iowa.


STATES AND CITIES

IOWADAVENPORT

(see Rock Island, 111.)DES MOINESMASON CITYSIOUX CITY

KANSASKANSAS CITYWICHITA

KENTUCKYLOUISVILLE

LOUISIANANEW ORLEANSSHREVEPORT

MAINEBANGORLEWISTONPORTLAND

MARYLANDBALTIMORE

MASSACHUSETTSBOSTON

BROCKTONBROOKLINECHELSEAFALL RIVERHAVERHILLHOLYOKELAWRENCELOWELLLYNNMALDENNEW BEDFORDPEABODYPlTTSFIELDQUINCYREVERESALEMSOMERVILLESPRINGFIELDWlNTHROPWORCESTER

NO. OFREP'S

111

11

1

11

. 111

2

3

11211111111111111111

REPRESENTATIVES

Eugene MannheimerSam RaizesAdolph M. Davis

Joseph Cohen

Fred LevyStuart G. Levy

Edgar B. SternA. B. Freyer

Michael Pilot

Israel Bernstein

Jacob BlausteinSidney Lansburgh

R. B. GryzmishMilton KahnFelix Vorenberg

Harry Levi

Edward AdaskinLouis HartmanSamuel ResnicAlexander L. SiskindMaurice BarlofskyEli A. Cohen

C. S. LipsittElihu A. HershensonGeorge A. NewmanJoseph B. Grossman

Barton I. GoldbergHyman J. RouttenbergHarry M. Ehrlich

Georee W. Farber

TERMS

194319441943

1944

19421944

19421942

1944

1944

19441944

194419441942

1943

194219421944194219421944

1943194219431942

194319421943

1944


STATES AND CITIES NO OF, REPRESENTATIVES

MICHIGANDETROIT

FLINTGRAND RAPIDSKALAMAZOO

MINNESOTADuLUTHMINNEAPOLIS

ST. PAUL

MISSISSIPPIVlCKSBURG

MISSOURIKANSAS CITY

ST. JOSEPHST. LOUIS

MONTANABUTTE

NEBRASKALINCOLNOMAHA

NEVADARENO

NEW HAMPSHIREMANCHESTER

NEW JERSEYASBURY PARKATLANTIC CITYBAYONNEBLOOMFIELDCAMDENEAST ORANGEELIZABETHHOBOKENIRVINGTONJERSEY CITYLINDENLONG BRANCHNEW BRUNSWICK

2

111

12

1

1

2

12

1

11

1

1

1111111111111

Julian H. KrolikIsadore LevinAbraham Srere

Harry ShulskyJulius H. Isenberg

A. B. PolinskyArthur BrinJoseph H. SchanfeldMilton P. Firestone

Louis L. Switzer

Sig. HarzfeldGeorge OppenheimerHarry BlockCharles M. RiceErnest W. Stix

Nathan J. GoldHarry A. Wolf

Samuel Platt

Jonas TumenHarry CassmanWilliam Rubin

Benjamin F. Friedman

Julius Lichtenstein

Harry Goldowsky

Abraham Jelin

194419421942

19441943

1943194419431942

1944

19431942194319441944

19431943

1943

194319441944

1943

1944

1942

1944


STATES AND CITIES

NEW JERSEY (Cont.)

NEWARKORANGEPASSAICPATEESONPERTH AMBOYPLAINFIELDSOUTH ORANGETRENTONUNIONWEST NEW YORKWOODBINE

NEW MEXICOALBUQUERQUELAS VEGAS

NEW YORKALBANYBlNGHAMTONBUFFALOCEDARHURSTELMIRAFALLSBURGHGLOVERSVILLEGREAT NECKHEMPSTEADKINGSTONLAWRENCELONG BEACHLYNBROOKMONTICELLOMOUNT VERNONNEWBURGHNEW ROCHELLENEW YORK

NO. OFREP'S

21121111111

11

112111

1111

49

REPRESENTATIVES

Michael A. Stavitsky

Victor GreenburgMendon MorrillIsaac AlpernWilliam NewcornJulius H. CohnPhillip Forman

S. E. StarrelsLouis C. Ilfeld

Robert C. PoskanzerC. R. RosenthalEugene Warner

Benjamin F. Levy

Arthur B. Ewig

Leon MannBertram A. StroockOscar HeymanCarl J. AustrianEdward L. BernaysG. M. BernknopfDavid M. BresslerDavid A. BrownEmanuel CellerMorris R. CohenAbram I. ElkusLouis FinkelsteinWilliam FischmanNorman S. GoetzSamuel H. GoldensonLeo Gottlieb

TERMS

1943

194419431943194219421942

19431944

194319421942

1944

1943

1943194419441942194419431944194219441944194319421943194319431942


STATES AND CITIES

NEW YORK (Cont.)

NIAGARA FALLSPEEKSKILLPORTCHESTERPOUGHKEEPSIE

NO. OFREP'S

11i1

1

REPRESENTATIVES

Harold K. GuinzburgHenry S. HendricksMaurice B. HexterJoseph C. HymanStanley M. IsaacsHenry IttlesonJoseph J. KleinAbraham KrasneArthur K. KuhnEdward LazanskyHerbert H. LehmanIrving LehmanArthur I. LeVineSamuel M. LevyOscar A. LewisWm. LiebermannJames MarshallAlexander MarxMitchell MayMaximilian MossGeorge W. NaumburgEdward A. NormanAlgernon I. NovaCarl H. PforzheimerJoseph M. ProskauerHarold RiegelmanA. J. RongyJames N. RosenbergSamuel I. RosenmanWalter N. RothschildSamuel SalzmanSamuel SchulmanWolfgang SchwabacherBernard SemelFred M. SteinI. M. StettenheimHugh Grant StrausRoger W. StrausLewis L. StraussAlan M. StroockSol M. StroockNathan SweedlerRalph WolfMorton J. CohnBernard R. Loewy

Albert D. Kahn

TEMRS

194419431942194419421944194219421944194319441943194319421943194219421944194219441942194319421943194319421943194319431944194419421943194219431943194419441943194219441942194419441943

1944


STATES AND CITIES

NEW YORK (Cont.)

ROCHESTER

ROCKVILLE CENTERSCHENECTADYSYRACUSETROYUTICAWHITE PLAINSYONKERS

NORTH CAROLINAGOLDSBORO

NORTH DAKOTAFARGO

OHIOAKRONCANTONCINCINNATI

CLEVELAND

CLEVELAND HEIGHTSCOLUMBUSDAYTONSTEUBENVILLETOLEDOYOUNGSTOWN

OKLAHOMAOKLAHOMA CITYTULSA

OREGONPORTLAND

PENNSYLVANIAALLENTOWNALTOONABETHLEHEMBRADDOCKChesterEASTONERIEHARRISBURGHAZLETONHOMESTEAD

NO. OFREP'S

2

1111111

1

1

112

1

111111

11

1

1111111111

REPRESENTATIVES

Mortimer AdlerHenry M. Stern

Lewis LurieDavid M. HolsteinJoseph GoodmanS. Joshua KohnP. Irving GrinbergIrving Schneider

Lionel Weil

D. M. Naftalin

Edward M. FeimanSamuel AchDavid PhilipsonMurray SeasongoodEdward M. BakerE. S. HalleMax FreedmanFred Lazarus, Jr.Milton C. SternJoseph Freedman

Herman C. Ritter

S. K. Bernstein

Max S. Hirsch

Isaiah Scheeline

Malcolm Goldsmith

Max C. CurrickPhilip D. BookstaberNat Landau

TERMS

19421944

194219441944194419431944

1944

1942

1943194219421944194419431942194419431944

1944

1943

1944

1942

1944

194319431944


STATES AND CITIES

PENNSYLVANIA (Cont.)

REPRESENTATIVES

JOHNSTOWNLANCASTERMCKEESPORTPHILADELPHIA

PITTSBURGH

POTTSVILLEREADINGSCRANTONUNIONTOWNWILKES-BARRE

RHODE ISLANDPAWTUCKETPROVIDENCE

WOONSOCKET

SOUTH CAROLINACHARLESTON

SOUTH DAKOTASioux FALLS

TENNESSEECHATTANOOGAKNOXVILLE

MEMPHISNASHVILLE

TEXASBEAUMONTDALLASEL PASOFORT WORTHGALVESTONHOUSTONSAN ANTONIOWACO

1 ]11

10

i

1]]

2 i]

1

David Glosser

ustin P. Allmanacob Billikopf. C. Gutmanbseph L. KunM. Paul Leftoni. L. Levinthaltoward A. Loeb-lorace Stern-eon C. SunsteinMorris WolfiVilliam K. FrankEdgar J. Kaufmann

1 Sam R. Lurio1 j

11

12

\. B. CohenJen F. BortzReuben H. Levy

Saul AbramsArchibald Silverman

1

1

1

11

11

11111111

Arthur I. Darman

Sidney Rittenberg

^ouis R. Hurwitz

Sidney MarksBen R. WinickWax Wolfiric D. HirschNathan Cohn

3enjamin BlumVictor H. HexterMaurice Schwartz

Isaac H. KempnerMax H. NathanJake KarotkinMelvin H. Adams

1943

194219431944194319441943194319441944194419431942

1944194419431942

194319431944

1944

1943

19441944194419441944

194319431943

1944194219441944


STATES AND CITIESNO. OFREP'S

REPRESENTATIVES

UTAHSALT LAKE CITY

VERMONTBURLINGTONMONTPELIER

VIRGINIANEWPORT NEWSNORFOLKPORTSMOUTHRICHMOND

WASHINGTONSEATTLESPOKANETACOMA

WEST VIRGINIACHARLESTONHUNTINGTONWHEELING

WISCONSINMADISONMILWAUKEE

SHEEOYGAN

1

11

1111

111

111

12

1

James L. White

Samuel LismanE. L. Segel

Robert D. BinderCharles L. Kaufman

Edward N. CalischJ. Irving Kaufmann

Leo T. KreielsheimerJoe RubensBaruch I. Treiger

David Gideon

S. B. ScheinJoseph L. BaronNathan M. Stein

1943

19421942

19431944

19431944

194219441943

1942

194219441943

Class B.—Delegates from National Jewish

Organizations*AMERICAN JEWISH HISTORICAL SOCIETY, A. S. W. RosenbachBRITH SHOLOM, Louis I Gilgor, Louis LevineCONFERENCE COMMITTEE OF NATIONAL JEWISH WOMEN'S ORGANIZA-

TIONS, Mrs. Leon WattersFREE SONS OF ISRAEL, Max OgustHADASSAH, Miss Sylvia Brody, Mrs. Benjamin Gottesman, Mrs. David

B. Greenberg, Mrs. David de Sola Pool, Mrs. Samuel J. Rosensohn,Mrs. Robert Szold

HEBREW SHELTERING AND IMMIGRANT AID SOCIETY OF AMERICA,Solomon Dingol, Harry Fischel, Abraham Herman, Jacob Massel,Albert Rosenblatt, Samuel A. Telsey

INDEPENDENT ORDER B'RITH ABRAHAM, Herman Hoffman, Max L.Hollander, Max Silverstein

*The term of Delegates is one year, or until their successors are chosen


JEWISH WELFARE BOARD, Joseph RosenzweigNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF JEWISH SOCIAL WELFARE, Maurice J. KarpfNATIONAL COUNCIL OF JEWISH WOMEN, Mrs. Maurice L. Goldman,

Mrs. Karl J. KaufmannORDER OF THE UNITED HEBREW BROTHERS, Max E. GreenbergPROGRESSIVE ORDER OF THE WEST, H. L. BrodyRABBINICAL ASSEMBLY, JEWISH THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY OF AMERICA,

Leon S. LangUNION OF ORTHODOX JEWISH CONGREGATIONS OF AMERICA, Benjamin

Koenigsberg, William WeissUNITED SYNAGOGUE OF AMERICA, Louis J. MossWOMEN'S BRANCH, UNION OF ORTHODOX JEWISH CONGREGATIONS,

Mrs. Joseph M. Asher, Mrs. Isidor Freedman, Mrs. Herbert S.Goldstein

WOMEN'S LEAGUE, UNITED SYNAGOGUE OF AMERICA, Mrs. David Kass,Miss Sarah Kussy, Mrs. Samuel Spiegel

YOUNG PEOPLE'S LEAGUE OF THE UNITED SYNAGOGUE, Morris V.Dembowitz

Class C.—Members-at-Large*George Backer, New YorkLouis Bamberger, NewarkJohn L. Bernstein, New YorkLeo M. Brown, MobileFred M. Butzel, DetroitLeo M. Butzel, DetroitSolomon Eisner, HartfordJacob Epstein, BaltimoreLeon Falk, Jr., PittsburghEli Frank, BaltimoreEdward S. Greenbaum, New YorkHiram J. Halle, New YorkHerbert J. Hannoch, NewarkWalter S. Hilborn, Los AngelesWilliam L. Holzman, OmahaJ. J. Kaplan, BostonLouis E. Kirstein, BostonSamuel D. Leidesdorf, New YorkMonte M. Lemann, New OrleansLouis E. Levinthal, PhiladelphiaChas. J. Liebman, New YorkSolomon Lowenstein, New YorkJulian W. Mack, New YorkLouis B. Mayer, Culver City, Cal.George Z. Medalie, New YorkHenry Morgenthau, Sr., New YorkReuben Oppenheimer, Baltimore

*The term of Members-at Large is one year


Milton J. Rosenau, Chapel Hill, No. Car.Lessing J. Rosenwald, PhiladelphiaWilliam Rosenwald, Greenwich, Conn.Morris Rothenberg, New YorkHenry Sachs, Colorado SpringsDavid H. Sulzberger, New YorkWilliam B. Thalhimer, Richmond, Va.F. Frank Vorenberg, BostonFrederick M. Warburg, New YorkMax Warburg, New YorkSidney J. Weinberg, New YorkMaurice Wertheim, New YorkJoseph Willen, New YorkHenry Wineman, Detroit

Documents

THE AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITTEE - AJC Archives Thirty-Fourth Annual Meeting of the American Jewish Committee was held at the Hotel ... de Sola Pool, Victor S. Riesenfeld, Joseph Schlossberg,