GC{XXXVIlVINr/317

I N I S - m f — J 3 7 1 6

THEAGENCY'S TECHNICALCO-OPERATION ACTIVITIESIN 1992REPORT BY THE DIRECTOR GENERAL

INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY

THEAGENCY'S TECHNICALCO-OPERATION ACTIVITIESIN 1992REPORT BY THE DIRECTOR GENERAL

GC(XXXVII)/INF/317

Printed by theInternational Atomic Energy Agency in AustriaAugust 1993

INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY

CONTENTS

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS vii

INTRODUCTION AND GLOSSARY x

I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1

II. REVIEW OF THE AGENCY'S TECHNICAL CO-OPERATION ACTIVITIES 3

A. Overview 3

1. General Issues 3(a) In-house developments 3(b) External developments 5

2. Resources and Delivery 63. Evaluation 7

B. Review by Agency Programme (Field of Activity) and Division 10

1. Agency Programmes 10

2. Division 11

C. Review by Area 14

1. Africa 14

2. Asia and the Pacific 163. Latin America 184. The Middle East and Europe 19

D. Review by Component 22

1. Experts 222. Equipment 243. Fellowships 254. Training Courses 265. Sub-contracts and Miscellaneous 27

E. Review by Fund 27

1. Technical Assistance and Co-operation Fund 272. Exfrabudgetary Resources (including Funds in Trust) 31

Poge lii

3. UNDP 324. Assistance in kind 33

III. A PROFILE OF TECHNICAL CO-OPERATION ACTIVITIES IN LATIN AMERICA 35

Introduction 35Argentina 36Bolivia 37Brazil 39Chile 40Colombia 43Costa Rica 45Cuba 47Dominican Republic 48Ecuador 49El Salvador 51Guatemala 53Haiti 54Jamaica 55Mexico 56Nicaragua 58Panama 60Paraguay 61Peru 63Uruguay 65Venezuela 67Regional activities in Latin America 69

IV. PROJECTS CONCLUDED DURING 1992: ACHIEVEMENTS 75

IMPLEMENTATION SUMMARIES 176

Implementation Summary I: All Funds 176Implementation Summary II: Technical Assistance and Co-operation Fund . . . . 177Implementation Summary III: All Funds by Department and Division 178

FIGURES 179

Explanatory Notes to Figures 179

1. Resources available for Agency technical

co-operation programmes 181

2. Disbursements by programme: 1992 182

3. Disbursements by component: 1983-1992 183

4. Technical co-operation personnel services by region: 1992 184

5. Distribution of equipment disbursements by region: 1992 185

6. Summary data on training programmes: 1992 186

7. Technical Assistance and Co-operation Fund disbursementsby type of currency and region: 1992 187

8. Technical assistance and co-operation disbursementsby programme and region: 1992 188

9. Distribution ot technical co-operation disbursementsby source and region: 1992 189

10. Utilization of the Technical Assistance and Co-operation Fund 190

TABLES 191

Explanatory Notes to Tables 191

1. Available resources: 1983-1992 193

2. Technical Assistance and Co-operation Fund: 1983-1992 194

3A. Project personnel by place of origin: 1992 195

3B. Trainees in the field by place of study: 1992 198

3C. Equipment by country of origin: 1992 200

4. Distribution of technical co-operation disbursements by type: 1988-1992 201

5. Extrabudgetary funds for technical co-operation activities by

donor (as at 31 December 1992) 202

6A. Technical co-operation personnel services: 1992 203

6B. Recipients of training abroad: 1992 204

7. Financial summary: 1992 207

8. Financial summary: 1958-1992 209

9. Women's participation in technical co-operation 212

ANNEXES 213

Explanatory Notes to Annexes 213

I. Disbursements of extrabudgetary and in-kind contributions: 1992 215

A. Assistance for activities where donor is not recipient 215

B. Assistance for activities where donor is recipient 216

11. Training courses: 1992 217

Hi. Published reports: 1992 221

IV. Voluntary contributions pledged and paid to theTechnical Assistance and Co-operation Fund for 1992 224

V. Cost-free fellowships: 1992 227

VI. Approved and on-going UNDP projects as at 31 December 1992 228

VII. Footnote-g7 projects made operational or extended during 1992 229

Pag* w

VIII. Approvals against the Reserve Fund in 1992 231

A. New projects 231

B. Supplementary assistance to existing projects 231

IX. Net programme changes by recipient: 1992 232

X. Net rephasings undertaken during 1992 242

XI. Extrabudgetary contributions for activities relating to technicalco-operation which are not included in the technical co-operationprogramme: 1992 243

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

ACC Administrative Committee on Co-ordination

AFRA African Regional Co-operative Agreement for Research, Development and Training

Ag*ncy International Atomic Energy Agency

ARCAL Regional Co-operative Arrangements for the Promotion of Nuclear Science and Technology In LatinAmerica

ASSET Assessment of Significant Safety Events Team

IWB Boiling water reactor (Boiling-water-cooled & moderated reactor)

CANDU Canada deuterium-uranium (reactor)

CC Convertible currency

CD-ROM Compact disk • read only memory

CDS/ISIS Computerized Documentation Systems/Integrated Set of Information Systems

CEC Commission of the European Communities

DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid

[LISA Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

ENPEP Energy and power evaluation package

ESCAP UN Economic & Social Commission for Asia & Pacific

FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

FIA Flow Injection analysis

OS/TA General Service/Temporary Assistance

IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency

INIS International Nuclear Information System

IVITA Veterinary Institute for Tropical and High Altitude Research, Peru

KAERI Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute

KANUPP Karachi Nuclear Power Plant, Pakistan

LAN Local Area Network

MAED Model for analysis of energy demand

MCA Multi-channel analyser

NCC Non-convertible currency

NDT Non-destructive testing

NE Department of Nuclear Energy and Safety, IAEA

NENF Division of Nuclear Fuel Cycle, IAEA

NENP Division of Nuclear Power. IAEA

NENS Division of Nuclear Safety, IAEA

NESI Division of Scientific and Technical Information, IAEA

JSl OF ABBREVIATIONS P a g * vri

NPP Nuclear power plant

OSADT Operational Safety Review Team

PC Personal computer

PIT Proton emission tomography

PIXE Proton induced X-ray emission

PSA Probabilistic Safety Analysis

PWB Pressurized water reactor

R * D Research and development

BAPAT Radiation Protection Advisory Team

BCA Regional Co-operative Agreement for Research, Development and Training Related toNuclear Science and Technology

BIA Radioimmunoassay

BIAL Agency's Laboratories

BIFA Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Isotope and Radiation Applications of Atomic Energy for Food andAgricultural Development. IAEA

RILS Division of Life Sciences, IAEA

BIPC Division of Physics and Chemistry, IAEA

BPFI Regional Project on Food Irradiation

SIDA Swedish International Development Authority

SPECT Single-photon-emission computerized tomography

TACF Technical Assistance and Co-operation Fund

TC Department of Technical Co-operation, IAEA

TCDC Technical Co-operation among Developing Countries

TCPM Division of Technical Co-operation Programmes, IAEA

TECDOC Technical Document

TID Thermoluminescenee dosimetry

TSH Thyroid-stimulating hormone

UN United Nations

UNCED United Nations Conference on Environment and Development

UNDP United Nations Development Programme

UNDP/OPS United Nations Development Programme/Office for Projects Sen/ices

UN/DTCD United Nations Department of Technical Co-operation tor Development

UNEP United Nations Environment Programme

UNFSTD United Nations Fund for Science and Technology for Development

UNICEF United Ndtions Children's Fund

UNPHU Pedro Henriquez Urena National University, Dominican Republic

UV Ullra-viole!

Page » UST Of ABBREVIATIONS

UV-VIS Ultra-violet to visible

WAMAP Waste Management Advisory Programme

WASP Wien Automatic System Planning Package

WHO World Health Organization

WWIR Pressurized water-cooled and water-moderated power reactor

PROGRAMME CODES

A

I

e

D

E

F

o

H

1

J

S

X

= Nuclear Power

= Nuclear Fuel Cycle

= Radioactive Waste Management

= Food and Agriculture

= Human Health

= Industry and Earth Sciences

= Physical and Chemical Sciences

= Radiation Protection

= Safety of Nuclear Installations

= Safeguards

= Direction and Support

= Comparative Assessment

.1ST OF A&BRFV1ATHDNC

INTRODUCTION AND GLOSSARY

INTRODUCTION

This report follows the format used last year to provide, on the one hand, detailed data on theutilization of the various funds made available for technical co-operation activities in aparticular year and. on the other, to give an impression of the results achieved.

in addition to a description of overall developments, Section II provides quantitative data,expressed both in financial and in non-financial terms, which are presented here as well asin the standard Implementation Summaries, Tables, Figures and Annexes in a manner whichfacilitates comparison with prior years.

On the request of some Member States more detailed data on the provenance of theequipment purchased for the Agency's Technical Co-operation programme during the yearunder review are presented in a new Table. 3C.

Whereas some Member States expressed the opinion that Sections III and IV. which focus onresults achieved in narrative form, could be issued as a separate document, others felt thatthey provide an important insight into the activities carried out and should, therefore, remainan integral part of the report. These sections were, therefore, maintained. In Section III aprofile is provided on the activities carried out in the Latin America Region during the past fiveyears. A similar profile of Latin America started this feature in the report on the Agency'sTechnical Co-operation Activities in 1987 (GC(XXXII)/INF/256). Section IV briefly describes theaccomplishments of each project completed during 1992. In-depth-assessments of thequalitative aspects and achievements of Agency technical co-operation continue to beprovided through evaluation reports.

All sums of money in the report are expressed in US dollars and have in most instances beenrounded to the nearest hundred or thousand dollars. Percentages have also been roundedin statistical tables and figures.

The glossary which follows provides definition of terms and concepts used in the report andapplied in respect of technical co-operation activities of the Agency.

GLOSSARY

Adjusted programme - the total value of all technical co-operation activities approved fora given calendar year plus all approved assistance brought forward from previous years butnot yet implemented. It is against this figure - which is not identical with resources actuallyavailable -that the implementation rate is measured.

Disbursements - actual cash outlays for goods provided and services rendered.

Earmarking* - amounts allotted for funding approved assistance awaiting implementation.

Extrabudgetary funds - funds provided by Member States tor financing specific projects oractivities. These funds are separate from voluntary contributions to the Technical Assistanceand Co-operation Fund.

Page > INTRODUCTION AND GLOSSARY

Footnote-g/ projects - projects approved by the Board for which no immediate funds areavailable.

Funds In trust - funds received from Member States to finance assistance for themselves.

Implementation - the volume of funds obligated (new obligations) in a given period.

Implementation rate - a ratio obtained by dividing implementation by the adjustedprogramme (expressed as a percentage).

New obligations - the sum of disbursements during the year and year-end unliquidatedobligations minus unliquidated obligations carried over from the previous year.

New resources - the total value of funds received in a calendar year not previously reported.

Programme year - the year for which an activity is planned.

Rephaslng • a temporary release of funds approved for inputs which were planned for agiven programme year and which cannot be implemented as scheduled. Rephasing doesnot change total inputs approved for a project; rather, it serves to keep project planningrealistic.

Reserve Fund - an amount set aside by the Board each year for financing assistance of anurgent nature requested after the Board has approved the Regular Programme for the yearin question.

Technical Assistance and Co-operation Fund - at present, the main fund for the financingof the Agency's technical co-operation activities; it is supported by voluntary contributionsfrom Member States. 8% assessed programme costs paid by Member States over assistancereceived and miscellaneous income.

Type II fellowship - fellowships provided by Member States at little or no cost to the Agency.

UNDP Programme - projects executed by the Agency on behalf of UNDP and its associatedfunds.

Unliquidated obligations - obligations incurred for which no cash outlays have yet beenmade.

Unobligated balance - total funds available less disbursements and less unliquidatedobligations against the current year.

INTOODUCT1ON AND GLOSSARY Pag« t

I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Contributions to the TACF in convertible currencies increased by8.6%. The part of the target expected to be met by convertiblecurrencies rose from 80.0% in 1991 to 81.1% in 1992.

para 115

These increases were offset by a sharp decline in the value ofcontributions in major non-convertible currencies, resulting in anoverall decline of the TACF target pledged from 77.2% in 1991 to71.6% in 1992. Decreased amounts were also registered in othersources of funding: Extrabudgetary funds, UNDP and Assistance inkind, so that total resources declined from $49.1 million In 1991 to$40.3 million in 1992.

para 11*Tabl* 2para 16Tabl* 1

As the weight of the NCC in the TACF resources has now beenreduced to 9% further fluctuations in these currencies can no longerhave similar major effects in future.

para 118-120

The fluctuations noted in the first biennial cycle whereby the secondyear showed higher implementation in financial terms than the firstyear may not be inherent to the two year cycle as such. This patterndid not prevail in the second two year cycle: the implementationrates in the TACF in 1992 (61.9%) was below that of 1991 (67.6%).The overall implementation rate of 59.3% is within the rangeprevailing during the past five years (56.5 • 67.8%).

para 2,19,121

Office automation and the advantages of the two year cyclehelped to cushion the effects of the budget cuts to some extent butthe strain is being felt not only in quantitative delivery of theprogramme but particularly in the resulting limitations onintensifying field monitoring, which are essential to maintain andimprove quality. It is anticipated that the availability of deferredfunds will significantly alleviate the situation in 1993.

para 11

Notwithstanding exchange losses, strict budget and programmecontrol succeeded in keeping the 1992 programme balancedwithin the financial parameters upon which it was based, both inrespect of the NCC as well as the CC portion of the programme.

para 18,118

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Page 1

A total of 1,094 projects were operational during 1992 and 231 ofthese were completed. A total of 2,154 persons received 3,837months of training abroad and 2,258 expert/lecturer assignmentswere carried out providing 1,009 months of expertise.

para 20, 21Flgura 4Figure 6

The largest share of the TC programme is now allocated to Africa:26%, followed by Asia 25.7%, Latin America 21.4% and Middle Eastand Europe 20.3%. Global and interregional activities account for6.6% of the adjusted programme.

ImplementationSummary I and

Section C

Continuing emphasis was placed on radiation protection and safetyrelated activities which accounted for 21.9% of all TC disbursementsin 1992, followed by 19.8% for Physical and Chemical Sciences and18.3% for Food and Agriculture.

para 33-36

The emphasis on radiation protection and safety reflects thecontinuing need to ensure an adequate infrastructure for thetransfer of nuclear technology.

para 33,46,56, 66, 78

In addition to implementing the 1992 programme the newprogramme for 1993-94 was prepared during the year under review,for which over 700 requests had to be appraised.

para 1

Within the Secretariat intensive preparatory discussions wereinitiated concerning a gradual re-direction of the TC programmetowards more end user oriented projects with more visible costbenefits and towards ensuring that future programmes are morefirmly in line with national development objectives. A start wasmade in the selection and development of future model projects toserve as bench marks in this respect.

para 4

In the context of the Secretariat's contacts with other organizations inthe UN System emphasis is being placed on the role nucleartechnology can play in environmental issues in developingcountries. Additional and alternative sources of funding for possibleTC projects in this area are being actively pursued.

para 14-15

I EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

II. REVIEW OF THE AGENCY'S TECHNICALCO-OPERATION ACTIVITIES

A. Overview

1. General Issues

(a) In-house developments

1. The year under review saw the preparation of the new 1993-1994 biennialprogramme. This entailed the appraisal of well over 700 project proposals.As many of these were in line with recommendations made by preparatoryassistance and country review missions. 67% were included in the newprogramme. In addition, as the objectives of a considerable number of theremaining requests could be met through consolidation with other requests orthrough already approved assistance, less than 20% of the requests receivedcould not be included in the programme.

2. Based on performance in the first two year cycle, expectations had beenthat programme implementation in financial terms would always be higher ina second year of such a cycle but these assumptions were not sustained in thesecond biennium. Partly due to external factors such as the developments inEastern Europe which particularly affected programme delivery using suppliersin the countries involved, implementation in financial terms in 1992 did notreach the levels obtained in 1991, although it remained within the rangeprevailing in the last five years.

3 More important than annual fluctuations in the implementation rate infinancial terms is the conclusion reached that the two year cycle has made itpossible to place added emphasis on project preparation and quality. It hasalso stimulated several requesting cou.itries to start moving in the direction offormulating longer-term views on the role nuclear technology can play in thevarious sectors of their national economies. Particularly during the last quarterof the year the TC Department itself has been actively engaged inbrainstorming sessions amongst its own staff as well as with technical divisionsto arrive at new concepts and strategies to determine the future direction ofthe programme that would guarantee its continuing relevance and increaseits appeal to donors and recipients alike.

4. Work has been initiated on identifying and developing model projectswhich would illustrate and stimulate a gradual move towards a more end-useroriented programme with a more direct impact which would be closely in linewith national and sectoral development plans. These ideas will be furtherworked out during 1993 and where feasible the concept will be implementedas early as possible. The helpful decision of the Board in December 1992 tohold a wide ranging policy review seminar in 1994 - as opposed to an earlierone restricted to the two year cycle - will provide an ideal opportunity tothoroughly discuss with Member States any elements of the new strategy which

II REVIEW Of THE AGENC VS TECHMCAL COOPtRATlON ACTIVITIES Pog« 3

may require policy decisions.

5 The rules regarding the transfer of title of equipment purchased under TCprojects were amended to simplify procedures. Other rules in respect of TCprocedures were redrafted. The Secretariat intends to obtain agreement of theBoard for a work plan to review the totality of Financial Regulations and Rulesincluding those of special relevance to TC.

t Training courses for national staff in Ayency TC policy and proceduresand in TC project design, management and evaluation techniques werecontinued in 1992 with a workshop in the Philippines. In addition, liaisonofficers and counterparts from 22 countries received training in Agencyprocedures at Headquarters. The remainder of the UNDP funds madeavailable to the TC Department in 1991 from UNDP overhead cost earned in1990, enabled one TC area office staff to participate in the UN Workshop ontechnical co-operation co-ordination in the field held in Guatemala with anumber of country teams of the region. Another staff member went to a similarworkshop for countries of the Africa region held at the UN/ILO Training Centrein Turin. These workshops are particularly useful to the Agency since it has nofield representatives of its own in developing Member States. In addition threeinternal workshops on co-ordination between area officers and technicalofficers took place in 1992.

7 The Information Systems Unit established in 1991 was closely involved inproviding support for TC financial activities and reporting responsibilities.During 1992, the Unit also began the process of shifting much of the documentproduction away from highly-specialized software products to Agency-standard tools, in which a sizeable number of staff members have experienceand in which training and support are readily available.

e User support has been provided to computer users throughout theDepartment on an on-call basis. Much of this involves solving specificproblems. The need for this type of user support including training makes aheavy demand on the human resources of the Unit as virtually every staffmember in TC is now integrated in the Local Area Network (LAN). It isnevertheless a most essential function to ensure that the potential pay-off fromthe investment in automation is fully realized.

« User support also included the establishment of maintenance and repairservices for electronic equipment. These services have been made possibleby a cost-free expert from China. In addition to procuring diagnostic andrepair equipment, an agreement was negotiated with the SeibersdorfLaboratories which enables TC to have rapid access to a large inventory ofreplacement electronic components.

10 With the help of a staff member from the Experts Section work was alsocarried out with the Fellowships and Training Section to define and documentthe user requirements for a LAN-based custom-developed work group systemfor the Fellowship programme. This project will continue through design anddevelopment phases in the coming year. In this connection state of the artsoftware development environments were investigated leading to the highprobability that this will be the first custom-developed system within TC to takefull advantage of the windows environment.

11 The high degree of automation coupled with the advantages of the twoyear programming cycle, has made it possible to cushion to some extent theeffects of the budget cuts. The forced savings, lapses and deferrals that hadto be carried out undoubtedly had some influence on the quantity ofassistance delivered and certainly made intense coniacf with Member Spates- a pre-condition to improving quality - more difficult. It is expected that the

ige d H REVIEW OF THE AGENCVS TECH*CAL COOPERATION ACTIVITIES

situation will be alleviated when the deferred funds become available in 1993.

(b) External developments

12 The developments in Eastern Europe continued to have an impact on theTC programme. The influence these developments had on the resourcesituation and on programme delivery are explained in Section A2, D2 and E1.In addition, the new states in this region which became Agency Members willall become recipients of technical assistance as well. In most casespreliminary requests during 1992 could be handled through on-going projectsin predecessor-states but the need for expanded assistance in this area is likelyto increase. In order to avoid that accommodation of these needs would resultin undue reductions of funds available for developing countries outsideEurope, additional funding sources will have to be actively explored. By theend of 1992 a modest amount of such additional funds were indeed obtainedfrom the United Nations Secretariat for Chernobyl for assistance to Belarus whilean initiative taken by NENS to co-ordinate activities with UNDP's efforts in theCommonwealth of Independent States (CIS) is likely to result in UNDP co-fundingfor these activities in 1993.

13 Throughout the year close contact on technical co-operation matterswas maintained with UNDP and with the UN System as a whole throughparticipation in the semi-annual meetings of the Consultative Committee onSubstantive Questions dealing with Operational Activities 'CCSQ(OPS)).Discussions continued to be aimed at operationaiizing the various elements ofGeneral Assembly resolution 44/211. The committee drafted guidelines on anumber of these issues which were, after adoption by ACC, forwarded to theResident Coordinators in the field on behalf of the System as a whole. IAEA,together with other technical agencies, concentrates on these occasions onensuring that the interests and capacities of agencies without fieldrepresentation are not overlooked at the field level. This is important sincemore and more decision making on country programmes and projects takesplace at the national level.

14 In the context of these and other meetings the Secretariat has beenactively pursuing the possibilities that may be offered through new fundingmechanisms specifically created for environmental matters. "Agenda 21"adopted at the UNCED in Rio de Janeiro contains a vast array ofrecommendations to national governments and the world community to governaction for sustainable, environmentally sound development in the comingdecennia. UNDP obtained pledges for separate funding to strengthen thecapacity in developing countries to implement "Agenda 21". Since one of thechapters of Agenda 21 deals with the "safe and environmentally soundmanagement of radioactive wastes" the Secretariat has initiated contacts withUNDP to explore the possibility of obtaining financing for projects in this fieldonce the fund (named "Capacity 21") becomes operational.

15 The Secretariat has closely followed developments in and around theGEF. the Global Environment Facility set up by the World Bank. UNDP and UNEP,which has considerable funds available for projects dealing with theprevention of global warming, sustaining biodiversity, decreasing pollution ofinternational waters and with preventing ozone depletion. In-house discussionshave indicated that the Agency would be in a position to formulate projectsfor a number of developing Member States that would be of potential interestto the GEF. A more active stance in UN System deliberations concerning themodalities of utilization of environmental funds will therefore be pursued in 1993with the aim to formulate concrete proposals in this respect in the Agency'sfield of competence.

II REVIEW OF THE AGENCVS TECHNICAL COOPERATION ACTIVITIES Page 5

2. Resources and Delivery

N«w r»iouro«« $40.3 millionAdjmtod programm* $59.3 millionN»w obligation* $35.2 millionImptomantatton rat* 59.3%Dltbun«nwnt« $47.4 million

16 Total new resources declined sharply from S49.1 million in 1991 to $40.3million in 1992, a drop of 17.9%. As will be explained in Part E of this report,this was mainly due to the losses in the NCC component of the TACF so that thevery positive development of an increase of nearly $3 million in convertiblecurrency received in pledges for the TACF does not show in the total TACFamount. In addition, declines in all other funds which provide TC resourcesdepressed the overall figure further: In kind contributions in 1992 were lowestsince 1977 and the UNDP programme was the smallest since 1959. Due to thefact that funds from a major extrabudgetary donor in CC and allextrabudgetary contributions in NCC were not available in 1992, the amountof extrabudgetary funds received was the second lowest in the last decade.These developments are shown in Table 1. Since the relative weight of theNCC component in TC resources is now much reduced, future devaluations ofthese currencies will no longer affect the TC resources to the degree they didin the year under review. It is, therefore, unlikely that such pronouncedresource decline will re-occur.

17 The relative weight of the various funding sources showed somefluctuation for the year being reviewed. Extrabudgetary funds dropped twopercent to 12.3% of the total, in-kind now comprise 3.2% and UNDP has furtherdeclined to 1.5%. Of course the TACF is still the main funding source with82.9%. an increase of 3.7% over 1991.

is. The total of all technical co-operation activities approved for a givencalendar year, plus the value of all approved but as yet unimplementedassistance from previous years constitutes the "adjusted programme". Eventsduring 1992 led to a reduction in the value of the NCC portion of thatprogramme by $9.2 million. Most of it was due to NCC devaluation and was,therefore, simply a bookkeeping exercise, as the intended project inputs couldstill be delivered, but at a much lower equivalent dollar value. In other cases,inputs to be financed from NCC had to be cancelled as they were no longerobtainable from previous suppliers. In addition, the CC portion of the TACFprogramme was very closely monitored during the year and was allowed toincrease only marginally, namely by S600.000 to avoid entering the new1993-94 programme cycle with any overprogramming. As the extrabudgetaryand UNDP portions of the adjusted programme showed sharp declines, theoverall total adjusted programme was S59.3 million or $8.5 million less than in1991. It is against this $59.3 million that an implementation rate of 59.3% infinancial terms was obtained in 1992.

19 The performance of each of the funds is analyzed separately in Part E ofthis section. A detailed and comprehensive overview of the status of the totalprogramme at end of 1992 is given in the Implementation Summaries I and II.The following table summarizes financial performance during the past fiveyears.

Pago 6 » DfVIEW Of TW AGENCVS T K * i C A l . COOPERATION

Rot* of Impltnwntatlon by fund at a p*rc«ntag*of th* adjiMtad programme

Year

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

TACF

(%)

65.0

58.0

71.3

67.6

61.9

Funds intrust

(%)

25.6

44.1

35.6

45.0

77.7

Extrabudgetaryfunds

(%)

56.5

46.7

50.4

52.2

45.6

UNDP

(%)

82.8

70.2

88.6

47.1

48.8

Total

(%)

64.1

56.5

67.8

63.6

59.3

20 At the beginning of 1992therewere 1.024 operational projects. Since thiswas the second year of the biennial cycle no new projects were introducedthrough Board approvals. During the year, however, 70 addit ional projectswere made operational. These included 42 training courses, 12 Reserve Fundprojects, and 3 UNDP projects. In addit ion 13 footnote-a projects wereupgraded to operational status with the receipt of extrabudgetarycontributions. The total operational projects during the year was therefore1,094.

21 During the year 231 projects were completed of which 37 were trainingcourses. For the non-training course projects the achievements are describedin Section IV of this report. During the year there were also four cancellationsof projects, two of which were training courses.

22 At the year end there remained 860 operational projects. These rangedin size from one month of expert services valued at 39,300 to a multi-yearmanpower training project with a 1992 budget of S1.6 million. During the yearthere were 645 expert reports registered in the computerized Technical Co-operation Management System, which were communicated to the Governmentand counterparts. In addition, 37 country programme reviews and specialtechnical reports were published and appear in Annex III. Another 30 reportswere published by the Evaluation Section which are also listed in Annex III.

3. Evaluation

23 Despite a reduction of funds available for TC evaluation activities during1992 efforts were made to follow as closely as possible the evaluation plan thatwas foreseen at the end of 1991. Special emphasis was placed on theevaluation of large-scale programmes and projects, to determine thecontribution made by such endeavours towards developing national andregional capabilities for the application of nuclear science and technology.In doing so, attention was paid to the overall economic situation as pooreconomic conditions in many of the Agency's recipient countries tend toadversely affect the implementation and the impact of programmes andprojects.

24 The Agency's Interim Project Implementation Reporting System (IPIR)continues to be the major instrument by means of which national counterpartsreport on the progress of their projects and on difficulties encountered. Thereports, 305 in 1992, provide Agency staff with up-to-date information onproject implementation, allowing corrective action to be taken io solve

REVIEW Of THE AGENCV S TECHNICAL COOPERATION ACTIVITIES

reported difficulties. IPlRs also continue to be used by Agency staff to make anon-financial assessment of project implementation. For those projects forwhich IPIRs were returned and assessed in 1992. the ratings were as follows:On 64% of the projects progress was rated to be "as planned or better". On28% of the projects progress was rated "as planned; but additional action isbeing initiated or recommended to meet difficulties that have beenencountered". For the remaining 8% of the projects it was indicated that"progress is less than planned: appropriate action is being initiated orrecommended."

25 A major programme evaluation of the Regional Co-operativeArrangements for the Promotion of Nuclear Science and Technology in LatinAmerica. ARCAL, was completed in 1992. This evaluation sought primarily todetermine the contribution of the ARCAL programme towards developingnational/regional capabilities for the application of nuclear science andtechnology as a contribution to the social and economic development ofparticipating countries and to identify new implementation approaches anddirections that might offer opportunities to enhance the impact of theprogramme in the region. A summary of the report was submitted to the Boardin December as part of GOV/INF/671. It was concluded that ARCAL hascontributed to a) increasing knowledge in participating countries aboutnuclear techniques and technology and about the importance of radiologicalsafety; b) developing and/or improving capabilities in the region in variousapplications of nuclear techniques through extensive training activities; and c)establishing collaborative links, particularly between countries with similarinterests, in various fields of application, including agriculture and nuclearmedicine. The review also identified problem areas and suggested steps thatmight be taken to overcome them. The evaluation concluded that theprogramme be continued, taking into consideration the recommendationsincluded in the evaluation report.

26. A second major evaluation completed in 1992 concerned manpowerdevelopment in Africa, in particular, and the regional manpower developmentproject RAF/0/003, which was originally approved under the Agency's 1989-1990 Regular Programme. The objectives of the evaluation were to review theoverall manpower situation in Africa as well as any improvements made sincea 1987 review of the Agency's fellowship programme; to assess theadvantages and the disadvantages for Africa of the new regional approach;to identify issues that may be affecting implementation of the project and topropose corrective measures to be taken in time for the 1993-1994programme. The evaluation concluded that the regional approach to theallocation of funds for the fellowship programme has contributed to ensuringan equitable share of training opportunities for Africa and has brought abouta significant increase in the training provided to the region. It also showedthat considerable progress has been made since 1987 in reducing the timerequired for processing nominations for training and that efforts continue to bemade to reduce this time. However, the evaluation noted that there was aneed for a more equitable distribution of the training awarded among thecountries within the region. In order to achieve this it was suggested toapprove national manpower development projects for countries which aremajor recipients of training and to reserve the regional project for the smaller,less developed countries. The evaluation noted that training will need to beprovided for many years to come to ensure a sufficiently broad base ofnational manpower in the region to carry out research, development andpractical applications of atomic energy for peaceful purposes.

27 The fifth country evaluation - and the second conducted in a LatinAmerican country - aimed at assessing the impact of the Agency's loiatprogramme of co-operation in a Member State was initiated in 1991 andcompleted in early 1992. Such evaluations include an in-depth examination

II REVIEW Of TK AGENCVS TECHMCAl COOPERATION ACTIVITIES

of the link between the Agency's assistance and the wider nationaldevelopment programme a n d thus provide gu idance for the futureprogramming of Agency assistance. The country evaluation completed in1992 covered the Agency's technical co-operation programme with CM' > from1981 to 1991, during which period assistance valued at approximately S6.2million was provided through 62 projects. The evaluation showed that theAgency's technical co-operation activities have, in keeping with the nationalpriorities concerning peaceful nuclear applications, contributed substantiallyto the establishment of Chile's nuclear scientific and technical infrastructure,a n d p layed a major role in Chile's efforts to introduce nuclear applications ina number of sectors of the economy, with many benefits for broader nationaldevelopment objectives.

28 Country programme summaries (CPS) were prepared of eight LatinAmerican and 18 African countries. These summaries, which cover bothcompleted and on-going projects, as well as training activities, provide acomprehensive picture of the Agency's co-operation with the Member Stateconcerned over the past ten years and have thus become a useful source ofconsolidated information. It is expected that such summaries will becompleted for al l Latin American Member States during 1993.

2» A desk review of a regional project concerned with radioimmunoassay(RIA) of thyroid hormones in Asia and the Pacific was comple ted in 1992. Thismulti-year project, which was approved in 1986, sought to reduce costs andincrease the analyt ical reliability of RIA of thyroid-related hormones through theimproved supply and , ultimately, the local preparat ion of reagents. Theevaluation found that the project's main objectives had been achieved: costswere reduced significantly in part icipating laboratories by using the bulk-reagent-based methodology introduced by the project, a n d later by the startof the local reagent production. The analyt ical reliability of RIA was increaseda n d an External Quality Assessment Scheme (EQAS) was introduced whichensures the validity of the reagents being produced. In addi t ion, the projecthas contributed, through its "train-the trainers" approach , to the training of over400 persons in the region.

30 Follow-up to the recommendations made in previous evaluation reportsis an important feature of the Agency's approach to evaluation. The Agency'sTC evaluation activities are fully integrated into the overall TC managementsystem in a way that allows the information a n d findings produced, such asthose contained in the IPIRs. to be rapidly transmitted to TC programming a n dimplementation staff, as well as to the technical divisions a n d sectionsconcerned.

31 As in the past, the Secretariat conducted follow-up evaluations of al lAgency interregional training courses of the previous year, the major objectivebeing to enable the Secretariat and course organizers to systematically reviewthe quality and impact of training in the light of the trainees' post-courseassessment. An overwhelming majority of participants rated the technicalcontent and quality of course lectures as excellent or good . High ratings werealso given to the organization and the quality of the support material, such astexts and visual aids.

32 In conformity with the request made by TACC in 1989, the TC Departmentpresented a projection of the major evaluation activities in 1993, \he benefitsexpected and the priorities to be assigned. Work in 1993 is expected toinclude monitoring activities such as the Interim Project ImplementationReporting system, the survey of participants in the Agency's interregional andAFRA training course programme, and country programme summaries. Inspecific evaluation activities special emphasis will be placed on the problemsof the least developed countries (LDCs); on the lessons learned from the

3F.1EW OF I X AGENCVS TSC>*»CAI. COOPERATION ACTIVITIES Pag* «

evaluations and surveys completed during the previous five years and onconducting desk evaluations of one to two projects in each of the fourgeographical regions.

B. Review by Agency Programme (Field of Activity) and Division

1. Agency Programmes

33 Safety related activities - consisting of projects in the field of RadioactiveWaste Management, Radiation Protection and the Safety of NuclearInstallation - accounted for 21.9% of all TC disbursements in 1992. a share thathas been slowly but steadily increasing from year to year. This emphasis isessential in order to ensure that an adequate infrastructure for the transfer ofnuclear technology exist in recipient Member States.

a As in the past Physical and Chemical Sciences and Food and Agricultureremained the most important single fields of activity in the TC programme with19.8% and 18.3% of total disbursements respectively. The benefit of projectsin food and agriculture to developing Member States need no explanation.The relevance of Physical and Chemical Sciences may seem less obvious butnumerous projects are carried out under this programme which are also ofimmediate benefit to developing countries. It encompasses the activitiesrelated to the maintenance of nuclear instrumentation used in all sectors andis therefore of basic importance. In addition it covers all TC activities relatedto research reactors and the indigineous production of radiopharmaceuticalsand reagents thus contributing to objectives of other projects in the field ofHuman Health.

35 Human Health itself ranked third in TC activities in 1992 with 14.5% of alldisbursements, followed by Industry and Earth Sciences with 13%. The latterprogramme covers all TC activities dealing with industrial isotope applicationsand the development of water resources.

36 Figure 2 gives an overview of the disbursements by programme codeand component. In Figure 8, a graphic presentation is given of disbursementsby programme and region. For easier reference this regional distribution is nolonger included in tabulated form in Figure 8. but presented below.

PROGRAMME

A Nuclear Power

8 Nuclear Fuel Cycle

C. Radioactive Waste Management

D. Food and Agriculture

E Human Health

F Industry and Earth Sciences

G. Physical and Chemical Sciences

H. Radiation Protection

I. Safety of Nuclear Installation!

J Safeguards

S Direction and Support

X Comparative Assessment

TOTAL

Inter-regional

6 3 8 1

65.7

181.5

390.0

128.6

47.4

612.1

546.3

500.8

0 0

736.4

0.0

3.846.°

Africa

301.2

231.3

182.2

3.413.4

1.7045

827.1

2.486.5

1.296.9

1B26

0 0

28.0

0 0

10.6537

LatinAmerica

183.4

228 0

249.8

2.1947

2.486.4

2.081.4

2.5968

1.293.1

3100

0.0

287.6

0 0

(1.9(1.2

ASK3&Pacific

967.1

778.2

456.2

1,909.7

1.703.2

1.757.0

2.235.6

1.5577

832.8

16.9

260.5

a.o

12.474.9

Europe

782.9

191.9

423.9

666.7

751.8

1.170.3

1.206.0

6107

1.3802

0.0

( 6 (

19 5

7.2200

MiddleEast

0.0

900

0.0

82.2

118.8

296.8

253.6

3925

0.0

0.0

79.3

0.0

1.313.2

TOTAL

2.8727

1.5851

1.493.6

8.656.7

6,8933

6.180.0

9.390.6

5,697 2

3.2064

16 9

i .4o;«

19.5

47.419 9

Page 10 II REVIEW OF THE AGENCVS TECHMCAL CO-OPERATION ftCTMTlES

2. Division

37 For the successful programming and delivery of the Agency's technicalco-operation programme the active participation of Technical Officers in theDepartment of Research and Isotopes and the Department of Nuclear Energyand Safety is crucial. To maintain and strengthen co-operation andunderstanding between the TC staff and the Technical Officers, specialworkshops were organized late in 1992 deal ing with the respectiveresponsibilities of each of the partners in each of the stages of the TCprogramme cycle. It will be necessary to arrange such events at regularintervals to ensure that new technical staff are fully aware of the issues involvedas well as to ensure that TC staff continues to be alerted to problems TechnicalOfficers face in respect of TC so that these can be addressed before theywould impede efficient co-operation.

38 During 1992,165 Technical Officers handled a total of 1,094 projects. Thismeant an average of 6.6 projects per Technical Officer, compared to 7.5 inthe previous year. Although this is a welcome development, the average doesnot reveal the great differences that exist between Divisions and individualTechnical Officers in this respect. In the Department of Research and Isotopesthe average is 10 projects per technical officer; in the Department of NuclearEnergy and Safety 4.2. The number of projeds handled by o n individualtechnical officer may vary from 1 to 39. It should be stressed however that ifa particular technical officer handles a high number of projects this does notnecessarily mean that the backstopping such projects receive is less efficient.On the contrary, in such cases the TC work is often the main task of theTechnical Officer. In addit ion some projects may be far more complex andlabour intensive than others.

3« The different degrees of involvement of the various technical divisions inTC work judged by the projects they carry as a percentage of all projects, hasnot fluctuated very much over the years. The Division of Physical and ChemicalScience has in each of the past five years carr ied the highest percentage ofprojects. The Joint FAO/IAEA Division has held second p lace throughout thisperiod, fol lowed by the Division of Nuclear Safety. The number of projects byDivision fluctuate from year to year, but while these numbers have remainedfairly stable in the Joint Division, they increased by 15% in five years in theDivision of Physical and Chemical Sciences and by nearly 20% in the Divisionof Nuclear Safety over fhe same period.

40 The tables and charts at the end of this section as well as ImplementationSummary III illustrate in detail the technical co-operation involvement of thevarious Divisions outside the TC Department.

II REVIEW OF THE AGENC. $ TECHNICAL COOPERATION ACTIVITIES Paj, 11

Department /Division

Number oftechnicalofficers

Number ofprojects

supported

Number offellowship

applicationsevaluated

Number ofexpert/lecturerassignments

Number ofmonths

Research a n d Isotopes

RIFA

RILS

RIPC

RIAL

Sub-total

26

10

22

16

74

210

150

329

54

743

170

136

170

77

553

63

53

90

36

242

21/22

14/29

26/08

13/06

76/05

Nuclear Energy

NENS

NENP

NENF

NESI

Sub-total

Other

Total

41

15

16

6

78

13

165

184

51

79

11

325

26

1.094

151

45

69

9

274

27

854

148

45

36

6

235

52

529

34/26

11/24

7/16

1/07

55/13

16/12

148/00

PROJECT WORKLOAD BY DIVISION: 1988 -1992(number of projects)

II REVIEW Of THE AGENCVS TECHMCAl CO-OPERATION ACTIVITIES

TECHNICAL SUPPORT FOR PROJECTS: 1992EXPERT AND UCTURER ASSIGNMENTS

|

• AaigmMMl

m

1FUFA RILS (WC RIAL NENP NENF TCPM OTHER

IMPLEMENTATION BY DIVISION: 1992(in millions of dollars)

Abated progn

FUFA RK5 M>C NENP NEHF OTHER TC

REVIEW Of TW AGENCY'S TECHMCAl. COOPERATION ACTMT1E5 Poo*'3

C. Review by Area

I.Africa

41 Africa accounts for the largest share of the Agency's technical co-operation programme, representing in 1992 26.0% of the adjustedprogramme when all funds are considered and 26.8% of the TACF financedprogramme. This emphasis is appropriate for a region where the highestnumber of Least Developed Countries are located, of which 13 are MemberStates of the Agency.

«. In line with the priorities defined and the needs expressed by the recipientcountries, special emphasis continued to be placed on establishing andstrengthening adequate infrastructure, so that nuclear techniques can becomean integral part of the efforts being deployed by the countries concerned toresolve major issues, particularly in crucial areas, such as agriculture, publichealth and water resources. Most of the projects implemented during 1992 inthe region were aimed at these objectives.

« Application of radiation and isotopes in food and agriculture was, as inprevious years, the major sector of assistance for country - as well as regionalprogrammes. Projects aimed at improved livestock productivity were mainlyconcerned with the application of nuclear techniques to achieve acombination of better feeding, reproductive managemeni strategies anddiagnosis of endemic animal diseases. In agriculture as such, projects dealtwith nuclear methods to quantify the fixation of biological nitrogen by grainlegumes and trees in connection with the efforts to improve soil management,to improve crop plant variability and to investigate the fate of agrochemicalsand their residues in agricultural products and the environment. The successfulFAO-led campaign to eradicate the New World Screwworm (NWS) in NorthAfrica, through the application of the sterile insect technique in Libya wassupported by IAEA technical co-operation. In addition, projects aiming atapplying the sterile insect technique for the control of tsetse flies wereoperational in five countries (Ghana, Mali, Nigeria. Uganda and Tanzania).The first phase of the "Maghrebmed" programme to determine the extent ofMediterranean fruit fly infestation in the Maghreb countries was nearingcompletion by the end of 1992.

u In the public health sector, most of the Member States of the regionbenefited from projects aimed at establishing and strengthening nuclearmedicine and radiotherapy infrastructures. Substantial support was providedto develop local capabilities for production and quality control ofradioimmunoassay reagents and radiopharmaceuticals. For the year underreview, the assistance related to the health sector covered over 30 hospitalsand research institutions in the region.

45 In the field of water resources development, assistance continued to beconcentrated in Sahelian countries, under a regional project using isotopetechniques for groundwater investigations. Several country projects were alsoimplemented. In Senegal, activities were carried out with the objective ofrefining existing information on groundwater and surface water for the westernpart of the country. Similar activities were in progress in Sudan with a view todefine and determine the extent and significance of replenishment from theNile river of the adjacent aquifers in Central and Southern Sudan. Assistancewas also provided to Mauritius in the use of environmental isotopes todeliminate underground water basins to prevent pollution by industrial effluents

Page 14 II REVIEW OF THfc AGENCVS TECHMCAl CO-OPERATION ACTIVITIES

and fertilizers. Isotope techniques were also applied in Mali to study sedimentaccumulation In reservoirs and lakes, and to provide complementary data inconnection with surface water management plans. In Niger, further supportwas provided to strengthen the radiocarbon analytical laboratory.Hydrological and sedimentological studies were performed with a view tocollecting data for the Eastern Niger Basin, including data on the silting up ofreservoirs.

« During 1992, an important part of IAEA assistance to African countries wasgeared towards strengthening radiation protection infrastructure as asupportive service to nuclear technology programmes. Various activities tookplace in this area, through national projects in 19 countries supported by aregional project. These included the provision of assistance in the drafting ofproper legislation and enforcement regulations, personnel monitoring,calibration and dosimeter processing, and environmental radiation monitoring.Follow-up RAPAT missions were undertaken to Niger. Cote d'lvoire, Ghana andSudan, in line with the recommendations of RAPAT missions, special attentionhas been given to the development of qualified manpower to sustain radiationprotection infrastructure. A workshop on radiation protection and qualityassurance in diagnostic radiology was organized in Zimbabwe. A trainingcourse took place in Kenya on the control and safe use of radiation sources.Regional co-operation in radiation protection in Africa was the subject of aworkshop held in Tanzania. However, more efforts need to be devoted in thefuture, as many countries of the region still do not have an adequate radiationprotection infrastructure.

17 Support for activities related to the maintenance and repair of nuclearinstruments continued in many countries. Significant assistance was providedto six countries under a regional project, in the form of expert services andprovision of spare parts. In the framework of this project, the Agency assistedAlgeria in organizing a national training course on the maintenance of NuclearInstruments.

is Emphasis continued to be placed on manpower development activities.During the vear under review, the Agency pursued its efforts to upgrade theskills and enhance the capabilities of the human resources of African countrieswithin the many different fields of application of nuclear science andtechnology. In addition to those already mentioned in the field of radiationprotection, workshops and regional training courses were organized on foodirradiation (Ghana), on X-ray fluorescence (Kenya), on the use of personalcomputers in the analysis of animal production data (Ethiopia) and on the useof emission spectrometry in N-15 analysis (Ghana).

49 As reported in Section II A.3 a special evaluation was conducted by theAgency to review the overall situation in Africa with respect to availablemanpower and manpower development since 1987.

so The AFRA programme witnessed in 1992 fundamental accomplishmentswhich have essentially consolidated regional co-operation between AFRAMember States and increased their awareness of the benefits that can bederived from such an undertaking. Three regional training courses on wastemanagement and radioimmunoassay techniques were hosted by Algeria,Egypt and Tunisia and attended by scientists drawn from 11 AFRA MemberStates. Activities under the project on food preservation were reviewed by theproject coordinators during a meeting held in April in Tunis. Thanks to anextrabudgetary contribution made available by the Government of France,further assistance was provided under the AFRA project on radioimmunoassaytechniques, which covered additional equipment, bulk reagents and trainingof medical doctors and technicians. The Third Technical Working Meeting ofAFRA National Coordinators was held in Accra in April 1992 while the Second

II REVIEW Of THE AGENCVS TECHNICAL CO-OPERATION ACTIVITIES Page 15

Meeting of AFRA Representatives took place in September 1992 at the time ofthe General Conference. For both events, the Agency provided extensivetechnical and administrative support and circulated relevant workingdocuments.

51 The Government of Namibia addressed a request to the UN SecretaryGeneral for assistance to investigate whether Namibia had been theinvoluntary recipient of nuclear and toxic waste from abroad. In response theAgency sent an expert in September 1992 who made an assessment of thesituation based on the available information. The mission concluded that noevidence of past or present radioactive or toxic waste dumping could befound. A short- and medium-term programme of assistance to Namibia in thefield of radioactive waste management was recommended.

52 Also in Namibia and as a follow-up to the recommendations made by amultidisciplinary programming mission that had visited the country in 1991, theAgency arranged for an international expert mission to carry out anindependent technical appraisal of the radiological safely programmeapplied at the Roessing uranium mine. Five experts from the Agency, ILO andWHO, reviewed the general radiological situation at the mine and maderecommendations, which included future Agency assistance in radiationprotection.

2. Asia and the Pacific

53 Amongst the 'our geographical regions, Asia and the Pacific, with 25.7%,accounts for the second largest share of the technical co-operationprogramme.

54 A total of 296 projects were operational in support of countryprogrammes, out of which 65 were closed after achievement of projectobjectives.

ss. in terms of the broad fields of activity, 74% of the country projectsoperational in 1992 were concentrated in five fields, namely safety in nuclearenergy, nuclear engineering and technology, application of isotopes andradiation in agriculture, application of isotopes and radiation in industry andhydrology, and application of isotopes and radiation in medicine. At the levelof specific areas of activity, industrial application continued to reflect thestrongest interest among the Member States of the region, followed by nuclearmedicine, utilization of research reactors, and nuclear analytical techniques.

56. As far as safety in nuclear energy is concerned, assistance was providedmainly for various aspects of radiation protection and waste management.Radiation protection activities covered strengthening of infrastructure in a fewMember States. Other projects in this field dealt with occupational radiationmonitoring and environmental monitoring of radioactivity especially aroundnuclear establishments. Projects dealing with the establishment and/oroperation of waste processing facilities were operational in virtually everycountry of the region.

57 in agriculture, thirteen Member States had at least one operationalproject, with ten receiving assistance in more than one specialized area. Focusof activities were soil-plant studies and improved water utilization, plantbreeding and genetics, and animal production and health. In the field ofindustrial applications, one or more TC projects in radiation processingtechnology, tracer technology, and non-destructive testing were operationalin all but two Member States. Major projects relating to the renovation.

Poge '6 » REVIEW Of THE AGENCVS TECHMCAL COOPERATION ACTIVITIES

relocation, and upgrading of research reactors were operational in Pakistan,the Philippines. Thailand, and Vietnam. Assistance relating to various aspectsof research reactor utilization was provided to Bangladesh. Indonesia, andThailand. In Pakistan, a major project deal ing with the safe operation ofKANUPP was implemented with the co-operation of the supplier Member State.Projects to facilitate the repair and maintenance of nuclear instruments wereoperational in half of the Member States.

5a WAMAP missions to Sri Lanka and Vietnam were fielded at the request oftheir respective Governments. As a follow-up to previous RAPAT and WAMAPmissions, assistance was provided to support the implementation ofrecommendations of such missions. Thirteen projects related to RAPAT followup, while seven others dealt with WAMAP. A follow up to the Pre-OSART missionto Guangdong Nuclear Power Plant was carried out by two Agency staffmembers and one outside expert. The full cost of this mission was borne by thecounterpart organization. Two safety review missions to Indonesia wereorganized to review the work plans, schedules, procedures and documentsrelated to quality assurance, as well as topical and technical reports relevantto different aspects of site safety, prepared by an external consulting firm forselecting and evaluating the three possible sites for the first Indonesian nuclearpower plant. Similarly, fourteen expert missions were carried out in Pakistan inorder to review the investigations penormed by the Pakistan Atomic EnergyCommission and their consultants, related to the different aspects of site safely,including seismic safety, for the 300 Mwe PWR nuclear power plant, to beconstructed at Chashma.

59 Special efforts were made to improve coordination of the Agency" s TCprogramme with that of UNDP in each of the Member States. This wasaccompl ished through consultations with the Resident Coordinators of UNDP,both during their missions to Vienna and during duly travel by the section staff.During such consultations the Agency's TC programme, as well as that of UNDPand other UN Agencies were discussed at length. Distribution of projectdescriptions was used with considerable success to create better awarenessof what the Agency could do to assist the Member States in their developmentplans. UNDP projects were operational in China, Indonesia and Thailand, whilepartial interfacing of Agency's activities with those of UNDP was achieved inMyanmar and Vietnam through complementary projects. In the DemocraticPeople's Republic of Korea intensive efforts for joint involvement with FAO in theformulation of a UNDP project were not successful on account of co-ordinationproblems at the national level.

60 A country p rog ram review mission was f ie lded to carry out a n in-depthreview of the past a n d present TC p r o g r a m m e of the Agency , a n d to assist thenat ional authorit ies in Mongo l ia in formulat ing the 1993-94 p r o g r a m m econsistent with the nat ional deve lopmen t plans in those areas part icular lya m e n a b l e to solutions using nuclear techniques. The manpower deve lopmen tproject for the Asia-Pacific region has been replaced by national projects ineach of the Member States, allowing a sharper focus on human resourcedevelopment at the country level. Group training efforts facilitated efficient andcost-effective training. Supplementary training needs of the country projectswere, where appropriate, met through the regional (including RCA) and inter-regional training courses. Three workshops of TC project counterparts workingin the same field, were organized in order to exchange experiences, to discussproblems encountered, and solutions found. In view of the positive impact ofsuch workshops in promoting TCDC, these have been formally incorporated inthe 1993-94 programme.

61 At the request of the national authorities of the Philippines, a "NationalWorkshop on TC Project Design, Management, and Evaluation" was organizedin Manila in February 1992. This is the third such workshop conducted in the

REVIEW OF THE AGENCVS TECHNICAL COOPEBAtlON ACTIVITIES Page 17

region, in as many years. Such workshops are of great value in improving thequality of project design, implementation, and evaluation by the MemberStates themselves. Moreover, they facilitate a clearer understanding of TCpractices and procedures. Workshops like these plus briefing of counterpartsduring duty travel of section staff have resulted in a decrease of projectrequests that had to be rejected (from 41% in 1991-92 to 29% in the currentbiennium) as well as in some consolidation in the number of requestssubmitted.

3. Latin America

62 In Section III of this report a de ta i l ed overview is g iven of the techn ica l co -opera t ion activities of the Agency with e a c h of the countries in the LatinAmer i can Region dur ing the past five years. The fo l lowing pa rag raphstherefore only p rov ide a brief summary of some key points of re levance to theTC p r o g r a m m e in Latin Amer ica dur ing 1992.

63 The structural adjustment of the public sector, under way in most LatinAmerican countries, is having an effect on the implementation of severalprojects. Because of budgetary constraints in organizations which arerecipients of Agency technical co-operation, the turnover of counterparts israpid, and qualified and trained staff are leaving projects. This fact, togetherwith the limited funds locally available for infrastructure and operationalsupport has in many cases hampered the timely implementation of projects.Nevertheless 65.9% of the total programme for Latin America in 1992 could beimplemented during the year, well above the overall implementation rate.

M In many countries a considerable effort has been made to supportactivities related to nuclear medicine and radiotherapy. After-loading, remotecontrol intracavitary irradiators have been provided in 1992 to Ecuador,Guatemala and Venezuela together with training and expert services toimprove the treatment of cervical cancer in these countries. To upgrade theservice provided in nuclear medicine, a gamma camera has been installedin Guatemala through a project supported by extrabudgetary contributions ofthe United States of America. A refurbished Gamma-camera was provided tothe San Juan de Dios Hospital in Santa Cruz. Bolivia, and support of theactivities of the National Institute for Nuclear Medicine in La Paz, Bolivia, hasbeen continued to enable the Institute to act as the co-ordination and trainingcentre for nuclear medicine and radiopharmacy in the country.

65 A regional project designed to promote the exchange of information andexperience in the construction and operation of nuclear power plants with theparticipation of Argentina, Brazil, Cuba and Mexico is particularly successfulin facilitating the development of co-operation between the nuclear powerprogrammes in the region. Assistance related to the safety of the nuclearpower plants was continued in 1992.

66 National and regional projects supported radiation protection activities,mainly by assisting Member States in the establishment of radiation protectionregulations and infrastructure. At present half of the Latin American MemberStates have already enacted relevant legislation and many others have beenassisted in the preparation of draft regulations.

67 In the field of industrial applications, a regional project within theframework of the ARCAL programme has been initiated to introduce nucleartechnologies such as radiation processing and nucleonic control systems intoindustrial processes to improve quality and decrease production costs.

68 Through national and regional projects several activities in agriculture

°ao« *8 II REVIEW Of THE AGENCVS TKHMCAL COOPERATION ACTMT1ES

and animal husbandry and health have been supported. Worth mentioningin this respect, is the beginning of the establishment of a network oflaboratories for diagnosing animal diseases, an essential first step to controldiseases which have a detrimental effect on animal production in the region.

4. The Middle East and Europe

69 The two sub-groups of countries comprising the Middle East and EuropeRegion have different interests in the peaceful applications of atomic energyand the programmes in the two sub-regions reflect these dissimilar priorities.The Middle Eastern countries placed emphasis on applications of nuclearenergy in agriculture, health, water resources and industry, whereas theEuropean countries concentrated on activities in nuclear safety, in-serviceinspection of nuclear facilities and quality assurance. Most activities during1992 pertained to the implementation of the second year of Technical Co-operation projects, approved for the 1991-92 cycle.

70 Food Irradiation continues to be an area of interest among the countriesof both sub-regions. A training course in Budapest on the regulatory control offood irradiation was attended by 15 participants drawn from governmentalauthorities connected with the regulatory control of food irradiation andirradiated food transport in domestic and international trade. A regionalproject in food irradiation neared completion in 1992 and attained, to a largeextent, its stated objectives of providing assistance in programme planningand promoting the harmonization of regulations governing food irradiation, toencourage trade in irradiated foodstuffs. A follow-up review of the programmewill be undertaken in the Member States with a view for possible inclusion offurther assistance in this field in the 1995-96 Technical Co-operationprogramme.

71 A growing interest has surfaced among the countries in the region in theuse of radioisotope and radiation in industrial applications. This was reflectedin several activities under national projects. The Agency provided assistanceto some countries in the region towards the construction or the preparation forthe construction of cyclotrons, and also in the development of industrialsterilization facilities. These activities were mainly supported under the regionalproject for industrial application of radiation technology. A regional workshopon industrial applications of isotopes and radiation was held for the MiddleEast countries in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, where participants received trainingon the most important nuclear technologies in radiography, mining, analysis,oil industries, medicine and radiation sterilization of medical supplies, amongothers.

72 In related activities, the Agency has been supporting the developmentof electron beam technology in Poland, towards a cost effective and efficientmethod of pollution control, through the removal of toxic pollutant gases suchas SO2 and NOX from industrial flue-gases. The new technology has shownpromise as an alternative to conventional techniques from the point of view ofboth economics and process efficiency. A demonstration unit was put intooperation in May 1992, with a gas-flow capacity of up to 20,000 m3h\ Theresults looked encouraging from the point of view of the technical feasibilityand economic viability of applying this new process on an industrial scale, withgood prospects for being competitive with and improving upon existingSO2/NOX removal technologies.

73 Whereas regional projects dealing with subjects such as food irradiationand industrial applications were of equal interest to countries in both sub-regions, a number of regional projects were of particular interest to the

II REVIEW OF THE AGENCY'S TECHNICAL CO-OPERATION ACTIVITIES POQ» 19

countries of the Middle East. These projects deal t with nitrogen fixation studies,radiopharmaceut icals. isotope hydrology a n d environment radiat ionmonitoring, a n d radiat ion protection.

u In the regional project on nitrogen fixation studies, an in-house expert wasretained for six months in 1992. to give technical adv ice a n d to organize atraining workshop. This ensured the proper co-ordination of p lannedexperiments a n d other activities in the project. At the workshop experimentalmethods were taught a n d instruction was prov ided on new techniques inrainfed legume-cereal c rop rotation systems a n d on irr igated agriculture.

75 In the TC project on Radiopharmaceut icals in the Middle East, whichb e g a n in 1988. a regional workshop on quality control in hospitalrad iopharmacy was organized in Dubai, where participants received traininggea red to improving the quality control of rad iopharmacy pract ices inhospitals. Emphasis in this regional project under which seven workshops haveso far been organized has been p l a c e d on the deve lopment of localcapabi l i t ies towards rad iopharmaceut ica l product ion, a n undertaking whichis be ing supported through many national projects in the region.

76 Through the regional project on isotope hydrology in the Midd le Eastregion, the Agency has been promot ing hydrological knowledge in the ar ida n d semi-arid countries in the region. The emphasis in the project thus far hasbeen on improving the capabi l i t ies of the counterparts for undertaking isotopicanalysis of water a n d interpreting the experimental da ta . In addi t ion to expertmissions four regional workshops have so far been organized, dur ing whichresults of on-going well-water sampl ing programmes in the part ic ipat ingcountries were discussed a n d linked to the genera l hydrogeolog ica l problemsin the region.

77 Under a multi-year project on environmental radiat ion monitoring in theMiddle East, which b e g a n in 1987. a regional a p p r o a c h has been chosen toco-ordinate environmental monitoring in par t ic ipat ing Member States. Theproject focused on the determinat ion of radiat ion levels in the localenvironment, which b e c o m e particularly relevant since the acc iden t atChernobyl nuclear power plant. Automatic Early Warning EnvironmentalRadiation Monitoring Systems (EWERMS) have been established in mostcountries in the region. The computer ized neiworks that have been establishedoperate over te lecommunicat ion lines, assuring continuous remote sensingover a w ide a rea . IAEA experts visited par t ic ipat ing countries to reviewinstrumentation, to assist in the p lanning, operat ion a n d maintenance ofEWERMS, a n d to determine further needs a n d requirements to be addressedunder the project.

78 A regional project for strengthening of radiation protection in the MiddleEast to upgrade and co-ordinate development of radiation protectioninfrastructure has been in operation since 1989. A training course on theregulatory practices for radiation safety took place in Abu Dhabi targeted atthose countries with programmes in the use of radioactive materials andionizing radiation in industry, medicine, research and teaching, and atcountries in the process of establishing or improving national regulatory bodiesand practices in radiation safety.

79 In the eastern European sub-region a very marked emphasis is placed onactivities related to nuclear power plant planning, construction, operation andsafety for countries with ongoing nuclear power programmes. Agencyassistance focused on improving nuclear safety and reactor maintenanceincluding in-service inspection and quality assurance, as well as radioactivewaste management and spent fuel storage. This emphasis characterizes theintercountry projects in this sub-region as well as the national programmes of

PO09 20 II REVIEW OF THE AGENC f 5 TECHNTCAl CO-OPERATION ACTIVITIES

the countries involved.

so In-Service Inspection (ISI) of nuclear power plants is one of the mostimportant tasks being undertaken. Efforts by Member States operating WWER-type reactors, are being supported through Agency technical assistance, todevelop adequate national infrastructures and systems for ISI, through on-the-job training, workshops and expert services. Through an extrabudgetarycontribution from Spain provided in 1991, the technical specifications andbasic design of appropriate ISI equipment were defined; group trainingactivities and provision of additional equipment for in-service inspection areplanned.

ei In 1992. additional extrabudgetary funds were received from the USA toprovide technical assistance to Member States within Eastern Europe,operating WWER-type reactors. Expert missions were carried out to review andadvise on these aspects and to determine future requirements. As a result, itwas decided to use this additional assistance for the provision of PSA relatedstudies and software to the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic. Agencysponsored missions were sent to review the status of in-service inspectioncapabilities at Kozloduy in Bulgaria, and to determine the most urgent needs.

82 The enhancement of operational safety of nuclear reactors operated byMember States in the Eastern Europe region, continues to have high priority.Nuclear safety review missions under the Agency's OSART and ASSETprogrammes and other related activities, continued to be supported during1992 through Technical Cooperation assistance, with a total of seven ASSETworkshops and seminars, and one OSART follow-up mission to the sub-region,taking place under TC projects.

83 Several requests were received from the East European Member Stateswith nuclear power programmes, relating to the development of an adequatenuclear regulatory and licensing infrastructure. In particular, the Bulgarianauthorities requested assistance in this area for the elaboration of nuclearsafety and radiation protection standards. This included evaluation of thelicensing procedures for nuclear power plant operators, and upgrading of amobile dosimetry iaboratory. Bulgaria received further expert missions relatedto the seismic upgrading of Kozloduy nuclear power plant. An InternationalRegulatory Review Team (IRRT). visited Romania to conduct a peer review andcomparison of the nuclear safety activities of the Romanian regulatory body,the National Commission on Nuclear Activities Control. Particular attention waspaid to enhancing those aspects concerned with the Cernavoda nuclearpower plant, and also emphasis was placed in training and transfer ofexperience in licensing and regulatory activities.

M Support continued for Romania's ambitious nuclear power programmebased upon the construction of five CANDU-type reactor units at Cernavoda.Activities were carried out to strengthen nuclear safety, radiological protection,NPP commissioning, and licensing of plant and operator personnel. Workshopswere held on plant operation and accident management, specific to CANDU-600 reactors. Expert missions also took place to advise on emergencyresponse and preparedness planning. An extrabudgetary contribution fromSpain of US $300,000 was made available for the provision of a training centretor Romanian nuclear power plants operator personnel.

as The needs of East European Member States operating WWER-typereactors to define adequate spent fuel storage programmes continued to beof pressing concern during the year. Previously, spent fuel from these countrieswas returned to the former Soviet Union for reprocessing, but due to economicand political developments in this region, this solution for all spent fuelrequirements, can no longer be guaranteed. Agency experts travelled to

0EVJEW Of B * AGENCY'S TfCWJCAl COOPERATION ACTIVITIES Poge 21

Ukraine at the request of the Ukrainian State Committee on Nuclear andRadiation Safety, to review regulatory and operating organizations responsiblefor atomic energy and for dealing with the problems relating to radioactivewaste management and spent fuel storage. Meetings and discussions wereheld with representatives from regulatory bodies, research institutions, nuclearutility and the radioactive waste operating organization. The mission definedsuitable expert services required under future missions to the country,determined future projects, and set priorities for Technical Co-operationassistance. Bulgaria received continuing assistance to put into operation aradioactive waste treatment system through advice on performing feasibilitystudies on available technologies, and help in developing radioactive wasterelease limits. Hungary requested a Reserve Fund project in 1992, whichprovided expert services connected with the principles and safe storage ofspent fuel. Poland received further assistance for the safety assessment of theRozan radioactive waste depository. The construction of a radioactive wastetreatment facility in Poland got underway, with the delivery of a cementationplant and additional expert services for the design of a liquid wasteevaporator. A training course took place in Slovakia with 23 participantsdrawn from Member States in the region. The course acquainted theparticipants with the basic elements of integrated systems for the safe andefficient management of radioactive wastes. Proposals have been made toaddress at a regional level, the common problems emerging in Member Statesin Eastern Europe operating WWER-type nuclear reactors, concerning spent fuelstorage. Romania will receive assistance in the coming year for its radioactivewaste management programme in relation to the operation of Cernavodanuclear power plant.

86. The results of the first phase of the radioactive waste managementproject are summarized in a report which will be published in a TECDOC series.The document will provide information on the current status of radioactivewaste management at NPPs with WWER-type reactors. The report will includetopics on the identification of waste management problems at NPPs with WWERreactors, regional co-operation among countries having WWER-type reactorsin operation and assistance to the countries towards emulation of practices atoutstanding Western NPPS.

D. Review by Component

1.Experts

87. The provision of expert services remains one of the main modalitiesthrough which transfer of technology is achieved. The weight of the expertcomponent in the total adjusted programme increased to 27.2% in 1992.

se The following tables provide a five year perspective on the delivery ofexpert services. The number of persons involved remained nearly stablecompared to 1991.

Page 22 II REVIEW OF THE AGENCY'S TKWJCAL COOPERATION ACTIVITIES

Year

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

Adjustedprogramme

S millions

14.3

16.1

17.6

17.2

16.1

New obligations

S millions

7.7

7.8

10.0

9.7

9.0

Implementationrate

%

54.1

48.2

57.0

56.2

55.9

Earmarklngs

$ millions

6.6

8.3

7.6

7.5

7.1

Year

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

Increase overfive years(%)

Number ofpersons

1,263

1,337

1.414

1.463

1,460

15.6

Number orassignments

2.023

2.144

2.221

2.306

2.258

11.6

Number ofmonths

1,239

1,246

1,217

1.160

1.009

(18.6)

Months perassignment

0.61

0.58

0.55

0.50

0.45

89 As can be noted, the average duration of each assignment has furtherdeclined from 0.50 to 0.45 months. This drop in duration is not due to a furtherdecrease in the length of traditional expert missions, but to the fact that afurther increase in the number of training courses employing short-termlecturers as well as in the number of workshops and co-ordination meetingswhere participants have to be handled under the expert component has takenplace. Another statistical factor influencing the average assignment durationis that, for example, a technical officer on mission to a particular region toprovide advice and backstopping, may visit five countries over a two weekperiod in which case only two days are charged to each of five projects.

«o. The work on the expert roster, started in 1991. neared completion duringthe year under review. Keywords have been established enabling a morespecific classification of each expert with a view to obtaining more accurateroster searches. All experts are being classified according to the new keywordsystem and, as a final step, all experts on the roster (around 4000) are beingcontacted to establish whether they are still available for expert assignments.

91 As the Experts Section is now the most completely computerized sectionin the Division of Programme Implementation, it will be difficult to envisagefurther productivity gains per staff member through automation to the extentachieved over the past five years. Efficiency gains can at most be expectedthrough further streamlining of recruitment procedures including quickerclearance procedures.

92 A total of 1.460 individuals were involved in providing expertise asinternational or national experts or as lecturers. Of these 490 or 34% camefrom developing countries in Asia. Africa and Latin America. Similarly, expertsfrom these countries carried out 347 of the 1,370 international expertassignments (not counting assignments by Agency and other international staff)representing just over 25% of all such assignments.

93 Precise data on the nationality of all experts are provided in Table 3A.Additional information on the expert component appears in Figure 4 whichsummarizes where the experts provided in 1992 came from and to whichregion they went. Furthermore Table 6A provides a breakdown of expert

REVIEW of THE AGENCY s TECHMCAL COOPERATION ACTIVITIES Pog«23

services by recipient country.

2. Equipment

9*. The share of the equipment component in the adjusted programmewhich amounted to 43.7% In 1991 decreased to 37.7% in 1993. Equipmentremained nevertheless the largest single component in the programme.

«5 Whereas disbursements for equipment delivered rose during 1992, thevolume of new orders placed was affected by interruption of normal activitiesin several countries (Yugoslavia. Iraq, Libya, Zaire, Afghanistan). In addition,difficulties in finalizing intended purchases with non-convertible currenciespersisted as these currencies continued to be subject to rapid devaluation.

% The following table provides a five year overview of key indicators for theequipment component. The drop in new obligations has not led to anyadditional backlog in the earmarked programme by year end. The decreasein the adjusted programme pertaining to this component - largely due todevaluation of some NCC intended for the purchase of equipment - combinedwith increased disbursements have indeed resulted in a smaller amount ofearmarkings: the volume of equipment still to be delivered at year enddecreased from 10.5 million to 8.3 million.

Year

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

Adjustedprogramme

S millions

29.8

30.5

23.5

29.6

22.4

Newobligations

S millions

19.9

17.6

15.6

19.1

14.1

Implemen-tation rate

%

66.9

57.7

66.4

64.6

63.0

Earmarkings

S millions

9.9

12.9

7.9

10.5

8.3

Disburse-ments

S millions

16.1

18.7

23.7

19.2

21.5

Number ofpurchaseorders **

3.386

3,894

3,763

3,772

3,315

including training course equipment and research contract orders

97 Satisfying improvements were achieved with regard to the feedbackreceived from recipients confirming receipt of the equipment shipped to them.In previous years the percentage of equipment for which receipt reports weresent by the consignees hovered between 50 and 60%. In 1992 over 75% of theequipment consignments dispatched during the year were covered byconfirmation of receipt-reports.

n. An important step forward in streamlining working methods in respect ofequipment was made by a change in the procedures regarding the Transferof Title of Equipment. In the past such transfer to the recipient took place afterclosure of the project. As projects can only be closed after all transactions- also those pertaining to non-equipment components - have been completed,transfer of title often took place long after the equipment had been delivered,requiring special correspondence by both parties concerned. Under the newprocedures transfer of title is effected immediately after delivery. The newprocedures have been warmly endorsed by recipient Member States; not asingle country has expressed reservations to date.

99 Detailed information on equipment delivery is given in Figure 5 and in the

I REVIEW OF THE AGENCV5 TECWICAl CO-OPERATION ACTIVmES

new Tabie-3C which together provide information as to where the equipmentwas manufactured and to which region it was shipped. Althoughdisbursements for purchases In developing countries only account for 6.5% oftotal disbursements for equipment, this percentage is increasing. The value ofequipment purchased in 1992 in China and in India trebled in both countriescompared to the previous year.

3. Fellowships

100 The Fellowships programme continued to increase in importance. Nearlyone quarter of the TACF financed programme (23.5%) and over a fifth of thetotal TC resources (20.3%) were programmed for fellowships In 1992, against19.0% and 16.1% respectively in 1991. In addition most of the assistance inkind is provided in the form of fellowships.

101 The table below shows the five year trend in the delivery of fellowships.Although a few more fellows were placed in 1992 than in the previous years,the anticipated pattern of appreciably higher indicators in every second yearof a two-year cycle did not materialize.

Y«or

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

Ad)UI1«d

Smltani

7.7

9.6

9.7

10.9

12.0

NuobtoQJrarM

lain

5.3

6.0

6.8

6.6

6.0

Inptafnan-tofcnrat*

%

68.3

62.4

69.9

60.6

49.8

Ear-mQ<tcingi

SrnMoni

2.4

3.6

2.9

4.3

6.0

Increase over five years (%)

N u m Mof

«*ow»

682

732

814

747

764

12

Num»ol

flltow-liop

months

3,056

2,713

3,260

2,926

2,865

(6)

Numb*

tiffingidtnHtH

156

192

243

203

191

22

Numbwof

vnmnaWMnKit

88

129

148

120

114

30

102 The fellowship component is the one component in the programmewhere the implementation rate in financial terms does not always fully reflectthe operational implementation rate: the value of the adjusted programmein this component represents the sum total of the provisions made for theestimated number of months for fellowships and scientific visits required. Themonthly costs, in turn, are estimated and based on past expenditure patterns.For 1992 they were assumed to reach $3,300 per month.

103 Through a number of concerted efforts, such as negotiations with MemberStates and host institutes to obtain lower training fees or a waiver of such fees,through intensifying the use of developing countries as training hosts, throughgroup training modalities and through intensified use of Type II fellowships, theaverag« cost per month at $2,720 was considerably below the budgetedfigure. As this achievement meant that less money was used than had beenbudgeted it resulted in a lower implementation rate in financial terms.Fellowship provisions in 1993 will therefore be adjusted to reflect more preciselythe monthly costs now prevailing.

104 A more important factor with direct impact on the Secretariat's ability tofully implement fellowship provisions is the number and timeliness ofapplications received. A careful analysis of past performance has establishedthat in order to select and place the estimated 1,280 fellowships and scientificvisits available in 1992. approximately 1,800 applications would have beenneeded in 1991. In fact only 1.083 were received, the lowest number since

SfVlEW Of n < AGENCVS TfCWJCAL COOPERATION ACTMHE3 Pog«25

1985. Less than 20% of the nominations needed had been received at thestart of 1992.

(05. This is particularly regrettable since during 1992 significant progress hasbeen made in the Fellowship Section in the placement process of fellows andscientific visitors. Whereas, as recently as 1990, the average time required toplace a fellow was 12-14 months, placement now requires only 8-10 months.In addition, information to nominating countries is now given more promptly.

w Close coordination between Area Officers. Technical Officers andFellowship Section staff to provide prompt and appropriate responses totraining needs was maintained and intensified during the year. Full and timelyutilization of training provisions will however also remain determined by earlyreceipt of nominations.

4. Training Courses

10;. The share of the training course provisions in the total programmeremained stable at 11.5%. This means that together with fellowships nearly onethird of the total Agency's TC programme (31.8%) was devoted to training, ifthe TACF alone is considered this share increases to well over one third (35.7%).

io8. The following table indicates that in the training course programme assuch, a decrease occurred in the number of regional and interregionalcourses held during the year which obviously also resulted in a lower numberof participants and a lower number of months of course training provided.

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

AdMtod

S mtMcnl

6.9

8.3

9.6

7.5

6.8

cbigo»a»

s rrtKcrti

4.5

5.0

8.3

6.1

5.0

loMairat*

%

65.0

60.2

86.6

81.6

73.9

Eormarkfngi

JmfHoni

2.4

3.3

1.3

1.4

1.8

Numb«rof

caurm

68

106

108

109

86

NufTtowcri

1,109

1,265

1.358

1.401

1,199

Nunfcwof

mortal

958

1.090

1,188

1.066

858

its A combination of factors have led to this drop. One course thattraditionally depended on extrabudgetary contributions could not beprogrammed when it became clear that these contributions would not beforthcoming. There were also several cases where planned courses had to bepostponed or cancelled since the host countries indicated that they would notbe able to provide the local facilities originally foreseen. In addition, as hasbeen explained in last year's report, existing staff resources put a certainceiling on the number of courses that can be handled. The fact that forbudgetary reasons one long-term GS/TA staff of the relevant section could notbe maintained in 1992. had to be taken into account in the scheduling of the1992 training course programme.

no It must be stressed that the above table only reflects interregional andregional training course events. The Training Course Section is also involvedin the handling of national training courses, and national workshops. In theyear under review 42 such events - against 40 in 1991 - took place.

m Most of the regional courses continued to be implemented within the

II REVIEW O f THE AGENCY'S TECtMCAC COQKHAVON ACTIVITIES

framework of the various regional agreements, 13 under RCA (Asia and thePacific), 14 under ARCAL (Latin America) and 3 under the AFRA programme(Africa).

m Developing countries continued to offer most of the venues for theregional and interregional training courses. Of the 86 regional andinterregional training events held in 1992, 60 were hosted by developingMember States outside Europe. Details of these events are provided inAnnex II.

5. Sub-contracts and Miscellaneous

A small portion of the TC programme (1.9% in 1992) is not allocated toof the traditional four components described above but is delivered

through the sub-contract modality. The total amount involved ($ 1.2 million) waseven lower than in prior years and in financial terms only 39% of theseprovisions were implemented during the year, as is shown in theImplementation Summaries I with corresponding figures for the TACF alone inImplementation Summary II.

ii4 Also shown in the Implementation Summaries is the separate category of"Miscellaneous" to which 1.4% of the programme (or $829,000) was allocated.Based on an agreement reached in 1988, the TC programme bears 28% of thebudgeted costs of the Agency's Radiation Protection Services. Nearly 30% ofthe miscellaneous component was devoted to this purpose in 1992. Themiscellaneous provisions are indispensable to cover a multitude of chargesconnected to the delivery of the TC programme, such as insurance premiums,mission cancellation costs, and charges by UNDP offices directly related toAgency projects. In view of resource constraints in UNDP, UNDP has beenurging their field offices in countries where UN Agencies have largeprogrammes of their own to more actively seek reimbursements for generalsupport given and services rendered to these agencies. An increasing numberof requests have been received in this respect in 1992. Where this isconsidered reasonable in view of the volume of the Agency's programme suchcosts are met from the miscellaneous component.

E. Review by Fund

1. Technical Assistance and Co-operation Fund

New resource*Adjurted programmeN»w obligation*Implementation rat*Dleburaements

$33.4 million (G2.9% of total)$47.5 million (80.1% of total)$29.4 million (83.5$ of total)•1.9%$38.* million (81.5% of total)

115 As shown in Table 1. overall resources for the Technical Assistance andCo-operation Fund decreased by 14% from $38.9 million in 1991 to $33,4million in 1992. This decline is due to factors which affected the non-convertible currency portion of the resources: not only were significantexchange losses incurred in this component, but also, as a result of rapiddevaluations, the value of the pledges in NCC expressed in dollars declined

II BEV1EW Of THE AGENCY'S TECHNICAL CO-OPERATION ACTIVITIES Page 27

sharply. As can be seen in the following table, contributions in convertiblecurrency rose from S33.7 million in 1991 to S36.5 million in 1992, an increaseof 8.6% so that in the convertible currency part of the resources pledgesactually show an improvement compared to 1991 (81.1%metin 1992 against80.0% in 1991).

CC and NCC pledging comparison(In thousands of dollars)

Pro-grammeyear

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

CCtarget

31,985

35,352

38.607

42,071

45,077

CCpledges

26,857

29,275

32,213

33,669

36,548

%ofCCtarget

84.0

82.8

83.4

80.0

81.1

NCCtarget

6,015

6.648

6,893

6,929.

7,423

NCCpledges

5,854

6,458

6.291

4,148

1,067

%ofNCCtarget

97.3

97.1

91.3

59.9

14.4

116 The above table also shows how the pledging towards the NCC portionof the target, which had been stable ai a high rate through 1990, suddenlydropped in 1991 and 1992 for the reasons mentioned above. This declineoffset the gains in higher CC contributions, resulting in the overall decrease inthe percentage of the target met through pledges from 90.7% in 1988 to 71.6%in 1992 when both types of currency are combined. This is illustrated in Table 2which provides a ten year overview in this respect.

11? The currency exchange fluctuations which affected the resources in 1990and 1991 were again very high in 1992. As can be seen in the following table,37,164,000 was booked as a loss. Fortunately other income helped to makeup for the loss, so that in the CC category there was an overall gain of $2.4million. Less fortunate were the developments in the NCC category where thebottom line shows a net loss of S6.6 million.

Mltccllantous and oitwr Incom*(In thousands of dollars)

Type

Interest and other income

Assessed programme costs

Withdrawal of pledgesmade in prior years

Exchange adjustments broughttoward from prior years

Exchange losses

Total

Convertible

2,081

1,387

0

971

(2.016)

2,423

SelectedNon-convertible

0

406

(915)

(971)

(5.148)

(6.628)

Total

2,081

1,793

(915)

0

(7.164)

(4.205)

us In last year's report (see para 126 of GCCXXXVIJ/INTOOS) it was stated thatit was the intention of the Agency to keep the programme balanced againstboth the CC and the NCC portion of the resources. This has indeed beenachieved. As the following table illustrates, the overall programme still to be

II REVIEW OF THE AGENCVS TECHMCAL COOPERATION ACTIVITIES

executed at year end was fully funded in 1992 with both currency componentsshowing a small surplus.

B*touro*s available and programme commitment* by year-end(In thousands of dollars)

Year

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1W1

1992

Available financialresources

CC

17.044

19,240

18.975

14,002

10.164

13.833

19.274

23,879

24.208

26.460

NCC

3,351

3.274

5.663

8.813

7.345

11.376

13,982

7.332

10.084

2,609

Total

20,395

22,514

24,638

22,815

17,509

25,209

33,256

31,211

34.292

29,069

Programme

CC

17.407

19,583

21,392

18,146

16,758

18,590

21,435

22,688

25,352

26,217

NCC

3,442

3,782

5,536

7,706

8,753

11,456

15,146

6,511

7,614

2,273

Total

20.849

23.365

26.928

25,852

25.511

30.046

36,581

29,199

32.966

28.490

Balance

CC

(363)

(343)

(2,417)

(4,144)

(6,594)

(4,757)

(2,161)

1,191

(1,144)

243

NCC

(91)

(508)

127

1,107

(1,408)

(80)

(1,164)

821

2,470

336

Total

(454)

(851)

(2.290)

(3,037)

(8,002)

(4,837)

(3,325)

2,012

1,326

579

119 The above table also shows the reduced weight of the NCC in overallresources as well as in the programme left on the books. Compared to end1991 the NCC resources declined by $7.5 million, so that by end 1992 thesecurrencies only represented 9% of the total resources against 29% a yearearlier. Likewise the percentage of the programme to be implemented withNCC declined from 23% in 1991 to less than 8% in 1992.

120. Whatever future fluctuations may occur in these currencies, will as aconsequence of their reduced weight, no longer have such a perceptibleimpact on the overall resource and programme picture. It may therefore notbe necessary or even warranted to present future TC programmes divided intoNCC and CC components.

121. The difficulties in implementing the NCC portion of the programme dueto transitions in the major countries supplying equipment and services for NCChad a visible impact on the overall implementation rate of the TACF whichreached 61.9% in 1992, just within the long-year range (from 60% to 70%)within which the implementation rate fluctuates, as illustrated below.

TACF comparative Mimmary

Year

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

Adjustedprogramme

S

43.652,306

48,867,916

46,880,397

51,934,343

47,522,529

Newobligations

S

28,383,470

28,320.331

33,422,585

35,093,180

29,393,068

Implemen-tation rate

%

65.0

58.0

71.3

67.6

61.9

Earmarkings

S

15,268,836

20,547,585

13,457,812

16.841.163

18,129,461

122 In the past, a sizeable amount of future year obligations were made inrespect of the NCC portion of the programme, involving large pieces of

REVIEW OF THE AGENCVS TECHNICAL COOPERATION ACTIVITIES Page 2?

equipment for which payments were spread out over several years. Forreasons already mentioned, this type of transactions no longer took place in1992 so that very few obligations were incurred against the future years'programme. A five year comparison in this respect is given in the followingtable.

Current and future y«ar iww obligation*

Year

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

New obligationscurrent year

28.383,470

28.320,331

33,422,585

35.093,180

29.393.068

New obligationsfuture year

2.470.897

3,102.057

1.211,835

3,834,615

154,272

Total newobligations

30.854,367

31,422.388

34.634.420

38.927,795

29,547,340

«3 In 1992 a total of 22 projects were funded from the Reserve Fund. Thecombined value exceeded $695,000 utilizing about 93% of the $750,000 setaside by the Board of Governors for this purpose. The assumption that theReserve Fund will be utilized more in the second year of the biennial cycle hasproven true for both the years 1990 and 1992 as can be seen in the followingtable.

R*Mrv* fund utilization

Year

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

No. olprojects

14

25

22

23

22

Amountallotted

272,314

493,475

685.400

524,840

695.211

Amountapproved by

Board

500,000

600,000

700.000

700,000

750.000

% of Boardamountallotted

54%

82%

98%

75%

93%

in. Of the 22 projects funded by the Reserve Fund in 1992, twelve were new,and of these seven dealt with safety aspects of one kind or another. For theten projects where supplementary assistance was granted, five also dealt withsafety matters. For Namibia, which had only been able to submit its firstrequests for the 1993-94 programme, the Reserve Fund made it possible toalready launch a project on nuclear law and radiation safety in 1992. Detailsof all Reserve Fund projects are given in Annex VIII.

II. REVIEW Of THE AGENCVS TECHNCAL CO-OPERATON ACTIVITIES

2. Extrabudgetary Resources (Including Funds In Trust)

N«w r*«xiroMAdjusted programm*N*w obligation*hnplsnMiiiQllon rateDMHIMMMntS

$ S.0 million (12.4% of total)$10.5 million (17.7% of total)» 5.2 million (14.8% of total)40.1%t *.4 million (13.5% of total)

125. Affected by an overall reduction in the volume of contributions from anumber of traditional large donors, extrabudgetary resources reached $5.0million in 1992, dropping 29% when compared to the 1991 level. Included inthis figure is the funds in trust category ($816.000), consisting of funds foractivities in the country of the donor.

126. Most of the new extrabudgetary resources, namely S3 million, werereceived for footnote-g/ projects for which financing was still being sought atthe beginning of 1992. With this amount, 46 projects were supported, 13 ofwhich were made operational for the first time. As Illustrated in the tablebelow, only S 1.9 million, representing mainly the continuation of previouslyfunded projects, is allocated to the year 1992. The remaining $1.1 million wasmade available for projects approved in earlier years. In addition, over$780,000 was received to support ongoing technical co-operation activities inEastern European countries.

Footnot*.g/ approvals and upgrading Mimmary

Year

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

Approved footnote-a/projects

S

8.182,800

9.933,900

6,013,000

16.205,200

14.017.650

Footnote -a/ projects& components made

operational

S

3,782,102

5.332.606

4.359,800

4,491,519

1.858,100

Share ot footnote-a/projects made ~

operational

%

46.2

53.7

72.5

27.7

13.3

127 At year end. extrabudgetary implementation, at 49.1 %. hovered aroundthe levels reached in 1990 and 1991 of 49.5% and 51.4% respectively. Thispart of the programme is subject to a variety of constraints which do not applyto the TACF and which are likely to keep implementation below that of theTACF. Continuous co-operation with donors remained excellent andcomplemented the Secretariat's efforts to optimize the use of these resources.

128 The USA maintained its position as the largest extrabudgetary donor in1992. followed by the United Kingdom and France. Details by donor onextrabudgetary funds for technical co-operation activities are given in Table 5.Over and above the extrabudgetary funds received, the USA offered anamount $343,950 for priority financing of fellowships connected to footnote-g/projects supported with their 1992 contribution.

REVIEW Of THE AGENCVS TEC«*CAl COOPERATION ACTIVITIES

3. UNDP

N«w ratouro**Adjusted programmeN*w obligationsImptomentatlon rat*Dlsburwnwnte

• O.« million (1.5% ol total)*1.» million (2.2% of total)$0.« million (1.7% of total)48.8%$1.1 million (2.3% of total)

129 In the UNDP programme, "New resources" are equivalent to total deliveryas UNDP makes avai lab le whatever the executing agency spends for a UNDPproject within the approved project budget for that year. The "adjustedprogramme" reflects the total value of app roved UNDP projects a t year end .It should also be noted that the UNDP "Disbursements" figure for 1992 includesdisbursements incurred against prior year obligations.

130 In accordance with UNDP procedures, budgets are rephased during theyear to keep them aligned as closely as possible with the expected deliveryin that year. The table below shows that the result of this exercise was againaffected by the situation exposed in last year's report surrounding projectALB/87/001 "Strengthening of nuclear technical applications using a researchreactor". As 27% of the 1992 UNDP provisions pertain to this project, theimplementation rate in 1992 of 48.8% remained around the level attained in1991.

131 A tripartite meeting of IAEA. UNDP and the Government of Albania tookplace in October. Against expectation no definite solution was reachedconcerning the project. The Government felt that it was not in a position tomake firm commitments in respect of national inputs required in a secondphase, but at the same time it did not wish to officially cancel the project. Asa result both UNDP and Agency TACF resources, programmed in conjunctionwith the UNDP project, remain tied up.

132 The adjusted programme dropped 60% in 1992 to reach the lowest levelever recorded.

UNDP Fund eomparattv* Mimmaiy

Year

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

Adjustedprogramme

S

3.682.121

4.427.249

3.223.083

3,210.360

1.270,164

Newobligations

S

3,050,530

3,105.808

2.855,764

1,513,194

620.102

Implemen-tation rate

%

82.8

70.2

86.6

47.1

48.8

Earmarklngs

$

631.591

1,321,440

367.319

1,697,166

650.062

133 There is some hope that a slight improvement in this situation might occuras 3 projects currently in the pipeline with total budgets of $5.2 million over 4years stand a fair chance of being approved. Special efforts in this respectwere made to secure UNDP funds for the second phase of the regional RCAproject in Industrial Applications. Notwithstanding a drastic reduction in UNDP'sregional resources for Asia the Secretariat was successful in obtaining approvalin principle for this project, and it is anticipated that funds will be made

Page 32 II RtVlEW Of THE AGENCVS TECHMCAl COOPERATION ACTIVITIES

available in 1993.

is* During 1992,6 UNDP financed projects were completed and 3 new oneswere approved so that 18 projects were under implementation. These projectsare listed in Annex VI. The IAEA co-operated as an associated agency for twoUNDP financed projects executed by UNDP/OPS, one by UN/DTCD and by theGovernment of China.

m. Not reflected In the UNDP provisions for 1992 is an amount $ 112,000 whichwas made available by UNDP for sectoral support. In the Africa region thesefunds made it possible to field radiation protection missions to Cote d'lvoTreand Sudan, to support the Regional Manpower Development evaluation studyin Africa and to carry out a follow-up mission to Namibia. In addition, a multiperson mission to advise on a cyclotron facility in Mexico took place as well asindividual advisory missions on industrial application of radioisotopes to SaudiArabia and on a multipurpose radiation facility to Uruguay. Finally these fundsenabled the Agency Laboratories to carry out sample analyses forMozambique.

4. Assistance In kind

N«w r«*ourc»« $1.3 million |3.2% of total)Dlibura*nwnt« $1.3 million (2.7% of total)

M6 A drop was also registered in this resource category. The volume ofassistance in kind totalled S1.3 million, $0.4 million less than in 1991. Assistancein kind is only recorded at year end and th€» resources made available equaldisbursements. The concepts of "adjusted programme","new obligations", and"implementation rate" do not apply.

137. Assistance in kind is recorded at year end according to strict criteria:such assistance is only reported in respect of equipment if such equipment hasactually been shipped from one country to another. In respect of experts,credit is given to donor countries when persons are made available forservices outside their own country, or when a country pays for the services ofan expert from another country. Similar criteria exist for training courseparticipants. Fellowships inputs are based on the utilization of type II resources.

138 Again the Agency's training programme benefifted the most from thiskind of assistance. Eleven countries provided 265 months of fellowship trainingrepresenting 60.9% of in kind resources. Moreover 181 experts and lecturerswere provided cost-free or part-free by 35 countries and 3 internationalorganizations. Stipends and travel costs were provided for 57 regional trainingcourse participants by 3 countries and 1 international organization. A five yearcomparison of in-kind contributions by component is given below.

REVIEW Of THE AGENCVS TKHMCAL COOPERATION ACTIVITIES Pag» 33

In Kind oontribuHont comparative aummarypn ihomandi of doUan)

Year

198B

1989

1990

1991

1992

Experts

290.0

313.9

318.1

310.5

272.9

Equipment

55.7

18.0

125.0

0.0

0.0

Fellowships

1.542.5

1,450.6

1.333.9

1,115.8

792.5

GroupTraining

434.3

512.1

436.8

275.2

236.3

Total

2,322.5

2.294.6

2.213.8

1.701.5

1,301.7

is?. As shown in Annex 1, the USA made the largest contribution followed byFrance, the United Kingdom and Germany. Noteworthy under this valuableform of assistance is the participation of 21 developing Member States whoprovided together 19% of this resource category.

II REVIEW Of THE AGENCVS TECHNICAL COOPERATION ACTIVITIES

III. A PROFILE OF TECHNICAL CO-OPERATIONACTIVITIES IN LATIN AMERICA

Introduction

no A Profile of Technical Co-operat ion Activities in one part icular reg ionwas in t roduced in the 1987 report on the Agency 's Technical Co-operat ion witha n overview of the Agency 's activities in the countries of the Latin Amer icaregion. The profiles now presented descr ibe the Agency 's role in thedeve lopmen t of nuclear techno logy in this same reg ion dur ing the past fiveyears.

i4v Notwithstanding persistent economic prob lems which in most countrieshave i m p e d e d a d v a n c e m e n t in nuclear technology, signif icant progress hasb e e n m a d e in many countries. Infrastructures in the nuc lear f ie ld have b e e nstrengthened, mainly through cons iderab le t ra in ing efforts. While di f ferencesbe tween countries remain, skil led manpower a n d specia l ized expertise a r eb e c o m i n g increasingly ava i l ab le within the region itself to meet the needs ofthe region. In add i t ion , reg ional efforts through ARCAL have st imulatedawareness of the human resources present in the reg ion a n d have m a d e theexper ience g a i n e d by indiv idual countries access ib le to others.

142 in many cases Agency-assisted projects have led to important f indingsin numerous fields, f rom hydrology to an ima l husbandry, wh ich wil l form a ninvaluable base for soc io-economic decis ion mak ing for years to c o m e .

143 Throughout the region a greater awareness of the importance ofradiation protection issues has been achieved and in nearly all countries realprogress towards adequate national radiation protection programmes is beingmade. Sixty percent of all Member States in the Region have now radiationprotection legislation in place.

144 There are still vast differences between countries in respect of the statusof nuclear applications. Whereas in 1990 the fourth nuclear power plant of theregion went operational in Mexico, nuclear activities in other countries are stillconfined to research institutes and universities. Most of these differences area logical result of the different sizes of the respective economies and of thedifferent priorities. Nevertheless the strengthening of scientific andtechnological capacity in the nuclear field which has taken place during thepast five years has in most countries created and enhanced the base fromwhich to launch new activities that are directly geared to spreading the benefitof nuclear technologies beyond universities and institutes.

145 The following narratives do not purport to be comprehensive orevaluative; the most important fields of activity in the past five years and in theon-going programmes are described, together with some of the successesachieved and some of the difficulties encountered.

146 In the tables preceding the individual narratives all monetary figuresare given in thousands of United States dollars. It should be noted that in thecontributions tables (A) the 1992 figures for assessed programme costs havebeen left blank since these costs, based on precise delivery figures over theprevious year, will not be assessed until May 1993 and cannot therefore beincluded in the current report.

I A PROHIE Of TECHNICAL CO-OPERATION ACTIVITIES IN LATIN AMERICA Pao« 35

ARGENTINA

A. CONTRIBUTIONS TO AND PARTICIPATION IN TECHNICAL CO-OPERATION ACTIVITIES

Year

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

TACF

VoluntaryContribution

ShareS

231.8

2542

295.8

318.5

3.512

s116.0

50 0

60.0

200.0

252.5

Paidt

116.0

50.0

50.0

2000

2S2.5

Assessed ProgrammeCols

AssessedS

1.5

0.4

1.2

14.1

PaidS

1.5

0.4

1.2

137

brtra-budgetary

(undi

5

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

IrvMndsupport

S

38 0

125.7

54.2

64.3

43.1

Experts fromoouniTy

51

60

58

48

37

Perronstrained

country

• 99

51

120

72

63

B. ASSISTANCE APPROVED AND PROVIDED

Year

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

Assistance approved from TACF

CC

S

0.0

0.0

0.0

282.7

266.8

NCC

$

0,0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Total

0.0

0.0

0.0

282.7

266.8

Region

%

0.0

0.0

0.0

3.2

3.0

Total assistance provided from all sources

TACf

CCS

18.9

0.0

10.4

201.4

639.1

TACF

NCCS

0.0

5.2

4.0

0.0

0.0

Extra-budgetarv

$

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

UNDP

$

212.4

161.9

115.8

23.7

12.5

In-kind

S

0.0

0.0

4.7

2.1

0.0

Total

S

231.3

167.1

134.9

227.2

551.6

147. After a lmost a d e c a d e without Agency - funded assistance, in 1990Argent ina requested the Agency to suppor t new projects. During the five yearscovered by this report (1988-92). Argentina did, however, participate in trainingcourse programmes. The Agency also executed a project, funded by theUNDP, which helped consolidate the R&D activities of the nuclear engineeringprogramme at the Bariloche Atomic Centre of the National Atomic EnergyCommission (NEAC) and the Balseiro Institute of the Cuyo National University.Consequently, various groups involved with the national nuclear engineeringprogramme and studies conducted with a research reactor, as well as othernuclear research facilities, have become self-sufficient.

148. During the period reviewed, eight Agency-funded projects in the areasof nuclear engineering and technology, agriculture, nuclear applications inindustry and hydrology, and nuclear safety were approved. In all cases theCNEA was the recipient institution. Four of the projects relate io aspects of thenuclear fuel cycle. One is helping to establish criteria on the environmentalimpact of wastes derived from uranium mining and milling operations indeposits closed down or in operation. The main sites being studied areMalargue and San Rafael. Several Argentine scientists have paid visits underthis project to Australia, Canada and Spain in order to become familiar withsimilar operations there. Two projects dealt with continuous inspection ofpressure vessels to ensure their safety and with the effects of mechanical,metallurgical and environmental variables on the behaviour of componentsin the primary circuit of pressurized heavy-water reactors. Several Agencyexperts have assisted the CNEA on specific subjects related to both topics, andnumerous scientific visits were awarded to specialized institutions inindustrialized countries. Training of professionals responsible for evaluatingsafely developments and the use of computer codes associated withprobabilistic safely analysis (PSA) is under way through a fourth project. In thecoming months a PSA will be concluded for the Atucha Nuclear Power Plant.For these four projects, very little equipment has been supplied, although aconsiderable amount of expert services and individual training was received.

Page 36 III. A PROFILE OF TECHNICAL COOPERATION ACTIVITIES IN LATIN AMERICA

BOLIVIA

Fifteen reactor operators received training in operat ional procedures in aCanad ian simulator.

149 In the area of agriculture, assistance is be ing prov ided in thedevelopment of a radioimmunoassay test for the diagnosis of brucellosis insheep a n d goat. It is hoped that al l components of the test will soon bedeve loped so that it can b e standardized a n d val idated.

150 At the Ezeiza Nuclear Centre of the NEAC. a cyclotron will b e installed.with Agency assistance, in the near future. The Agency is also support ing theutilization of cyc lot ron-produced radioisotopes a t a PET facility a t the NuclearMedic ine School. Mendoza, where a n addi t iona l "baby" cyclotron will b elocated. Expert adv i ce is also be ing given to help determine the appropr ia teinfrastructure for the cyclotron a n d the use of its products.

151 Utilization of TANDAR. a n electrostatic t a n d e m accelerator loca ted a tthe Constituyentes Nuclear Centre, is be ing increased through assistance inR&D in the areas of materials sciences a n d rad iob io log ica l studies. Themachine is capable of accelerating a wide range of atomic nuclei and is theonly one in Latin America. Several expert missions assisted in the selection ofan electron accelerator for industrial applications and advised on the use ofirradiation for industrial processes.

152 Argentina usually provides the largest number of experts and lecturersto the Agency from Latin America as well as hosting many individualfellowships and group training events. Transfer of technology from Argentinato other countries through expert services and training is especially importantin the area of radiation protection. By end of 1992. Argentina was activelyparticipating in 45 Agency research contracts.

153 It is expected that future Agency assistance will continue to focus onnuclear engineering and technology and on some selected topics of nuclearapplications where complementary technologies are needed.

A. CONTRIBUTIONS TO AND PARTICIPATION IN TECHNICAL CO-OPERATION ACTIVITIES

Year

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

TACF

VoluntaryContribution

ShareS

38

4.2

4.0

4.9

5.2

Pledged$

0 0

0.0

0.0

0 0

0.0

Paid$

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Assessed ProgrammeCash

Atseiied$

12 6

11.7

41.0

17.9

Paid$

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Extra-budgetary

funds

5

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Irvklndjuppoit

$

0.0

2.0

0.0

3.8

0.6

Experts fromcountry

5

4

10

5

7

Pononstrained

Incountry

0

0

0

18

0

A PROHLE Of TECHMCAl COOPERATION ACTIVITIES IN LATIN AMERICA Pose 3 7

B. ASSISTANCE APPROVED AND PROVIDED

Year

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

Assistance approved from TACF

CC

S

1073

247.0

365.7

201.1

244.7

NCC

S

15.0

15.0

15.0

0.0

0.0

Total

S

122.3

2620

380 7

201.1

244 7

Ragkxi

X

2.34 2

4.S

2.3

2 8

Total assistance provided from all sources

TACF

CCS

57.4

93.3

396.2

233.2

309.9

TACF

NCCS

11.2

47

37 8

3.6

0.0

Extra-budg«tary

$

89.2

48.6

78.3

•12.7

92.9

UNDP

$

0 0

0.0

0 0

0.0

0 0

Irvklnd

S

121

1.4

0.4

0.0

0.0

Total

S

1699

14S.0

512.7

224.1

402.8

154 The difficulties observed at the end of the previous five-year period,ending 1987. have continued to hamper the development of the Agency'stechnical co-operation programme with Bolivia during the five years coveredby this report. Trie turnover of staff at the Bolivian Institute for Nuclear Scienceand Technology (IBTEN) has been continuous owing to the low budget of theInstitute, and this has led to the loss of trained personnel from IBTEN to betterpaid opportunities elsewhere. Moreover, economic constraints caused aserious deterioration in the infrastructure of the IBTEN laboratories.Consequently, many of them are at present inactive or underutilized.

155. Agency assistance to IBTEN during the period under review has allowedthe expansion of research and analytical capability in the application of X-rayfluorescence and nuclear activation analysis techniques and to theestablishment of a laboratory for maintenance of nuclear electronicsequipment.

156. As continuation of previous projects, radiation safety in practicesinvolving the use of ionizing radiation was improved through the introductionand establishment of adequate radiation protection procedures, throughstrengthening the technical capability and through provision of radiationmonitoring and calibration equipment. An operational personnel dosimetryservice was set up to monitor occupational radiation exposure, usingthermoluminescence dosimetry equipment. Up-to-date radiation protectionregulations for promulgation by the national authorities were prepared andinspection capability for radiation safety purposes was attained.

157 In the field of agriculture, an IBTEN laboratory was upgraded toincrease crop yields by the application of nuclear techniques. However, theexpected co-operation between IBTEN. the Ministry of Agriculture and theAgronomy Faculties at Cochabamba and Oruro has not been fullyimplemented owing to economic difficulties.

158. More lasting results have been obtained through the Agency'sassistance to the National Institute of Nuclear Medicine (INAMEN). The Institute'sinfrastructure was upgraded by the provision of a new gamma camera andcomplementary equipment and by establishing a maintenance and repaircapability for nuclear medicine equipment. As a result, diagnostic services forlow-income patients have been considerably improved and INAMEN is beingused as a nationwide teaching and training institution for advanced medicalstudents. A project to improve the radioimmunoassay {RIA) programme atINAMEN made it possible to establish an RIA network with the participation ofhospitals at La Paz, Sucre. Cochabamba and Santa Cruz. INAMEN's RIAlaboratory has become the focal point for training and technology transferthrough the co-ordination, production and distribution of reagents at thenational level.

159 For the above reasons the Agency's technical co-operation with Boliviawill in the next few years be focussed on strengthening the radiotherapy and

Pooe38 III A PROFILE OF TKHMCAL CO-OPS RATON ACTIVITIES IN UM1N AMERICA

nuclear medicine services in several cities and on upgrading the radiationprotection infrastructure by means of new and current projects.

BRAZIL

A CONTRIBUTIONS TO AND PARTICIPATION IN TECHNICAL CO-OPERATION ACTIVITIES

Year

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

TACF

VoluntaryContrlbuitons

ShoreS

524.4

579.6

650.7

700.7

7507

PledgedS

262.0

2650

265.0

250.0

2650

PaidS

262.0

265.0

175.9

0.0

0.0

Assessed ProgrammeCall

Assessed$

86.1

810

97.7

73.8

Paid$

861

81.0

0.0

0.0

Extra-budgetary

fund>

S

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

in-kindsupport

5

580

72.1

396

17.7

25.0

EJI peril fromcouotiy

33

39

47

43

41

Personstrained

Incountry

85

98

109

87

126

B. ASSISTANCE APPROVED AND PROVIDED

Year

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

Assistance approved from TACF

CC

$

4808

411.4

483.8

481.6

488.7

NCC

$

0.0

0 0

0 0

0.0

0.0

Total

$

4808

411.4

483.8

4816

488.7

Region

%

9.2

6.5

5.8

5.4

5.5

Total assistance provided from all sources

TACF

CCS

602.4

487.1

628.7

337.6

549.0

TACF

NCCS

8.7

12.3

0.0

0.0

0.0

Extra-budgetary

S

464.7

512.4

592.7

584.2

147.1

UNDP

S

0.0

0.0

0.0

14.5

0.0

In-kind

S

20.°

84.7

7.7

14.9

19.6

Total

$

1,096.7

1.096.5

(.229.1

951.2

7*5.7

160 During the five years under review, the Agency's technical co-operat ionprogramme with Brazil has cont inued to b e the largest in Latin Amer ica, a n dassistance has focussed on activities re lated to the nat ional nuclear powerprogramme, rad io log ica l protect ion, safety a n d agricul ture. New projects thatare now being implemented or have been completed during this periodaimed to strengthen these areas and to support the application of nucleartechniques in other activities.

161 In support of the national nuclear power programme, projects wereundertaken on safely analysis, licensing and surveillance of nuclear facilities,emergency dose assessment, emergency planning and preparedness, andregulatory matters. Extensive training was provided by experts and by awardsof fellowships, scientific visits and training courses to the staff at the NationalNuclear Energy Commission (CNEN) and to FURNAS. the nuclear power plantoperator. Expert advice has contributed significantly to increasing thecapability and operational efficiency of ANGRA 1. An OSART mission wasundertaken in 1989 to review the operating practices at ANGRA 1 and carryout an exchange of experience to improve the plant's operational safety. Afollow-up OSART visit took place in 1992. Two ASSET activities were alsoundertaken in 1992 to review safety performance and provide training andadvice on safety provisions.

162 In the area of radiological protection, large-scale assistance has beengiven to CNEN institutes: primarily to the Institute for Radiation Protection andDosimetry (IRD), which is the national reference institute for such matters and.to a lesser degree, to the Institute for Nuclear Energy and Research (IPEN) andthe Centre for the Development of Nuclear Technology (CDTN). Assistance hascontinued to be provided to develop a general programme to establish the

111 A PffOBlE Of TFCHNrCAL CO-OPERATION ACTIVITIES IN LATIN AMERICA Poge39

CHILE

IRD as an accident diagnostic and training site and to enable it to provideadvice and support to all institutions using nuclear techniques and to users ofionizing radiation. During the last five years, current or completed projectsincluded infrastructure, a secondary standards dosimetry laboratory, dosimetry,occupational activities and low-level gamma spectrometry. Agency servicesprovided in the aftermath of the Goiania Accident continued with anextrabudgetary contribution from Germany which made it possible to fieldexpert missions to review national plans for surveillance of radiation protectionpractices in medical installations. As a result of these activities, significantadvances were made In establishing an inventory and control system ofradiation sources used in medicine, and in providing advice and training forstaff at regional centres. A project was also supported to study the medicaland environmental aspects of the Goiania accident, including evaluation ofcaesium-137 dispersion and the development of models.

163 Agency assistance over a long period has made the Centre for NuclearEnergy in Agriculture (CENA) one of the best tropical agriculture researchcentres in the world. During the five years under review. Agency assistancewas provided on mutation breeding for tropical and subtropical crops, animalsciences, soil fertility, primary production and the nitrogen cycle. Activities onthe hydrological cycle were funded during this period by a contribution fromthe Swedish Agency for Research Co-operation with Developing Countries(SAREC).

164 From 1991. projects have been funded to improve IPEN's capability toproduce radioisotopes with a cyclotron, to establish a laboratory for routineproduction of doped silicon, to set up the basic structure for production ofmolybdenum-99. and to produce (together with the Butanta Institute), snakevenom attenuated by gamma irradiation for immunization of animals. Projectson waste management were initiated at IPEN and CDTN, and on pesticides atthe Instituto Biologico of Sao Paulo.

165. Institutes in Brazil have become first-class training centres not only forpersonnel from the Latin America region but also from other regions. Manypeople have been trained at the IRD. IPEN. CDTN, CENA and at hospitals in Riode Janeiro and Sao Paulo. Brazil has also provided experts and lecturers ontopics such as radiological protection, agriculture, radioimmunoassay andwaste management. As an example of co-operation between developingcountries, the IRD is establishing a whole-body counting facility in Cuba, underan Agency TC project.

A. CONTRIBUTIONS TO AND PARTICIPATION IN TECHNICAL CO-OPERATION ACTIVITIES

Vsar

1988

1989

1990

1941

1992

TACF

VoluntaryContribution!

Show5

266

29.4

36.4

39.2

42.0

Fiadgsd$

26.6

29.4

36.4

39 2

420

Paid$

26 6

29.4

35.3

39.2

0.5

Asiwwd ProgranwrwCob

AimsadS

19.1

60.6

52.9

38.2

PaidS

19.1

60.6

52.9

0.0

Extra-budgetary

fund)

5

30.0

11.2

6.0

69.0

142.3

IrvMndlupport

$

41.0

13.3

9.3

2*2

3.5

Expamtromcountry

12

14

22

18

18

P»nonttrained

Incountry

50

57

21

45

70

Pag«40 111. A PROFILE OF TECHNICAL COOPERATION ACTIVITIES IN LATIN AMERICA

B. ASSISTANCE APPROVED AND PROVIDED

¥»or

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

Aufstanca approved Iron TACF

CC

$

400.9

3856

521.9

432.8

418.0

NCC

5

7.0

47.0

5.0

0.0

0.0

Total

J

407.9

432.6

526.9

432.8

418.0

R«gjon

%

7.8

6.9

6 3

4.9

4.7

Total aul l tanc* provided from all soufcet

TACF

CCS

238.3

732.4

653.0

462.8

772.4

TACF

NCCS

0.0

245

7.7

15.1

0.0

Extra-budgetary

$

2 6

20.4

0.0

0.0

93.1

UNDP

50.0

0 0

0.0

0.0

0.0

IrvMnd

t

22.3

16.4

6 8

9.2

0 0

Total

$

2432

793.7

667 5

487.1

865 6

166 During the past five /ears, the scope of the Agency's technical co-operat ion with Chile has remained as w ide as before, a n d only slight changesof emphasis are not iceable. Although a large proport ion of a p p r o v e d projectshas involved the Chi lean Nuclear Energy Commission (CChEN), the benefitshave been extended to other institutions through training, co-operat ive effortsa n d services. CChEN still sets priorities a n d ensures efficient co-ordinat ion.Nuclear analyt ical techniques a re now ava i lab le for pract ica l appl icat ions, inadd i t ion to neutron diffraction facilities at the 5 MW research reactor a n dMoessbauer spectroscopy techniques as tools for the solution of basicproblems in solid state physics, chemistry a n d metal lurgy.

167 One important result of prospecting activities for nuclear raw materialsin Chile was the discovery, through the application of radiometric techniquesduring an Agency-assisted project, of a phosphate deposit which is now beingexploited by a private enterprise on a commercial basis. Facilities for solventextraction and ion exchange studies were set up at the Lo Aguirre NuclearCentre, and staff were trained in these procedures. The facilities were used:to purify raw uranium from the Chuquicamata Pilot Plant and determine theuranium content of the copper-leach solutions, to produce yellow cake withlaboratory scale nuclear purity and controlled precipitation of yellow cake,and to obtain concentrate with suitable granulometry for the production ofpellets. A reliable technique was established to analyse the uranium contentin geological samples and to set up a facility to measure trace impurities innuclear grade uranium compounds.

16a In the field of nuclear engineering and technology, projects were setup for computer services and nuclear electronics instrumentation which wereessential to the establishment of a nuclear instrumentation maintenance andrepair service and to enable some technical personnel at the CChEN tospecialize in microprocessors. Further training was provided in fuel fabricationtechniques, an important activity for the CChEN, since present projectionsindicate that new fuel elements will be needed by 1996. The repair of fuelelements consisting of the whole core at the Lo Aguirre research reactor hasbeen satisfactorily completed, and work on a burnup determination facility isproceeding. The laboratory for corrosion studies has been able to prescribewater chemistry specifications for half the corrosion experienced in somestructural parts of the La Reina reactor facility. The Agency also assisted in theapproach to criticality of the La Reina reactor with medium enriched uraniumfuel. Routine reactivily measurements, as required by the operatingprocedures, have since been performed. The facility has also servededucational purposes exemplified by its use in an ARCAL V course on researchreactor parameter determination.

169 Significant developments were made in the application of nucleartechniques in agriculture. In soil fertility and plant nutrition, Agency assistancecontributed to incorporating nuclear techniques using phosphorus-32 info soil-plant-fertilizer relationship studies. Quantitative information was obtained on

A PRORLE Of TECHMCAl CO-OPERATION ACTIVITIES IN LATIN AMERICA Pags 41

phosphate retention by volcanic soils and on the relative availability of severalphosphorus sources. The use of phosphorus-32 and nitrogen-15 basedtechniques was instrumental in implementing recommendations on fertilizerplacement to wheat and various fruit trees. In animal production. Agencyassistance contributed to setting up laboratory facilities at the SouthernUniversity of Chile. Valdivia, and to training staff in the use ofradioimmunoassay methods to determine the causes of reproductive failure indairy cattle and to study the reproductive behaviour of vicunas in captivity.The training facilities are being used not only by undergraduate andpostgraduate veterinarian students, regional training course participants, andAgency fellows, but also by private veterinarian and dairy co-operatives. Thelaboratory also provides services to individual farmers and to the Ministry ofAgriculture's extension service.

170 In the area of nuclear medicine, all the counterpart institutions have, orwill have, a modern SPECT system, access to reliable, high qualityradiopharmaceuticals, and well trained staff. At the Institute of Neurosurgery,Santiago, clinical studies of the brain, kidney and vascular system are beingcarried out, including good quality SPECT studies of the brain and otherorgans. The J.J. Aguirre Hospital now has a programme of computer-aidedgamma camera quality control, which ensures optimum performance ofexisting equipment. The CChEN group is reproducing a number of newlydeveloped radiopharmaceuticals released by commercial companies. Thelocal product is of equal quality or better than what is commerciallydistributed.

171 In the field of hydrology, the Agency transferred the technology for thestudy of seepage in lakes and reservoirs, using tracer and conventionaltechniques, to the National Electricity Company and the CChEN. As a result,much has been learnt about leaks in the El Colorado dike and seepage inLake Laja. Radioactive tracer techniques are also being used to determineoperational plant parameters and for experimental da ta processing in miningand industry, as well as to optimize ore concentration processes. In the miningindustry, the flow of water or leaching solutions through porous media hasbeen studied in order to optimize in-situ lixiviation work for recovering copperfrom copper dumps at the Chuquicamata mine. Radioactive tracertechniques were also used to measure the dispersion of liquid waste in the sea.As a side effect, and taking advantage of the knowledge obtained during theevaluation of environmental impact and marine contamination studies,Chilean legislation on this subject was improved.

172 Agency assistance in regulatory assessment of safely analysis reportsresulted in the establishment of a small group of well trained staff.

173 A telemetered seismographic network was established to help in thestudy of the Chilean seismology and to faciiitate access to other financialsources and to promote scientific exchange with other earthquake-strickencountries.

174 A Radioactive Waste Management Unit has been established within theDivision of Nuclear Safety and Radiation Protection at La Reina Nuclear Centre.Effluents from the research work on uranium hydromeiallurgy had been storedin an ad-hoc facility and will now be neutralized in another installation built forthat purpose. In addition, a facility for waste treatment is being built at LoAguirre. Through the Agency's assistance, the Radiation Medicine Service ofLa Reina Nuclear Centre has developed the capability to assay and evaluatecases of internal contamination with alpha, beta and gamma emitters. Anenvironmental radiation measurements programme at the CChEN providesdata for the scientific evaluation of local and global patterns of radiationcontamination, including foodstuffs and potential local sources of

m A PROFILE OF TKHMCAl COOPERATION ACTtVTTlES IN LATIN AMERICA

contamination such as hot springs and mine tailings. A national policy, writtenregulations and the administrative organization to control radiation exposurewere developed and a national emergency plan for radiation accidentsestablished.

175 Agency assistance enabled the CChEN to produce two types of radondetectors: activated charcoal detectors and nuclear track detectors. Theseare being used in a programme to evaluate radon levels in buildingsthroughout the country. Trie CChEN is now providing nationwide dosimetryservices to radiation workers. With Agency assistance, the technology ofthermoluminescence dosimetry-based personal dosimetry was reviewed andrefined, and the level of the services provided has improved significantly.

176. It is expected that a concentration of activities on some large-scaleprojects with high impact will further improve Chile's already exceiierit recordof technical co-operation during the next five-year period.

COLOMBIA

A. CONTRIBUTIONS TO AND PARTICIPATION IN TECHNICAL CO-OPERATION ACTIVITIES

Year

198S

1989

1990

1991

1992

TACF

VoluntaryContribution!

Share$

494

54 6

637

68.6

73 5

Pledged$

0.0

49.4

60.0

55.0

50.0

PaidS

0.0

49.4

50.0

55.0

0.0

Assessed ProgrammeCosh

AssessedS

24.9

45.1

51.7

34.1

PaidS

24.9

45.1

51.7

0.0

Extra-budgetary

funds

$

0.0

3.3

10.0

60.0

142.0

Irvfcindsupport

$

57.0

6.8

0.0

4.3

1.0

Experts fromcountry

6

6

13

9

7

Personstrained

Incountry

34

21

23

10

36

B. ASSISTANCE APPROVED AND PROVIDED

Vear

(988

1989

1990

1991

1992

Assistance approved from TACF

CC

$

323.9

263.3

453.2

365.1

4142

NCC

S

10.0

10.0

65.0

0.0

0.0

Total

$

333.9

273.3

51B.2

365.1

414.2

Region

%

6.4

4.3

6.2

4.1

4.7

Total assistance provided from all sources

TACF

CCS

311.5

378.9

398.9

423.2

411.7

TACF

NCC 5

0.0

19.5

34.3

2.6

0.0

Extra-budgetary

$

0.0

167.5

212.6

28.8

145.1

UNDP

S

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

In-kind

$

28.2

27.9

35.0

0.0

3.0

Total

$

339.7

593.8

680.8

454.6

559.8

177. While the Agency's very extensive technical co-operation programmewith Colombia has been maintained during the past five years, the emphasishas been moved to projects of a more practical nature, and this will bereflected in the 1993-94 Programme. Major projects were implemented in thefields of agriculture, research reactor modernization, nuclear analyticaltechniques, nuclear instrumentation, dosimetry, radiopharmaceuticals,radioimmunoassay (RIA) training and the construction of an irradiation facility.

178 The Institute of Nuclear Affairs (IAN) in Santa Fe de Bogota continued tobe the channel for the Agency's technical co-operation in Colombia, butefforts have been made to involve (or at least to associate) other researchinstitutions more directly in the implementation of the programmes. This appliesparticularly to agricultural projects with which the Colombian Institute forAgriculture and Livestock (ICA). together with the National University of

A PROFILE OF TECHNICAL CO-OPf RATION ACTIVITIES IN LATIN AMERICA Page 43

Colombia, was either associated or directly put in charge of projects, withtechnical support from IAN. A soil science project helped to strengthenanalytic capabilities and to extend soil fertility studies using phosphorus-32 andnitrogen-15 and contributed to the Improvement of fertilizer use. A promisingco-operation with ICA and the University was gradually established for projectson mutation breeding, where considerable progress was achieved inobtaining new varieties of sorghum, barley and wheat, with some major resultsexpected in rice breeding in the next two years, The three Institutions also co-operated in a current project on the use of RIA techniques in animalreproduction to improve the reproductive efficiency of cattle. A project onlivestock disease diagnosis, concentrating on brucellosis, is being implementedentirely by the ICA. This exemplifies the trend towards a more practicalapproach to technical co-operation, which should lead to a transfer of welltested nuclear techniques from the IAN to other research institutions with morefacilities for direct application of the results, such as experimental farms.

m. Major hydrological achievements were made possible through theIsotope Hydrology Laboratory which was set up with Agency assistance.Studies focussed on the Magdalena River, Colombia's most important rivertransport system. Using both environmental and artificial tracers, significantdata were obtained on river sediments and contamination, so that harbourplanning can now be modified to reduce the high cost of dredging involvedin keeping the ports navigable. A follow-up project will deal with dredgingproblems in the major ports of Baranquilla and Buenaventura, with the full co-operation of other institutions including the Ministry of Public Works Directoratefor Ports. Groundwater resources in different regions are being studied andsome valuable results are expected on the availability of water resources in theTunja area.

180 The lAN's analytical capability was strengthened by two projects onneutron activation analysis as a result of which ore samples, pastures andfoodstuffs are now being analysed on a routine basis. These capabilities willbe further improved when the reactor modernization and core conversionprojects are completed.

181. With major extrabudgetary contributions from the USA, key projectshave assisted the modernization of lAN's 30 kW research reactor, upgradingits control and operation systems and improving the safety installations. A coreconversion to lower enriched fuel is planned for 1993-94 and a power increasewill be aimed at during the following years. Reactor modernization andupgrading projects have provided Colombia with a major up-to-date researchtool while also increasing awareness of nuclear safety and radiationprotection problems. This increased sensitivity to safely caused a delay inestablishing a higher capacity gamma facility for radiation sterilization ofmedical products and for studies of food irradiation processing. All necessaryadditional safety measures having been taken, the 100 kCi cobalt-60 facilitywas ordered and is expected to start operation in 1993.

182. Radiation protection projects had previously been limited toenvironmental radioactivity measurements and control of internalcontamination and to protection measures around the reactor. However,increased safety awareness has led to a more comprehensive project whichwill include nuclear legislation at the national level and the appropriateregulations. A secondary standards dosimetry laboratory was also establishedat the IAN. which is now handling the full range of calibrations needed inColombia, from individual therapy to radiation protection and environmentalmeasurements. A quality assurance programme has been initiated which isbeing pursued under a current project.

183 National training programmes in RIA were set up and further expanded.

Page 44 III. A PROFILE OF TECHNICAL COOPERATION ACTIVITIES IN LATIN AMERICA

and the Universldad del Valle at Call made considerable progress in thedevelopment of DNA probes for the diagnosis of malaria. As a result of severalprojects intended to produce radiopharmaceutical kits, a well equippedlaboratory for production of technetium-99m labelled radiopharmaceuticalswas set up. with adequate quality control, enabling the IAN to provideproducts and services to all nuclear medicine centres in the country.

184 Although considerable progress was made in most of the fields assistedby the Agency, some less successful projects in nuclear instrumentation (whereIAN still lacks an appropriate maintenance and repair service) and inhydrology (where little progress was achieved in solving water problems on theisland of San Andres) indicate that there is still room for improvement.Concentration on some major projects with greater impact and continuationof the internal reorganization at the IAN are most likely to improve the situation.

COSTA RICA

A. CONTRIBUTIONS TO AND PARTICIPATION IN TECHNICAL CO-OPERATION ACTIVITIES

Year

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

TACF

VoluntaryContributions

Share$

7.6

8.4

9*79.8

10.5

Pledged$

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Paid$

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Assessed ProgrammeC a b

Assessed$

4.5

10.5

9.2

20.2

Paid$

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Extra-budgetary

funds

S

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

In-kindsupport

$

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Experts fromcountry

2

S

6

6

4

Parsonstrained

Incountry

10

25

1

0

1

B. ASSISTANCE APPROVED AND PROVIDED

Year

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

Assistance approved from TACF

CC

$

104.5

61.5

81.4

280.7

242.2

NCC

S

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Total

$

104.5

61.5

81.4

280.7

242.2

Region

%

2.0

1.0

1.0

32

2.7

Total assistance provided from all sources

TACF

CCS

48.6

122.0

95.4

181.5

221.9

TACF

NCCS

7.0

9.4

19.0

0.0

0.0

Extra-budgetary

$

0.0

0.0

0.0

71.3

22.3

UNDP

5

17.1

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

In-kind

$

4.8

3.1

0.0

0.0

0.0

Total

$

77.5

134.5

114.4

252.8

244.2

185. In the previously reported five-year period, the Costa Rican technicalco-operation programme was limited to nuclear physics and prospecting fornuclear materials. During the five years reviewed here, the programme hasbeen extended to include agriculture (animal sciences and mutationbreeding), hydrology, the exploration of geotnermal resources, andbroadening the use of nuclear analytical techniques. A project on radiationprotection was also prepared. The improved planning that followed areorganization of the small Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) and better overallco-ordination at the implementation stage - both with the AEC and betweencounterpart organizations • are likely to further increase the future impact of theprogramme.

186 While the exploration of possible energy resources other than nuclearlies outside the Agency's competence, a project on the exploration ofgeothermal resources around the Miravalles volcano was pursued byreinjection and radiotracer-aided studies and demonstrated an interaction

II A PRORLf Of TtCHNtCAL COOPERATION ACTIVITIES (N WTIN AMERfCA Page 45

between the various geothermal wells. Exploitation of the geothermalresources of Mount Miravalles a n d adjoin ing volcanic areas looks possible a n dcou ld ultimately contribute to meeting the country's growing d e m a n d forenergy.

is? A major hydrology project was initiated in 1991 a n d will continue Intothe next programming per iod; it is expected to counteract the excessiveexploitation of groundwater resources, the lack of sewers a n d the infiltration ofagricultural fertilizer residues. Encouraging results a re reported from theBarranca aquifer, demonstrating a much smaller saline intrusion intogroundwater than originally expected.

188 Agricultural programmes Included projects in animal sciences a n dmutation breed ing ai the National University a t Heredia, near San Jose, a n da fruitfly eradicat ion project at the University of Costa Rica's School of Biology.In animal sciences, a comple ted project prov ided considerable Insight into theZebu cattle's reproductive physiology, behaviour a n d product ion; anothercurrent project aims a t the diagnosis of livestock diseases such as brucellosisa n d babesiosis through appl icat ion of the ELISA technique. A project on fruitflyeradicat ion started in 1987 as a joint effort with the European Community a n dthe Ministry of Agriculture; a cobalt-60 irradiation source for the product ion ofsterile male insects is be ing purchased by the Agency a n d the considerableprogress ach ieved so far in fighting the fruitflies shows promising prospects fora n increase of Costa Rica's export-oriented fruit a n d coffee product ion.Agricultural product ion increases are also a imed a t through identif ication ofviral diseases in various basic crops (e.g. maize, kidney beans, potatoes a n dtropical fruits) a n d other b io logical samples by providing a n d using DNAprobes; to this end the Centre for Research on Cellular a n d Molecular Biologyai the University of Costa Rica has deve loped the polymerase chain react ion(PCR) technique a n d is now providing the essential Taq polymerase to theCentral American research communities. A mutation breed ing projectconcerned with the development of new higher yield a n d disease-resistantvarieties of the common bean , banana , yam a n d c o w p e a has p roduced veryencouraging results, particularly with in-vitro grown b e a n varieties.

189 The development of nuclear analytical techniques was and iscontinuing to be supported at the Nuclear Physics Department of the Universityof Costa Rica, which now disposes of a series of well established analyticaltechniques such as X-ray fluorescence, neutron activation, solid state nucleartrack detection and low level counting. These techniques are being appliedin programmes for analysis of environmental samples and food contaminationand will also be applied to monitoring the country's seismic activity.

190 Finally, and also as a consequence of improved internal co-ordination,it was possible to send an expert mission to prepare a 1993-94 project onradiation protection, which is likely to remedy a rather precarious situation inthis field.

Poga 46 III A PROFILE OF TECHNICAL CO-OPERATION ACTIVITIES IN LATIN AMERICA

CUBA

A. CONTRIBUTIONS TO AND PARTICIPATION IN TECHNICAL CO-OPERATION ACTIVITIES

Year

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

TACF

VoluntaryContnbutioni

ShareS

342

378

41.0

441

47.2

PledgedS

34.2

378

41.0

44.1

472

Paid5

34.2

37.8

41.0

44.1

47.2

Assessed ProgramineCot1>

Al iened

277

419

367

46.4

Paid$

27.7

419

36.2

0.0

Extra-budgetary

fund!

$

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

In-kind(upport

$

0 0

3 8

35.9

1.5

0.6

Experts fromcouniry

2

3

8

i

12

Personstrained

incountry

17

24

85

11

1

B. ASSISTANCE APPROVED AND PROVIDED

year

1988

1989

1990

1 » 1

1992

Assistance approved from TACF

CC

s315.0

381.9

450.9

4062

476.4

HCC

S

0.0

95.0

600.0

555.0

65.0

Total

S

315.0

476.9

1,050.9

961.2

541.4

Region

%

6.0

7 6

12.5

10.8

6.1

Total assistance provided from all sources

TACF

CCS

283.7

479.4

437.6

540.5

596.8

TACF

NCCS

62.8

44.7

21.3

40.1

118.6

Extra-budgetary

5

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

UNDP

S

86.0

168 4

336.9

10.1

9.2

In-kind

$

0.0

S.411.7

0.0

0.0

Total

$

432.5

697.9

807.5

5907

724.6

191 As is evident from table A above Cuba is one of the few countries in theregion which has consistently pledged and paid its full share of the target forvoluntary contributions. Some of the projects implemented during the periodreviewed were extensions of previous activities, particularly those in nuclearmedicine, hydrology and nuclear measurements.

192 The successful completion of two projects on food irradiation resultedin the establishment of a large facility and the start of irradiation, mainlyfoodstuffs. New projects were initiated, mainly in radiological protection,agriculture, nuclear power plant safety cmd the establishment of a SSDL. Someof these projects were completed within the five-year period covered by thisreport. A secondary standards dosimetry laboratory was established. Projectswef« approved on environmental radiation monitoring, the establishment of awhole-body counter facility, and (as a result of a WAMAP mission in 1989) aproject was approved in various areas of radiological protection. Agriculturalprojects were implemented or are current in the areas of animal sciences, soilsand mutation breeding in sugar cane. Projects are being implemented on theapplication of nuclear techniques in the nickel industry, metal pollution of themarine ecosystem, the encapsulation of mammalian cells, the developmentof irradiation techniques, and activities related to a neutron generator whichwill be provided when the construction of the laboratory has been completed.

193. Advances were made in nuclear medicine, particularly under a projectmainly funded by the UNDP, for which most of the fellowships and some expertmissions were provided by the Agency. A gamma camera and ancillaryequipment, experts and training were supplied to the Institute of Oncology andRadiobiology. and as a result Cuba now has an adequate infrastructure fordiagnosis in various medical specialities in Havana and in the provinces. Theproject also assisted in the establishment of several teaching and researchlaboratories at the Advanced Institute of Sciences and Nuclear Technology.The establishment of a whole-body counter and a secondary standardsdosimetry facility are advancing satisfactorily and. in spite of some delays in

» A PHORLI OF ITCHMCAL CO-OPERATION ACTIVITIES IN LATIN AMERICA Page 47

the construction of the laboratories, are expected to be completed in 1993.With the successful completion of a project in nuclear electronics, the Centrefor Studies Applied to Nuclear Development can now provide maintenanceand repair services to all the institutions using nuclear instrumentation.

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC

A. CONTRIBUTIONS TO AND PARTICIPATION IN TECHNICAL CO-OPERATION ACTIVITIES

Year

1988

1989

1990

199)

1992

TACF

VoluntaryContribution!

ShareS

11.4

12.61

13.7

14.7

157

PledgedS

0.0

Q.O

0.0

0.0

0.0

PaidS

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Assessed ProgrammeCoin

Alienedt

9.4

8.9

13.3

16 2

PaidS

0.0

00

0.0

0.0

Extra-budgetary

funds

$

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

In-kindsupport

$

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

1.0

Expert! fromcountry

1

3

2

0

2

Persontrained

Incountry

16

0

0

15

0

B. ASSISTANCE APPROVED AND PROVIDED

Vsar

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

Assistance approved from TACF

CC

S

101.7

H5.S

i 80.S

214.3

195.5

NCC

$

10.0

0.0

0.0

10.0

0.0

Total

$

111.7

115.5

80.8

226.3

195.5

Region

%

2.1

1.8

1.0

2.5

2.2

Total assistance provided t>o.T. all sources

TACF

CCS

114.8

110.6

161.6

202.2

243.3

TACF

NCC5

2.2

0.6

4.8

0.0

0.1

Extra-budgetary

S

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

UNDP

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Irvfcind

$

4.8

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Total

$

121.8

111.2

166.4

202.2

243.4

i«4 During the past five years, the Agency's technical co-operationprogramme with the Dominican Republic became diversified: while nuclearanalytical techniques continued to receive support, hydrology projects wereexpanded and new projects on animal sciences and radiation protection wereinitialed. The recent restructuring of the very small National Commission forNuclear Affairs and the establishment of a National Council for RadiationProtection indicate increased interest by the Government in nuclear matters.Reorganization of the Commission's activities was supported by the award ofa scientific visit to neighbouring Costa Rica, where a successful reorganizationhad already taken place under similar conditions.

195. The project on radiation protection, initiated in 1991 and to becontinued under the 1993-94 Programme, was instrumental in encouraging theestablishment of a National Council in this field. All radiation protectionregulations and procedures will be the responsibility of the Council, which alsoplans to set up a National Centre for Radiation Protection in charge ofcountrywide technical implementation of the regulations. In this task theCouncil and the Centre would rely heavily on the expertise, laboratory facilitiesand equipment made available to the Pedro Henrfquez Urefia NationalUniversity (UNPHU) through several Agency projects for the application ofnuclear analytical techniques.

196 Alpha, beta and gamma spectrometry and, in particular. X-rayfluorescence analysis, have reached a very high level, and analyses forradiation protection purposes (thermoluminescence dosimetry) are performedas well as analyses of water and food samples. Environmental samples for

Page 48 III A PROFILE OF TECHNICAL CO-OPERATION ACTIVITIES IN LATIN AMERICA

regulation of industrial pollution levels are being analysed at the Agency-assisted Nuclear Science Laboratory of the Autonomous University of SantoDomingo (UASD). whose facilities were supplemented with a laboratory fortrace metal analysis. Atomic absorption and X-ray fluorescence techniqueswere also strengthened by an Agency project. While recent Improvements inco-ordination of the analytical capabilities should ultimately lead to a tripartiteenvironmental monitoring project, both UASD and UNPHU are alreadycollaborating with the National Institute of Water Resources (INDRHI) in SantoDomingo in the analysis of water samples performed for the hydrology projectscarried out with Agency assistance.

197 Al though the recent reorganizat ion of INDRHI d imin ished its capab i l i t yto carry out future projects, activities during the last five years produced anumber of significant results, Seepage in the Chacuey and MaguacaReservoirs was studied and remedial solutions proposed; in the areas of the LosBolos and Sabaneta dams, more than 300 water samples were measured, andfluorescent tracers and artificial tritium were used in the experimental work. Asa result, the country is now able to study all problems related to karsthydrology, which concerns most of the country's water resources. A fullyequipped laboratory for chemical analysis of water was established and thesedimentological study of the Nizao River was undertaken. As the Nizao Riveris the main source of water and hydroelectric power for the Santo Domingoarea, this work will improve the economic efficiency of the infrastructure forboth irrigation and power generation.

198 In the field of animal sciences, a project started in 1991 is continuingat the Central Veterinary Laboratory on the diagnosis of animal diseases suchas brucellosis and babesiosis by use of the ELISA technique. As a result, a newlaboratory for the evaluation of livestock diseases was established at SanCristobal near Santo Domingo.

ECUADOR

A. CONTRIBUTIONS TO AND PARTICIPATION IN TECHNICAL CO-OPERATION ACTIVITIES

Vear

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

TACF

VoluntaryContributions

ShareS

11.4

12.6

137

14.7

157

PlsdgcdS

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

PaidS

0.0

0 0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Au«ss«d ProgrammeCafe

A u n w d$

42.5

54.2

43.7

42.6

PaidS

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Extra-budgetary

tundl

i

•0.1

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

In-kindsupport

$

0.0

2.0

0.9

3.4

1.0

Expwtifromcounty

6

6

8

4

7

Pwionstrained

Incountry

5

1

10

40

27

B. ASSISTANCE APPROVED AND PROVIDED

year

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

Auntanca approved from TACF

CC

S

3759

3195

295.2

312.0

440.1

NCC

S

150

46.0

227.0

1800

00

Total

$

3909

3655

522.2

4920

440.1

R«gion

%

7.5

58

6.2

5550

Total attlifanc* provided from all 9ourc*i

TACF

CCS

255.8

381.4

3380

367.5

731.7

TACF

NCCS

»78.5

130.1

46.5

31.5

17.6

Extra-budgetary

S

96.9

168 8

162.5

133.8

90.1

UNDP

$

0 0

0 0

0.0

00

0.0

In-kind

$

3\2

428

52.0

14.4

20.2

Total

S

552.4

723.1

599.0

547.2

859.6

II A PROHLE Of TECHNICAL CO-OPERATION ACTIVITIES IN LATIN AMERICA

w The Agency's technical co-operation programme with Ecuador duringthe last five years covered a wide rage of activities: agriculture, animalsciences, nuclear medicine, industrial applications of irradiation, analyticaltechniques, uranium prospection, nuclear data and radiation protection.

200 The Ecuadorian Atomic Energy Commission (CEEA) received significantsupport tor agricultural activities with the aim of promoting collaborationbetween the University of Agriculture, the University sector and farmers onprogrammes of national economic importance. A laboratory for isotopetechniques in soil science was established at the CEEA. The National Institutefor Agricultural Research (INIAP) collaborated successfully with the CentralUniversity of Ecuador in research on fertilizer and water use efficiency.Biological fixations of legumes and nitrogenous fertilizer efficiency in oil palmwere studied by means of nitrogen-15, leading to improved fertilizermanagement practices. Future Agency assistance is intended to extend thelaboratory's N-15 analytical service to other countries in the region. In mutationbreeding, the Agency supplied the CEEA with a gamma cell for seedirradiation, and a tissue culture laboratory was installed at the INIAP.Collaboration among these institutions has been difficult to achieve but somesuccess was obtained in isolated efforts by the CEEA.

201. In the field of animal sciences, a laboratory for radioimmunoassay (RIA)was established at the CEEA. Subsequent assistance provided under severalprojects in animal reproduction and nutrition which had been initiatedpreviously made it possible to identify problems affecting cattle reproductionin the Cayamse area and to control, to a certain extent, the nutritional valueof animal feed. A laboratory for RIA techniques is being established at theAnimal Health Laboratory of the Ministry of Public Health in collaboration withthe CEEA to develop a programme on diagnosis in the control and eradicationof foot-and-mouth disease and brucellosis.

202 The CEEA has started to carry out extensive research and field work onfruitfly control in order to introduce the sterile insect technique (SIT). Through aproject recently completed, fruitfly species affecting horticultural products wereidentified and field surveys conducted on the basis of which a nationalprogramme on fruitfly eradication has been established. With a commitmentfrom the Ministry of Agriculture, assistance in this area is expected to continuein line with the national programme. Under a project initiated in 1985 andcontinuing into 1993, the CEEA has established a well equipped laboratory tostudy the problems caused by intensive use of agricultural chemicals andpesticides. Practical data have been obtained on residues in corn, tomato,palm oil and vegetables as well as on the behaviour of some chemicals in theenvironment. The CEEA has established fruitful links with the University sector forcollaboration on current problems.

203 Earlier Agency assistance to the Carlos Andrade Marin Hospital wascontinued into the 1980's for the expansion of nuclear medicine services.Equipment for diagnostic studies was provided, financed partially by funds-ir -trust from Ecuador. In 1992, a brachytherapy machine as well as expertise andtraining was supplied to the Cancer Hospital (SOLCA) in Quito and is expectedto be fully operational in 1993.

2M. Under a long-term project on industrial applications, the NationalPolytechnic School received an electron beam accelerator ELU 6U (LINAC) witha capacity of 4-5 kW of radiation power. The machine is being used toconduct applied research on radiation processing of plastic, curing ofcoatings and for the radiosterilization of medical supplies.

205 Analytical techniques have been established at the CEEA laboratories.Through an extrabudgetary contribution from the USA, atomic absorption

Page SO III. A PROFILE OF TECHNICAL CO-OPERATION ACTIVITIES IN LATIN AMERICA

spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence analysis, gamma spectroscopy andMoessbauer techniques were introduced and. with German funding, use of theeddy current technique was established for NDT activities. All these facilitiesare now operational and offer services to the industrial sector.

206 As a result of several projects on uranium prospection implementedduring the five years under review, funded by the Agency and the UNDP, twoareas have been identified as showing favourable uranium characteristics.Uranium favourability in Ecuador was assessed and a prognostic map wasproduced as a basis for future work. Staff from the CEEA acquired fieldexperience in prospecting and exploration techniques which would enable thestudies to be continued.

SD7. As a basic support for research In nuclear sciences, a NuclearInformation Centre was created, which the Agency supplied (from 1987 to1990) with essential material and equipment as well as expert advice, in orderto computerize the operations and create databases. A CD-ROM system wasalso provided and the staff was trained in its use and in all aspects of the INISsystem.

JOB Within the essential legal frame of the Radiation Protection Act.promulgated in 1979. the CEEA Is developing a well organized nationalprogramme on radiation protection and nuclear safety, basically concernedwith inspection of the medical facilities, transport of radioactive materials, andpersonal dosimetry. Services are offered through three offices, in Quito,Guayaquil and Cuenca. Further Agency assistance is envisaged to establisha national emergency plan.

EL SALVADOR

A. CONTRIBUTIONS TO AND PARTICIPATION IN TECHNICAL CO-OPERATION ACTIVITIES

Vear

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

TACF

VoluntaryContribution

Snare$

3.S

4.2

4,6

4.9

5.2

PledgedS

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

PaidS

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Assessed ProgrammeColts

AssessedS

7.2

20.9

20.2

17.2

PaidS

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Extra-budgetary

funds

$

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

In-kindsupport

s0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Experts fromcountry

2

0

0

1

0

Personstrained

Incountry

0

0

2

0

0

B. ASSISTANCE APPROVED AND PROVIDED

Vear

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

Assistance approved from TACF

CC

S

77.4

195.5

189.0

157.4

97.8

NCC

$

0.0

0.0

0.0

10.0

0.0

Total

S

77.4

195.S

189.0

167.4

97.8

Region

%

1.5

3.1

23

1.9

1.1

Total assistance provided from all sources

TACF

CCS

57.4

194.7

211.5

150.6

95.7

TACF

NCCS

o.o22.4

3.4

S.I

0.0

Extra-budgetary

$

32.7

44.7

37.8

59.7

90 2

UNDP

$

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

In-kind

$

0.0

3.2

0.0

0.0

0.0

Total

$

901

265.0

252.7

215.4

185.9

* PRCflll OF TSCHMCAl CO-OPERAHON ACTIVITIES IN LATIN AMERICA Page 51

209 Nuclear med ic ine has always b e e n one of the ma in areas of Agencytechn ica l co-operat ion with El Salvador. The recipient institution has b e e n theDepartment of Nuclear Med ic ine of the Ministry of Public Health's RosalesHospital.

210 During the five years under review, the infrastructure to e x p a n d servicesfor in-vitro c l in ical diagnosis was establ ished. Under a current project , arefurbished g a m m a c a m e r a was supp l ied In 1990. By 1992, t ra in ing of a l lmedical and technical staff of the Department had been completed.Radiation protection had previously been a priority for Agency assistance, anda national Radiation Protection Service was established at the Rosales Hospital.Expert advice, training and equipment had been provided by the Agency toimprove radiation protection measures for the hospital personnel, and thisassistance was later extended to other institutions in the medical sector. In1989, assistance was provided in evaluating radiation doses received by threeworkers and in the medical treatment of overexposed persons as aconsequence of the accident that year at a private industrial irradiation plantfor disposable medical supplies.

211 Trie draft law on Radiation Protection by the Ministry of Public Health,completed in 1991. has not yet been promulgated. In 1992, the Agencyprovided the Radiation Protection Service with equipment for individualmonitoring, quality assurance of X-ray machines and for inspection services,in the future programme, the necessity for regulations and the establishmentof a national radiation protection programme within the appropriate legalframe will be emphasised.

2«. Considerable support was given to animal reproduction and health.The Agency supplied progesterone kits for the radioimmunoassay (RIA)laboratory at the Centre for Livestock Development of the Ministry of Agricultureand Stockbreeding, which had been set up earlier with Agency support andan extrabudgetary contribution from the USA. Agency assistance will continueto establish RIA techniques for animal disease diagnosis and to train new staffin its use. Thanks to an extrabudgetary contribution from the United Kingdom,the Agriculture Technology Centre of the Ministry of Agriculture andStockbreeding was provided with equipment, expertise and training for theinstallation of a tissue culture and. under a current project, the installation ofa facility to conduct studies on agrochemicals.

213. Assistance is still being provided to the Geothermal Research Centre ofthe Hydroelectric Executive Commission for the Rio Lempa. Several studieshave been conducted on geothermal dynamics in the Berlfn Geothermal Field.Fluids and minerals have been analysed to elaborate the generalcharacterization of the field in order to optimize its exploration.

2« With Agency support, the facilities of the Nuclear Applications ResearchCentre of the Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, University of El Salvador,were rebuilt. The Centre now houses nuclear instrumentation and electroniclaboratories equipped through an extrabudgetary contribution from the USA.Advisory services and staff training made it possible for the Centre to offermaintenance services to other institutions in El Salvador.

Bog* 52 III A PROFILE Of TECHNICAL CO-OPERATION ACTIVITIES IN LATIN AMERICA

GUATEMALA

A. CONTRIBUTIONS TO AND PARTICIPATION IN TECHNICAL CO-OPERATION ACTIVITIES

V«ar

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

TACF

VoluntaryContrlbJitom

Shar*$

7 6

8.4

9.1

9 8

105

PledgedS

76

8 0

9.1

0.0

0.0

PaidS

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Aiieued ProgrammeCall

ASSMledS

14.8

44.8

30.3

34.5

PaidS

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Fjctra-budgetary

funds

S

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Irvklnd•upporf

$

2.0

2.9

3.4

0.0

0.0

Experts fromcountry

6

3

8

6

2

PenontIralrwd

Incountry

7

19

30

15

5

B. ASSISTANCE APPROVED AND PROVIDED

Year

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

Assistance approved trom TACF

cc

s127.3

251.9

256.1

2845

2476

NCC

3

0.0

15.0

326.0

35.0

0.0

Total

S

127.3

266.9

582.1

319.5

247.6

Region

%

2 4

4.2

6.9

3 6

2.8

Total assistance provided from all sources

TACF

CCS

148.8

308.1

259.3

326.5

292.8

TACF

NCCS

11.9

5.9

3.0

0.0

0.0

Extra-budgetary

$

24.9

246.7

115.9

104 8

268.3

UNDP

$

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

IrvUnd

S

0.0

9.1

0.0

0.0

4.5

Total

S

185.6

569.8

378.2

431.3

565.6

215. For the last five years, the Agency's programme of technicalco-operation with Guatemala has supported the continuation of previousactivities, mainly concerning medfly control, nuclear medicine, the secondarystandards dosimetry laboratory (SSDL), nuclear analytical techniques andagriculture. New projects were approved on radiological protection,radiotherapy and brachytherapy, geothermics and agriculture.

216 With the help of an extrabudgetary contribution from the USA.significant advances have been made in controlling the medfly by the sterileinsect technique with the establishment of a facility for fly production andquality control.

217 The General Directorate of Nuclear Energy was designated by theGovernment as the national authority on radiological protection matters, andprojects have been approved to provide the Directorate with equipment,extensive training, and expert services in all related aspects, includinglegislation and procedures for licensing, inspection and training.

2ie. In the area of nuclear medicine. Agency assistance resulted in theestablishment of laboratories for the preparation and control ofradiopharmaceuticals. and good progress has been made in the productionof primary reagents for radioimmunoassay such as those needed for thyroid-related hormones through an extrabudgetary contribution from the USA. Agamma camera was supplied to the San Juan de Dios Hospital, which will helpto improve diagnostic services for the low-income population. To assist inproviding adequate treatment for cervical cancer, which accounts for 40% ofthe cancer incidence in the country, a brachytherapy unit was supplied to theBernardo del Valle Cancer Institute.

219 A geothermal project is being implemented which has a great potentialfor increasing the electrical capacity of the country.

A PRCflli OF TEOMCAL COOPERATION ACTIVITIES IN LATIN AMERICA Page 53

HAITI

220 The assistance provided In nuclear analytical techniques has led to agreat advance in total reflection X-ray fluorescence analysis and to theprovision of expert advice by Guatemala to other countries in the region.Projects on mutation breeding tor the improvement of cereals, diagnosis ofanimal diseases, and the utilization of nuclear techniques in soils areadvancing satisfactorily. The SSDL. thanks to extrabudgetary contributionsfrom the USA and the UK. is expected to be completed soon and will enableGuatemala to provide calibration services at the national and CentralAmerican levels,

A. CONTRIBUTIONS TO AND PARTICIPATION IN TECHNICAL CO-OPERATION ACTIVfTIES

Year

1986

1989

1990

1991

1992

TACF

VoluntaryContributions

Sharei

3.8

4.2

4.6

4.9

5.2

PledgedS

0 0

0.0

0 0

0.0

0.0

Paid5

0.0

0.0

0 0

0.0

0.0

Assessed ProgrammeCort

Assessed$

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

PaidJ

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Extra-budgetary

tunas

S

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

In-kindsupport

S

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Experts fromcountry

0

0

0

0

0

Personstrained

Incountry

0

0

0

0

0

B. ASSISTANCE APPROVED AND PROVIDED

Year

1986

1989

1990

1991

1992

Assistance approved from TACF

CC

s70.1

0 0

7.0

104.7

37.9

NCC

5

0.0

0 0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Total

S

70.1

0.0

7.0

104.7

37.9

Region

%

1.3

0.0

0.1

1.2

0.4

Total assistance provided from all sources

TACF

CCS

59.2

33.7

54 2

77.9

18.8

TACF

NCCS

1.6

1.7

0.0

0.0

0.1

Extra-budgetary

S

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

UNDP

S

0.0

0.0

0 0

0.0

0.0

In-kind

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

oo

Total

$

60.8

3S.4

54.2

77.9

18.9

221. The Agency's previous technical co-operation programme with Haitihad been concerned only with hydrological projects. Under a small ReserveFund project approved in 1986 as a continuation of an earlier project, theAgency has been assisting the National Water Resources Service (SNRE) insetting up a hydrochemistry laboratory, training local staff and providing expertservices at short intervals.

222. Isotope-aided studies of some of Haiti's major aquifers and periodicisotope monitoring programmes yielded some significant results whichsupported the SNRE drilling campaign for water supply in several plains of thenorthern peninsula as well as the Cayes Plain in the southern peninsula.Scientific achievements were included in the final report of the UNDP-assistedproject on development and management of water resources in Haiti, whichis a unique document on the country's water resources. A 1991-92 follow-upproject considered the isotopic and chemical analysis of groundwaterresources in the country's karst aquifers. Unfortunately, all activities relating tothe hydrology project came to a halt owing to the political unrest in 1991.

2J3. In 1989 the Agency fielded a pre-programming mission to Haiti, withmajor emphasis on agriculture and nuclear medicine. In spite of signs of

Cage 54 III A PROflLE Of IKHMCAL CO-OPERATION ACTIVITIES IN IATIN AMERICA

considerable interest shown by various agricultural research institutions in thecountry, a jointly elaborated proposal in the field of soil science was neveractually submitted to the Agency. However, a Reserve Fund project was setup in 1989 for assistance in radiation protection legislation and regulations aswell as for the treatment of patients at the National Oncology Institute.Although several short-term experts produced a set of proposals for action inboth fields, it was not until 1991 that a decision was made to send a long-termradiotherapy expert to the country. Some progress had been made in thetreatment of patients, and collaborators were being selected for furthertraining when political unrest also stopped this project and led to theevacuation of the Agency expert. However, the expert producedcomprehensive plans tor future activities in radiotherapy and brachytherapyon the basis of which the project is expected to be resumed on a larger scalewhen the situation once again permits meaningful activities.

JAMAICA

A CONTRIBUTIONS TO AND PARTICIPATION IN TECHNICAL CO-OPERATION ACTIVITIES

Year

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

TACF

VoluntaryContributions

ShareS

76

8 4

4 6

4 9

5 2

PledgedS

0.0

0 0

0.0

0 0

0.0

PaidS

0.0

0.0

00

00

0.0

Assessed ProgrammeCuts

AssessedS

9.7

2.5

2.8

7.6

Paid$

0 0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Extra-budgetary

funds

5

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

In-kindsupport

S

0.0

0.0

2.0

0 0

3 0

Experts fromcounity

3

3

6

0

1

Personstrained

Incountry

7

0

14

0

0

B. ASSISTANCE APPROVED AND PROVIDED

Year

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

Assistance approved from TACF

CC

S

78.8

16.2

168

2224

296.2

NCC

S

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Total

$

78.8

16.2

16.8

222.4

296.2

Region

%

1.5

0.3

0.2

2.5

33

Total assistance provided from all sources

TACF

CCS

66.1

26.3

34.7

94.4

240.0

TACF

NCC 5

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Extra-budgetary

$

55.0

5.1

0.0

0.0

0.0

UNDP

S

0,0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

In-kind

S

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Total

$

121.1

31.4

34.7

94.4

240.0

224. As long ago as 1967 expert services were already being providedunder the Agency's technical co-operation programme with Jamaica to advisethe Central Planning Department on the application of radioisotopes andradiation sources in the fields of medicine, agriculture and industrialapplications, and on basic and applied research in general, includinginfrastructure, training and equipment requirements. As a result of thesemissions, joint activities have been carried out mainly with the University of theWest Indies, Kingston, where the Centre for Nuclear Sciences has been playinga major role.

226 A multi-year project financed by the Reserve Fund and anextrabudgetary contribution from the USA assisted the Centre for NuclearSciences in commissioning and testing the 20 kW SLOWPOKE reactor acquiredby the University. The reactor is the focal point of activities at the Centre,where excellent facilities and professional staff of high academic level are

III A PQOF<1£ OP T£CHT*CAL CO-OPERATION ACTIVITIES IN LATIN AMERICA Page 55

MEXICO

available. Nuclear activation analysis has been established and is operatingcontinuously. By 1991, more than 8000 samples had been irradiated (mainlysoils, stream and sea sediments, bauxite and bauxite residues, lichen, peat,rock specimens, dust fallout) as part of a geolog'cal survey of Jamaicaconducted by the Centre in collaboration with other faculties. The introductionof X-ray analysis and the provision of equipment and expert services tookplace in 1992. Equipment and expert services were also provided for theinstallation of an electronics unit to provide maintenance services. A newbuilding connected to the reactor was constructed to house the unit,facilitating its operation and allowing for anticipated expansion.

J26. Facilities of the Nuclear Medicine Department of the University Hospitalare being upgraded and the medical staff is being trained in advancednuclear medicine techniques.

S27. A project was financed from the Reserve Fund for a comprehensiveanalysis of the benefits and constraints of the use of nuclear techniques inagriculture. The Agency provided expert advice on soil fertility, foodpreservation, mutation breeding, animal production and health, entomologyand agrochemicals. It was concluded that the introduction of nucleartechniques would certainly contribute to the development of agriculture inmany areas, in line with national priorities. Animal health activities incollaboration with the Ministry of Agriculture will be initiated in the next twoyears.

228 The Nuclear Energy Authority Act, drafted in 1984, has not yet beenpromulgated. A 1988 RAPAT mission identified as a first priority the creation ofa legal basis to regulate all radiation protection activities in the country.Assistance was provided under a current radiation protection project to reviewthe text and update it according to the latest ICRP standards. This Act isexpected to be approved by the Government and enter into force during1993.

229. Under the same project, assistance was provided to expand themonitoring services supplied by the Radiation Monitoring Unit of the Centre forNuclear Sciences. A pilot project for personnel monitoring was developedand later converted into services for the University and hospitals. The draftregulations on radiation protection are expected to be completed within theframe of an existing law. and radiation monitoring services are expected to beimplemented for individuals in all sectors as well as for the environment.

A. CONTRIBUTIONS TO AND PARTICIPATION IN TECHNICAL CO-OPERATION ACTIVITIES

Year

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

TACF

VoluntaryContribution

ShareS

3344

3696

423.2

4557

488.2

PledgedS

261.0

369.6

4235

455.7

488.2

PaidS

2610

369.6

423.2

455.7

488.2

Assessed ProgrammeCosts

AssessedS

32.4

417

45.9

51.6

PaidS

32.4

417

19.8

0.0

Extra-budgetary

funds

S

8.5

0.0

0.0

0.0

00

In-kindsupport

$

27.0

18.9

25.4

2.2

0.4

Experts fromcountry

24

23

23

20

23

Parsonstrained

Incountry

4

42

97

77

63

III A PROFILE OF TECHNICAL COOPERATION ACTIVITIES IN LATIN AMERICA

B. ASSISTANCE APPROVED AND PROVIDED

vwr

1988

1989

1990

1991

19<W

Aii l j tone* a p p t o v M ttom TACF

cc

s3699

386 5

3173

411 S

4067

NCC

s00

15.0

2470

4050

0 0

Total

S

3699

4015

564 3

616 5

4067

ftegion

%

7.1

6.4

4.7

9 2

4 6

Total aisiitanc* provided from all SOUTCM

TACF

CCS

254 4

348.1

390.2

427.6

633.5

TACF

NCCS

0.0

12.4

54.9

11.4

25 2

Extra-budgetary

S

150 9

169.5

128.7

206.0

457.3

UNDP

S

0 0

0 0

0.0

0.0

0 0

Irvklnd

S39.3

60.4

71.3

92.2

11.3

Total

S

444.6

590.4

6451

737.2

1.1278

230 The Agency's technical co-operat ion with Mexico has always supporteda very broadly based programme a n d has cont inued to d o so dur ing thefive-year per iod under review.

231 Major efforts have assisted Mexican institutions in the commissioning,startup and operation of the Laguna Verde Nuclear Power Plant (LVNPP) byproviding expert services and training on quality assurance, safety analysis,fuel management, quality certification and commissioning procedures.Equipment was also provided to complement the existing infrastructure. TheLVNPP, which was constructed under the management of the Federal ElectricityCommission (CFE). started commercial operation in 1990 and since then itsperformance has been outstanding.

232 Several projects related to nuclear power were completed in the periodunder review. A project on ecological modelling contributed to thedevelopment at the Institute of Electricity Research (HE) of a mathematicalnumerical simulation of hydrothermal flows and radionuclide dispersion for theeffluents of the power plant. Another project assisted ihe CFE to establish anindependent fuel management system to support safe and economicoperation of the plant. The establishment of a Probabilistic AssessmentProgramme was achieved through a project that involved the CFE and the HEand was monitored by the National Commission of Nuclear Safety andSafeguards. A long-term project, also completed during this period, providedthe Commission with expert services and training to review and evaluateprocedures for the startup and operational testing of the LVNPP, thus allowingcomplete control of the commissioning programme. Current projects onreactor fuel fabrication, accident analysis, operational safety, radiationprotection and probabilistic safety analysis supported the strengthening of thenuclear power programme in Mexico.

233. In the field of radioisotopes and radiopharmaceuticals. a project hasbeen concluded at the National Institute for Nuclear Research (ININ) for thelocal production of kits and quality assurance for radioimmunoassay ofthyroid-related hormones. Also at ININ, current projects are developing thetechnology for local production of molybdenum-99 of pharmaceutical qualityto cover the national requirements of technetium-99 generators. These projectsalso aim at increasing the radiopharmaceutical production capacity andimproving quality controls; when they are completed. Mexico is expected tobe able to meet most of its radiopharmaceutical needs from local production.To support the production of radioisotopes and to widen the use of theMexican research reactor, a recently completed project contributed to thebuildup of local capacity for core calculations and thermohydraulics analysis,which will be used by ININ to design mixed cores.

234 In the field of environmental studies, the Agency is assisting ININ todetermine the existing condition of radionuclides in the environment and tobecome capable of determining environmental radioactive contamination.

A P T .£ Of TECHMCAt CO-OPERATION ACTIVITIES IN LATIN AMERICA Page 57

Another project with ININ studies the possibility of removing nitrogen a n dsulphur compounds f rom combust ion gases by means of acce le ra tedelectrons. A par t ic le- induced X-ray emission laboratory has been establishedto ob ta in d a t a on atmospheric contaminat ion in Mexico City a n d a t selectedindustrial sites.

235. The Agency contr ibuted to a multi-disciplinary study by the Ministry ofAgriculture a n d Water Resources to determine the water dynamics, eco logya n d pollut ion of Lake C h a p a l a in order to improve water resourcemanagement . Another project has contr ibuted to the deve lopment of modelsof groundwater recharge using carbon-14 da t i ng . The use of nucleartechniques in the study of natural resources was p romoted through a projectwith the CFE for character izat ion a n d assessment of geothermal fields. As aresult, concep tua l models have been der ived f rom isotopic d a t a for thegeothermal fields of Cerro Prieto. Los Azufres a n d Los Humeros. Another activityunder way with the Mexican Institute of Water Technology is to d e v e l o p theapp l i ca t ion of isotopic techniques in the character izat ion of aquifers.

236. In the area of agriculture, the Autonomous National University of Mexicoreceived Agency assistance in the determination of reproductive hormonelevels in ruminants and in the study of the effects of nutritional andmanagement practices in the reproductive physiology of cattle. A currentproject concerns the nutrition/reproduction interaction in zebu. Completedand current projects are assisting the University of Guanajuato in mutationbreeding activities to increase the production yields of several plants ofeconomic importance. Promising results have been obtained from thegeneration of sorghum and bean mutants that show improved yields andresistance to disease. To minimize nitrogen fertilizer losses in the GuanajuatanBajio region, the Agency contributed to the activities of the Centre for Researchand Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute in order to evaluatethe relative effectiveness and fate of different forms of applied nitrogenfertilizers, using N-15 techniques.

237. Technical co-operation with Mexico in the near future will follow thesame general pattern as before. Assistance will continue on safety aspects ofnuclear power plants and on production of radioisotopes andradiopharmaceuticals. The Agency will participate in a project related to theinstallation of a cyclotron to be used for the production of short-livedradiopharmaceuticals. Co-operation in the application of nuclear techniquesin agriculture, hydrology and environmental studies is also foreseen.

NICARAGUA

A. CONTRIBUTIONS TO AND PARTICIPATION IN TECHNICAL CO-OPERATION ACTIVITIES

Year

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

TACF

VoluntaryContributions

Shew*S

3.8

<1.2

4.6

4.9

5 2

Ptodaod$

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

PaidS

0.0

0.0

0.0

0 0

0.0

Assauvd ProgrammeCch

AssetsedS

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Palo$

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Ertra-budgetary

fundl

$

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

293.0

IrvMnOlupport

$

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Experts fromcountiy

0

0

0

0

0

Penont(rained

incourtly

0

0

0

0

0

Page 58 III A PRORL£ O f TECHNICAL COOPERATION ACTIVITIES IN LATIN AMERICA

B. ASSISTANCE APPROVED AND PROVIDED

Year

198S

1989

1990

1991

1992

Assistance approved from TACF

CC

s153.4

147.2

150 6

318 8

288 2

NCC

S

40.0

10.0

10.0

110.0

245.0

Total

5

193.4

257.2

140.6

428.8

533.2

Region

%

3.7

4.1

1.9

4.8

6.0

Total assistance provided from all sources

TACF

CCS

115.7

97.1

146.1

224.6

245.3

TACF

NCCS

10.0

176.2

2 ) 9

17.4

0.0

Extra-budgetary

$

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

UNOP

s0.0

0.0

0 0

0.0

0.0

Irvttlnd

5

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Total

$

125.7

273.3

168.0

242.0

245.3

238 During the five years under review, the Agency continued its technicalco-operation with Nicaragua in uranium exploration and hydrology. Newactivities were undertaken in the areas of geothermal resources, agricultureand animal sciences, nuclear medicine and radiation protection.

239 The Agency provided equipment and expert services in order tocontinue previous activities in uranium exploration. Regional surveys hadalready been established within the frame of a nationwide project to developa metallogenic map of the country. Field gamma ray spectrometry wasintroduced to complete the methods used for the exploration and assessmentof national raw materials resources, including radioactive raw materials.

240. In the field of water resources, the Nicaraguan Institute for TerritorialStudies received substantial support from the Agency in equipment, advisoryservices and training in order to set up laboratories and for field work usingenvironmental isotope techniques and hydrogeochemical analysis. The originof ground hot water flooding, coming from a deep regional system at the ElLimon gold mine, was determined. It was concluded that the floodingprobably came from the Marabios mountains and that the heating wascaused by a geothermal anomaly. It was also concluded that thecontamination of Lake Asososca, which provides 30% of Managua's potablewater, is not related to Lake Managua. The causes of low recharge at theSebaco Valley aquifer, which is restricting the expansion of agriculture in thisarea, were also established. Through ongoing hydrology studies of theaquifers of Managua, information has been obtained on the origin, dynamicsand function of a part of the Las Sierras aquifer. In future years, the study willcover the entire aquifer in order to verify the charge and recharge areas,groundwater renewal and other characteristics that will allow rationalexploitation of the supply of potable waier.

241 Isotope techniques have been introduced to complementhydrochemical and geochemical techniques in the study of geothermalenergy resources. Exploitation of geothermal fields had already been initiatedby the Nicaraguan Institute for Energy. The first 35 MW geothermal plant hadbeen installed at the Momotombo Field in 1983. and a second 35 MW unitbegan operation in 1989 in the same area. The two plants provide 35% of theelectricity needs of the country. Agency assistance will continue in the comingyears to complete information on the Momotombo Field and other areas underexploration along the Pacific Coast, thus assisting in the development andrational exploitation of electricity resources.

242 In agriculture, the Directorate General for Agriculture's NationalAgrometeorological Programme was assisted in carrying out water balancestudies on selected crops and improving water management practices. Aspart of the introduction of isotope techniques, the use of nitrogen-15 foroptimizing fertilizer use was initiated in 1991 at the Faculty of Natural Resourcesand the Environment of the National Agriculture University. Equipment and

I « PPOFUE OF 7ICHMCAL COOPERATION ACTIVITIES IN LATIN AMERICA Page 59

expert services were provided for carrying out field experiments. Results fromthe first trials are now being analysed and Interpreted.

243. Assistance in the field of animal sciences has been provided since 1991to the National Centre for Animal Protection of the Ministry of Agriculture for theestablishment of radioimmunoassay techniques in the diagnosis and controlof animal diseases.

244. in nuclear medicine. Agency assistance is focussed on radiotherapy inorder to improve the services at the Berta Calder6n Hospital of the Ministry ofHealth. Substantial support has been given through training and advisoryservices. For the future the provision of a teletherapy cobalt-60 facility in jointefforts with the Norwegian Authority for Development (NORAD) is foreseen.(NORAD has a co-operation agreement with Nicaragua for that purpose).

24s. Radiation protection has received special attention since only minimalbasic radiation safety procedures are available In Nicaragua. As a result ofa RAPAT mission in 1985. a radiation protection law was drafted by the Ministryof Health and the National Autonomous University and awaits promulgation.The Agency will work closely with these two counterpart institutions to establishan executive regulatory body and a national programme on radiationprotection within a legal framework.

PANAMA

A. CONTRIBUTIONS TO AND PARTICIPATION IN TECHNICAL CO-OPERATION ACTIVITIES

Year

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

TACF

VoluntaiyOoftni D unions

Share$

7.6

8.4

9.1

9.8

10.5

PledgedS

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

PaidS

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

AiiMltd ProgrammeCotfe

Assessed$

10.5

13.9

11.6

22.0

PaidS

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Extra-budgetary

funds

$

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

In-kindsupport

$

0.0

0.9

0.0

0.0

0.0

Experts fromcountry

3

0

1

0

3

Personstrained

Incountry

0

0

0

1

0

B. ASSISTANCE APPROVED AND PROVIDED

Year

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

Assistance approved from TACF

CC

$

163.9

113.3

152.:

224.3

1457

NCC

$

10.0

0.0

0.0

0 0

0.0

Total

$

163.9

113.3

152.2

224.3

145.7

Region

%

3.1

1.8

18

2.5

1.6

Total assistance prodded from all sources

TACF

CCS

100.5

153.3

142.0

275.0

150.2

TACF

NCCS

0.4

3.5

0.0

0.0

0.0

Extra-budgetary

$

30.0

17.1

2.5

0.0

18.0

UNDP

$

0.0

o.o0.0

0.0

0.0

In-kind

S

5.6

213

0.0

0.0

0.0

Total

$

136.5

195.1

144.5

375.0

168.2

246. During the five-year period reviewed, the Agency's technical co-operation activities with Panama have been in the areas of analyticalchemistry, agriculture, medicine and radiation protection. Since the countryhas no Atomic Energy Commission or equivalent, counterparts were thoseinstitutions most involved with the subjects of the projects.

j47 The Agency assisted the University of Panama in establishing aradiochemistry laboratory for teaching and research. This later became the

Page 60 in. A PROFILE OF TECMMCAl COOPERATION ACTIVITIES IN LATIN AMEWCA

Centre for Research Using Nuclear Techniques and is now able to performatomic absorption, Moessbauer speciroscopy. X-ray fluorescence analysis andthermoluminescence analysis. The C«mtre also supports research work carriedout by other University Departments as well as serving other Panamanianinstitutions and industries.

j*8 The Department of Agriculture of the University of Panama was assistedin a project to improve fertilizer use and water management, mainly in relationto rice crops. The Agricultural and Stockbreeding Research Institute of Panama(IDIAP) was assisted thanks to an extrabudgetary contribution in transferring thetechnology tor mutation breeding of banana combined with in-vitro culturetechniques. A laboratory was set up at IDIAP to study pesticides in the tropicalenvironment by means of radioisotopes. and is helping to establish norms formaximum limits for pesticide residues in crops. Through a project implementedat the Research Centre for Biology and Animal Reproduction at the Universityof Panama, technology to establish methods for increasing milk and meatproduction through the application of radioimmunoassay (RIA) was transferred.

249 A nuc lear med i c i ne unit was establ ished a t the Santo Tomas Hospital .The unit received a gamma camera, which is the only one at the hospital andis being used intensively; in 1991 a total of 1951 studies were made. TheCentre for Research and Diagnosis of Parasitic Diseases of the University ofPanama received expert advice on the use of DNA probes in diagnosis ofleishmania, a parasitic disease of great concern to Panama because of thepermanent morbidity it can cause.

250 The Radiation Protection Service of the Social Security Fund whichoperates the largest number of hospitals and medical units in Panama,received assistance in establishing a film dosimetry service, which has beenextended to many other institutions. A national programme was laterestablished for monitoring and control of radioactive contamination, and aRadiation Protection Manual for the Social Security Fund was prepared andapproved. The Radiation Protection Service was upgraded to become theDepartment of Radiological Health, and national legislation on radiationprotection has not yet been enacted.

25i. Future assistance from the Agency in nuclear applications is expectedto emphasise projects on environmental monitoring, the use of RIA in detectinganimal diseases, studies on the effects of pesticide residues, and otheragricultural applications.

PARAGUAY

A. CONTRIBUTIONS TO AND PARTICIPATION IN TECHNICAL CO-OPERATION ACTIVITIES

Yaai

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

TACF

VoluntaryContribution!

ShamS

7 6

8 4

137

14.7

15.7

PtodgM5

0 0

0 0

0.0

0.0

0 0

Paid5

0.0

0 0

0.0

0 0

0.0

Assessed ProgrammeCats

AssessedS

12.4

19.9

155

7.0

PaidS

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Extia-budgetary

funds

S

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

In-kindsupport

$

0.0

0.9

0.0

0.0

0.0

Experts fromcountry

7

3

3

3

2

Penonstrained

Incountry

5

24

18

0

16

111 A PROBLE OF TECHNICAL COOPtPATION ACTIVITIES IN LATIN AMERICA Pag* 61

B. ASSISTANCE APPROVED AND PROVIDED

Year

1988

1989

1990

1091

1992

Asilskanc* approved from TACF

CC

$

188 6

174 4

156.7

104.4

138.6

NCC

S

15.0

15.0

00

0.0

0.0

Total

S

203.6

189.4

156.7

104.4

139.6

R*glon

%3.9

30

1.9

1.2

1.6

Total auiitanca provided 1rom all lourcu

TACF

CCS

151.6

191.1

1885

87.1

34.0

TACF

NCCS

33

10.9

0.0

0.0

0.0

Extra-budgetary

S

0.0

46.2

5.0

0.0

0.6

UNOP

S

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Irvfclnd

5

0.0

0.0

0.0

19.9

0.0

Total

$

154.9

248.2

193.5

107.0

34.6

252 The A g e n c y has b e e n assisting the Na t iona l A t o m i c Energy Commiss ion{CNEA) a n d the Institute of Basic Sc iences Depa r tmen t of Physics of the Na t iona lUniversity of Asunc i6n (UNA) in the d e v e l o p m e n t of nuc lea r physics, underwhich a well organized nuclear analytical laboratory had been set up byearlier projects. During the five years under review, the Agency assisted in theestablishment of an electronics laboratory for repair and maintenance ofnuclear instrumentation, and ongoing support is strengthening the applicationsof nuclear techniques, particularly in solving problems in the industrial sectorand public services. The CNEA initiated collaborative work with the SanitaryWorks Corporation (CORPOSANA) for analysis of water samples In studies of thequality of potable water.

253 A laboratory for non-destructive testing at the Faculty of Physics andMathematics at UNA was established and equipped with an X-ray system andgamma-radiographic equipment using indium-192 and cobalt-60 sources. Thelaboratory is used for training, quality control and inspection services toindustry.

264. in continuation of an earlier project, a radiochemistry laboratory wasestablished at the Faculty of Chemical Sciences of UNA to improve theteaching curriculum in radiochemistry and to perform practical work, mainlyanalysis of geological and biological samples.

265 A Nuclear Medicine Centre was established at the Institute of Researchin Health Sciences of UNA. The Agency provided equipment, advisory servicesand training for research and clinical applications. Further assistance wasprovided to establish RIA techniques for medical diagnostic services inAsuncidn and in other parts of the country.

256 The Agency supplied the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Breedingwith basic equipment, expertise and training to conduct research on soil-plantrelationships using isotopic techniques, mainly to assess fertilizer efficiency andstudy nitrogen fixation in legumes. Preliminary studies have been conductedon soya bean, wheat and maize.

S57 The Agency has continued to provide assistance in establishing anactive Regulatory Body and in organizing a national programme on radiationprotection. In 1991. a RAPAT mission visited Paraguay and recommended, asan essential requisite for subsequent assistance, the designation of a JointCommittee composed of members of the CNEA, the Ministry of Health andSocial Security, and a representative of the Agency. This was accomplishedin December 1992, after approval of a law transferring responsibility from theMinistry of Foreign Affairs to UNA and permitting the nomination of thecommittee members.

258. Future technical co-operation with Paraguay will have as first priorityradiation protection activities in the medical field. For future activities in

Pago 62 III. A PROFILE OF TECHNICAL COOPERATION ACTIVITIES IN LATIN AMERICA

PERU

animal sciences, the National Service for Animal Health, with Agencyassistance, plans to introduce RIA techniques in the diagnosis and control offoot-and-mouth disease, brucellosis and babesiasis.

A CONTRIBUTIONS TO AND PARTICIPATION IN TECHNICAL CO-OPERATION ACTIVITIES

VKU

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

TACF

VoluntaryConkibuiiora

Star*$

266

294

273

29 4

315

PWdg*d$

0 0

0 0

0 0

0.0

0 0

Pads

0.0

0.0

0 0

0 0

0.0

A»«ts«d ProQrarrvnsCch

AtlMMdi

724

25.3

45 8

49.0

PaidS

0.0

0.0

0 0

0 0

Exfta-bude*tary

funds

$

0 0

0 0

0 0

0.0

0 0

Irvkindlupport

S

3.0

0.0

2.0

10

0 0

Expert! fromcountry

11

12

14

14

8

Personstrained

Incountry

55

0

27

25

0

B. ASSISTANCE APPROVED AND PROVIDED

year

1988

(989

1990

1991

1992

Auittanc* approved from TACF

CC

S

3156

343 «

3149

4861

367.2

NCC

S

150.0

320

150.0

0.0

0.0

Total

S

465.6

375.1

464.9

486.1

367.2

Region

%

8.9

6.0

5 5

5.5

4.1

Total cniistance provided from all sources

TACf

CCS

301.2

2637

$11.5

$80.2

445.4

TACF

NCCS

555.3

0.9

4.2

1.6

0.0

Extra-budgetary

i

67.9

76.2

56.4

30.7

41.0

UNDP

S

108.3

9.3

0.0

0.4

0.0

Irvkind

S

5.5

0.0

6.3

17.2

12 1

Total

$

1.038.2

349.1

578.4

630.1

498$

259 The Agency's technical co-operation programme with Peru during thepast five years, while maintaining a wide range, reflects a change of priorities.Most of the activities are. however, still being carried out at the PeruvianInstitute of Nuclear Energy (IPEN), Lima. Nuclear energy programmes havebeen phased out. Uranium exploration activities showed potentially valuabledeposits of Macusani. A Government decision to concentrate effort andmanpower on the new Nuclear Research Cenire. combined with theimportance given to gas-fuelled thermal plants, led to the abandoning ofnuclear power planning and siting projects, and a new programme to studythe general demand for energy with a nuclear power option is under way.

260 During the period reviewed, the highest priority was given (and isexpected to continue in the medium term future) to activities aimed at a fullyoperational and safe utilization of the Nuclear Research Centre at Huarangal.near Lima, which operates a 10 MW research reactor. Deteriorating economiccircumstances and the consequent high turnover of staff compelled IPEN toplace increasing emphasis on potentially productive activities at the Centre;efforts are now made to launch a number of joint ventures with localenterprises.

26i. A large-scale Agency project is aiming at the production of isotopes formedical and industrial use such as iodine-125 and iodine-131, sealed sourcesof iridium and radioimmunoassay (RIA) kits. An export-oriented project onsilicone doping is expected to yield tangible results during the next two years.Reactor operations at the Nuclear Research Centre also required a number ofancillary projects: nuclear analytical techniques were extended, particularly

III A POOflLE Of TECHNICAL CO-OPERATION ACTrVmES IN LATIN AMERICA Pag. 63

at the neutron activation analysis laboratory, at which a neutron generator withaccessory equipment now permits analysis of materials of economicimportance, such as coal samples. With Agency assistance, a series ofnational training courses for operators and staff attached to facilitiessurrounding the reactor was organized at the Centre. A maintenance andrepair workshop for nuclear electronics was also arranged, along with a smallradiation protection project.

262 Continuous attention is being paid to nuclear safety measures relatingto reactor operations; projects on safety and reactor calculations will receivemajor support from a US-assisted computer network program. A plant forchemical treatment of solid radioactive wastes was designed andimplemented.

263 A high-priority project for the establishment of a multi-purpose pilotirradiation plant had been delayed for a number of years owing to fundingproblems at the national level, but is now being actively pursued, andconstruction is advancing at a major food market in Lima with assistance fromfuture commercial users. Both agricultural products and medical supplies areexpected to benefit from the new plant, which should become operational inthe next few years.

2M Agricultural activities are centered on the National AgriculturalUniversity. La Molina, the University of San Marcos, and in the Departments ofTacna and Moquegua. In spite of difficulties caused by politically motivatedunrest, substantial results were obtained at these institutions.

265 A UNDP-funded project to eradicate the medfly by means of the sterileinsect technique in Tacna and Moquegua led to successful field operationsbased on an eradication plan and a substantial increase in the production ofsterile flies at La Molina University which were also intended for export. Anincrease in olive production in the Tacna region and the extension of theoperation into Northern Chile have demonstrated its success.

266 The reproductive efficiency of alpacas and llamas was studied at theIVITA Experimental Station of San Marcos University, yielding valuable data forincreasing the alpaca population in the Andean countries. A current projectalso showed encouraging results in the determination of progesterone level indairy cattle, and an RIA laboratory was equipped for all activities related tothe reproductive of farm animals. At La Molina, progress was reported inmutation breeding of wheat (resulting in a FAO-assisted project) and theAndean cereal quinoa.

267. Several hydrological projects involving isotope-assisted studies showedinter alia the lack of a local water recharge at the La Yarada aquifer in Tacnaand contributed to the development of irrigation zones by improvedgroundwater exploitation in the drought-affected northern coastal areas.

268. A Nuclear Medicine Pilot Centre was established at IPEN in Lima, withregional subsidiaries in Arequipa and Trujillo. RIA diagnostic procedures forthyroid hormones and studies of the reproduction hormones were developed;the repair and upgrading of existing gamma cameras will be pursued in anew project.

26». in spite of continuing economic problems, it is expected that theencouraging results obtained in a variety of fields during the past five years willbe followed up with equally positive results but on a reduced number of higherimpact projects. This trend is reflected in the technical co-operationprogramme for the next two years.

»ags M III A PROFILE OF TECHNICAL COOPERATION ACTIVITIES IN LATIN AMERICA

URUGUAY

A CONTRIBUTIONS TO AND PARTICIPATION IN TECHNICAL CO-OPERATION ACTIVITIES

vear

1988

1"99

1990

1991

1992

TACF

ValunKnyContributions

ShareS

15.2

16.8

18.2

19.6

2 1 0

Pledged$

0.0

15.0

15.0

15.0

15 0

Paid

s0.0

15.0

15.0

15.0

0.0

Aumfd ProgrammeC«b

AttestedS

17.2

18.9

28.4

13.6

Paid$

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Extra-budgetary

lundi

$

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

IrvUndlupport

S

2.0

4.4

1.7

2.8

0 6

Experts fromcounirv

8

7

10

5

7

PeraonstralnM

Incountry

9

37

2

12

16

B. ASSISTANCE APPROVED AND PROVIDED

Vear

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

Assistance approved from TACF

CC

$

181.8

133 9

178.9

229.4

263 6

NCC

S

5.0

47.4

5.0

0.0

0.0

Total

S

186.8

181.3

103.9

229.4

263.6

Region

%

3.6

2.9

2.2

2.6

3.0

Total assistance provided from all sources

TACF

CCS

161.2

176.6

232.6

166.3

294.9

TACF

NCCS

0.0

35.4

•9.6

0.0

4.6

Extra-budgetary

S

53.7

24.7

132.6

4.3

11.5

UNOP

S

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

In-kind

$

4.5

0.0

1.5

0.0

0.0

Total

$

219.4

236.7

357.1

170.6

311.0

270. The Agency's technical co-operat ion p rog ramme with Uruguaycontinues to b e focussed mainly on nuclear med ic ine , agr icul ture a n d an ima lsciences, fo l lowed by nuclear physics, raw materials a n d nuclear safety. TheNuclear Technology Centre, set u p with previous Agency assistance, is nowbe ing extensively utilized.

271. The Nuclear Medicine Centre of the Montevideo Clinical Hospital, jointlyoperated by the Ministry of Health and the Faculty of Medicine of the Universityof the Republic, is at present the only nuclear medical service in Uruguay andcontinues to receive Agency support. By 1990. the introduction was completedof computer processing of scintigraphic images, for which equipment andexpert services had been provided under an earlier project. Through amulti-year project, the facilities were upgraded to allow three-dimensional anddynamic patient diagnostics. Equipment and expert advice establishedprocedures for clinical aspects, equipment operation and quality control ofsingle-photon emission computer tomography (SPECT). Diagnostic capabilityby means of in-vitro and in-vivo radioimmunoassay (RIA) procedures wasimproved in the areas of cardiovascular, gastroenterological,endocrinological. oncological and neurological disorders. As a result oftraining received by the local staff, the Nuclear Medicine Centre has reacheda very high level, frequently serving as host for regional fellowships and trainingactivities sponsored by the Agency. In the coming years new equipment willbe provided, with a financial contribution from the counterpart, to meet thedemands for services and to improve health care of the population.

272 Since 1989, the Agency has been assisting the RadiochemistryDepartment and the Nuclear Research Centre at the University of the Republicin radiopharmacology. Equipment, expertise and training inradiopharmacokinetics, autoradiography and optimization in radiopharmacyhave made possible the local design of radiopharmaceuticals for diagnosisand kinetic studies, using carbon-15, tritium and technetium-99m as tracers.

I A PROFILE OF TECHNICAL COOPERATION ACTMnES IN LATIN AMERICA Page 65

An extrabudgetary contribution from the USA funded work on increasing theshelf life of reagents a n d kits a n d the introduction of new techniques in quali tycontrol of radiopharmaceut icals. which are now be ing p roduced on a routinebasis a n d del ivered regularly to users a t hospitals. This support has led to theproduct ion of a wider variety of radiopharmaceut ica ls for the health sector.

273 isotopic techniques have been used to establish efficient fertilizermanagement pract ices for selected crops a n d in an imal sciences, an imalhealth a n d reproduct ion studies. Results ob ta ined from work per formed at alaboratory installed under a previous project a n d d e v e l o p e d u p to 1989,establ ished the best t iming for the app l ica t ion of nitrogen fertilizer in wheata n d conf i rmed the benefit of c rop rotation with legumes such as red clover, totake a d v a n t a g e of the nitrogen prov ided by those plants through symbioticfixation. A multi-disciplinary g roup ai the Soil Microbio logy a n d InoculantControl Laboratory of the Ministry of Stockbreeding, Agriculture a n d Fisherieshas been conduc t ing extensive research on the problems af fect ing b io log ica lfixation in pastures, using nitrogen-15 techniques. The quant i f icat ion ofb io log ica l ni trogen fixation was studied with a view to app l i ca t ion by farmersfor improved nitrogen fertilizer pract ices.

274 Through an extrabudgetary contribution, a study was conducted on soilerosion losses. A technique was introduced by which determination of thecaesium-137 fallout in uneroded soils, when compared with data from erodedsoils, enabled erosion rates to be established. The results were used to set upa programme for land use in agriculture, During the last five years, a closerinteraction has been achieved between the divisions of the Ministry ofStockbreeding, Agriculture and Fisheries in order to carry out a very successfulprogramme in soil sciences to meet the needs of the country. A laboratory forisotope techniques is functioning at the National Directorate for NuclearTechnology. In 1990 its capabilities were strengthened by the provision of anitrogen-15 analyser which is now fully operational. The laboratory hasreached a high level and acts as host institute for training activities in theregion. Future activities are foreseen as a continuation of preliminary studiesand the establishment of radioisotope techniques with phosphorus-32 for fieldexperiments in crops of economic importance.

2?5 in animal sciences, with Agency assistance and an extrabudgetarycontribution from the USA, a laboratory for RIA techniques was established atthe Faculty of Veterinary Medicine at the University of the Republic. Relevantdata have been obtained on cattle reproduction, and services to farmers andco-operatives are now available for determining pregnancy of dairy cattle.

276 The Agency's support played an important role in the establishment ofthe Nuclear Technology Centre. Its nuclear information service now forms partof a national information netwoiU in science and technology. An X-ray analysiswas set up and is being used for services to external institutions and inenvironmental studies.

277 A prospection programme for raw materials has been in operationsinca 1973. The Atomic Energy Commission received expert advice and someitems of equipment for the interpretation of existing data and in setting up theprogramme. Continuing Agency support until early 1990 supported aerial andsurface surveys and uranium analysis of sediments and soils, by means ofwhich the paleozoic Godwana Basin and the geological formations belongingto the upper Precambrian were identified as the most promising areas.

278 Previous Agency assistance in radiation protection began with theestablishment of an appropriate legal frame. The promulgation of theRadiation Protection Act in 1989 gave a definite impulse to the approval ofsubsequent regulations and the establishment of an infrastructure to support

Cage 66 III. A PROHLE OF TECHNICAL CO-OPERATION ACTIVITIES IN LATIN AMERICA

them. During the five years under review, the Agency provided the NationalDirectorate of Nuclear Technology with a thermoluminescence dosimetrysystem and expert advice in order to set up an individual monitoring service.In the coming years this Directorate is expected to become the nationalauthority for radiation protection and nuclear safely.

VENEZUELA

A. CONTRIBUTIONS TO AND PARTICIPATION IN TECHNICAL CO-OPERATION ACTIVITIES

Vaar

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

TACF

VoluntaryContrtbuttora

Snare$

2242

247 8

2548

2744

2940

PledgedS

40.0

4 0 0

9.2

399

0.0

Paid

40.0

400

9.2

39.9

00

AsMiMd ProgrammeCo«n

Assessed

102

28.7

356

21.2

PatdS

102

287

35.6

0.0

Ex»o-budgetary

fund!

$

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

hvklndsupport

$

0.0

0.0

0.0

4.4

1.0

Expert! fromcountry

8

9

6

9

15

Pononitrained

Incountry

14

0

3

2

3

8. ASSISTANCE APPROVED AND PROVIDED

Veor

1988

1989

T99O

1991

1992

Assistance approved from TACF

CC

S

179 3

366 9

2592

2618

245.7

NCC

S

0 0

40.0

0 0

0 0

0.0

Total

S

179.3

406.9

258.2

261.8

245.7

Region

%

34

6.5

3.1

2.9

2.8

Total assistance provided from all sources

TACF

CCS

1262

284.9

422.0

254.4

526.9

TACF

NCCS

1.7

14.6

0.0

0.0

00

Extra-budgetory

3

0.0

59.8

22.4

11.0

0.0

UNOP

S

40.7

135.3

72.4

7.6

5.3

Irvkind

S

0.0

0.0

71

11.9

5.1

Total

S

168.6

494.6

519.7

284.9

537.3

279 During the past five years the Agency's technical co-operation withVenezuela has been characterized by a high degree of dispersion amongvarious research institutions and by major emphasis on agricultural projects.While the absence of a central institution dealing with nuclear matters couldbe seen as an opportunity to take nuclear techniques directly to institutionsdealing with practical applications, co-ordination problems cannot always besuccessfully dealt with by the limited manpower of the Division of NuclearAffairs of the Ministry of Energy and Mines.

280 Ministry officials have, however, been very active in furthering legislationand regulations in the field of radiation protection. An Agency project led toa pilot training course at the Technology Institute of the Central University ofVenezuela. Caracas, as a result of which Ministry staff are now organizingnational courses on radiation protection, using (and developing and adapting)material that was part of the pilot course. A Master Plan for RadiationProtection was elaborated by the Ministry and there has been considerableprogress in its implementation.

28t The Division of Nuclear Affairs of the Ministry of Energy and Mines isexpected to play a major role in a waste management project, scheduled for1993-94. which was the result of a 1991 WAMAP mission. The mainresponsibility for the storage of spent radioactive sources will, however, haveto lie with a specialized institution. A solution to the serious radioactive wastedisposal problems will be one of the challenges of the years ahead. The

III A PROFILE OF TECHNICAL CO-OPERATION ACTIVITIES IN LATIN AMERICA Page 67

Venezuelan Institute of Scientific Research (IVIC) could possibly also play anactive role in this field, since it has gained some experience with temporarywaste deposits and is also housing the 3 MW research reactor which was shutdown owing to safety problems. Although efforts were made during the lastfew years, with the help of expert advice from the Agency, to evaluate themagnitude of these problems, no solution has yet been found to the financialburden that modernization and upgrading of reactor facilities would place onthe Government.

S82 A feasibility study by an Agency expert failed to lead to a decision toundertake activities in food irradiation.

283 Although a large-scale (partly UNDP-assisted) project completed in 1991had to overcome innumerable co-ordination difficulties and did not resuit inthe creation of a nuclear research centre for agriculture, it disseminated theuse of nuclear techniques in agriculture and livestock breeding to researchinstitutions including the University of Zulia, Maracaibo. the Central Universityof Venezuela. Maracay. and the National Fund for Agricultural and LivestockBreeding Research. While the main achievement of this project was theprovision of specialized training to a large number of researchers from theseinstitutions, its scientific results were supplemented and completed by follow-upprojects in the three areas of soil science, mutation breeding and animalscience. Researchers at the Central Western University in Barquisimeto (animalscience) and at the IVIC in Caracas also joined these projects and somesignificant results were obtained which should be implemented in the secondphase of the project during the next Iwo years. The successes include:improved mutants of sesame and promising progress in the domestication ofCanavalia. a high-content protein source (mutation breeding); progress innitrogen fixation in legumes and phosphorus availability in agricultural soils (soilscience); and studies of the productivity and reproductive efficiency ofruminants (goats and cattle) under tropical conditions as well as initiation ofstudies on livestock diseases such as babesiasis (animal science).

284. In the area of nuclear medicine, an intracavitary irradiator withaccessories and brachytherapy planning software will enable the CentralUniversity's Hospital in Caracas to improve treatment of cervical cancer.

286 An Agency-assisted national training course in 1992 on nucleartechniques in mineral exploration had participants from the Ministry of Energyand Mines and related organizations and from the Central University. Thecourse demonstrated the usefulness of this technique in the exploration ofmineral resources such as gold and phosphate and led to a future projectwhich is expected to explore phosphate resources in western Venezuela bymeans of a carborne gamma ray spectrometry survey.

286 Two projects at the Simon Bolivar University, Caracas, strengthened thenuclear analytical capabilities of the Faculty of Physics in X-ray fluorescenceand low-level radioactivity measurements and have enabled the University toprovide training for fellows from other Latin American countries. Appliednuclear technology in engineering and industry was added to the syllabus ofspecialized courses provided at the Technology Institute of the CentralUniversity, Caracas, and training for practical application in this field will becontinued during the nexi two years.

287 The well equipped secondary standards dosimetry laboratory at theIVIC can now support a centralized standardizing system for radiationmeasurements and is also serving some neighbouring countries.

Page 68 III. A PRORLE OF TECHNICAL COOPERATION ACTIVITIES IN LATIN AMERICA

REGIONAL ACTIVITIES IN LATIN AMERICA

Regional Co-operative Arrangements for the Development of NuclearScience and Technology in Latin America (ARCAL)

ASSISTANCE APPROVED AND PROVIDED

Year

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

Aitiitance approved from TACF

CC

%

855.8

1.317.5

1.8172

1.705.6

2.123.7

NCC

5

0.0

168.0

1913

105.0

165.0

Total

S

855.8

1.485.5

2.008.5

1.810.6

2.288.7

Region

%

16.3

23.6

23.9

20.3

25.7

Total aiilitance provided from all toutcm

TACF

CCS

1.250 9

1.275.2

1.S56.4

1.624.8

1.987.0

TACF

NCC 4

78.7

0.0

77.6

1.1

36.0

Extra-budgetary

S

740 2

1309 6

868.9

159.4

661.0

UNDP

5

100.8

9.4

•0.1

1.2

33.8

In-kind

S

296.7

260.4

181.9

3.288.9

115.8

Total

S

2.467.3

2.8546

2.684.7

5.075.4

2.834 4

288 The twenty Latin Amer ican a n d C a r i b b e a n countries that a re membersof the Agency have much in c o m m o n , inc lud ing, for most of them, al anguage . All these countries m a k e w ide use of nuclear app l icat ions,particularly in the medical field, and to a lesser extent in agriculture andindustry, and four have established nuclear power programmes. Some havereached such an advanced stage of development in the applications ofnuclear techniques that they are able to transfer technologies to othercountries in the region under co-operative arrangements. This was the mainintention when a regional co-operative arrangement with the acronym ARCALwas established in 1984 to provide a framework within which Member Statesin Latin America may co-operate in the area of nuclear science ar>dtechnology.

289 During the five-year period reviewed here, the number of MemberStates of the Agency participating In the ARCAL Programme increased fromthirteen to seventeen. (Only El Salvador, Haiti and Nicaragua are notparticipating.) Of the eleven projects that were K^ing implemented in 1988.eight have been concluded during the period ur ,er «.-u-w and the remainingthree were extended to allow their objectives ic oe cached. Four newprojects were initiated during the same period. The subjects of these projectsreflect the common interest of the countries participating in ARCAL, and theyare discussed at periodic meetings held in the region. The technologiesrequired to implement most of the projects are already available in the mostdeveloped countries within the region and it is not necessary to resort totechnologies from outside. In this way ARCAL pursues one of its mainobjectives — to develop the concept of technical co-operation betweendeveloping countries (TCDC). Under ARCAL projects, over 90% of the expertservices and training, either group or individual, are provided by participatingcountries, which supply cost-free experts and lecturers, act as hosts to grouptraining events at a minimum cost to the Programme, and in many cases offertype II fellowships.

290. In 1989, when the first five years of the ARCAL Programme ended, Linesof Action for the Second Phase of the Programme (1990-1994) wore drafted, bywhich countries strengthen the TCDC concept by playing a more active rolein planning and implementing the projects and by making better use of theinfrastructure available in the region, it was agreed that projects should belinked to the social and economic priorities set by the region; they shouldinvclve whenever possible the end-users of the technology to ensure

i A PROFILE OF TECHNICAL CO-OPERATION ACTIVITIES IN LATIN AMERICA Page 69

sustainability of activities at the conclusion of the projects and they should bemore practically oriented. Countries participating in ARCAL agreed to limit thenumber of projects to those with a significant impact and to ensure betterimplementation by taking into account the limited resources available. In 1992a major effort to strengthen the Programme was made by revising the originalguidelines. It is believed that the revised guidelines will provide greater clarityabout the operation of the Programme and will encourage strongercommitment to its goals in the participating countries.

29«. The level of funding of ARCAL has stabilized at about two million dollarsper year, nearly two-thirds of which is provided by the Agency through theregular technical co-operation programme, research contracts and the regularbudget of the other Divisions of the Agency. The other one-third comes fromextrabudgetary contributions by Germany, the USA, France. Sweden, Italy,Spain, Canada, the European Community and the UNDP. In addition, ARCALMembers provide logistic support for meetings, cost-free experts and lecturersfor regional and national events, expert support and laboratories for researchcontracts and agreements, and in some cases type II fellowships and paymentof per-diem to participants in training activities. This contribution amounts toabout 1.3 million dollars per year.

292 During the period covered by this report, 132 regional training eventsand 96 national courses were organized, with the participation of more than4300 scientists and technicians. Many of the regional training courses were ofthe "train the trainers" type and they are helping to transfer the technologieswithout further assistance from the Agency. Regional co-ordinated researchprogrammes in animal sciences, maintenance of nuclear instruments,analytical techniques in food and agriculture, calculation of reactor coresusing low enriched uranium, food irradiation, utilization of bulk reagents forradioimmunoassay (RIA) of thyroid-related hormones, mutation breeding toimprove rice and other cereals, use of isotope and geochemical techniquesin exploration of geothermal resources, were important components of severalprojects since they not only achieved the results expected from theseco-ordinated research efforts but contributed to the establishment of networksof scientists working on the same subject. Another important aspect of severalARCAL projects is the optimization of the technical co-operation provided bythe Agency through different channels. ARCAL projects co-ordinate theassistance provided through national projects, co-ordinated researchprogrammes and regional projects.

293. The main achievements of the projects concluded are as follows: Theproject on nuclear science and technology development established a solidARCAL programme by facilitating periodic meetings for planning andco-ordination of activities and by sponsoring project preparatory missions. Theproject on RIA in animal reproduction developed techniques that are beingused in several countries to increase the reproductive efficiency of cattle. Theresearch reactor utilization project established an infrastructure in physics andthermohydraulics calculations of cores converted to low enriched uranium,and widened the range of utilization of research reactors in countries wherethey are operated. The food irradiation project concluded that muchlegislation, public acceptance and development of procedures are neededbefore this technology can be industrialized. The project on improvement ofcereals through mutation breedir g established in-vitro laboratories which ledto the development of some promising varieties of rice and other cereals insome of the participating countries. However, additional assistance is neededbefore mutation breeding programmes can be self-sustained in most of thecountries. The project on RIA of thyroid-related hormones established thebulk-reagent methodology, and the cost of the assays has decreased sincecommercial kits no longer have to be imported. Quality control programmeshave also been established for these procedures. All reagents for production

Papa 70 III. A PROFILE OF TECHNICS. COOPERATION ACTIVITIES IN LATIN AMERICA

of T-3 and T-4 kits can now be produced in the region. The project on nuclearinformation established comprehensive information centres in Chile, Colombia,Costa Rica. Cuba. Ecuador. Guatemala. Panama and Peru, where libraryprocesses have been computerized. A regional network for the exchange ofinformation was also established. A co-ordinated research programmeincorporated the dependable isotope and geochemical techniques in .heexploration of geothermal resources.

vu. Three projects which have partially achieved their objectives wereextended beyond 1992, One, on radiation protection, has strengthenedexisting infrastructures in participating countries by helping to establishadequate national legislation and standard regional procedures and units,training personnel in specific radiation protection practices and supplyingequipment to improve existing programmes. A project on nuclearinstrumentation has established in each participating country a laboratory toprovide preventive and corrective maintenance of nuclear instruments,organized a service to provide spare parts not available in participatingcountries, supported the assembly of equipment such as area monitors to bedistributed in the region, and, through training events, upgraded the capacityto diagnose failures and operate the most widely used equipment. A projecton nuclear analytical techniques has established quality assurance conceptsto increase precision and sensitivity in nuclear activation analysis and X-rayfluorescence.

295 New projects have been initiated. One, on RIA in animal productionand health, is developing more adequate feeding practices to increaseproduction in small farms and methods of diagnosing disease to helpparticipating countries to apply control measures. Another project onproduction of RIA reagents is establishing self-sufficiency in commercialproduction of reagents for T-3, T-4 and TSH kits and their use in nationalprogrammes for detection of hypothyroidism in newborns. A third project dealswith the use of isotope techniques in the study of wafer resources and theircontamination. Finally, in 1992, two projects on production ofradiopharmaceuticals and on industrial applications of nuclear technologywere initiated. The first intends to establish production of the most commonlyused radiopharmaceuticals to replace imports, and the second will introducenuclear technologies [mainly radiation technology, nucleonic control systemsand industrial tracers) into industrial processes to improve their control,decrease costs and lead to the manufacture of belter products.

2% Two short-term ARCAL projects were training events on the use of thesterile insect technique to control flies, and the provision of expert services forstudies of plant-soil productivity and the use of labelled fertilizers in researchwork.

Non-Destructive Testing in Latin America

297 The activities in non-destructive testing (NDT) that were initiated througha regional project in 1982 and were subsequently strengthened through twoadditional projects came to an end in 1991. The original objective of buildingup an autonomous capacity for NDT in the region was achieved andsurpassed. The number of participating countries in the activities grew to 18with the inclusion of Costa Rica in 1988. These countries committed themselvesto providing facilities, personnel, equipment and funds as the counterpartcontribution and, most important, they established a strong base for horizontalco-operation through a regional network. Differences in languages, customs,education, industrial development, political systems and economics wereovercome.

il » PROFILE Of TECHMCAL CO-OPHOT1ON ACTIVITIES IN LATIN AMERICA Page 71

2»8 Argentina. Canada. Germany, Italy, the IAEA. UNIDO and UNFSTDprovided funds and assistance-ln-kind in an amount close to 7.8 million dollarsfor the duration of the activities. The projects were managed from a regionaloffice hosted by the National Atomic Energy Commission in Argentina.

2» As a result of these projects, industry throughout the region is nowaware of th< need for NDT and there Is widespread application followinginternational standards. All countries participating in the projects havefunctioning national committees which co-ordinate NDT activities and unite themajority of NDT users in each country. The results and achievements of theseactivities can be summarized as follows:

1) From the small groups competent in specific NDT techniques which wereidentified at the beginning of the project, there are now more than twentythousand persons trained and working in these techniques throughout theregion.

2) All 18 participating countries have sufficient personnel trained in the fivebasic NDT techniques to at least level 2 to meet their everyday NDT needs.All countries are able to provide training in the basic techniques with theirown personnel.

3) A total of 6275 persons participated in 85 regional and 254 nationaltraining events with project input. At least 22 213 persons were trained innational events without project input but following project trainingguidelines and methodology. This demonstrates the multiplying effectachieved by adhering to the original project design.

4) A total of 258 expert missions were carried out by regional lecturers from13 project countries. A total of 98 missions were undertaken byinternational experts, mainly from donor countries but including expertsfrom other countries (France, the Netherlands and the USA).

5) The region played a major role in drafting a standard of the InternationalOrganization of Standardization (ISO) for qualification and certification ofNDT personnel, thus assuring that the needs of developing countries wererespected and included. Fourteen project countries now have nationalstandards for qualification and certification of NDT personnel following theISO standard.

6) Training programmes for the main NDT techniques were elaborated andpublished by the IAEA as TECDOC-628. This document is also arecommended guideline in the ISO standard.

7) An efficient and effective computer-based management system wasdeveloped. A communications network, based on the Co-ordination Officebut active between countries, was built up, permitting frequent and rapidexchange of information. Using the Agency's mainframe computer, anelectronic mail system was developed and is in constant use. This systempermits direct access to an NDT and quality databank installed in theco-ordination office.

8) A Regional Federation of National Non-Destructive Testing Organizationsof Latin America and the Caribbean was established in 1988 with theparticipation of all project countries, to ensure continuity in NDT activitiesin the future.

Pao» 72 III. A PRORLE OF TECHNICAL COOftRATION ACTIVITIES IN LATIN AMERICA

9) Thirteen project countries were confirmed as members of the InternationalCommittee for NDT. out of a total of 47 members, which indicates thatthese countries have reached technical competence at the internationallevel.

10) Specialists from project countries co-operated in training activities in Africaand Asia and other regions followed the project methodology.

300 In 1991 a follow-up project on NDT in quality control programmes wasinitiated in order to introduce the concept of quality control and qualityassurance as an integral part of industrial production and constructionactivities. This concept was realized using NDT methods. The new three-yearproject is financed by Germany and the Agency and is being used to establishr. future project on quality management and quality control that will enhancethe existing regional infrastructure as related to the adoption of quality systems,processes and standards.

Other Regional Activities

301 During the five years under review, activit ies o n qual i ty contro l of in-vivoprocedures in nuclear medicine came to an end. The project wasimplemented with the collaboration of WHO and the AsociacidnLatinoamericana de Socledades de Biologic y Medicina Nuclear (ALASBIMN)and included a co-ordinated research programme. One regional and severalnational workshops were held in the eleven participating countries. A report(TECDOC-317 - Quality Control of Nuclear Medicine Instruments) published bythe Agency, served as the basic training and operational manual. Testsources and phantoms were supplied to users involved in routine proceduresto test and validate instruments.

302 The main achievements under the project can be summarized as follows:international standards of quality control procedures are being followed byparticipating institutions based on TECDOC-317; dose calibrators, scannersand a number of gamma cameras have routine quality control operations;national intercomparison programmes on qualily control and recommendationfor corrections have started and are proceeding towards central control andcertification procedures.

303 A project on nuclear power planning started in 1991 to foster theexchange of information and experience on all aspects of nuclear powerprogrammes among the four countries in the region that have theseprogrammes. The Agency has sponsored workshops and the implementationof regional expert missions as well as the participation of some staff to provideguidance in the workshops. In this way the Agency facilitates development ofco-operation between the nuclear power programmes in the region. In thesame year, a new project on environmental studies using nuclear techniqueswas initiated with the participation of five countries and with funds fromGermany and the Agency. The project supports the use of nuclear analyticaltechniques in environmental pollution studies. In two countries the studies referto air pollution and in the other three to water pollution.

3M In 1989 a regional project on manpower development was initiated to fundfellowships and scientific visits. In this way advanced training is provided toMember States according to the needs of their nuclear developmentprogrammes but for which no allocation has been made in a current nationaltechnical co-operation project.

305. The regular training programme has offered courses on radiation

A PROFILE Of TECHMCAl COOPERATION ACTIVITIES IN LATIN AMERICA Pag« 73

protection, nuclear fuel cycle and waste management, human health, foodand agriculture, environment, physical and chemical sciences. The course onmedical scintlgraphy and another on safety and regulation of radiationsources were repeated because of the important need for training in thesesubjects.

306. For the coming years it is foreseen that new regional projects will beinitiated on quality assurance in nuclear medicine, utilization of tracertechniques in dam leakage, and legal framework for radiation protectionprogrammes.

IK. A PROFM OF T K W K A L COOPERATION ACTIVITIES IN LATIN AMERICA

ALBANIA

ALB/2/007

IV. PROJECTS CONCLUDED DURING 1992:ACHIEVEMENTS

In the following pages, brief accomplishment summaries are given for projects- excluding training courses - which were "operationally" completed during1992. For the project cancelled during this period, the reasons leading to itscancellation are given.

A project is "operationally completed" when all experts have completed theirassignments, all equipment has been delivered and all fellows have returnedhome. As bills may still be outstanding, "financial completion" may in somecases still follow.

The achievement summaries show only what was accomplished during thelifetime of the project and indicate the degree to which the objectives hadbeen met at the time of the project's completion. Whether the momentumleading to these accomplishments can be sustained and whether the projectwill have a continuing development impact over the longer term depends onactions by the national authorities and counterparts and can only beascertained through post-project evaluation. When specific expertrecommendations are translated into practice, trained counterpart staff areretained for the activities Involved and equipment is fully used and keptfunctioning, the benefits arising out of the project will obviously go well beyondthe achievement of the immediate objectives.

The achievements are sorted by country alphabetically. In each case thedescription is preceded by the objectives of the project printed in capitals.

X-RAY FLUORESCENCE ANALYSIS

COMPLETED: 92-12-30 TOTAL COST: $73,053

TO CONSOLIDATE THE USE OF X-RAY FLUORESCENCE TECHNIQUES. ESPECIALLYFOR TRACE ANALYSIS OF HEAVY ELEMENTS.

The Agency supported the project, which was initiated in 1988. by the provisionof new equipment, including a Si[Li) detector and a computer system, as wellas repair of the existing X-radiation detector and the Ge(Li) detector. Onefellowship was awarded and two experts provided training in samplepreparation. As a result of the project, the use of X-ray fluorescencetechniques at the Institute of Nuclear Physics, Tirana, has been consolidated.

IV PROJECTS CONCLUDED DURING 1W2: ACHIEVEMENTS Pag* 75

ALGERIA

ALG/1/005 SECONDARY STANDARDS DOSIMETRY LABORATORY

COMPLETED: 92-12-30 TOTAL COST: $290,171

TO ESTABLISH AN SSDL IN SUPPORT OF MEDICAL APPLICATIONS.

The Agency has been assisting the Government of Algeria since 1981 inestablishing a secondary standards dosimetry laboratory (SSDL) at the Centrefor Radiation Protection and Safely. Algiers, for calibration and certification ofradiation equipment used in research, radiation processing and nuclearmedicine. Through training six staff abroad and provision of equipment andexpert services, the SSDL in Algiers is now capable of providing a wide rangeof dosimetry services to various users of radiation equipment throughout thecountry. The services have adequately met the radiation protectionregulations for users and include dose calibration and certification of radiationinstruments as well as the design of relevant dosimetry methods forstandardizing industrial application and dose quality control of radiotherapyequipment. The laboratory has also developed and routinely provides atraining programme for radiation workers and radioisotope users in dosimetryand calibration which mainly benefits the health care sector. All radiotherapyequipment is routinely calibrated and controlled by this laboratory. TheGovernment has shown a firm commitment to the project by providing for theconstruction of the premises and the purchase of major pieces of equipment.It is expected that the laboratory will continue to promote more accurate andreliable radiation dosimetry for radiation protection and to support industrialradiation processing activities in Algeria.

ALG/5/010 ESTABLISHMENT OF A MICROBIOLOGY LABORATORY

COMPLETED: 92-07-13 TOTAL COST: $46,153

TO ESTABLISH A MICROBIOLOGICAL LABORATORY FOR QUALITY CONTROL OFFOODSTUFFS IN SUPPORT OF A FOOD IRRADIATION PROGRAMME.

The project provided equipment and expert services which led to theestablishment of a microbiological laboratory. This is now fully operational andis being used for quality control of foodstuffs (onions, potatoes, dates, spices)irradiated in the pilot irradiator facility in Algeria. This laboratory will play a keyrole in the national food irradiation programme as the authorities havedecided to acquire an industrial food irradiator.

ALG/5/011 PESTICIDE RESIDUES

COMPLETED: 92-05-14 TOTAL COST: $1^ ,785

TO STRENGTHEN THE CAPABILITY OF THE CENTRE FOR DEVELOPMENT OF NUCLEARTECHNIQUES FOR THE APPLICATION OF RADIOTRACER TECHNIQUES TO STUDYTRANSLOCATION. MOBILITY AND DEGRADATION OF PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN THEFOOD CHAIN.

Page 76 (V. PROJECTS CONCLUDED DURING 1992: ACHIEVEMENTS

The project was initiated in order to tackle problems related to the use ofpesticides in Algeria. Equipment was provided to the Centre for Developmentof Nuclear Techniques for radiotracer techniques (automatic liquid scintillationcounter, sample oxidizer. fume hood, high performance liquid chromatograph,glassware, chemicals) together with expert services and fellowship trainingabroad for two scientists. Studies were carried out. using radiotracers. todetermine the fate, behaviour and degradation mechanisms of pesticidessuch as malathion residues in stored wheat, C-14 maneb in lettuce, tomatoesand lindane (used for locust control). To date, the programme has led to fivescientific manuscripts either published or in preparation. The group of scientistsconcerned has now assumed the task of monitoring pesticide residues in foodand environment in Algeria, and the data are being used by the competentauthorities to review environmental policy making.

ARGENTINA

ARG/4/078 NUCLEAR ENGINEERING, PHASE II

COMPLETED: 92-12-23 TOTAL COST: $239,742

TO COMPLETE THE PROMOTION OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES INNUCLEAR ENGINEERING AT THE BARILOCHE ATOMIC CENTRE.

The project was a continuation of the activities that had started under phaseI which ended in 1989. The second phase completed the various researchactivities at the Bariioche Atomic Centre and consolidated the infrastructure forthe nuclear engineering programme at the Cuyo National University. To thiseffect, eight expert missions were carried out. and ten scientific visits werefinanced in specialized institutions in France. Germany, Italy, Spain and theUnited States. In addition, equipment was provided to suit the needs of threeresearch areas. Twenty additional nuclear engineers were granted degreesmaking it a total of 138 since 1981 and eight doctoral thesis were presented.

BANGLADESH

BGD/0/003 DATABASE DEVELOPMENT

COMPLETED: 92-12-30 TOTAL COST: $20,799

TO ADVISE ON AND PLAN A PROJECT FOR THE DESIGN. DEVELOPMENT ANDIMPLEMENTATION OF A DATABASE FOR NUCLEAR INFORMATION.

This project, approved in 1983. was originally intended to provide expertservices and advice on nuclear information and to supply equipment andsoftware to assist the development of a database. An Agency expertundertook a mission to evaluate the requirements and recommended the useof ISIS software, available free of charge from UNESCO. Two further expertmissions were undertaken to assist with the installation and implementation ofthe DOS version of CDS/ISIS. The experts conducted a training course on the useof several software packages and demonstrated the online features of CDS/ISISand certain instructions on applications of the package. Three project-relatedfellowships were awarded for training in the use of the software. At a laterstage, with the development of new optical technologies, the Agencyprovided a CD-ROM player with the software necessary to retrieve information

IV PROJECTS CONC1.UDSDCJ5..^, 1992: ACHIEVEMENTS Pao»77

from INIS compact disks. The Information services established are being usedby scientists and engineers in support of their R&D work on nuclear scienceand technology.

BGO/1/010 TRACE ANALYTICAL LABORATORY

COMPLETED: 92-12-30 TOTAL COST; $141,087

TO STRENGTHEN THE LOCAL CAPABILITY FOR RAPID AND PRECISE ELEMENTALANALYSIS REQUIRED BY VARIOUS SECTORS OF THE NATIONAL ECONOMY.

The Atomic Energy Centre (AEC). Dhaka, provides a wide range of analyticalservices to the Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission (BAEC) and otherinstitutions and industries in the country. The Agency provided a tube-excitedX-ray generator, a Si(Li) detector, a PIXE vacuum chamber, an atomicabsorption spectrometer, a heated graphite furnace, a high purity germaniumcoaxial detector and a desktop computer. Four Agency experts undertookfour missions to provide training and to assist in the installation of thetube-excited X-ray system. As a result of the Agency's systematic assistance tothe nuclear analytical laboratory, the BAEC now has a reasonably equippedand adequately staffed laboratory for advanced techniques includingtube-excited X-ray analysis. X-ray fluorescence analysis, proton-induced X-rayemission techniques (PIXE), and atomic absorption spectrometry.Electrochemical methods for analysis of certain samples have also beenintroduced. The Van de Graaf accelerator of the AEC, previously used innuclear structure studies, is now almost entirely devoted to the PIXE activities.The laboratories have developed intensive co-operation with a number ofgovernment institutions. Analysis of medical, biological and mineral samplesis performed routinely and analytical services are offered to private enterpriseson a contractual basis. A number of studies have been carried out on theoptimization and improvement of nuclear analytical techniques, comparisonof these techniques with classical methods, and their application to specificproblems. The project has resulted in an adequate number of well trainedstaff. The Agency's provision of training, both individual and through trainingcourses, complemented initial training received in the home laboratory.

BGD/5/013 NUCLEAR TECHNIQUES IN AGRICULTURE

COMPLETED: 92-12-30 TOTAL COST: $140,329

TO STRENGTHEN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES IN THE FIELD OFAGRICULTURE THROUGH THE APPLICATION OF RADIOISOTOPES AND RADIATIONTECHNOLOGY.

The project covers two major areas of study: (a) soil fertility and cropproduction, and (b) plant breeding. The primary objectives of the soilscomponent was to find ways, through isotope-aided research, to increasegrain iegume production, and develop inoculum technology. The plantbreeding activities aimed to establish a tissue culture laboratory. After aprogramming mission by two Agency staff members, the project was approvedin 1988 with footnote-a status, and was mainly funded through anextrabudgetary contribution by the United Kingdom. The proj f- i wasimplemented at the Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agrlcultur fcilNA),Mymensingh. Two experts undertook four missions to provide training in soilmicrobiology and plant tissue culture. The experts also assisted in the design

Page 78 IV. PROJECI5 CONCLUDE) DURING 1W2: ACHEVEMENIS

of field experiments to measure nitrogen fixation in chickpeas, lentils andgroundnuts using the N-15 method as well as in doubled haploid methods byin-vitro culture of anthers of rice mutation breeding. Two Agency technical staffmembers visited the project and assisted (n planning and assessing theachievements of the project. Equipment provided included a liquidscintillation counter, a table-top nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer, ananalytical balance, a laminar flow hood, radiolabelled fertilizers and certainlaboratory supplies. One project-related fellowship was awarded for12 months in the United Kingdom. Under this project, field studies resulted inthe identification of elite strains of rhizobia which, in combination withappropriate host legumes, have fixed greater amounts of nitrogen than the lowyielding cultivars. By this method the yield of chickpeas has been boosted by30%-40% and that of groundnuts by 30%-50%. Farmers have respondedenthusiastically because of the enormous cost-benefit advantage of adoptingthis method.

BGD/6/009 NUCLEAR MEDICINE (PHASE II)

COMPLETED: 92-12-30 TOTAL COST: $94,365

TO UPGRADE AND MODERNIZE FACILITIES AT THREE NUCLEAR MEDICINE CENTRES.

During the last two decades, the Agency has provided Bangladesh withsubstantial assistance in nuclear medicine. In 1989, the Bangladesh AtomicEnergy Commission (BAEC) sought Agency assistance to upgrade andmodernize facilities at various centres. Under this project, the main beneficiarywas the Nuclear Medicine Centre in Chittagong. which serves the populationin south-east Bangladesh. Equipment provided to the Centre included aradioimmunoassay system (gamma counter and data processor), an in-vivoprobe detector system for dynamic functional studies in patients, and aradioisotope calibrator for measuring radiopharmaceutical doses beforeadministering them to patients. Five fellowships were awarded for trainingabroad, two of which were funded by India. As a result of the project, nuclearmedicine services have been strengthened and extended to provide a widerrange of investigation. The Chittagong Centre is now able to provide nuclearcardiology services for tne first time in Bangladesh.

BGD/8/004 TRACERS IN SEDIMENTOLOGY

COMPLETED: 92-12-30 TOTAL COST: $145,914

TO DETERMINE THE DIRECTION AND RATE OF SHORE SAND MOVEMENT PREVAILINGON EITHER SIDE OF THE KARNAFUU OUTFALL (CHITTAGONG) AND TO IDENTIFY ASUITABLE DUMPING SITE FOR THE DREDGED MATERIALS.

Chittagong is the most important seaport in Bangladesh but it has asedimentation problem. Despite extensive efforts by the port authorities todredge the Karnafuli River bed and harbours, the dredged areas becomesilted up within a year or two. In 1984. the Government sought Agencyassistance in establishing a laboratory for the Bangladesh Atomic EnergyCommission (6AECJ to investigate bottom sedimenf fransporf, using radioactivescandium (Sc-46) glass as tracer. An Agency expert undertook three missionsto assist in planning and implementing the project. The Agency providedspecial^- "5 counting systems for oceanographic use. a tracer injection system.

IV PROJECTS CONCLUDED DURING 1W2: ACHIEVEMENTS Pag«79

scandium labelled glass, sampling equipment (vibro-corer) and a computersystem. The scandium glass was irradiated at the BAEC nuclear reactor atSavar. The BAEC, in co-operation with the harbour authorities, provided theboat and positioning equipment for the experimental work. Two tracerinjections were performed in April 1990 at Chittagong port, and severaltracking campaigns were carried out by a counterpart during the next fewmonths. The results obtained were satisfactory and provided information onthe movement of the sediment in the zone under investigation. One fellowshipwas awarded for practical training abroad and one national consultantmission was arranged for the main counterpart to visit Malaysia during thepresence of the Agency expert to present and discuss the results obtainedduring tracking campaigns after the Chittagong experiment. It is consideredthat the technology transferred and the level of information acquired by thestaff of the counterpart institute will allow them to conduct future tracingexperiments successfully.

BGD/8/009 RADIATION INDUCED VULCANIZATION OF NATURAL RUBBER LATEX

COMPLETED: 92.12-30 TOTAL COST: $74,152

TO ESTABLISH A RESEARCH LABORATORY FOR RADIATION VULCANIZATION OFNATURAL LATEX.

The project was approved in >?90 to transfer technology for radiationvulcanization of natural rubber latex (RVNRL). This technology had beendeveloped through a UNDP/IAEA/RCA regional project. The present project isintended to complement the regional project and to establish the necessaryinfrastructure. Basic equipment provided for preparation of specimens andtesting product quality included a centrifuge machine, thickness gauge,viscometer, gear ageing oven, compact circulation thermostat and a universalball mill. An Agency expert advised on setting up the laboratory and on theresearch programme. One staff member was awarded a scientific visit to aradiation chemistry research establishment in Japan. As a result of the project,the Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Dhaka, is now well preparedto carry out research to transfer the technology to local industry.

BGD/9/006 OCCUPATIONAL RADIATION MONITORING

COMPLETED: 92-12-30 TOTAL COST: $136,340

TO INTRODUCE AN ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMME AND THETECHNIQUES NEEDED FOR MEASURING LOW-LEVEI. RADIATION; TO ESTABLISH AWHOLE-BODY COUNTER SYSTEM TO MEASURE BODY BURDENS AND THEDISPERSION OF RADIONUCUDES IN THE BODY.

This project, initiated in 1989, was the result of a RAPAT and a WAMAP missionto Bangladesh. The Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission (BAEC) soughtAgency assistance in strengthening occupational radiation protection to fill thegaps in the country's ef.jrts to establish a radiation protection programme thatwould provide personal monitoring for all radiation workers, with particularemphasis on personnel involved in the peaceful uses of ionteing radiation.Equipment provided by the Agency included a thermoluminescence dosimetrysystem, personal dosimeters, survey meters and portable X-ray and surfacecontamination monitors. One of the counterpart staff received long-term

Page 60 IV. -OJECTS CONCLUDED DURING 1992: ACHEVEMEMIS

training abroad and one expert gave on-the-job training. The expert helpedthe Nuclear Safety and Radiation Protection Division to prepare a documenton the basic principles of radiation protection in medicine as well asinstructions for carrying out area and personal monitoring. The expert alsoassisted in drafting and implementing the radiation protection infrastructure.As a result of the project, the radiation protection Infrastructure In Bangladeshhas been strengthened.

BOLIVIA

BOUO/005 NUCLEAR CENTRE INFRASTRUCTURE

COMPLETED: 92-11-1* TOTAL COST: $111,328

TO DEVELOP PHYSICAL SCIENCES AT THE NUCLEAR RESEARCH CENTRE, VIACHA.

As a result of the project, the X-ray fluorescence laboratory and the neutrongenerator facility of the Nuclear Research Centre were upgraded and ihetechnical capacity in physical sciences of the professionals of the Centreimproved. This part of the project was financed by the USA. Following therecommendation of a field mission, the Agency financed the infrastructure ofsewage and electricity at the Centre. Unfortunately, owing to economic andadministrative constraints, the labcutories are practically unused as most ofthe trained staff have left the Institute.

BOL/2/008 X-RAY FLUORESCENCE

COMPLETED: 92-09-08 TOTAL COST: $193,876

TO EXTEND THE CAPACITY OF IBTEN'S NUCLEAR ANALYTICAL LABORATORY FORAPPLICATIONS IN NUCLEAR AND REACTOR PHYSICS AS WELL AS IN MINING ANDAGRICULTURE.

Since 1981 the Agency has been assisting the Bolivian Institute for NuclearScience and Technology (IBTEN) in establishing a nuclear analytical laboratory.The Agency supplied expert advice and long-term training (30 months) of localstaff. Expansion of the research and analytical capability of the nuclearanalytical laboratory was accomplished by the application of X-rayfluorescence and nuclear activation analysis techniques. Equipment suppliedunder the project included a data processing system, a neutron and tritiummonitor, a liquid nitrogen production plant, and the necessary spare parts.Owing to economic and administrative constraints, the laboratories are.unfortunately, practically empty as most of the trained staff are no longerworking for IBTEN.

IV PROJECTS CONCWDID DURING 1992: ACHEViMENTS Pog*S1

BOU4/005 NUCLEAR ELECTRONICS

COMPLETED: 92-09-15 TOTAL COST: $51,99$

TO SET UP A LABORATORY WITH QUALIFIED STAFF TO PROVIDE MAINTENANCE ANDREPAIR SERVICE TO ALL NUCLEAR INSTRUMENT USERS; TO ASSIST IN THE DESIGNAND DEVELOPMENT OF SPECIFIC NON-COMMERCIAL SPARE PARTS.

Under this project, initiated in 1988. the Agency provided expert advice,training and equipment. On completion of the project a laboratory wasestablished at the Bolivian Institute for Nuclear Science and Technology. LaPaz. with qualified staff to ensure correct operation and regular maintenanceof nuclear electronic equipment and to design and develop specific non-commercial spare parts. Unfortunately, this achievement has not beensustained since, owing to economic and administrative problems, almost alltrained staff left the Institute.

BOU5/004 RADIOISOTOPES IN AGRICULTURE

COMPLETED; 92-09-08 TOTAL COST: $549,849

TO STUDY SOIL AND FERTILIZER AVAILABILITY IN ORDER TO INCREASE CROPPRODUCTION.

From 1981 to 1987 the Agency assisted the Bolivian Institute for Nuclear Scienceand Technology (IBTEN). the Bolivian Institute of Agriculture, and other researchinstitutes in the use of nuclear techniques In agriculture in an effort to increaseagricultural productivity in the Bolivian highlands. As a result of this large-scaleproject, two laboratories were created, one to study soil fertility problems andsoil-plant relationship in wheat and potatoes, and the other, financed by theUnited Kingdom, for tissue culture to initiate activities related to the cultivationof new varieties of lupin, quinoa and maize resistant to cold, drought andsalinity. Expert missions and equipment for the two laboratories were provided,and a large training programme of 34 months was implemented.Unfortunately, owing to economic and administrative constraints, thelaboratories are practically unused as most of the trained staff are no longerworking for the project. In addition, one of the main objectives, to co-ordinateactivities with the Ministry of Agriculture and other research institutions, was notfully accomplished.

BOL/5/005 NUCLEAR TECHNIQUES IN SOIL-SCIENCE STUDIES

COMPLETED: 92-09-08 TOTAL COST: $94,158

TO DEVELOP NUCLEAR TECHNIQUES SUITED TO THE ANDEAN REGION WITH A VIEWTO ACHIEVING INCREASED AGRICULTURAL OUTPUT ATTHE LOWEST POSSIBLE COST.

In the Bolivian highlands, traditional land management practices and seriousedapho-clirnatic problems - such as soil salinity, low soil fertility, watershortages for the major part of the year, and frosts that can occur in anyseason - are responsible for low yields and poor crop quality. The main cropsaffected are potatoes, q-jinoa, barley and wheat. This project, initiated in

Page 82 IV PROJECTS CONCLUMD DURING 1 9 « : ACWVEMENTS

1988 to increase agricultural output, assisted the Bolivian Institute for NuclearScience and Technology (IBTEN) in the design and evaluation of experimentsrelated to the efficient use of fertilizer and water management for thehighlands. Expert services, laboratory equipment and labelled fertilizers wereprovided under the project. Co-operation with the Ministry of Agriculture andthe Faculties of Agronomy at Cochabamba and Orurc which was foreseen asa way to extend the use of nuclear techniques, did not fully materialize owingto economic constraints on the part of IBTEN.

BOL/6/011 RADIOIM"UNOASSAY

COMPLETED: 92-05-14 TOTAL COST: $153,858

TO EXPAND AND SUPPLEMENT THE RADIOIMMUNOASSAY PROGRAMME(PLASMATIC DETERMINATIONS AND ELECTROPHORESIS FOR DETECTION OFHORMONAL ALTERATIONS).

The Agency supplied the equipment to upgrade two laboratories and createtwo new ones. Expert advice and training in connection with proteins andsteroid hormone radioimmunoassay (RIA) helped to create a Centre forRadioimmunoossay in La Paz. By 1987 the La Paz RIA Laboratory had becomethe focal point for training and transfer of technology through co-ordination,production and distribution of reagents at the national level. As a result of theproject, a national network of RIA laboratories has been established in Bolivia,with the participation of four hospitals of the Ministry of Social Welfare andPublic Health, in La Paz, Sucre, Cochabamba and Santa Cruz. Bolivia is nowself-sufficient In this field.

BOL/6/012 COMPUTER GAMMA CAMERA STUDIES

COMPLETED: 92-09-08 TOTAL COST: $39,416

TO IMPROVE THE CAPACITY FOR DIAGNOSING MINERS, PATIENTS LIVING AT HIGHALTITUDES AND/OR WITH CONGENITAL HEART DISEASES.

The project was approved in 1983 and funded by the USA to improverespiratory and cardiac function studies, using nuclear techniques, with a viewto developing diagnostic methods for silicosis and other circulatory andrespiratory diseases associated with high altitudes. As a result of the project,the technical staff of the Nuclear Medicine Centre, La Paz, have been trainedin the use. repair and quality control of a computer gamma-ccmera system,thus improving diagnosis of patients living at high altitudes and those withcongenital heart diseases. The Agency supplied expert services, equipmentand spare parts as well as equipment and training for an adequate radiationsafety programme. Technetium-99m generators were also provided for a shortperiod.

PROJECTS CONCtUDED DURING 1992 ACHEV6MENT3 Page 33

BOL/6/013 NUCLEAR MEDICINE CENTRE UPGRADING

COMPLETED: 92-05-14 TOTAL COST: $88,609

TO EXPAND THE RANGE OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE SERVICES AVAILABLE; TOESTABLISH FACILITIES FOR MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR OF ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT.

In 1983 the Ministry of Social Welfare and Public Health assumed responsibilityfor the Nuclear Medicine Centre. La Paz. mainly in order to strengthen theinfrastructure for expansion of nuclear medicine services available in Bolivia.To support this development, the Government requested Agency assistance.As a result of the project, initiated in 1984, the Nuclear Medicine Centre wasupgraded and the diagnostic services for low-income patients improved. TheCentre also now serves as a teaching institution for advanced medicalstudents. A maintenance and repair capability was established for the existingmedicine equipment and for future laboratory instruments. The Agencysupplied electronic equipment, spare parts and expert advice.

BOL/6/014 NUCLEAR MEDICINE CENTRE

COMPLETED: 92-09-09 TOTAL COST: $236,795

TO UPGRADE EQUIPMENT IN ORDER TO MAKE NUCLEAR MEDICINE DIAGNOSTICTESTS AVAILABLE TO A LARGER NUMBER OF PATIENTS, SPECIALLY THOSE AFFECTEDBY MYOCARDIOPATHY, CHAGAS. GOITRE DISEASES AND SILICOTUBERCULOSIS.

The National Institute for Nuclear Medicine (INAMEN), La Paz, which wasopened in 1982, is the only nuclear medicine centre in Bolivia and serves allincome groups. However, its equipment was obsolete and spare parts wereno longer available. As a result of this project, complemented by theextrabudgetary project BOL/6/015 funded by France, a new gamma camerawas installed and diagnostic procedures were improved and made availableto low-income patients. The equipment will be used eventually to determinehuman cardiocirculatory and pulmonary parameters of endemic diseases inthe Bolivian highlands.

BOL/9/005 RADIATION PROTECTION

COMPLETED: 92-12-30 TOTAL COST: $125,583

TO ESTABLISH RADIATION PROTECTION PROCEDURES, PARTICULARLY INOCCUPATIONAL MONITORING AND RADIATION SAFETY INSPECTIONPROGRAMMES.

This project, approved in 1980 with footnote-a status, was upgraded in 1983and funded by the Agency's TACF. It was intended to strengthen the basicradiation protection capability of the Bolivian Institute for Nuclear Science andTechnology (IBTEN), as a continuation of two previous projects. Expert serviceson regulation, monitoring and radiation dosimetry for a total of about 6.5man-months were provided. An IBTEN staff member was awarded a fellowshipfor training in radiation protection. A thermoluminescence dosimeter (TLD) andaccessories, monitoring equipment, a gamma irradiator and an alpha- betanuclear spectrometer were also provided. As a result of the project, radiation

Page 84 IV PROJECTS CONCLUMD DURING 1W2 ACHIEVEMENTS

safety in practices involving the use of ionizing radiation was improved by theintroduction and establishment of adequate radiation protection procedures,through the strengthening of technical capabilities and through the provisionof radiation monitoring and calibration equipment. An operational personneldosimetry service was established for monitoring occupational radiationexposure from external radiation on a regular basis, making use of TLDequipment. Updated radiation protection regulations were prepared forpromulgation by the national authorities, and IBTEN achieved the capability tocarry out inspections for radiation safety purposes.

BRAZIL

BRA/1/030 STRENGTHENING OF OOSIMETRY

COMPLETED: 92-11-18 TOTAL COST: $121,644

TO SET UP AN ABSOLUTE COUNTING SYSTEM TO MEASURE NUCLIDES WITHCOMPLEX DECAY SCHEMES; TO SET UP QUALITY CONTROL FOR RADIOACTIVESTANDARDS.

The project was approved in 1989 for three years in order to increase thecapability of the Institute for Radiation Protection and Dosimetry, IRD/CNEN, Riode Janeiro, in response to the need for radioactivity standards in Brazil.Initially, the Agency provided an expert to develop an implementation plan toestablish a primary laboratory for radionuclide metrology. It was determinedthat no additional expert missions would be required and the resources thusmade available were used for fellowships and the equipment needed toprovide routine service for standardization and quality control in radioisotopeproduction, environmental radioactivity measurements, radiotherapy andradiodiagnosis. Three fellowships were awarded for training abroad. Theabsolute activity measuring system set up as a resuitof the project reduced theuncertainty in the standardization of many of the radionuciides supplied tousers and increased the number of radionuciides that can be standardized inthe laboratory. These improvements will benefit the overall nuclearprogramme in Brazil, in particular the areas of environmental monitoringcontrol, nuclear medicine and scientific research.

BRA/9/034 MEDICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF THE GOIANIA ACCIDENT

COMPLETED: 92-12-30 TOTAL COST: $276,380

TO EVALUATE Cs-137 DISPERSION IN THE ENVIRONMENT AND CARRY OUTBIO-ASSAY STUDIES ON INDIVIDUALS INVOLVED IN THE GOIANIA ACCIDENT.

As a resuitof the Goiania accident in 1987, the environment was contaminatedwith a large amount of Cs-137. Brazil requested Agency assistance to enablethe Institute for Radiation Protection and Dosimetry (IRD/CNEN) to carry out acomplete study of the environmental impact of the Cs-137 dispersion in theenvironment. Although several similar studies have been carried out in Europeand the USA, such data cannot be applied in a tropical environment. As aresult of the project, important conclusions were reached on the basis ofstudies conducted on caesium resuspension in urban areas, uptake from thesoil by chickens, external contamination and uptake by leafy vegetables andthe mobilization of caesium in water. The project was initiated in 1989, and a

PROJECTS CONCLUDCD DURING 1992 ACMEVEMENI3 Page 85

large number of samples were collected and analysed. The results were usedin the development of an urban radioecological model describing thebehaviour of radionuclides under tropical conditions. On the medical side,studies were conducted directly on Individuals, and the findings indicated thepresence of caesium in scar tissue. Further studies were undertaken io definethe distribution of caesium In other individuals showing activity where no scartissue was present. Bio-assay studies were carried out to evaluate the internaland external doses received following the accident through analysis of Cs-137activity in excreta, evaluation of doses by chromosomal analyses, andmathematical metabolic modelling for internal dose estimation. The Agencyprovided experts, a large amount of equipment, seven fellowships and eightscientific visits. Most of the training was carried out in specialized institutionsin Canada, France, Germany, Italy and the USA. These activities led to severalpublications and to papers presented at international conferences.

BULGARIA

BUL/9/011 OSART MISSIONS TO KOZLODUY AND BELENE NPP'S

COMPLETED: 92-12-30 TOTAL COST: $41,114

TO REVIEW THE OPERATIONAL SAFETY OF KOZLODUY AND BELENE NUCLEARPOWER PLANTS.

This Reserve Fund project was approved in 1991 to continue the assistanceprovided to Bulgaria under project BUL/9/010 relating to the operational safetyof Kozloduy Nuclear Power Plant (NPP). In 1991 an OSART mission to KozloduyUnit 5 took place and a subsequent follow-up visit was undertaken to advisethe regulatory body on the following: the restart of Unit 3; plans based on asafety review mission and OSART recommendations; and the progress ofregulatory assistance. Two Agency experts undertook a further visit to reviewthe evaluation of the readiness for restarting Kozloduy Unit 4. A seminar onAssessment of Safely Significant Events (ASSET) methodology was held in 1992to provide training in ASSET techniques for assessing plant operational safelyperformance. The 28 participants were drawn from the operatingorganization, the regulatory body, and research and nuclear energyinstitutions. This was the second in a series of four ASSET missions requested bythe Bulgarian Government to deal with the management of safety significantincidents at the four WWER 440/230 lype units at the Kozloduy NPP: to reviewoperational safely performance in November 1990; to train operators andregulators in March 1992; to assist plant management in implementing theASSET recommendations in June 1992; and to assess progress made in theprevention of incidents in September 1993. Four inspectors from the regulatorybody attended a workshop in Trnava, Czechoslovakia, on safety inspectionduring nuclear power plant operation. Three Bulgarian scientists participatedas observers in OSART missions to the Koeberg NPP, South Africa, theGrafenrheinfeld NPP. Germany, and the Fessenheim NPP. France. Furthersafety-related missions are planned under Project BUL/9/015 during 1993-94.In view of the suspension of work on the Belene NPP, that part of the projectwas not implemented.

Page 96 IV PROJECTS CONCLUDED DURING 1992 ACHEVEMENTS

CHILE

CHI/4/016 REPAIR AND UPGRADING OF MASS SPECTROMETER

TOTAL COST: $52,036COMPLETED: 92-09-15

TO REPAIR AND UPGRADE THE MASS SPECTROMETER.

The original objective of this project, approved in 1989, was the repair andupgrading of an old mass spectrometer of the Chilean Nuclear EnergyCommission (CChEN). This new equipment is now being used to measurestable isotope ratios of light elements such as H-1. H-2, 0-16, 0-18, C-13 andC-14. Certain items of equipment had to be replaced, and a PC was suppliedby the Agency and adapted for automation of the data acquisition systemand for automatic control of the high tension unit. Expert and consultantservices to assess the required repair and upgrading and for training in the useof the mass spectrometer were also provided. The repair and upgrading ofthe instrument will enable CChEN to undertake new research programmesinvolving the measurement of stable isotopes in water samples. Owing to thespecial climatic and orographic conditions of the country, such isotopes arepowerful tools for tackling many local hydrological problems, such asinvestigation of water resources, the study of leakage problems in natural andman-made lakes, and investigation of relationships between surface waterbodies (river and lakes) and aquifers located in flat areas.

CHI/5/014 NUCLEAR TECHNIQUES IN AGRICULTURE

COMPLETED: 92-11-02 TOTAL COST: $255,204

TO UNDERTAKE ISOTOPE-AJED STUDIES ON SOIL-WATER-FERTILIZER-PLANTRELATIONSHIPS IN VOLCANIC SOILS WITH A VIEW TO IMPROVING SOIL, WATERAND FERTILIZER MANAGEMENT PRACTICES FOR INCREASING CROP PRODUCTION.

Chile imports significant quantities of phosphate fertilizer for agriculturalpurposes. Crop response to phosphorus in volcanic soils varies according tothe type of nitrogen fertilizer used and soil-water availability. The project wasoriginally approved in 1988 to develop improved methods of fertilizermanagement and cultivation, and further funds were made available underthe 1989-90 Programme. Expert services provided by the Agency includedassistance in soil fertility and water balance studies, biological nitrogen fixationby grain legumes, and fertilization of apple trees, as well as analysis of N-15by emission spectrometry. Major items of equipment provided included a N-15analyser with a supply of labelled fertilizer, a liquid scintillation counter and aneutron moisture probe. A major achievement of this project has been theestablishment of firm linkage between the two counterpart institutions, theChilean Nuclear Energy Commission (CChEN) and the National ResearchInstitute for Agriculture and Livestock (INIA), for the application of nucleartechniques under field conditions in a network of experimental stations.Several scientists from both institutions have been trained under the project.The Agency provided the equipment necessary to establish analytical facilitiesfor processing and analysing samples for stable isotopes (N-15) andradioisotopes (P-32). As a result of project activities and of the co-operativeand interdisciplinary research work, both laboratories are now fullyoperational, and the applications of nuclear techniques in soil/plant studieshave been disseminated ai the national level. Specifically, the project assisted

V PROJECTS CONCLUDED DUIWJG 1W2 ACHTEVEMEN75 Poge87

in evaluating the relative efficiency of various fertilizer nitrogen sources forcommercial wheat cultivars in different agricultural regions using isotopetechniques. Quantification of direct and residual effects of phosphorusfertilization with local rock phosphates and imported triple superphosphateswas performed for various cropping systems in three agricultural regions.Furthermore, the rate and time of nitrogen application for fruit trees (a majorexport of the country) was adjusted, on the basis of the results of studies withN-15 related to nitrogen uptake patterns of peaches.

CHI/8/018 TRACER STUDIES OF FLOW IN GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS

COMPLETED: 92-09-08 TOTAL COST: $87,017

TO USE TRACER TECHNIQUES TO STUDY THE FLOW OF WATER OR LEACHINGSOLUTIONS THROUGH POROUS MEDIA AND TO DETERMINE THE TRANSPORT OFCONTAMINANTS TO FACILITATE THE DEVELOPMENT OF SUITABLE MODELS FORSPECIFIC CASES.

The project was approved under the Agency's 1988-90 Programme forassistance to the Chilean Nuclear Energy Commission (CChEN). The firstrequirement was the reorganization of CChEN's tracer laboratory. With Agencyassistance in the form of equipment and expert services, this was achieved in1990, and with newly recruited staff the laboratory was able to embark on theproposed studies. Training abroad was provided to three counterparts; anAgency expert carried out three missions; and two scientific visits wereawarded. Geological prospecting equipment as well as submersible pumpsand sampling items were supplied under the project. The Copper Corporationof Chile (CODELCO) contributed operational funds for field experiments and,most importantly, continued to fund the services of the project's chiefcounterpart who was no longer a staff member of CChEN. CODELCO is alsothe main beneficiary of project achievements, since copper dumps at itsChuquicamata mine can now be handled most efficiently thanks to amathematical model for power optimization based on the application ofnuclear tracer techniques. The modelling technique for tracer transportthrough porous media is now also being applied to other Chilean residuedumping grounds and will contribute to the improvement of the country'senvironmental protection activities.

CAMEROON

CMR/1S003 TRAINING IN NUCLEAR PHYSICS

COMPLETED: 92-12-30 TOTAL COST: $153,126

TO INTRODUCE NUCLEAR PHYSICS INTO THE CURRICULUM OF THE UNIVERSITY OFYAOUNDE.

The University of Yaounde sought Agency assistance to introduce nuclearphysics into the curriculum of the Department of Physics through the provisionof laboratory equipment and expert services. Under this project, which wasapproved in 1987, the Agency supplied teaching equipment including agamma spectrometer, an alpha spectrometer, a low-level counting system, adesktop computer system for automated data acquisition and analysis,equipment for electronic measurement and radiation protection, books and

Pao«88 IV PROJECTS CONCLUDED DURING 1992 ACHEVEMENTS

scientific publications. The installation of equipment and training in the use ofpersonal computers, low-level counting, radiation detection and protection, aswell as training in nuclear physics experiments, were undertaken during fivemissions by four experts. The laboratory is now fully operational and its staffhas acquired the basic knowledge and capacity to provide academictraining in nuclear physics.

CMR/5/005 IMPROVEMENT OF RUBBER TREE (HEVEA) PRODUCTIVITY

COMPLETED: 92-07-13 TOTAL COST: $8,187

TO INVESTIGATE THE POSSIBILITY OF APPLYING NUCLEAR TECHNIQUES IN THEPRODUCTIVITY OF HEVEA AND OTHER CROPS OF NATIONAL INTEREST.

This project was initiated in 1987 with the limited objective of training a localscientist to enable him to elaborate a more comprehensive project proposalon the application of nuclear techniques to the productivity of hevea (rubbertree) and other crops of national interest. No provision was made for thesupply of equipment. An expert undertook a four-day mission and madeseveral recommendations, including provision of appropriate equipment fora follow-up project. One local scientist received a three-month fellowship atthe Rubber Research Institute, C6te d'lvoire. Although the major trainingobjective of the project was achieved, the Research Institute of Agronomy,Yaounde, has not yet followed up with a new request.

COLOMBIA

COL/2/009 X-RAY FLUORESCENCE LABORATORY

COMPLETED: 92-12-18 TOTAL COST: $152,220

TO ESTABLISH AN X-RAY FLUORESCENCE CAPABILITY FOR THE ANALYSIS OF A WIDERANGE OF MINERAL ORES IN SUPPORT OF NATURAL RESOURCE DEVELOPMENTPROGRAMMES.

This project was approved in 1985 and was further extended in 1988 and 1989.Its objective was to set up an X-ray fluorescence laboratory at the Institute ofNuclear Affairs (IAN), Bogota, with a range of analytical capabilities. TheAgency provided major items of laboratory equipment, including an X-rayfluorescence spectrometer with a total reflection module, a multichannelanalyser and a Si(Li) detector. Expert services for installation and training in theuse of X-ray equipment were provided as well as a national training course onradiochemistry. Project counterparts received additional training through twofellowships. As a result of the project. IAN now possesses a well equippedX-ray fluorescence laboratory which is being used in such fields asenvironmental pollution (identification of heavy metals in air and water),sedimentology and intercalibration of analytical techniques (with neutronactivation analysis and atomic absorption).

IV' PROJECTS CONCLUDED DURING 1 » 2 ACHIEVEMENTS Poo* 89

COU4/009 UPGRADING OF RESEARCH REACTOR INSTRUMENTATION

COMPLETED: 92-12-18 TOTAL COST: $347,803

TO IMPLEMENT A PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE PLAN; TO DESIGN ELECTRONICCIRCUITS, BOTH ANALOG AND DIGITAL; TO UPGRADE EXISTING ELECTRONICCONTROL AND OPERATION SYSTEMS.

This project for assistance to the Institute of Nuclear Affairs (IAN), Bogotd. wasapproved in 1989 with footnote-a status. It was subsequently upgradedthrough a major contribution from the USA and received a funds-in-trustcontribution from Colombia as well as supplementary TC funds. The projectwas part of a long-term effort to modernize and upgrade lAN's 30 kW researchreactor and was particularly concerned with upgrading the reactor'selectronic control and operation systems while initiating work on the safetyanalysis report. The contribution from the USA was used for acquiring modernreactor control and data processing equipment, culminating in the installationof a new reactor console and training of lAN's reactor staff by the supplier.Funds-in-trust were used for the purchase of generators, amplifiers anddetectors, while regular funds supplemented reactor control equipment itemsas well as safety system monitoring equipment. The Agency also providedexpert services for the preparation of a safety analysis report. Under thisproject, the reactor IAN-R1 was provided with a modernized and computerizedreactor control system. Meanwhile, the follow-up project COL/4/011. approvedunder the 1991-92 Programme, is providing additional inputs related to controland safely rod mechanisms, reactor maintenance, and monitoring the reactorarea. Eventually. Project COL/4/012, approved under the 1993-94 Programme,will assist IAN in converting the reactor core to low-enriched uranium and pavethe way for later power upgrading.

COL/6/005 APPLICATION OF DNA PROBES FOR DIAGNOSIS OF MALARIA

COMPLETED: 92-12-18 TOTAL COST: $109,694

TO DEVELOP FACILITIES AND EXPERTISE FOR THE ROUTINE APPLICATION OF DNAPROBES.

This project was approved in 1990 to assist the Universidad de Valle'sMicrobiology Department in Cali. The Agency provided major instrumentationincluding a centrifuge, freezer and chromatographic equipment. Two long-term fellowships were awarded for training in developing and labelling DNAprobes for malaria diagnosis and research, While expert services had alsobeen foreseen under the project, they were actually provided from bilateralsources, thereby facilitating an extension of training activities. With supportfrom the Pan-American Health Organization, the Microbiology Department alsohosted two regional training courses in 1990 and 1991 on the use of DNAprobes. The project established immunoradiometric assays and DNA probetechnology, enabling the Department to study malaria transmission in WesternColombia. Identification of the exophillic mosquito Anopheles nevai as theprincipal vector in the region led to the termination of indoor spraying withinsecticide since transmission occurs outdoors, and thus allowed the fundsearmarked for spraying to be used for prophylactic drugs. Collaboration withseveral institutes in Europe on testing the efficacy of candidate vaccines wasestablished and will be continued.

(V PROJECTS CONCLUDED DURING 1992 ACHEVEMENTS

COL/8/015 EVALUATION OF THE SAN ANDRES AQUIFERS

COMPLETED: 92-12-18 TOTAL COST: $54,042

TO DETERMINE THE HYDRODYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE AQUIFERS ON SANANDRES ISLAND AND TO EVALUATE UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES.

This project was approved in 1989 with counterparts at the Hydrology Sectionof the Institute of Nuclear Affairs (IAN), Bogota, in close collaboration withEMPOISLAS. a state institution charged with identifying drinking water resourcesin the Colombian islands. In spite of the interest generated by the touristicdevelopment of San Andres Island, it was not possible to fully attain theobjectives of Identifying the characteristics of the island's aquifers andevaluating its underground water resources. This was largely due toco-ordination and funding problems at the local level, which did not permitsufficient samplings. The Agency provided expert services in karstic hydrologyand stable isotope measurements together with spare parts for lAN's massspectrometer and logging equipment. Although the original objectives werenot achieved, the project did contribute to greater knowledge of the problemsinvolved in the study of karstic aquifers.

COU9/003 RADIATION PROTECTION MONITORING

COMPLETED: 92-12-18 TOTAL COST: $83,880

TO IMPROVE RADIATION MONITORING AT THE R-1 RESEARCH REACTOR.

This project, which was approved in 1989 and extended in 1991. was intendedto improve radiation monitoring at the R-1 research reactor of the Institute ofNuclear Affairs (IAN), Bogota. The expert services for nuclear safety and for thedesign of a more comprehensive project were closely co-ordinated with thereactor modernization projects COL/4/009 and COL/4/011. Equipment providedincluded radiation detectors, dosimeters and other monitoring items, as wellas some reactor spare parts. Radiation safety at the research reactor wasconsiderably improved by means of the following: conditioning the shieldingof the decontamination room and the reactor control room to reduce externalradiation levels: renewal of area radiation monitors and ancillary equipmenttogether with an increase in their number; and preparation of proceduralmanuals for reactor area control. Training abroad and on site was given.Assistance was also provided under Project COL/4/011 for updating thereactor's Safety Analysis Report. This project contributed to a majorimprovement of safety installations around the reactor and assisted in layingthe basis for the 1993-94 project COU9/004 on a national programme ofradiation protection.

CHINA

CPR/1/003 SECONDARY STANDARDS DOSIMETRY LABORATORY

COMPLETED: 92-12-30

TO MODERNIZE THE SSDL IN SHANGHAI.

TOTAL COST: $411,594

rv PROJECTS CONCLUDED DURING 1««2 ACHIEVEMENTS

The project was first approved in 1986 as hardcore and the request forcontinuation was approved in 1987 with footnote-a status which wassubsequently upgraded with an extrabudgetary contribution from Germany in1987. Under this project, the Agency has provided the Secondary StandardsDosimetry Laboratory (SSDLJ, Shanghai, with measuring and calibrationequipment, including a multipurpose irradiator OB85, a panoramic gammairradiator OB84. a digital current integrator, measuring carts, a remote controlfilter changer, an automatic half value layer (HVL) measuring device, a laseralignment system, and an indoor camera. In addition to the equipmentsupplied to the Shanghai Laboratory, the Agency provided the Beijing SSDLwith a microprocessor controlled X-ray system MG324. a digital currentintegrator, a remote control filter changer and an automatic HVL measuringdevice. Three Agency experts undertook five missions to advise and assist thecounterparts on the upgrading of the SSDL facilities, in setting up thelaboratories, on calibrating ionizing radiation, and on radiation dosimetry.One staff member was awarded a long-term fellowship and one was awardeda scientific visit under the Agency's manpower development programme. Twoother fellows were offered scientific visits under the type II fellowshipprogramme of the donor country. The Government contributed generously tothe cost of the laboratory buildings and equipment manufactured locally. Asa result of the project, two well equipped SSDLs have been set up in Shanghaiand Beijing which now provide calibration services to all the radiotherapydepartments in the two regions, covering a total population of 300 million.The Shanghai SSDL has formulated five national verifications of calibration andseveral working dosimetry procedures. By 1991, four secondary standards setup in the Beijing SSDL had obtained authorization for calibration services fromthe State Bureau of Metrology. Since 1985. the Beijing SSDL has organized 50hospitals in China to participate in the IAEA/WHO international postal-doseintercomparison, and the results were presented at the 1987 Symposium onDosimetry in Radiotherapy in Vienna. Calibration of output for cobalt-60teletherapy units and medical accelerators has been undertaken in sevenprovinces, with a total population of about 200 million. Nationwide calibrationand intercomparison experiments are also being carried out to check theinstruments used for medical X-ray monitoring and for quality assurance ofradiation therapy dosimetry. The project has led to a number of publicationsat home and abroad. The project is expected to contribute significantly toimproving the accuracy of radiation dosimetry and to promoting safeapplication of ionizing radiation in medicine.

CPR/2/003 NUCLEAR TECHNIQUES FOR IN-SITU COAL ANALYSIS

COMPLETED: 92-12-30 TOTAL COST: $65,609

TO SET UP A NEUTRON CAPTURE/GAMMA RAY LOGGING SYSTEM WITH HIGHRESOLUTION FOR IN-SITU DETERMINATION OF THE DEPTH, THICKNESS AND QUALITYOF COAL SEAMS.

Coal remains an important energy source in China, and in view ofenvironmental and health considerations, the Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing,undertook to develop an effective and rapid method of coal assessment byemploying a nuclear spectral logging technique for in-situ coal analysis. Suchanalysis provides data not only on the depth and thickness of the coal seam,but also on the qualify of the coal, e.g. the sulphur, carbon and ash contentand the calorific value. Under this project, approved in 1988, the Agency hasprovided some equipment and components for setting up a neutroncapture/gamma ray logging system and a desktop computer, while the

IV PROJECTS CONCLUDED DURING 1W2 ACHEVEMENT5

Government provided a californium-252 neutron source and other equipment.An Agency expert advised on the design and fabrication of a high puritygermanium borehole logging probe and its use for in-situ studies. As a resultof the project, the counterpart has fabricated a neutron capture/gamma rayspectral well logging system consisting of a downhole probe and upholeinstruments and has developed expertise in the multielement well loggingtechnique. The first field test was carried out in 1991 in the coalfield of ShanDong Province, in co-operation with the Zhejiang Coalfield GeologicalProspecting Corporation, and five production boreholes were dealt with in1992. The system developed proved useful for accurate evaluation of the coalseams and the main elements of the rock formation. The project has alsocontributed to the publication of a number of scientific papers.

CPR/4/004 NUCLEAR FUEL ASSEMBLY FABRICATION

COMPLETED: 92-12-30 TOTAL COST: $62,323

TO PROMOTE GREATER OPERATIONAL SAFETY AT THE QINSHAN NUCLEAR POWERPLANT THROUGH THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A QUALITY CONTROL/QUALITYASSURANCE PROGRAMME FOR FUEL ASSEMBLIES TO BE SUPPLIED TO THE PLANT.

The Yibin Nuclear Fuel Element Plant, under the Ministry of Energy Resources,fabricates fuel assemblies for the Qinshan Nuclear Power Plant. A fuelfabrication facility was commissioned in 1987 by the Government. Agencyassistance was requested in establishing a quality assurance (QA) and qualitycontrol (QC) system and to introduce advanced management methods. Underthis project, initiated in 1987, the Agency provided a surface area analyserand a testing device for spacer grid spring force. Five Agency experts advisedon the following: QA/QC for nuclear fuel assembly and associated corecomponents fabrication and their management procedures; fabrication ofuranium oxide pellets and the adaptability of rotary press to ex-ADU powder;fabrication of spacer grids; and the handling, transport and assembly of fuelassemblies. Four counterpart staff were awarded scientific visits under theregional fellowship programme. As a result of the project, the Yibin NuclearFuel Element plant has set up a complete QA/QC system and has improvedmanagement practices. The quality of fuel assemblies manufactured by theplant has been assured so that the safe operation of the nuclear power plantsin China could be guaranteed. In October 1990. the first fuel assembliesmanufactured by the plant were delivered to the Qinshan Nuclear Power Plant,which became operational in December 1991.

CPB/5/004 USE OF RADIATION AND ISOTOPES IN FOOD AND AGRICULTURE

COMPLETED: 92-12-31 TOTAL COST: $412,897

TO UPGRADE UNDERGRADUATE AND GRADUATE EDUCATION IN THE APPLICATIONOF ISOTOPE AND RADIATION TECHNIQUES IN SOIL FERTILITY AND PLANT NUTRITION.CROP BREEDING AND FOOD PRESERVATION. AND TO INITIATE DEVELOPMENT-ORIENTED RESEARCH PROJECTS IN THESE FIELDS.

The project was approved by the UNDP in 1987 with the IAEA as the executingagency. Under the project, the Agency has provided the SouthwesternAgricultural University (SAU). Chongqing, Sichuan Province, with several itemsof equipment, including an N-15 analyser, two beta-gamrna counters, a

PROJECTS CONCLUDED DUWNG l « 2 'CHEVEMEW5

sample oxidizer, a refrigerated centrifuge, a climatic chamber, an electronicbalance, and a surveillance system. Two Agency experts advised on soil/plantnutrition and mutation breeding. The experts also gave seminars on theapplication of Isotopes in agricultural research and on the use of radiation andchemicals and the role of in-vi»ro culture techniques and genetic engineeringin mutation breeding. The first seminar was attended by 45 participants andthe second by 50 participants of which 20 were from 11 agricultural institutionsin other provinces. The Agency also organized a national training course onthe commercialization of food irradiation in Nanjing in 1990 at which twoAgency experts delivered lectures. The course was attended by about40 participants from ail over China of which seven were from the SAU. Seventeachers/researchers from the SAU were awarded long-term fellowship trainingabroad and six other senior staff membe's were awarded scientific visits. Asa result of the project, the original isotope laboratory of the SAU has beenupgraded to become the Laboratory of Atomic Energy Applications inAgricultural Sciences, 18 research projects in soil science/plant nutrition,mutation breeding and food preservation have been undertaken, threetextbooks for undergraduate studies have been written, experimental work forundergraduate and graduate students has been substantially increased, and14 graduate students have already received Masters degrees. By 1991.24 research publications had been produced. In addition to providingadvanced education and training to its own staff, the laboratory is nowcapable of organizing regional and inter-regional training courses on theapplications of nuclear energy in agriculture.

CPR/7/003 RADIONUCLIDES IN FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES

COMPLETED: 92-12-30 TOTAL COST: $95,392

TO ORGANIZE A NATIONAL TRAINING COURSE ON THE DETERMINATION OFRADIONUCLIDES IN FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES.

The Government of China has undertaken the construction of a number ofnuclear power plants for the generation of electricity. To ensure environmentalsafety in the area surrounding such plants, surveys of released radioactivitymust be carried out correctly. The Institute of Nuclear Energy Technology ofTsinghua University, Beijing, intended to organize a training course to provideguidance on correct survey methodology and on accurate determination ofradionuclides in food and environmental samples under accident conditions.The project was approved in 1991 with footnote-a status, which wassubsequently upgraded with extrabudgetary funds from Germany. The Agencysupplied equipment including a liquid scintillation counter, an alphaspectrometer and a contamination monitor. A national training course on thedetermination of radionuclides in food and environmental samples wassuccessfully organized at the Institute in 1991 at which four Agency expertsdelivered lectures and 14 participants from nuclear power plants, radioactivitymonitoring centres and other relevant institutes participated. As a result of theproject, environmental surveillance in the area surrounding nuclear powerplants is expected to improve.

IV PROJECTS CONCLUDED DURING 1W2 ACHIEVEMENTS

CPR/9/017 NUCLEAR POWER PLANT SAFETY

COMPLETED: 92-12-30 TOTAL COST: $25,242

TO DEVELOP EXPERTISE FOR MODIFICATION AND IMPROVEMENT OF DESIGN ANDSAFETY FEATURES OF THE QINSHAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANT.

The 300 MW(e) nuclear power plant at Qinshan. designed by China, was dueto begin operation in 1991. Before commissioning, the Agency was requestedto provide some expert assistance on a number of safety issues. The projectwas approved in 1991 from the Reserve Fund, and four Agency expertsadvised the Shanghai Nuclear Engineering and Design Institute on the safelyparameter display system, anticipated transients without scram, transientanalysis for establishing setpoints. and severe accident management. As aresult of the project, the Institute has developed expertise in various aspects ofnuclear safety, and the Qinshan nuclear power plant was successfullycommissioned in December 1991.

CUBA

CUB/0/004 EXTENSION OF THE APPLICATION OF NUCLEAR TECHNIQUES

COMPLETED: 92-12-30 TOTAL COST: $610,628

TO IMPROVE MEDICAL RESEARCH AND DIAGNOSTIC CAPACITY SO THAT HIGHERQUALITY MEDICAL SERVICES CAN BE PROVIDED. TO STRENGTHEN THE TEACHINGINFRASTRUCTURE FOR TRAINING IN NUCLEAR SUBJECTS.

This UNDP project was executed by IAEA as a continuation of a previous projectthat provided the technical basis for the development of the application ofnuclear techniques in different areas of the national economy. As the budgetapproved by UNDP was insufficient, IAEA agreed to finance most fellowshipsand some expert missions. Experts gave advice on various aspects of nuclearmedicine including the utilization of the gamma camera provided to theNational Institute of Oncology and Radiobiology (INOR), and on activitiesrelated to the several laboratories of the Advanced Institute of Sciences andNuclear Technology (ISCTN) in support of the teaching of nuclear subjects. Inaddition to the gamma camera and ancillary equipment, other equipmentwas supplied to complete the laboratories at ISCTN. Fellowships and scientificvisits were granted to sixteen staff members of the two implementing institutions.As a result of the project, Cuba has now an adequate nuclear medicineinfrastructure for diagnosis not only in Havana but in all provinces as well. Newmathematical methods were adopted for the acquisition, analysis andprocessing of functional fomographic and gammagraphic images in severalpathologies, different diagnostic tests were automated, and new physiologicalparameters were incorporated in medical practice. As far as the teachinginfrastructure is concerned, several laboratories are now available for teachingand research. The number of postgraduate courses increased substantiallyand a greater variety of degrees in nuclear subjects can now be earned.

IV PROJECTS CONCLUDED DURING 1W2 ACHIEVEMENTS

CUB/6/009 PREPARATION OF REAGENTS FOR TUMOUR MARKING

COMPLETED: 92-11-18 TOTAL COST: $118,423

TO FURTHER DEVELOP TECHNIQUES FOR THE PREPARATION OF RADIOLABELLEDCOMPOUNDS INCLUDING QUALITY CONTROL PROCEDURES FOR THE DIAGNOSISOF TUMOURS.

The project was approved in 1989 as a continuation of activities initiatedpreviously under a UNDP-financed and IAEA-executed project, in an effort toassist Cuba to reduce the morbidity and mortality caused by common diseasesamong which are malignant neoplasms. An expert was financed to advise onradioimmunoassay (RIA) and related procedures, and equipment wasprovided for automated analysis and sample counting. Three fellowships weregranted on subjects related to the preparation of radiolabelled compounds.As a result of the project a laboratory was established for obtaining tumourmarkers and other related biological reagents. An RIA technique wasdeveloped to determine the beta chain of human chorionic gonadotropin,thus avoiding the need to import commercial reagents. The purification ofhuman synthetic calcitonin was also achieved. The reagents produced arebeing distributed to laboratories at the national level and the laboratory isbeing used as a training centre.

CUB/0/009 NUCLEAR TECHNIQUES IN SEDIMENTATION STUDIES

COMPLETED: 92-12-18 TOTAL COST: $119,628

TO INVESTIGATE THE ORIGIN AND LITHOLOGICAL COMPOSITION OF SEDIMENTSAND TO MEASURE THE DENSITY AND RATE OF DEPOSITION OF SEDIMENTS IN DAMSUSED FOR IRRIGATION.

The studies conducted under this project centered on the La Juventudreservoir. The Cuban Institute of Hydroeconomy (now the National Institute ofHydraulic Resources) was the counterpart institution, but several other Cubaninstitutions collaborated in implementing the project. The Agency provided allequipment necessary to carry out the studies, including an echo sounder andtwo gamma backscattering density gauges. Two experts advised onmeasuring layers of deposited sediments in reservoirs and assisted in settingup the tritium calibration system related to activities supported under aregional project. Two fellowships were awarded for training abroad. As aresult of the project, the Institute is now capable of performing studies onsediments by means of tracers: several such studies have already beenconducted at the La Juventud dam. Technology based on the use of gammabackscattering gauges has been transferred, making it possible to determinethe density and ti .ickness of deposited layers of bottom sediments in lakes andreservoirs. Analysis of sediment samples using X-ray fluorescence and neutronactivation techniques have provided information on the origin of the sedimentsdeposited at the reservoir.

Page 00 IV PROJECTS CONCLUDED DURING 1992 ACHIEVEMENTS

CUB/9/007 ENVIRONMENTAL RADIATION MONITORING

COMPLETED: 92-11-18 TOTAL COST: $78,506

TO SET UP A NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RADIATION MONITORING SYSTEM.

The project was initiated in 1989 to enable the Centre for Hygiene andRadiation Protection, Havana, to monitor environmental background radiationat the national level. Equipment supplied under the project consisted of athermoluminescence system and equipment for aerosol sampling and dataprocessing. Training was provided under several regional activities. As partof the national system established under the project, three laboratories nowhave the capability to monitor the radioactivity of aerosol; ionization chambersmeasure gamma doses daily throughout the country; and measurements offallout in 30 sites are reported monthly.

CYPRUS

CYP/8/003 ISOTOPES IN HYDROLOGY

COMPLETED: 92-12-30 TOTAL COST: $187,596

TO COLLECT AND ANALYSE HYDROLOGICAL SAMPLES USING ENVIRONMENTALISOTOPE TECHNIQUES WITH A VIEW TO ASSESSING WATER RESOURCES.

Cyprus has very few water resources, and the Government has given highpriority to their exploitation, particularly with regard to the management ofreservoirs, which consist of dams and aquifers, in order to meet the needs ofhouseholds, industry and agriculture. Most of the dams are located on or nearsedimentary rocks and have therefore suffered serious leakage. Through thisproject, initiated in 1982 as a continuation of Project CYP/8/002, which wasinitiated in 1979, water leakage investigations were carried out on reservoirs,using isotope hydrology techniques. Variations in deuterium and CM 8 contentof the groundwater of the Kouris dam, the Akhna reservoir, the Akrotiri aquiferand the Euretou dam were studied in order to identify their recharge rates fromlocal rivers and rainfall. The distribution of environmental tritium in thereservoirs was also studied to obtain information about the groundwater flowregimes. The isotopic analyses were performed at the Agency's IsotopeHydrology Laboratory in Vienna. Equipment and supplies, including computersystems and software, a hydrometer, a spectrophotometer, a fluorometer andan underwater sensor, were supplied to the Water Development Departmentof the Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Nicosia. Agency staffmembers undertook missions to advise the counterparts on work plans,sampling procedures and the interpretation of results. Three counterpart staffmembers were awarded fellowships for training abroad and the principalcounterparts undertook a scientific visit to the Agency's Isotope HydrologySection in Vienna to review results. The project has enabled the counterpartsto obtain detailed information on residence times in the reservoirs, on seepagefrom rivers to the reservoirs and on the amount of direct recharge viaprecipitation, thus enabling the authorities to institute measures towardsrational water management on the island.

IV PROJECT CONCLUDED DURING 1992 ACHIEVEMENTS

CZECH fc SLOVAK FEDERAL REPUBLIC

CZE/9/005 TEST OF NOISE THERMOMETRY IN WWER-440 REACTORS

COMPLETED: 92-12-30 TOTAL COST: $68,523

TO INVESTIGATE THE APPLICABILITY OF NOISE THERMOMETRY IN WWER-440REACTORS UNDER OPERATIONAL CONDITIONS.

This project, approved in 1991, provided assistance to the Nuclear Power PlantResearch Institute (VUJE), Trnava, in developing applications of noisethermometry for operational WWER-type reactors. The Institute for AppliedMaterials Research at the Nuclear Research Centre (KfA), Julich, Germany, hadbeen collaborating with VUJE in this area prior to the Agency's approval of theproject. KfA continued to provide specialized assistance to the Institute, andon two occasions received three engineers from VUJE for on-the-job training.The Agency provided a computer system and purpose-designed thermocouplesensors for operation in WWER-440/213 reactors, and made possible the leasingof the main components of the noise-thermometry equipment from KfA. Expertsfrom KfA conducted several missions connected with the initial design and.later, the installation and testing of the noise-thermometry system at Bohunicenuclear power plant. The acquisition of this system and its successful operationin 1992 in Bohunice Unit 2 demonstrated an accurate means of verifying thereactor coolant temperatures. Conventional devices used in these reactorshave temperature coefficients which can change as a result of ageing andenvironment, thereby reducing the accuracy of temperature measurements inthe reactor and its components. The new system has enabled in-siturecalibration of the standard reactor temperature sensors under actualoperating conditions, without the need for complicated disassembly andremoval of these devices to the laboratory for this purpose. The introductionof this advanced technology as a result of the project can contribute toimproved operational safety of WWER-type reactors in the former Czech andSlovak Federal Republic.

CZE/9/006 FOLLOW-UP OSART TO TEMELIN-1 AND 2 NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS

COMPLETED: 92-12-30 TOTAL COST: $9,615

TO REVIEW THE OPERATIONAL SAFETY OF TEMELIN-1 AND 2 NUCLEAR POWERPLANTS.

The project was approved in 1991 at the request of the CzechoslovakGovernment for continuing assistance related to operational safety at nuclearpower plants (NPP), and following previous OSART missions under ProjectCZE/9/003 to Units 1 and 2 of Temelin NPP. In 1992 a follow-up OSART missionto Temelin NPP was therefore carried out. A training seminar on Assessment ofSafety Significant Events (ASSET] methodology was arranged for 29 participantsrepresenting Bohunice. Dukovany and Temelin NPPs, the national regulatorybody and the Nuclear Power Plants Research Institute (VUJE), Trnava. Inaddition to the standard ASSET programme, workshops on International NuclearEvent Scale (iNES) rating techniques and root cause analysis methodology forinvestigation of local operating events at Bohunice and Dukovany wereorganized. A Czechoslovak scientist participated as an observer in an OSARTmission to Grand Gulf NPP, USA. Further missions are planned under CZE/9/010during 1993-94.

Page 98 IV PROJECTS CONCLUDED DURING 1992 ACM?VEMEWS

CZE/9/008 QUALITY ASSURANCE AND SITE SAFETY Of NPP'S

COMPLETED: 92-12-30 TOTAL COST: $28,160

TO ASSIST IN THE PREPARATION OF A QUALITY ASSURANCE PROGRAMME FOR THETEMELIN NPP AND IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE RECOMMENDATIONS OF THEAGENCY'S SITE SAFETY REVIEW MISSION.

This Reserve Fund project was initiated in 1991 at the request of the formerCzech and Slovak Federal Republic to assist in the preparation of a qualityassurance programme for the Temelin nuclear power plant and inimplementing the recommendations of an Agency-sponsored site safety reviewmission carried out in 1990. Six expert missions were undertaken, principallyto review the implementation of site safety recommendations and to studyS9ismic and meteorology-related analyses, modelling and monitoring, relevantto plant safety and siting. A workshop on aspects of quality assurance relatedto siting and design was held in Prague. A training course on qualityassurance during nuclear power plant construction was held in Temelin.attended by 20 senior management personnel from the nuclear utility.

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC

DOM/1/004 NUCLEAR ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES

COMPLETED: 92-05-14 TOTAL COST: $241,483

TO EXTEND THE USE OF AN ELECTRON MICROSCOPE FOR RESEARCH.

The project was approved in 1984 as part of an effort to establish a laboratoryfor the application of nuclear analytical techniques to teaching and research.The expert services and basic equipment needed for initiating studies inisotope-excited X-ray fluorescence for analysis of trace metals and aMoessbauer spectroscopy system were provided. The equipment was widelyused in the analysis of clays for ceramic purposes and of archaeological items.The project also supported the acquisition of o nitrogen liquifier to ensure theavailability of liquid nitrogen for operating the detectors. Three fellowsreceived training in these techniques and their work contributed to theestablishment of a laboratory offering services to both the Government and theprivate sector. The project also served as a basis for launching a researchprogramme in pollution studies related 1o the mining industries. This work willcontinue under Project DOM/2/002.

DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF KOREA

DRK/1/003 SECONDARY STANDARDS DOS8METRY LABORATORY

COMPLETED: 92-12-30 TOTAL COST: $458,291

TO ESTABLISH A NATIONAL SSDL IN THE FIELD OF RADIATION PROTECTION FORPROVIDING UNIFORM AND CONSISTENT DOSIMETRY STANDARDS ANDMEASUREMENTS.

A secondary standards dosimetry laboratory (SSDL) has been established at the

V PROJECTS CONCLUDED DURING 1992 ACHIEVEMENTS Pago 99

Institute of Radiation Protection (IRP) of the Ministry of Atomic Energy,Pyongyang, to provide radiation dosimetry and calibration services for theentire country in compliance with international standards. The Agency hassupported the activity under this project since 1983 through provision of agamma irradiator. dosimeters, an X-ray machine, radiotherapy eauipmentanda radiochromic reader. Expert services were also provided to assist ininstallation and calibration of equipment and to train staff in dose calibrationand high-level radiation dosimetry. Three IRP staff members were awardedfellowships and trained abroad. The IRP provided irradiation bunkers andassociated laboratory equipment, and recruited more staff to operate thelaboratory, which is now fully operational and adequately staffed with trainedpersonnel. At present, they calibrate 50-60 dosimeters annually, usingsecondary standard dosimeters provided by the Agency. The laboratory alsoprovides regular calibration services to radiotherapy units and users ofradiography equipment. It is also responsible for calibratingthermoluminescence dosimeters for the personnel dosimetry monitoring system,which serves 2000 radiation workers. The SSDL has also helped to providetraining to a number of radiation workers and radioisotope users in radiationdosimetry and calibration. It is expected that the project will continue topromote more accurate and reliable radiation dosimetry for radiationprotection and for the support of radiation application activities, particularlyin medicine and industry.

DRK/4/002 CYCLOTRON FACILITY

COMPLETED: 92-12-30 TOTAL COST: $1,874,220

TO ESTABLISH A CYCLOTRON FACILITY FOR THE PRODUCTION OF RADIOISOTOPES.FOR USE PARTICULARLY IN NUCLEAR MEDICINE.

The project was intended to establish a cyclotron facility to produceradioisotopes for use in nuciear medicine and to provide charged particleactivation analysis services to industry and research establishments. Thisproject, approved in 1983. has been supported under a cost-sharing schemeby the Agency, the USA and the Government. The Government furnished thebalance required for its purchase, and a 20 MeV cyclotron, model MGC-20,was ordered from the USSR in 1985. Agency experts advised on theengineering design of the cyclotron and the building requirements and on thetechnical parameters of a cyclotron facility for radioisotope production andother applications. Five staff members were awarded scientific visits tocyclotrons in several European countries, and another was granted afellowship for training abroad. In 1985, the Government established theInstitute of Atomic Energy (IAE) to take over from the Institute of Nuclear Physicsthe responsibility for installation and operation of the cyclotron and relatedresearch activities. In 1987, construction of the cyclotron building began atMongyongdae District in Pyongyang where the IAE is located. Construction ofthe building was completed in July 1990 and the main parts and units of thecyclotron facility were delivered during 1989-90. The facility was installed andsuccessfully commissioned in 1992. Studies for charged particle activationanalysis are being conducted under Project DRK/4/004. With the establishmentof the cyclotron facility, the local production of radioisotopes for use in nuclearmedicine will be undertaken under Project DRK/4/005 approved for the 1993-94Programme.

IV PPOJECTS CONCLUMD DURING 19»2 ACHEVEMENI5

DRK/5/003 NITROGEN FIXATION

COMPLETED: 92-12-11 TOTAL COST: $109,650

TO PRODUCE A HIGH YIELD VARIETY OF SOYBEAN SUITABLE FOR LOCALCONDITIONS AND WITH A HIGH CAPACITY TO FIX ATMOSPHERIC NITROGEN.

The Institute of Plant Cultivation of the Academy of Agricultural Sciences.Pyongyang, sought Agency assistance in improving the nitrogen fixing capacityand the yield of soybean varieties suitable for cultivation in the country. Underthis project, initiated in 1989, equipment including laminar flow hood,fermenter. centrifuge, microscope, spectrophotometer. as well as N-15 labelledfertilizer, was supplied to the Institute. An Agency expert assisted thecounterpart in the design and initiation of N-15 experiments and introducedrhizobium technology during a first mission. During a follow-up mission, headvised the counterpart on the analysis and interpretation of data obtainedfrom previous experiments. The expert also introduced ureide assay techniquefor screening soybeans for high nitrogen fixation potential. Two scientists of theInstitute were granted fellowships, one training in N-15 techniques in biologicalnitrogen fixation and the other in N-15 analytical techniques. After greenhouseand field experiments, three rhizobium strains were selected for their highnitrogen fixation capacity. Experiments in inoculating two high yielding localsoybean varieties with selected strains have produced promising results. Inparticular, the soybean yields increased from 13% to 27% by the use of newsoybean varieties. An adequately equipped isotope laboratory has beenestablished, with a group of scientists and technicians capable of conductingbiological nitrogen fixation studies which will be continued under ProjectDRK/5/004. It is expected that wide dissemination of selected soybean seedsand strains of rhizobium for large-scale production of rhizobium inocula will inthe near future provide the country with additional urgently needed proteinwhile at the same time reducing dependence on expensive commercialfertilizers.

DRK/9/002 ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY MONITORING

COMPLETED: 92-12-30 TOTAL COST: $176,604

TO STRENGTHEN NATIONAL CAPABILITY FOR MONITORING ENVIRONMENTALRADIOACTIVITY.

The institute of Radiation Protection (IRP), Pyongyang, is responsible for radiationprotection throughout the country. As an important step towards establishinga national monitoring system, the IRP sought Agency assistance in setting upa centre for measuring environmental radioactivity. Under this project, initiatedin 1988, the Agency provided equipment, including a multichannel analyserwith data processing system, a hyperpure semiconductor detector, anautomatic liquid scintillation counter, a low-level radioactivity measurementsystem, and ancillary items. An Agency expert assisted in setting up theradioactivily measurement systems and in training local staff. Followingrecommendations of a RAPAT mission in 1989, a Workshop on NationalInfrastructure for Radiation Safety was held in 1991. with 20 local participantsfrom various nuclear institutions. During the workshop, three Agency expertslectured, conducted practical sessions and organized discussions on thenational radiation safety programme. An IRP staff member was granted anAgency fellowship and trained in low-level radioactivity measurement under

C ^ CONCLUDED DUWNG 1WJ ICHEVEMENTS Poge 101

a regional manpower development project. With Agency assistance, anappropriately equipped central laboratory for monitoring environmentalradioactivity has been established at the IRP. A group of counterpart staff isnow capable of monitoring environmental radioactivity, and they havemeasured environmental samples such as soil, food, air and fallout, leaves andwater samples. The IRP plans to establish monitoring stations in other parts ofthe country. The central laboratory at the IRP is expected to become the focalpoint for assistance and advice in a national radiation monitoring systemintended to improve radiation protection in the country.

ECUADOR

ECU/1/004 APPLIED NUCLEAR PHYSICS

COMPLETED: 92-05-14 TOTAL COST: $305,291

TO INTRODUCE APPLIED NUCLEAR PHYSICS TECHNIQUES IN THE FIELDS OFMATERIALS RESEARCH. RADIOLOGY. RADIOCHEMISTRY AND MEDICINE.

The Ecuadorian Atomic Energy Commission operates a number of laboratoriesfor applied studies and intends to introduce advanced nuclear analyticaltechniques into the national economy. As a first step, suitable analyticallaboratories were established at the Commission itself to serve as trainingcentres and reference laboratories. This project was designed to assist in threeareas: (a) X-ray analysis and Moessbauer spectroscopy, (b) a new dimensionin the analysis of trace and minor elements, and (c) structural studies.Instruction in the correct use of desktop computers in nuclear laboratoriesimproved the operation of all the Commission's laboratories. The projectsucceeded in its major objectives, and the techniques, which are being usedfor the first time in Ecuador, are producing valuable results in analyses andtraining. The assignment of experts stimulated rapid progress. Less effectivewas the training of local staff as several members of the nuclear analyticallaboratories who received extensive training abroad did not return to theirlaboratories. However, those who attended the IAEA training courses continueto participate in the activities of the laboratory.

ECU/8/011 INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS

COMPLETED: 92-09-08 TOTAL COST: $70,316

TO INTRODUCE NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING TECHNIQUES FOR QUALITY ASSURANCEAND QUALITY CONTROL OF EQUIPMENT BUILT BY THE NATIONAL METAL-MECHANICAL INDUSTRY.

The project was upgraded in 1988 from footnote-a status and financed by anexfrabudgetary contribution from Germany. Non-destructive testing (NDT)equipment provided to the Ecuadorian Atomic Energy Commission (CEEA) werea radiography unit (Co-60) and a double frequency eddy current instrumenttype TMT-ECT MAD2 with accessories. Two national training courses werecarried out by an expert from the donor country (15 days each) on eddycurrent techniques (levels 1 and 2), each with 11 participants from otherinstitutions. The project was implemented as programmed and the objectivesaccomplished. National technicians using NDT techniques are providingservices to the metal-mechanical industry and assisting in inspections needed

Pags 103 IV PROJECTS CONCLUDED DURING 1992 ACHKVEMENTS

in the aeronautical industry, using eddy current techniques.

EGYPT

EGY/4/030 CONSTRUCTION AND USE OF SPECTROMETRIC CALIBRATION PADS

COMPLETED: 92-09-09 TOTAL COST: $80,693

TO ESTABLISH STANDARDS AND PROCEDURES FOR THE DESIGN. CONSTRUCTIONAND USE OF CALIBRATION PADS FOR THE NUCLEAR RAW MATERIALSDEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME.

The project was initiated in answer to the need to convert all qualitativeground and airborne spectrometric measurements to quantitativemeasurements easily comprehensible to geologists. The project providedexpert services, equipment (portable gamma spectrometers, calibrationsources and equipment) and training which enabled the Nuclear MaterialsCorporation to design and construct four sets of gamma-ray spectrometercafi'brafion pads and to optimize Ihe use of sophisfrcafed software packagesfor processing airborne gamma-ray data. The calibration concrete pads arebeing used for calibrating portable equipment at various uranium field campsin Egypt. Expert advice was also given on how this data could be used forestablishing background radioactivity maps, which are invaluable for uraniumexploration.

EGY/5/018 RADIOIMMUNOASSAY IN ANIMAL SCIENCE

COMPLETED: 92-12-30 TOTAL COST: $107,259

TO USE RADIO- AND ENZYME-IMMUNOASSAYS FOR DIAGNOSIS OF VIRAL ANDBACTERIAL INFECTIONS OF LIVESTOCK.

The Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Dokki, Cairo, is Egypt's primaryinsfrfute for fhe diagnosis of animal diseases. This project was initiated in 1986through an extrabudgetary contribution from the USA with the aim ofstrengthening AHRI's diagnostic capabilities and extending them to a widerange of viral and bacterial infections in livestock by introducing centralizedradioimmunoassay (RIA) dnd enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (EUSA)techniques. Several expert missions were undertaken to train the counterpartstaff and to establish diagnosis procedures for poultry diseases and forbrucellosis and rinderpest in cattle with special reference to EUSA-related RIAtechniques. Equipment provided included an ELISA reader, a computer systemwith adequate software, a distillation apparatus, a refrigerated centrifuge andvarious items of laboratory equipment and supplies. The project has beenrelatively successful in introducing nuclear and related techniques fordiagnosing diseases affecting livestock and poultry. The AHRI can now carryout surveys and promote control programmes for rinderpest, infectious bovinerhinotracheitis and poultry diseases such as Newcastle disease and Gunboro.

'V PTOJECTS CONCLUDED DUWNG 1 W ACHEVEMENB Page 103

EGY/6/004 INTRACAVITARY RADIATION THERAPY FOR CANCER

COMPLETED: 92-12-31 TOTAL COST: $985,798

TO INVESTIGATE THE APPLICATION OF THE AFTERLOADING TECHNIQUE WITH SEALEDRADIOACTIVE SOURCES FOR THE TREATMENT OF UTERINE-CERVICAL CANCER.

Uterine-cervical cancer is one of the most common forms of malignancyaffecting women in developing countries. This large-scale IAEA/WHO projectwas initiated in 1983 at the Radiation Oncology and Nuclear Medicine Centreof the Faculty of Medicine. Cairo University (NEMROCK). through anextrabudgetary contribution from Italy, to investigate the feasibility of using theafterloading technique with sealed radioactive sources as a relatively simpleand inexpensive method of treatment which would be of particular interest tosmall hospitals lacking teletherapy equipment. From its beginning, the projectwas guided by an advisory committee including senior radiotherapists andrepresentatives of IAEA and WHO. An annual three-week brachytherapytraining course was developed, involving 109 specialists from Egypt and20 from other African countries. The achievements of the project have beenreported to about eight international conferences. Equipment provided underthe project included brachytherapy sources, computer systems. X-radiographyequipment, radiation monitors and various cytology laboratory items andteaching materials. Two project-funded fellowships were awarded for trainingabroad and several expert missions were undertaken to support projectactivities. The project has contributed to increasing the awareness in Egyptand other developing countries of uterine-cervical cancer and to investigatingpossible approaches to its management. The work performed under theproject has strengthened the position of NEMROCK as a centre for training andpolicy making in the field of brachytherapy and has demonstrated thepotential and applicability of the technique for treating uterine cancer in theearly stages. The project has enabled NEMROCK to develop suitableprogrammes for cancer registries, epidemiology, follow-up of patients anddose calculations. The experience gained has significantly extended therange of the Agency's TC programme in radiotherapy and helped in theformulation of related projects in seven developing countries.

E6Y/9/014 NUCLEAR SAFETY

COMPLETED: 92-07-13 TOTAL COST: $311,214

TO ASSIST THE NUCLEAR SAFETY COMMISSION IN REGULATORY MATTERS, TOPROVIDE TRAINING IN NUCLEAR SAFETY. WORKSHOPS ON METHODOLOGY, ANDTO REVIEW AND EVALUATE SAFETY ANALYSIS REPORTS.

The project was initiated in answer to the need to prepare the regulatory staffto perform a safety analysis review and license the planned nuclear powerplant. Thanks to extrabudgetary funds from the USA, equipment (computersystems and accessories, software), expert services and training were provided.The assistance focussed mainly on nuclear safety and on methodology andtechnical considerations for review and evaluation of safely analysis reports ofnuclear power plants and other nuclear installations. Seven workshops onvarious aspects of nuclear safety were organized and eight staff members ofthe Regulatory Body were trained abroad. Experts also gave advice oncommissioning procedures, particularly on safety analysis of fuel behaviour,quality assurance programme review and auditing requirements, as well as

Pog« 1<M rv PROJECT5 CONCLUDED DURING \Vf2 *CrtfVEMENTS

surveillance of testing and commissioning activities. Regulatory aspects ofcommissioning and operation were also covered and existing regulationsimproved. As a result of the project, the professional capabilities of theregulatory staff have been substantially increased, thereby enabling theRegulatory Body to carry out its responsibilities In safely analysis assessmentand licensing in respect of nuclear power plants, fuel cycle facilities andnuclear installations.

EGY/9/025 COMPUTERIZED SAFETY LOGIC SYSTEM

COMPLETED: 02-12-30 TOTAL COST: $123,850

TO IMPROVE THE OPERATIONAL SAFETY OF THE ETRR-1 RESEARCH REACTOR; TOPROVIDE A RELIABLE COMPUTERIZED LOGIC SYSTEM TO CONTROL THE SAFETY RODOPERATION, GUARANTEEING FAST AND ACCURATE RESPONSE.

The Nuclear Research Centre, Inshas. Cairo, is equipped with a researchreactor which reached criticality in 1961. In recent years, the Agency providedassistance based on RAPAT missions and recommendations of nuclear safetyexperts to improve the safely operation of the reactor. Previous assistanceincluded the provision and installation of new radiation monitoring instrumentsand new process control instrumentation. Under this project, initiated in 1991,the Agency supplied a computerized safety logic system to replace the oldsystem, which did not respond to the requirements of the modernized controland measuring instruments already installed at the reactor. The project hascontributed towards modernizing Egypt's only research reactor.

ETHIOPIA

ETH/5/007 ANIMAL SCIENCE

COMPLETED: 92-09-08 TOTAL COST: $249,854

TO IMPROVE THE PRODUCTIVITY OF LOCAL BREEDS OF CATTLE THROUGHIMPROVED NUTRITIONAL AND REPRODUCTIVE MANAGEMENT.

The project started in 1984 and has included studies in animal nutrition,reproduction and disease diagnosis. Much of the work has been supportedby related FAO/IAEA research contracts under a number of co-ordinatedresearch programmes and is continuing thanks to the same support and toIAEA Project ETH/5/009. Radioimmunoassay (RIA) techniques for themeasurement of progesterone were introduced under the project at theInstitute of Pathobiology. Addis Ababa, and the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,Debre Zeit. RIA techniques were used for studies on the constraints reducingproductivity of indigenous breeds of cattle, sheep and goats and subsequentlyon the effectiveness of measures used to alleviate these constraints. At theInstitute of Agricultural Research. Holetta, research on evaluation of locallyavailable feeds and agricultural by-products was carried out using a varietyof in-vitro and in-vivo techniques introduced under this project. As a resultcounterpart staff are now better able to advise farmers on feed rations and theuse of agricultural by-products for supplementary feeding. Studies weresupported at the Institute of Pathobiology on the use of radioisotopictechniques for the development and utilization of irradiated vaccines againstsheep lungworm and liver fluke. Although not successful in producing a viable

V PROJECTS CONCLUD6D DURING 1992 ACHIEVEMENTS Pag«105

vaccine, these studies provided valuable information on immunity mechanismsand the problems of using such vaccines in the field. Linked closely with anFAO/IAEA SIDA-funded research contract, support was provided for theintroduction and use of an ELISA-based system for sero-monitoring the nationalrinderpest vaccination campaign. This work was carried out at the NationalVeterinary Institute. Debre Zeit, and to date some 20 000 sera have beentested.

ETH/6/003 RADICHSOTOPES IN MEDICINE

COMPLETED: 92-07-13 TOTAL COST: $512,026

TO INCREASE THE DIAGNOSTIC IMPACT OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE SERVICES.

The primary objectives of this project were to introduce nuclear medicine asa means of diagnosing endemic diseases and to create a referral centre inEthiopia. These objectives have been achieved by the introduction of bothin-vivo organ imaging and in-vitro radioimmunoassay (RIA) techniques throughthe mechanisms of equipment and reagent supply, provision of expert servicesand local manpower development. The provision of equipment started in 1982with the supply of a rectilinear scanner, isotope calibrator, a double probeuptake measurement system, and a thyroid phantom. The equipmentcapability of the laboratory was constantly upgraded through the supply ofnumerous other items such as a lyophyliser. a laminar air flow cabinet, arefrigerated centrifuge, a large capacity refrigerator, a second isotopecalibrator, and RIA pipettes. A reconditioned gamma camera was suppliedin 1990. The establishment of diagnostic tests was further supported by thesupply of reagents for both the in-vivo and in-vitro laboratories. Initially,ready-made commercial kits were supplied for RIA. However, in 1990,following a regional training course held in Ethiopia, the laboratory started touse bulk reagent methodology. Expert services, totalling about 16man-months, contributed appreciably towards the establishment andupgrading of both in-vivo and in-vitro nuclear medicine activities and towardsthe installation and operation of the gamma camera. Training of the localstaff has been carried out through twelve project-related fellowships, nine ofwhich were of one year's duration, and three short scientific visits. The essentialobjectives of the project have been realised in that a nuclear medicinelaboratory, with both in-vivo and in-vitro equipment and trained staff capableof providing a clinical diagnostic service, has been established at the BlackLion Hospital in Addis Ababa. The laboratory is a viable concern andcontinues to be further supported and upgraded by the Agency under afollow-up project (ETH/6/005).

Pao« 106 IV PBOACT5 CONCLUDED DURING 1 W ACHFVEMENTS

GABON

GAB/3/002 GEOLOGICAL DATA BANK

COMPLETED: 92-12-30 TOTAL COST: $65,502

TO STRENGTHEN THE CAPABILITY FOR LOCAL TREATMENT AND INTERPRETATION OFRADIOMETRIC, GEOPHYSICAL AND GEOLOGICAL DATA AND TO FACILITATEASSESSMENT OF THE NATURAL RAW MATERIALS RESOURCE POTENTIAL THROUGHTHE ESTABLISHMENT OF A COMPUTERIZED DATABASE TO BE USED FOR THEPRODUCTION OF MAPS.

The initial objectives of this project were two-fold: to create a database systemfor geological information and to establish a fluorimetric laboratory for uraniumanalysis. Since the part of the project dealing with the database wasachieved through bilateral assistance, the Agency focussed its assistanceprimarily on the fluorimetric laboratory. A complete fluorimetric analysis systemwas supplied and an expert, during two missions totalling nearly ten weeks,helped to install the equipment and train the local staff in its operation. Fromthe installation of the fluorimeter in April 1990 up to the second visit of theexpert, in November 1991, about 1200 geochemical and geological sampleshad been analysed by the local staff. The fluorimetric laboratory is now fullyoperational.

GHANA

GHA/5/011 ERADICATION OF RIVERINE TSETSE FLY

COMPLETED: 92-07-13 TOTAL COST: $254,556

TO CONTROL AND POSSIBLY ERADICATE RIVERINE SPECIES OF TSETSE FLY BYMEANS OF THE STERILE INSECT TECHNIQUE.

The main objective of the project was to apply the sterile insect technique (SIT)and other environmentally safe techniques for the eradication of Glossiriapalpalis palpalis and G. tachinoides from selected cattle-rearing areas in thenorthern and upper regions of Ghana and consequently to coniroltrypanosomiasis. With Agency assistance, a well equipped laboratory hasbeen set up for tsetse rearing and research on SIT. The second FAO/IAEAregional training course on integrated control of tsetse flies, with emphasis onSIT, was held in this laboratory in 1990. Through Agency training programmes,four fellowships, totalling about 28 months, were awarded. Relevant trainingwas also provided by attendance at IAEA-sponsored training courses, raisingthe number of trained personnel to nine scientists and four technicians. Fiveexpert missions assisted the project for a total duration of over seven months.A colony of G. palpalis has now been established in the laboratory and usefulreproductive data collected. The staff have gained sufficient experience toundertake mass rearing and sterilization of flies for field releases, which willbegin under Phase II of the project. The ecological, entomological andepidemiological baseline data have been sufficiently updated to be used todesign strategies for releases and monitoring of the flies.

JECTS CONCLUDED DURING 1992 ACHIEVEMENTS Pago 107

GHA/6/007 NUCLEAR MEDICINE

COMPLETED: 92-05-14 TOTAL COST: $274,545

TO EXPAND THE ACTIVITIES OF A NUCLEAR MEDICINE UNIT AND TO DEVELOP SELF-SUFFICIENCY IN THE PREPARATION OF KITS FOR RADIOISOTOPE IMAGING ANDRADIOIMMUNOASSAYS.

The Agency's support to the University of Ghana's Medical School dates backto a project initiated In 1974. Under the present project, initiated in 1982. theNuclear Medicine Unit has been supplied with major equipment for in-vivostudies including a rectilinear scanner, a renography system and aradioisotope dose calibrator, as well as expendable items such asradioisotopes and chemical reagents. A complete radioimmunoassay (RIA)system was provided for thyroid-related hormones. One physician and twotechnologists were awarded fellowships. A radiopharmacy laboratory was setup with expert assistance from the Agency and the provision of important itemsof equipment including a horizontal laminar flow unit, a medium capacityfreeze drying machine, automatic pipettes, a hand and foot monitor, and anisotope dose calibrator. During an expert mission, a few trial batches ofTc-99m phytase injection were prepared and relevant aspects of preparationand purification of 1-125 labelled T-3 and T-4 and their antisera for use in RIAwork were discussed in detail. With the inputs from the Agency, the NuclearMedicine Unit of the Medical School has built an infrastructure capable ofperforming in-vivo and in-vitro nuclear medicine investigations. An averageof 2400 nuclear medical studies are carried out annually in the unit, includingscintigraphy of the brain, thyroid, liver, spleen and kidney. About 20% of theworkload concerns the RIA of thyroid hormones. The unit is now capable ofswitching over to the use of imported bulk reagents from ready-to-use RIA kits,which will reduce the cost of each assay while maintaining the quality. Thenuclear medicine infrastructure has been developed to such a level that thenext phase of the project, GHA/6/008. can now be embarked upon.

GREECE

GRE/4/008 RESEARCH REACTOR MODERNIZATION

COMPLETED: 92-07-13 TOTAL COST: $128,075

TO ESTABLISH A RADIATION MONITORING SYSTEM AT A RESEARCH REACTOR ANDIN ITS VICINITY.

As the research reactor at the Demokritos Nuclear Research Center (NRC). isvery close to the residential area if became necessary to modernize themonitoring system around the reactor. The objectives of the project wereachieved in two steps. First a meteorological tower was built and equipped,and then a stack monitor was built, installed and put into operation. The84 metre high meteorological tower was constructed by the NRC, and theAgency provided the equipment and advised on its installation. The stackmonitor was then designed and constructed under the project at the Agency'sLaboratory at Seibersdorf for monitoring gaseous components discharged fromthe reactor area (noble gases, aerosols and volatiles). The stack monitor wasinstalled and put into operation with the assistance of an Agency expert. Thereactor monitoring system has now been upgraded to the required level.

Page 108 rv PROJECTS CONCLUDED DURING 1 W ACHIEVEMENTS

GUATEMALA

GUA/6/008 NUCLEAR MEDICINE LABORATORY (IN VITRO)

COMPLETED: 92-12-30 TOTAL COST: $56,090

TO STRENGTHEN THE CAPABILITY OF THE NUCLEAR MEDICINE UNIT TO PRODUCERADIOIMMUNOASSAY KITS FOR HYPOTHALAMIC PITUITARY THYROID ANDHYPOTHALAMIC PITUITARY GONADAL AXES USING LOCALLY PRODUCEDREAGENTS.

The project was approved in 1989 to continue activities carried out underProject GUA/6/007 at the San Juan de Dios General Hospital and the NationalDirectorate of Nuclear Energy (DGEN). Guatemala City. The laboratory madegood progress in the production of primary reagents r' i radioimmunoassay(RIA). All the reagents needed for assays of thyroid hormones. T-3 and T-4, arenow being produced and a national programme of neonatal hypothyroidscreening has been designed. Two fellowships were financed by the UnitedKingdom and Brazil for training in RIA technology, and scientific visits weregranted to two physicians on related topics and nuclear medicine in general.Equipment was provided to complete the laboratory and for the repair of thegamma camera. The project resulted in a great improvement of the servicesprovided to the low-income population and laid the foundation for theestablishment of nuclear medicine centres throughout Guatemala, which willbe initiated under Project GUA/6/011.

HAITI

HAI/8/003 ISOTOPE HYDROLOGY

COMPLETED: 92-09-08 TOTAL COST: $115,851

TO APPLY ISOTOPE-AIDED TECHNIQUES IN THE STUDY OF THE LEOGANA,GONAIVES, ARTIBONITE AND CAYES AQUIFERS AND TO IMPLEMENT PERIODICISOTOPE MONITORING PROGRAMMES.

The present project was preceded by a UNDP-funded project (HAI/8/002)supporting the Haitian Water Resources Survey {SNRE), initiated in 1984, studyingthe groundwater resources of the Cul-de-Sac Plain, which is the main watersupply for Port-au-Prince. This study was undertaken in parallel with the presentproject. The use of nuclear techniques in solving water resource problems wasextended to several aquifer systems under the present project, which wasintended to apply isotope-aided techniques in the study of some Haitianaquifers and to implement periodic isotope monitoring programmes. TheAgency provided expert and consultant services for planning and installing alaboratory and for hydrochemistry and isotope studies. Equipment providedincluded an atomic absorption spectrophotometer, a vehicle, some isotopes,as well as analytical services and various laboratory items and supplies. Theareas investigated were those where the UNDP-SNRE project had planned adrilling campaign for water supply: mainly in the northern peninsula (ArbrePlain, Plaine du Nord, Le Borgne) and Cayes Plain, on the southern peninsula.Isotope-aided studies were initiated and monitoring was carried out at regularintervals. The report of the studies undertaken under the UNDP-funded projectwas included in the final report of that project and is a unique document onthe status of the country's water resources. (It was of great value in the presentproject.) Two fellowships were awarded for training on the application of

'V PCCOECTS CONCIUDED DURING 1992 ACHEVEMEWS Page 109

isotope techniques in hydrology. As a result of the project, the SNRE has set upa well equipped hydrochemistry laboratory.

HONG KONG

HOK/1/004 CALIBRATION FACILITIES FOR DOSIMETRY

COMPLETED: 92-11-18 TOTAL COST: $51,008

TO ESTABLISH CALIBRATION FACILITIES FOR RADIATION MONITORING ANDRADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION IN HONG KONG.

The project was approved following the recommendation of an Agencypre-project mission in early 1988 in order to establish calibration facilities at theRoyal Observatory. Radiation Monitoring Division. Hong Kong. The Agencyprovided the reference doss dosimetric system with a calibration certificatefrom the Agency's Dosimetry Laboratory at Seibersdorf as well as a Cs-137source. One expert mission to establish calibration facilities for dosimetry wascarried out in 1989. The set-up was then ready for routine calibration. Atwo-week scientific visit and a three-month fellowship training for counterpartstaff were awarded in 1989. A final review mission was carried out by anAgency staff member in 1992 to assess the project's achievements. IAEAreference materials and intercomparison samples have been used successfullyto upgrade the national environmental monitoring programme.

HUNGARY

HUN/1/008 STRENGTHENING OF AN ADVANCED AUTOMATED RADIATION LABORATORY

COMPLETED.- 92-06-19 TOTAL COST: $26,940

TO ESTABLISH A NATIONAL CAPABILITY FOR USING PULSE RADIOLYSIS INCONNECTION WITH FUNDAMENTAL AND APPLIED RESEARCH IN BIOLOGY ANDRADIATION TREATMENT OF FOOD. SPICES AND NATURAL POLYMERS.

This UNDP-financed project started in 1986 and was executed by the Agencythrough provision of equipment, expert services and scientific visits. Theequipment included two high frequency digital storage oscilloscopes. Themain laboratory (the Radiation Chemistry Department) responsible forimplementing the project at the Institute of Isotopes of the Hungarian Academyof Sciences had already been established under the UNDP Project HUN/82/002,where an up-to-date system had been developed on the basis of acomputerized 4 MeV LINAC electron pulse accelerator. The present projectenabled the laboratory to improve the efficiency and performance of theaccelerator and to complete the construction of a pulse radiolysis facility forfundamental and applied research. Investigations can now be carried outon chemical reactions to determine decomposition, ageing and transformationof biologically important compounds. The results may be applied in thedevelopment of radiation treatment of food, spices, drugs and naturalpolymers. The laboratory and its facilities, in collaboration with otherHungarian institutions, are also available to developing countries for trainingor advice.

IV PROJECTS CONCLUDED DURING 1 W ACHIEVEMENTS

HUN/5/012 RADIOACTIVE CONTAMINATION AND FOOD CONTROL

COMPLETED: 92-12-30 TOTAL COST: $120,296

TO ESTABLISH A SERVICE OF RADIOACTIVE CONTAMINATION CONTROL INFOODSTUFFS.

Since 1960, the Veterinary and Food Control Service of the Ministry ofAgriculture has operated a nationwide network for environmental radiationmonitoring and determination of radioactive contamination of foodstuffs. Theproject was financed by France and initiated in 1989 to upgrade the existingnetwork and thereby improve the level of service offered. At first the networkconsisted of a single regional monitoring station and 23 local stations. TheAgency provided a portable gamma spectroscope and laboratory-basedalpha and gamma spectroscopy systems, with the result that more accurateand more efficient methods for measurement of radioactive contaminationwere introduced. Expert services were provided in gamma spectroscopy andto advise the Hungarian authorities in planning the upgraded monitoringnetwork. Two scientific visits on environmental monitoring were sponsored byFrance in 1991.

HUN/9/012 OSART F0U0W-UP VISIT TO PAKS NUCLEAR POWER PLANT

COMPLETED: 92-12-30 TOTAL COST: $48,214

TO CARRY OUT AN OSART FOLLOW-UP VISIT TO THE PAKS NUCLEAR POWER PLANT.

The project was approved in 1991 at the request of the Hungarian Governmentfor advisory missions to the Paks Nuclear Power Plant (NPP). Three Agencyexperts visited the plant under the OSART programme in 1991, makingrecommendations to the plant operators and management to help strengthenoverall operational safety. In 1992, an Assessment of Safety Significant Events(ASSET] training seminar was held for 22 participants from Hungarian nuclearorganizations, including representatives from uranium mining, public healthand medical services. As well as covering the standard ASSET programme, theseminar concentrated on two major aspects: familiarization of operators fromall types of nuclear facility with the International Nuclear Event Scale (INES)information system; and ASSET methodology and computer codes for rootcause analysis. A team of five Agency personnel, six external experts and onecost-free expert from Japan also carried out an ASSET review mission on thepast operating experience of the four WWER 440/213 units at the Paks NPP andoffered recommendations for prevention of incidents. One Hungarian scientistparticipated as an observer in an OSART mission to the Koeberg NPP, SouthAfrica, to study operational safety review procedures and methods.

iv PROJECTS CONCLUDED DURING 1»92 ACHEVEMENTS Page 111

INDONESIA

INS/0/010 NUCLEAR INFORMATION SYSTEM

COMPLETED: 92-12-30 TOTAL COST: $31,743

TO SET UP A COMPUTERIZED SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION SYSTEM FOR R&D ACTIVITIESAT SERPONG.

The National Atomic Energy Agency has established a large multidisciplinarynuclear research complex at Serpong, West Java, in addition to those alreadyexisting at Jakarta, Bandung and Yogyakarta. The project was approved in1989 to equip the Informatics Development Centre, Serpong, in order toimprove the nuclear information services available to scientists and researchersin Indonesia. Equipment and materials e""ential to an information centre,including a personal computer, were provided. A CD-ROM player was alsosupplied, so that the Centre could offer information retrieval services using theINIS CD-ROM database. Two counterpart staff were awarded scientific visitsand another staff member participated in Agency group fellowship training.As a result of the project, the Centre has automated its library functions throughthe creation of local databases and linked this local system with their existingmainframe computer. The Centre can now perform computerized searches forbibliographic references in the INIS CD-ROM database and is now able toprovide improved general nuclear information services.

INS/4/026 NEUTRON TRANSMUTATION DOPING OF SILICON

COMPLETED: 92-12-30 TOTAL COST: $68,993

TO GAIN EXPERTISE IN MATERIALS RESEARCH USING NEUTRON IRRADIATION FROMTHE HIGH FLUX MULTIPURPOSE RESEARCH REACTOR AT SERPONG.

As a part of the plans for utilizing the high flux 30 MW(th) multipurpose researchreactor at Serpong, the Siwabessy Multipurpose Reactor Centre, Serpong,undertook the construction of a neutron transmutation doping (NTD) facility forthe controlled irradiation of semiconductor materials, with the aim of dopingsemiconductor-grade silicon for use in the electronics and associatedindustries. Under the project, approved in 1989 on the basis of a pre-projectmission, the Agency provided some items of equipment and supplies, includingan automatic resistivity measuring instrument for silicon wafers, silicon ingotsand broad spectrum foil kits. An Agency expert undertook two missions toadvise on the installation of the irradiation facility provided by the Government,on calibration of the NTD system, and on neutron flux and spectrummeasurement for NTD silicon. Two counterpart staff were awarded scientificvisits. As a result of the project, the counterparts can now independently carryout further R&D work on silicon NTD, which is expected to be of eventualeconomic benefit.

Page " 2 IV PROJECTS CONCLUWD DURING 1995 ACHEVEMEN15

INS/6/007 QUALITY CONTROL AND MAINTENANCE OF NUCLEAR MEDICAL EQUIPMENT

COMPLETED: 92-12-30 TOTAL COST: $87,417

TO ESTABLISH A WELL EQUIPPED LABORATORY FOR QUALITY CONTROL ANDMAINTENANCE OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE EQUIPMENT.

Many items of nuclear medical equipment, including gamma cameras/SPECTand cobalt-60 teletherapy machines, have been installed in various hospitalsin Indonesia. However, owing to the lack of technical support frommanufacturers, as a result of which much vital and very expensive equipmentsuffers severely from long down-time and poor qualily, it became necessary toestablish local service capability for maintenance and quality control of suchequipment. Under this project, approved in 1989, the Agency providedvarious test instruments, phantoms and electronic spare parts. Two Agencyexperts gave advice on trouble shooting and preventive maintenance protocoland conducted two national training courses on quality control andmaintenance of nuclear medical equipment. Three counterpart staff receivedlong-term fellowship training. As a result of the project, the NuclearInstrumentation Division of the Yogyakarta Nuclear Research Centre now hasthe capacity to carry out routine repair/maintenance and quality control ofnuclear medical equipment and is already providing these services to sevengovernment hospitals in eastern Indonesia. A national training course for usersand operators of gamma camera/SPECT on the quality control andmaintenance of nuclear medical equipment has been planned for 1993, io beconducted by the project counterpart.

INS/9/014 RESEARCH REACTOR SAFETY

COMPLETED: 92-12-30 TOTAL COST: $66,773

TO ACQUIRE EXPERTISE IN THE THERMOHYDRAULICS OF REACTOR SAFETY FOR THEMPR-30.

A 30 MW(th) multipurpose research reactor was commissioned in 1987 inSerpong, West Java. Commissioning of the integrated facilities was theresponsibility of the National Atomic Energy Agency. To study the safetyaspects of reactor operation and to evaluate the thermohydraulic dataderived during commissioning, it was necessary to determine accurately thereactor's fhermohydraulic parameters by means of measurements andcalculations, using computer codes. The project was approved in 1989 withfootnote-a status and was upgraded in 1990. Germany also made additionalextrabudgetary contributions for the provision of an expert. The Agencysupplied equipment, including a computer system. Three Agency expertscarried out four missions and advised on thermohydraulic assessment of thereactor, accident analysis, safety analysis calculations, and development ofcomputer codes for flow distribution calculations. Two counterpart staff wereawarded long-term fellowship training. As a result of the project, thecounterpart at the Siwabessy Multipurpose Reactor Centre. Serpong, hasdeveloped expertise in the thermohydraulics of reactor safety.

PPOJECT5 CONCLUDED DURING 1W2 ACHIEVEMENTS Page 113

INTERREGIONAL

INT/1/028 EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE TRAINING

INT/1/039

COMPLETED: 92-12-30 TOTAL COST: $87,007

TO INSTALL A LIQUID NITROGEN PRODUCTION FACILITY FOR TRAINING PURPOSES.

It was originally envisaged to install a USSR-made nitrogen liquifying plant atthe Agency's Laboratory at Seibersdorf to provide (raining in its operation andmaintenance to personnel from countries which had requested such facilities,with the intention to transfer the equipment to a developing country at a laterstage. However, it was agreed that the cost of setting up the facility atSeibersdorf was not warranted, and the decision was taken to transfer theequipment to Damascus where it was installed in trie laboratories of the SyrianAtomic Energy Commission.

NUCLEAR MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES

COMPLETED: 92-03-30 TOTAL COST: $312,158

TO SET UP SPECIFIC MEASUREMENT CAPABILITIES FOR LABORATORIES INDEVELOPING MEMBER STATES IN APPLIED NUCLEAR MEASUREMENTS AND TOPROMOTE CO-OPERATION/CO-ORDINATION AMONG PARTICIPATING INSTITUTES.

The project was initialed in 1987 as a follow-up of an earlier interregionalproject on nuclear data techniques and instrumentation (INT/1/018) whichassisted laboratories to establish a capability for performing nuclearmeasurements. The scope of the current project was broadened to a moregeneral emphasis on quantitative nuclear measurements. Two sets ofintercomparison exercises were to be carried out under the programme, inwhich 41 laboratories volunteered to participate. Of the 54 laboratories towhich an announcement was sent. 41 submitted participation programmes tothe Agency, and samples for analysis were sent to them. Of these, 23 reportedmeasurement results while 12 indicated their intention to carry out themeasurements but did not do so. Measurements for the second set ofexercises were carried out by only three of a total of 14. Results from the firstexercise disclosed important inconsistencies in the quality of reportedmeasurements by all except one or two laboratories. Some measurementswere well within acceptable limits while others showed large discrepancies.Trie major contributing factors were inappropriate sample preparationtechniques, improper calculations of correction factors for the 'matrix effect',and use of incorrect reference materials. These inadequacies indicated aneed to continue efforts to improve the capability of nuclear laboratories indeveloping countries to carry out the accurate, reliable and reproduciblenuclear measurements needed for most application programmes. The scopeof the approach should, however, be narrowed and should concentrate onintegral training in all steps involved from sample preparation, use of referencematerials, operation of equipment, collection, processing and analysis of data.It was concluded that this training could best be conducted for Africa. Aregional project, X-Ray Fluorescence Laboratory Network in Africa (RAF/8/015),was therefore approved for implementation from 1992.

IV PROJECTS CONCLUDED DURING 1992 ACHEVEMENTS

INT/9/054 SITING OF NUCLEAR INSTALLATIONS

COMPLETED: 92-07-13 TOTAL COST: $349,823

TO SUPPORT CO-ORDINATED ACTIVITIES IN CONNECTION WITH THE SITING OFNUCLEAR FACILITIES IN DEVELOPING MEMBER STATES.

The project was approved in 1984 to provide developing countries with expertswhose knowledge of the whole site selection process, both theoretical andpractical, would provide the technical expertise required for planning the sitingof nuclear facilities. During the period 1984-90, twelve experts undertook manymissions and four lectured at a seminar on site selection in Vienna in 1985,which was attended by 21 participants from seven countries. Direct results ofthe project were: the preparation of checklists to be used in site safety reviewmissions; the preparation and dissemination of computer codes related tositing and hazards (used in particular as training tools); and the publication ofan Agency TecDoc, leading to a Safety Guide on earthquake-resistant designof nuclear facilities with a limited radioactive inventory. Many siting missionswere organized and. in most cases, followed up by national projects for moresustained and systematic assistance, e.g. in Albania, Brazil. Iraq. Iran,Morocco. Portugal. Tunisia, Turkey and Yugoslavia.

IRAN, ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF

IRA/0/005 PROCUREMENT ASSISTANCE

COMPLETED: 92-07-13 TOTAL COST: $312,694

TO PROVIDE ASSISTANCE THROUGH PROCUREMENT OF EQUIPMENT.

The objectives of the project, namely to assist the Iranian Government by usingfunds-in-trust to procure equipment or spare parts not provided under anAgency or UNDP programme, has been achieved. The project assisted inupgrading nuclear equipment and facilities in Iran. The major items ofequipment procured were reactor control devices, a gamma irradiator celland source for the Tehran and Isfahan Nuclear Research Centres,supplementing UNDP Project IRA/82/003 and Agency Project IRA/4/016. Inaddition, advice was provided on suitable suppliers of material such as naturaluranium fuel for the Iranian subcritical reactor at the Isfahan Nuclear ResearchCentre, necessary for Project IRA/4/016, and purchased directly from China ona bilateral basis.

IRA/1/007 CALIBRATION FACILITIES FOR DOSIMETRY

COMPLETED: 92-12-30 TOTAL COST: $23,482

TO IMPROVE SAFETY RELATED TO THE APPLICATION OF SOURCES OF IONIZINGRADIATION THROUGH THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A SECONDARY STANDARDSDOSIMETRY LABORATORYTHATWILL ASSUME RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE CALIBRATIONOF ALL SOURCES OF IONIZING RADIATION IN THE COUNTRY.

A national calibration laboratory for ionizing radiation was successfullyestablished at the Nuclear Research Centre for Medicine and Agriculture,

IV PROJECTS CONCLUDED OWING < ACHIEVEMENTS ftjg* 115

Karedj. Back-up for the personnel monitoring services and calibration of allradiation protection instrumentation was also provided by the Agency. Theproject contributed to a large extent to the safe application of ionizingradiation in Iran.

COTE DIVOIRE

IVC/5/015 NUCLEAR METHODS IN NUTRITIONAL ANALYSIS

COMPLETED: 92-09-09 TOTAL COST: $127,415

TO ASSESS THE NUTRITIVE VALUE OF RUMINANT FEEDS.

This project was initiated by the Government to assess the nutritive value ofanimal feedstuffs. many of them in the form of by-products from the food andagriculture industries. The project helped to address the problem by providingequipment for studies on in-vitro digestibility, together with expert advice andfellowship training. Several by-product foodstuffs (e.g. palm sludge, coffeehulls, chocolate waste products, etc.) were studied and their effectivenesscompared with that of forage. Practical treatments appropriate to commercialexploitation were elaborated. The interactions between nutrition andreproduction were also investigated. In addition to on-the-job training, twoscientists received training abroad. The Central Animal Nutrition Laboratory.Abidjan, now provides analytical services to other countries in the region(Ghana. Burkina Faso).

IVC/5/017 FOOD PRESERVATION

COMPLETED: 92-07-13 TOTAL COST: $45,344

TO PROMOTE PILOT-SCALE FOOD IRRADIATION IN ORDER TO COMMERCIALIZEFOOD PRODUCTS.

The project was initiated by the Government to assess the techno-economicfeasibility of food irradiation. The project provided expert advice and trainingin various aspects of food irradiation technology. Four scientists receivedtraining abroad. During implementation of the project the Governmentdecided to acquire a commercial food irradiator for preservation of variouscommodities and for research and development. The project assisted thisundertaking by providing expert advice for elaboration of a nationalprogramme on food irradiation, including the appropriate legislation, and forsafe operation of the irradiator.

Page I U IV PROJECTS CONCLUDED DURING 1W2 ACHIEVEMENTS

JAMAICA

JAM/2/004 NUCLEAR ANALYTICAL LABORATORY

COMPLETED: 92-12-30 TOTAL COST: $78,086

TO EXPAND THE USE OF ENERGY-DISPERSIVE X-RAY FLUORESCENCE AND NEUTRONACTIVATION ANALYSIS FOR DETERMINING ELEMENTAL CONCENTRATIONS IN AWIDE VARIETY OF SAMPLES OF GEOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL ORIGIN.

The Centre for Nuclear Sciences. Kingston, established, constructed andoperated by the University of the West Indies, is the focal point for nuclearactivities in Jamaica. A SLOWPOKE research reactor was acquired with thesole objective of conducting advanced analytical studies using neutronactivation analysis. This project was approved in 1988 in order to introduceX-ray fluorescence analysis to complement the use of neutron activationanalysis and to support some of the auxiliary services in radiation monitoringand nuclear instrumentation by providing auxiliary analytical equipment. Theproject was operational for four years (1988/91) and yielded excellent results.Activities included a systematic study of Jamaican ores and soils in order tocreate a complete geological map of the country, numerous studies ofbiological materials important to the economy, and radiation area andpersonnel monitoring services. The Centre plays an important role inadvanced academic studies: several faculties participate in its programme oruse its services. Several scientists of the Centre received training from anAgency expert and from training courses, and have reached the level at whichthey can serve as experts or training course instructors. Co-operation betweenthe University and the Agency continues.

JORDAN

JOR/0/004 RADIATION AND RADIOISOTOPE LABORATORY

COMPLETED: 92-12-30 TOTAL COST: $311,845

TO ESTABLISH A RADIATION PROTECTION SERVICE TO BE USED BY THE NATIONALAUTHORITY.

The principal aim of the project, initiated in 1985, was the performance oflow-level gamma spectrometry measurements and personnel andenvironmental thermoluminescence dosimetry fTLD), at the Radiation ProtectionLaboratory (RPL) of the Royal Scientific Society (RSS), Amman. The Agencyprovided a TLD system and cards, an isotope calibrator and sources, aspectroscopy system, a computer system, a high-purity germanium detector,and dose rate and survey meters. Eight Agency experts, including three staffmembers, visited Jordan to train and advise the counterparts on personnelmonitoring, calibration of the monitoring equipment, low-level countingtechniques and other analytical, radiotracing and radiogauging methods.One counterpart staff member received group fellowship training on nuclearinstrumentation, to enable him to maintain equipment provided under theproject. Counterparts are now able to routinely monitor about 1000 radiationworkers and others from 91 centres in Jordan, including hospitals, researchlaboratories and industries. Staff of the RPL are also engaged in post-Chernobyl measurements of radiocaesium in various foodstuffs imported intoor exported from the country. An environmental monitoring programme has

V PROJECTS CONCLUWD DURING 1992 ACHEVSMEVTS Pag.117

been successfully established, and low-level counting Is performed on samplescollected from 30 stations, including the phosphate mines and mills. Thecounterparts are now able to continue with routine programmes tor personnel,food and environmental monitoring and to enforce radiation protectionregulations which were drafted and promulgated with the Agency's assistance.

JOR/3/002 URANIUM RECOVERY FROM PHOSPHORIC ACID

COMPLETED: 92-12-30 TOTAL COST: $68,322

TO ASSESS THE FEASIBILITY OF EXTRACTING URANIUM FROM PHOSPHORIC ACIDWITH A VIEW TO ESTABLISHING A PILOT PLANT.

The Fertilizer Unit of the Jordan Phosphate Mines Company (JPMC) hadpreviously carried out a feasibility study on the extraction of uranium from thephosphoric acid produced at its Aqaba complex in collaboration with aGerman firm, with a view to commercializing the extraction of uranium from theJPMC mines which contain about 60 to 100 parts per million of uranium in thephosphatic rocks. Under the present project, initiated in 1988, the Agencyprovided a micro-plant facility, spare parts, chemicals and aspectrophotometer for experimental recovery of yellow cake uranium from thephosphoric acid. The facility is attached to the Fertilizer Unit of the JPMC, nearAmman, where adequate analytical equipment has been made available tocarry out tests on uranium extraction. Four expert missions were organised totrain and advise the counterpart staff on the operation of the micro-plant andto evaluate and assist in the analyses. In view of the present depressed worldmarket price of uranium, the project would not have continued to thepilot-plant stage, since the investment required is substantial. However, JPMCis continuing detailed investigations of uranium recovery from phosphoric acidby solvent extraction techniques.

JOR/3/003 URANIUM EXPLORATION

COMPLETED: 92-12-30 TOTAL COST: $245,633

TO STRENGTHEN THE FLUORIMETRIC LABORATORY'S CAPABILITY FOR URANIUMANALYSIS WITH A VIEW TO COLLECTING DETAILED INFORMATION ON URANIUMRESOURCES NEEDED IN DETERMINING THE NATIONAL RADIOACTIVE MINERALPOTENTIAL.

The Natural Resources Authority (NRA). under the Ministry of Energy and MineralResources, is responsible for basic geological studies and investigations intomineral resources in Jordan. Under this project, initiated in 1988, the Agencysupplied the NRA with laboratory equipment and material, including afluorometer, a multichannel analyser, calibration blocks and a scintillationdetector, which were used in evaluating the national radioactive mineralpotential. Previous airborne investigations had indicated a moderate to goodpotential for uranium, other than those associated with phosphate deposits.The Geology. Geophysics and Laboratories Departments of the NRAparticipated in the exploration. Counterparts in each department were trainedin the methodologies of applying hydrogeochemical. geochemical,geophysical and mineralogical techniques in the exploration programme.One expert, a uranium exploration geologist, undertook a year-long mission toJordan to work with the counterparts on the project and was instrumental in

IV PROJECTS CONCUXXO DURING !W2 ACWEVEMENT5

detailing the national uranium potentialities: he did not. however, uncover anybodies of economically interesting deposits. Eight other experts spent periodsfrom one week to two months advising the counterparts, chiefly on thegeochemical analysis of field samples. Six staff members were awardedfellowship training and scientific visits In advanced laboratories, where theywere exposed to current techniques in uranium exploration and geochemicalanalysis. The project has led to the establishment of a capable core of localstaff, who are steadily continuing to investigate Jordan's uranium potential.

JOR/5/004 FOOD IRRADIATION

COMPLETED: 92-12-30 TOTAL COST: $4,991

TO IMPROVE THE STORAGE OF LOCALLY PRODUCED FOOD CROPS IN JORDANTHROUGH GAMMA IRRADIATION.

The project was approved in 1989 to initiate a techno-economic pre-feasibilitystudy of food irradiation in Jordan. A local pre-project study had indicatedthat the lack of adequate storage facilities, coupled with high temperatures,led to spoilage of stored agricultural products by microorganisms and insects,creating high post-harvest losses. The report also indicated that reliance oninsecticides and fumigants to control infestations and spoilage has becomeunacceptable owing to frequent adverse side effects. The Agency wasrequested to provide a cobalt-60 irradiation facility, but in view of theinadequate infrastructure and lack of trained personnel, an expert firstundertook a one-month pre-feasibility study funded by an extrabudgetarycontribution from France. A French expert advised the counterparts andreviewed pilot-scale studies on selected crops and foods, marketing tests anddevelopment of regulations for trading in irradiated food products. The expertvisited many food processing plants and institutions in Jordan and reviewedthe feasibility of introducing food irradiation technology. His recommendationsincluded the establishment of necessary infrastructures, legislation, laboratoriesand training in food irradiation and other preservation techniques. Acontinuation project on food irradiotion has been approved for the 1993-94Programme, mainly to supply a 10 kilo-curie experimental irradiator forresearch and training.

JOR/6/007 RADIOTHERAPY

COMPLETED: 92-12-30 TOTAL COST: $62,582

TO PROVIDE QUALITY ASSURANCE AND ACHIEVE HIGH STANDARDS INRADIOTHERAPY TREATMENT PLANNING AND DELIVERY PROCEDURES.

To improve the general level of teletherapy and radiation protection at theMedical Physics Section of the Jordan Cancer Centre, located at the Al-BashirHospital. Amman, Agency assistance was requested to establish a qualityassurance programme, particularly in the area of radiotherapy. The requestwas approved in 1989 to provide expert assistance as well as equipment,which included a computerized treatment planning system, quality assurancetest tools, dosimeters, a phantom, ionization chambers and accessories for themajor equipment. An Agency staff member advised on the activities anddefined the specifications of equipment ordered for the project. Two staffmembers were awarded project-related scientific visits to advanced hospital

l PROJECTS CONCLUDED DURING 1 W ACHEVSMENTS Pog«119

facilities in the United Kingdom. The project has contributed significantly to theimprovement of patient treatment planning at the Cancer Centre, wherehigher cure rates in patient treatment are being achieved.

JOR/8/003 ISOTOPES IN HYDROLOGY

COMPLETED: 92-12-30 TOTAL COST: $233,176

TO ESTABLISH AN ISOTOPE HYDROLOGY LABORATORY; TO TRAIN LOCAL STAFF INTHE USE OF ISOTOPE METHODS FOR SOLVING PROBLEMS RELATING TO THEHYDROLOGY OF FOUR BASINS.

Water is a scarce commodity in Jordan and detailed information on thecharacteristics of the main underground basins needs to be mapped out.Through this project, initiated in 1983 as a continuation of an earlier project,JOR/8/002, the Agency assisted the Water Research and Isotope Laboratory(WRIL) of the Water Authority in Amman to establish an isotope hydrologylaboratory. As the WRIL was the analytical centre tor all water samplescollected from the Member States participating in a related regional project,RER/8/002, the Agency provided a substantial amount of equipment in supportof the analytical activities. The main items of equipment comprised spareparts 1o service a mass spectrometer and a liquid scintillation counter (LSC).Other laboratory equipment provided included an oscilloscope, a computersystem and peripheral material. More than eight expert missions wereorganized to train the counterparts on calibration procedures for the LSC intritium and carbon-14 counting, field sampling methodology, interpretation ofhydrogeological data and on arid zone hydrological techniques. Agencyexperts also provided training in analytical techniques and advised on resultsconcerning the size and recharge rates of aquifers and the interconnectionsbetween surface and groundwater. In related workshops and co-ordinationmeetings, held under the umbrella of the regional project, the counterpartsattended lectures and reviewed case studies on the use of isotope techniquesin hydrology, many of which were taken from work performed in and aroundJordan. The counterparts are routinely using the techniques gained under theproject in isotope hydrology evaluations of groundwater resources and in otherhydrogeological investigations as part of the regional programme of activitiesfor the Middle East.

KENYA

KEN/5/009 TSETSE FLY CONTROL

COMPLETED: 92-07-13 TOTAL COST: $110/462

TO SURVEY IN DETAIL THE FEASIBILITY OF THE STERILE INSECT TECHNIQUE FOR TSETSECONTROL TO PREPARE A PROPOSAL FOR A LARGE-SCALE FOUR-YEAR PROJECTWITH POSSIBLE SIDA FINANCING.

The project was established in 1984 in response to a request by theGovernment for an Agency expert mission to review the tsetse andtrypanosomiasis situation in the Lambwe valley and to assist in the formulationof a project to address the control and eradication of Glossina pallidipesthrough an integrated approach, with the sterile insect technique (SIT) as themain component. Four experts, f inanced by an extrabudgetary contribution

Doge 120 PROJECTS CONCLUDED DURING 1992 ACHEVEMENTS

from SIDA. visited Kenya, carried out the review and assisted in the preparationof the project document. R&D activities financed by an extrabudgetarycontribution from Belgium were carried out at the Agency's laboratories atSeibersdorf. A programme was also initiated by Seibersdorf for collaborationwith the Tropical Institute. Antwerp, to study the vectorial capacity ofG. pallidipes. Under the project, a colony of the target species was set up atSeibersdorf, where two Kenyan counterparts received training in mass rearingtechniques. As a result of this project a large-scale project proposal for tsetsefly eradication in the Lambwe valley (KEN/5/014) was approved under the1991 -92 Programme for five years with footnote-a status. The project still awaitsfinancing. The R&D carried out at Seibersdorf and the training of counterpartshave laid the necessary technical foundation for implementing the large-scaleproject should funds be made available.

KEN/5/012 FATE OF TRYPANOCIDAL DRUGS IN CATTLE

COMPLETED: 92-05-21 TOTAL COST: $64,008

TO DETERMINE THE METABOLIC FATE OF TRYPANOCIDE DRUGS IN CATTLE INFECTEDWITH TRYPANOSOMES BY MEANS OF ISOTOPICALLY LABELLED DRUGS IN ORDER TOIMPROVE DRUG FORMULATION IN COLLABORATION WITH PHARMACEUTICALCOMPANIES.

The project was initiated in 1983 with extrabudgetary funding from Italy until1990 and from UNDP for part of 1991. The main achievement was theconstruction and commissioning of laboratories and ancillary facilities forstudies of the pharmacokinetics of trypanocidal drugs, using radioisotopetechniques. Professional and support staff were trained. Researchprogrammes in both field and laboratory were established which extendedbeyond pharmacokinetics to include drug sensitivity studies, drug testing inculture systems and cattle, testing controlled-release formulations,improvements in a diagnostic technique tor trypanosomlasis and improvementsin the analysis of trypanocidal drugs.

LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA

LIB/1/003 ACTIVATION ANALYSIS

COMPLETED: 92-05-14 TOTAL COST: $59,591

TO STRENGTHEN THE ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY CAPABILITY OF THE CHEMISTRYDEPARTMENT, TAJOURA NUCLEAR RESEARCH CENTRE, FOR NEUTRON ACTIVATIONANALYSIS AS RELATED TO THE QUALITY CONTROL OF DRINKING AND SEA WATER.

Following a pre-project assistance mission in 1977, the project was initiated in1988 for an expected duration of two years. Initially no provision was made forthe supply of equipment, and only some reference materials could beprovided. However, an expert undertook a one-month mission to provideon-the-job training in connection with the neutron activation analysis of naturalwaters and aquatic samples. Two fellows, including the project counterpart,received training abroad for a total of nearly one year. Although the reactorat the Tajoura Nuclear Research Centre, Tripoli, was supposed to be used forthis project, a satisfactory schedule could not be worked out. Activation wastherefore largely restricted to a neutron generator. Nonetheless, neutron

IV PROJECT CONCLUDED DUB1NG 1 9 « ACHEVSMENTS Pog« 121

activation analysis was used to determine the level of cadmium in sea andsurface water. Some short-lived radionuclides were produced with the neutrongenerator, and the determination of Cs-137 in foodstuffs was carried out byabsolute low level counting.

UB/5/003 ERADICATION OF MEDITERRANEAN FRUIT FLY

COMPLETED: 92-12-30 TOTAL COST: $242,785

TO PROMOTE THE USE OF THE STERILE INSECT TECHNIQUE FOR ERADICATING THEMEDFLY BY DEVELOPING MASS REARING TECHNIQUES AND INITIATINGECOLOGICAL FIELD STUDIES.

The project was approved in 1985 and has been supported since 1988 byadditional funds-in-trust from the country itself. Expert services assisted inconducting field surveys of medfly and in developing mass rearing techniquesat the Tajoura Nuclear Research Centre. The necessary equipment wasprovided. Seven short-term fellowships were awarded for training abroad onthe sterile insect technique. Under the project, a laboratory was designed,constructed and put into operation in 1986 to rear local medfly strains. Theproject led directly to the Libyan Ministry of Agriculture becoming involved inthe regional project RAF/5/013.

LIB/9/006 RADIATION PROTECTION

COMPLETED: 92-03-30 TOTAL COST: $57,438

TO ESTABLISH A RADIATION PROTECTION SERVICE FOR DIAGNOSTIC RADIOLOGY,QUALITY ASSURANCE OF X-RAY MACHINES AND DETERMINATION OF RADIATIONDOSES.

This project, initiated in 1989, focussed on radiation protection in diagnosticradiology. Under the project, a one-month split expert mission followed aRAPAT mission and partly coincided with a WAMAP mission. Athermoluminescence dosimeter and an X-ray unit quality assurance test systemwere supplied. At present, personnel monitoring services are being providedto about 800 radiation workers at the Tajoura Nuclear Research Centre, Tripoli,400 medical radiation workers in some 15 government hospitals in the Tripoliarea, and a few industrial radiation users. Quality assurance tests are beingcarried out in several hospitals using an RMI kit supplied by the Agency.Although the radiation monitoring services in the country have been upgradedwith the assistance of the Agency, there is still scope to extend these servicesto the other 40-50 hospitals and to supply film badges at three-monthly ratherthan monthly intervals.

POU9 122 IV PROJECTS CONCLUDED DURING ) W2 ACHEVEMENT5

MALAYSIA

MAL/1/009 NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS

COMPLETED: 92-12-30 TOTAL COST: $170,826

TO STRENGTHEN THE CAPABILITY OF THE ANALYTICAL SERVICES GROUP FORAPPLICATION OF NUCLEAR TECHNIQUES; TO FACILITATE THE ESTABLISHMENT OF ANEFFICIENT ANALYSIS LABORATORY.

The Government of Malaysia sought Agency assistance to strengthen theAnalytical Services Group at the Nuclear Energy Unit (UTN) and to establish anefficient analysis laboratory in order to provide regular reliable analyticalservices to Government agencies, universities and industry. Under this project,initiated in 1987. the Agency provided equipment including a microanalyticalbalance, a peristaltic pump, a fraction collector, an Nal detector and acomputer system. The Agency also provided an automatic sample changerand the services of an expert in instrumental and radiochemical neutronactivation analysis (NAA) for geological and environmental samples. Thisenabled the UTN to initiate automated NAA in order to improve analyticalaccuracy, sensibility and sample throughput. The Agency also provided ananti-Compton gamma spectrometry system together with the services of anexpert and fellowship training to enable the UTN to determine trace elementsin plant materials and soils, elemental composition of geological materials (forthe Geological Survey of Malaysia) and to analyse high purity materials (suchas silicon wafers, petroleum and its products) for industry. Analysis ofenvironmental samples is now available from the UTN. A functional, wellequipped NAA laboratory with trained personnel can now provide elementalanalysis for a wide variety of samples to the public and private sectors inMalaysia.

MAU6/011 BADIOIMMUNOASSAY IN MEDICINE

COMPLETED: 92-12-30 TOTAL COST: $115,420

TO IMPROVE RADIOIMMUNOASSAY METHODS FOR THYROID-RELATED HORMONES.

This project, first approved in 1985, was intended to reduce the costs andupgrade the quality of radioimmunoassay (RIA) methods for thyroid-relatedhormones by introducing bulk reagent (as opposed to commercial kit)techniques and stimulating good RIA practice, particularly quality control.Three experts undertook four missions to assist in developing in-house RIAreagents for steroids and thyroid hormones and to establish quality controlprocedures. Two local staff members were trained in the production of RIAreagents for a total of six months. The Agency supplied a liquid scintillationcounter, a fraction collector, RIA reagents, and radioactive tracers andchemicals. Financial assistance was provided under the regional (RCA) projectRAS/6/011, in which the Department of Medicine. National University ofMalaysia, Kuala Lumpur, participated. Reagent supplies and computerequipment were provided under the regional project, and workers from thelaboratory participated in a series of regional training courses held between1987 and 1991. The project has achieved its initial aims and the Departmentof Medicine is well on the way to self- sufficiency in the production of primaryreagents for thyroid hormone assays. The laboratory has now extended thisactivity to the field of steroid and pituitary g\ycoproiein hormones and has

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developed an indigenous assay for several such compounds using 1-125 astracers for the steroid hormones. All the methods developed have beenvalidated and are In routine use. The laboratory is now a major clinical,research and training centre and is particularly active in neonatal hypothyroidand hepatitis B screening.

MAL/8/005 TRACERS IN SEDIMENTOLOGY

COMPLETED: 92-12-30 TOTAL COST: $183,320

TO UNDERTAKE SEDIMENT TRANSPORT INVESTIGATIONS.

In 1984. the Malaysian Government sought Agency assistance to establish alaboratory at the Tun Ismail Atomic Research Centre (UTN) to investigatesediment transport using radioactive tracers in harbour areas with serioussedimentation problems. The project was initiated in 1985. The Agencyprovided a unit f ~: sedimentological analysis and a scintillation detector. Oneexpert undertook six missions to advise on different types of tracer studies andto review them. With the help of the Agency expert, various tracer studies wereconducted, including experimental campaigns at the ports of Kelang andBintulu, and pollution dispersion studies at Port Penang where field studies werealso conducted to determine the directions and concentrations of the effluentdischarged from Perai Industrial Estate. A national consultant's visit wasawarded to the main counterpart to participate in a regional workshop inJakarta on the use of nuclear techniques for sedimentological studies. Theproject has accomplished the transfer of technology in the field of radiotracerapplications in sedimentation and environmental problems which will allow thetracer group at UTN to conduct successful investigations on sediment transport(both suspended and bottom sediments), using radioactive tracers, in estuarineand harbour areas without assistance from external experts.

MEXICO

MEX/2/011 PARTICLE-INDUCED X-RAY EMISSION TECHNIQUES

COMPLETED: 92-09-08 TOTAL COST: $91,342

TO STRENGTHEN THE LOCAL CAPABILITY FOR PARTICLE-INDUCED X-RAY EMISSIONTECHNIQUES USED IN AEROSOL ATMOSPHERIC CONTAMINANT ANALYSIS.

The project was funded by extrabudgetary contributions from the UnitedKingdom in 1988 and 1990. A complete particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE)facility has been installed at the National Institute for Nuclear Research, MexicoCity, and the PIXE analytical technique has been introduced, using theInstitute's accelerator proton beam. The Agency contributed expert servicesand staff training and supplied an X-ray spectrometer and ancillaryequipment. The facility is being used to obtain data on atmosphericcontamination in Mexico City and selected industrial sites required bygovernment institutions such as the Deportment for Urban Development andEcology and the Mexican Petroleum Institute.

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MEX/4/037 NEW CORE CONFIGURATION FOR RESEARCH REACTOR

COMPLETED: 92-09-08 TOTAL COST: $55,461

TO USE FLIP TYPE 70% ENRICHED FUEL ELEMENTS TOGETHER WITH 20% ENRICHEDFUEL IN NEW CORE CONFIGURATIONS AT THE ININ RESEARCH REACTOR AND TOPERFORM THERMOHYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS TO DETERMINE THE POSSIBLE RISKSOF CONTINUOUS OPERATION.

This project was approved in 1988 to assist the National Institute tor NuclearResearch (ININ), Mexico City, in the study of a new core configuration for theININ TRIGA research reactor. The Agency awarded one fellowship and onescientific visit as well as providing expert services on stability analysis, reactorphysics, thermohydraulics calculations and the application of the WIMD-4 codeto reactor physics analysis. The project has contributed to the buildup of alocal capacity for core calculations and thermohydraulics analysis which willbe used by ININ to design mixed cores for its research reactor.

MEX/4/041 SPENT FUEL

CANCELLED: 92-09-08

TO ASSIST IN EVALUATING THE VARIOUS ALTERNATIVES FOR THE INTERIM AND FINALDISPOSAL OF SPENT FUEL FROM THE LAGUNA VERDE NUCLEAR POWER PLANT.

The project was approved in 1991 but, in the meantime, the Laguna VerdeNuclear Power Plant has completed the enlargement of the in-site spent fuelstorage capacity which can now receive for long-term interim disposal thespent fuel produced during approximately 40 years of commercial operation.The Mexican Government has therefore requested cancellation of this projectand strengthening of the activities undertaken under Project MEX/9/035(Nuclear Waste Management).

MEX/5/013 PLANT MUTATION BREEDING

COMPLETED: 92-12-30 TOTAL COST: $199,512

TO INCREASE THE CROP YIELD OF SORGHUM AND TO INCREASE FUNGUSRESISTANCE IN BEANS.

Sorghum and kidney beans are economically very important crops in the Bajioregion of Mexico. Kidney bean yields are severely hampered by the bean rustfungus disease. In 1984. the School of Agronomy and Animal Husbandry of theAutonomous University of Guanajuato initiated sorghum and kidney beanmutation breeding programmes with the assistance of the Agency. Thisproject, approved with footnote-a status for 1984, was upgraded the sameyear with funds from the TACF and an extrabudgetary contribution from theUSA for provision of some laboratory equipment. In 1987 and 1990 the projectreceived important additional extrabudgetary contributions from the UnitedKingdom. With Agency assistance, five expert missions guided the project andtwo fellowships and one scientific visit were awarded for project-relatedscientists. A fully equipped tissue culture laboratory was established to allowthe application of in-vitro culture techniques to ongoing mutation breeding

PROJECTS CONCLUDED DURING 1W2 ACHIEVEMENTS Page 125

activities. The project generated sorghum mutants which mature significantlyearlier than locally grown varieties and are shorter in stature, two charactersvery important to the success of local sorghum improvement programmes.These mutants consistently yield as well as or better than commerciallyavailable hybrid cultivars and warrant commercialization. A white-seededmutant was produced, a character of importance when developing sorghumtor human consumption. Kidney bean mutation breeding activities focussedon the generation of rust and virus resistance in the otherwise acceptablegerm plasm and on the creation of light seed coloured mutants in thedisease-resistant variety. Karlikobaya 17. using seed irradiation, combined within-vitro culture. Protocols were established for callus initiation and plantregeneration. This programme is still in progress. Additional activities wereinitiated in mutation breeding and in-vitro culture of garlic and wheat antherculture.

MEX/5/014 REPRODUCTIVE PHYSIOLOGY OF CATTLE IN TROPICAL AREAS

COMPLETED: 92-09-08 TOTAL COST: $77,197

TO STUDY WITH RADIOIMMUNOASSAY TECHNIQUES THE EFFECTS OF VARIOUSNUTRITIONAL AND MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON THE APPEARANCE OF PUBERTY.POST-PARTUM OVARIAN ACTIVITY. MANIFESTATIONS OF SYNCHRONIZING OESTRUSAND ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION.

This project, approved in 1989. was aimed at the identification of low-costmanagement and nutritional inputs to increase the productive efficiency oflivestock. The recipient institution was the Department of Animal Reproduction,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of the Autonomous National University of Mexico(UNAM), and the field activities were carried out at the Centre for Research onTropical Livestock in the Vera Cruz State, in order to facilitate suitable contactswith the small farmers for the future transfer of available technology. Thisaspect will be followed up in Project MEX/5/016 in the 1993-94 Programme.Expert services, a scientific visit as well as veterinary ultrasonic diagnosticequipment, radioactivity counters and monitors, a computer system andancillary equipment, were provided by the Agency under this project.Valuable information on posr-partum reproductive performance, hormoneprofiles, oestrus synchronization and oestrus behaviour in cattle and hair sheepunder tropical conditions has been obtained and published in internationalscientific journals. Members of the research team in charge of the projecthave undertaken Agency expert missions in the region and UNAM has beenthe host institution for Agency trainees in the field of radioimmunoassay ofreproductive hormones.

MEX/5/015 USE OF NITROGEN FERTILIZERS IN CROP PRODUCTION

COMPLETED: 92-12-30 TOTAL COST: $134,660

TO EVALUATE THE RELATIVE EFFECTIVENESS OF DIFFERENT NITROGEN FERTILIZERS INTHE SORGHUM AND WHEAT CROPS; TO EVALUATE AND OPTIMIZE BIOLOGICALNITROGEN FIXATION IN REGIONAL LEGUME CROPS.

The Guanajuatan Bajio is one of the most heavily fertilized regions in Mexico,receiving approximately 86 000 tonnes of nitrogen per year, mainly for thesorghum and wheat crops. The project, initiated in 1989, was intended to

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minimize nitrogen fertilizer losses which, according to preliminary studies,exceed 50% of the applied nitrogen, mainly owing to denitrification. TheCentre for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute(CINVESTAV-IPN), Irapuato. with Agency assistance, initiated field experimentsin order to understand the mechanisms of nitrogen loss under farmers'practices of fertilizer use. Expert services on soil nitrogen balances, isotopetechniques in biological nitrogen fixation, and N-15 determination wereprovided under the project. A fellowship was awarded for training in nitrogenisotopic analysis. The Agency supplied an emission spectrometer with ancillaryequipment in order to establish a laboratory for N-15 determination.CINVESTAV-IPN has achieved a good analytical capability to use N-15techniques in its research efforts to improve fertilizer practices. Fieldexperiments, initiated under the guidance of Agency experts, are in progressto evaluate the relative effectiveness and fate of different forms of appliednitrogen fertilizers. It is expected that the increased knowledge of nitrogen lossmechanisms gained through the project will lead to an improvement in fertilizermanagement in the Bajio region.

MEX/8/017 CHARACTERIZATION OF GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES

COMPLETED: 92-12-18 TOTAL COST: $154,961

TO INCREASE THE CAPABILITY OF THE FEDERAL ELECTRICITY COMMISSION TO USEGEOCHEMICAL AND ISOTOPIC TECHNIQUES TO CHARACTERIZE AND ASSESSGEOTHERMAL RESOURCES.

The evaluation, management and operation of geothermal projects for theproduction of electricity requires complete and accurate characterization ofthe geothermal fields before exploitation and during the operational phase.Through this project, started in 1989 and funded by an extrabudgetarycontribution from the USA, the Federal Electricity Commission intended toimprove understanding of the geothermal parameters by using isotopetechniques in characterizing the fields. The Agency provided expert serviceson the application of isotope techniques and to assist in reinjectionexperiments. Chromatographic equipment and a carbon dioxide-waterequilibration system to speed up O-16 determination were provided, togetherwith spare parts for mass and atomic absorption spectrometers. As a result ofthe project, conceptual models have been derived from isotopic data for thegeothermal fields of Cerro Prieto, Los Azufres and Los Humeros which form thebasis for numerical models. The technical staff of the Commission is nowfamiliar with the potential of isotope and geochemical techniques ingeothermal exploration and exploitation and can apply the methods. Planshave been formulated for the use of tracers in geothermal fluid reinjectionexperiments.

MEX/9/027 QUALITY CERTIFICATION

COMPLETED: 92-11-18 TOTAL COST: $247,575

TO IMPROVE QUALIFICATION SERVICES FOR SAFETY-RELATED NUCLEAR EQUIPMENTAND COMPONENTS.

This project, approved in 1984. was intended to develop a capability forqualification of safety-related equipment and components at the NationalInstitute for Nuclear Research (ININ). Mexico City. In the field of environmental

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qualification, the objectives were fully achieved through the design,construction and operation of a complete facility for qualification tests. ININfunds were used for construction of the laboratory, and the Agency providedthe training and expertise necessary to design the laboratory, prepare testprocedures and analyse the results. Complementary items of equipment werealso provided. In the field of seismic qualifications (earthquake acceleration)success was less complete owing to lack of sufficient funds at ININ to acquirea large shaking table to simulate earthquake effects. This part of the projectwas therefore restricted to training personnel and to prototype tests involvingless sophisticated equipment. Two workshops on quality assurance forMexican industry and a workshop on technical support for operations at theLaguna Verde Nuclear Project were organized with the assistance of Agencyexperts.

MEX/9/028 ECOLOGICAL MODELLING

COMPLETED: 92-09-08 TOTAL COST: $132,068

TO DESIGN APPROPRIATE MATHEMATICAL MODELS FOR EVALUATION OFHYDROTHERMAL AND RADIOACTIVE RELEASES.

The project was approved in 1984 to assist Mexico in evaluating the thermaland radioactive effluent impact of the Laguna Verde Nuclear Power Plant.Expert services, a scientific visit and oceanographic equipment were providedby the Agency and from funds-in-trust from the Mexican Government. Amathematical numerical simulation of hydrothermal flows and radionuclidedispersion was developed at the Institute for Electrical Research and appliedto studying the discharge effluent distribution at the power station.

MEX/9/031 PROBABILISTIC RISK ANALYSIS

COMPLETED: 92-12-18 TOTAL COST: $55,114

TO EVALUATE THE RELIABILITY OF VARIOUS SYSTEM COMPONENTS AT THE LAGUNAVERDE NUCLEAR POWER PLANT USING PROBABILISTIC RISK ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES.

In preparation for commissioning the Laguna Verde Nuclear Power Plant(LVNPP), which will be the first in Mexico, the Government requested Agencyassistance in establishing a probabilistic safety assessment (PSA) programmefor evaluation of various components and systems of the plant. This project,approved in 1985, involved the Federal Electricity Commission and the Institutefor Electrical Research. The National Commission for Nuclear Safety andSafeguards monitored the development of the project and reviewed some ofits results. The Agency provided expert services for an initial PSA workshop fordevelopment of level 1 PSA and assisted in areas such as human factormodelling. Expert missions reviewed plans for the application of results, fordeveloping a level 2 PSA. and for modelling external events. Local staff.eceived training through Agency fellowships and a scientific visit. As a resultof the project, Mexico has developed good local capability in PSA and hadutilized project results in practical applications at LVNPP. A new project.MEXy9/039, is in progress, aiming at PSA level 2.

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MEX/9/032 COMMISSIONING OF THE LAGUNA VERDE NUCLEAR POWER PLANT

COMPLETED: 92-09-08 TOTAL COST: $399,337

TOREVIEWANDEVALUATE PROCELV 'RES FOR STARTUP AND OPERATIONAL TESTINGOF THE LAGUNA VERDE NUCLEAR POWER PLANT.

This project, approved in 1985, was designed to support the NationalCommission for Nuclear Safety and Safeguards (CNSNS) during thecommissioning of Unit 1 of the Laguna Verde Nuclear Power Plant (LVNPP).When approved, the operation was scheduled to start in 1986, and thereforeonly limited assistance was foreseen. However, owing to delays incommissioning, the project was extended and additional assistance madeavailable, a total of 60 months of expert services being provided. Two long-term expert missions were undertaken to co-ordinate the work of the CNSNSduring commissioning. The experts assisted in defining CNSNS activities,preparing inspection procedures and reviewing the commissioningprogramme and testing procedures. Thirteen short-term missions addressedmore specific fields. The staff training provided by the experts wascomplemented by three fellowships and three scientific visits, totalling over11 months. The objectives of the project were fully achieved. CNSNS had aconstant presence on site during pre-operational and power-ascension tests.It has reviewed almost all testing procedures and witnessed all important tests,particularly those considered relevant to safely. The test results were reviewedand partial permits issued which allowed complete control of thecommissioning programme. LVNPP had a very smooth, if atypically long,commissioning period, which led, however, to LVNPP breaking the BWR recordfor continuous operation during first cycle.

MEX/9/036 EMERGENCY PLANNING AND PREPAREDNESS

COMPLETED: 92-09-08 TOTAL COST: $28,414

TO TRAIN STAFF OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR NUCLEAR RESEARCH TOIMPLEMENT AN EMERGENCY PLAN FOR THE INSTITUTE'S NUCLEAR INSTALLATIONSAND TO DEFINE POSSIBLE PARTICIPATION IN THE OVERALL EMERGENCY PLAN FORLAGUNA VERDE NUCLEAR POWER PLANT.

Under this project, approved in 1989, the overall emergency plan for theNational Institute for Nuclear Research (ININ) was updated with the assistanceof an Agency expert. The plan for external radiological emergency of theLaguna Verde Nuclear Power Plant was also revised to determine the possiblesupport of ININ. The Agency provided expert services and awarded twofellowships and a scientific visit to strengthen the training of local staff inemergency planning and procedures.

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MALI

MLI/3/006 URANIUM DATA BANK

COMPLETED: 92-12-30 TOTAL COST: $69,889

TO FACILITATE THE COLLECTION, MANAGEMENT AND INTERPRETATION OFURANIUM PROSPECTING DATA AND TO STIMULATE USE OF INFORMATIONAVAILABLE FOR FUTURE PLANNING.

Extensive uranium exploration programmes carried out in Mali by variousforeign companies have generated considerable geological andgeochemical data on uranium favourability. This project was initiated in 1991to facilitate the collection, management and interpretation of availableuranium prospecting data and to develop a microcomputer datamanagement system. The Agency provided equipment including amicrocomputer system with basic software, a plotter and a digitizer, as well asexperts who advised on the use of software and trained the counterpart staffon data acquisition and management, using the available computer facility.Three counterpart staff have been trained abroad on data acquisition andmanagement. The information produced also serves as baseline informationfor the evaluation and assessment of other mineral resources. The staff of theNational Directorate for Geology and Mines, Bamako, is now capable ofmanaging a computerized databank for uranium exploration and will beprepared to use this information in future planning.

MLI/5/011 IMPROVEMENT OF ANIMAL DIAGNOSTIC CAPABILITIES

COMPLETED: 92-11-18 TOTAL COST: $127,382

TO IMPROVE DIAGNOSTICS OF MAJOR ANIMAL DISEASES BY MEANS OF NUCLEARAND RELATED TECHNIQUES.

Successful planning of animal health strategies in Mali is hampered by theabsence of an efficient and systematic control of various endemic diseasesthat affect livestock, and by the lack of adequate means for the production ofvaccines locally. To remove these constraints, the project has focussed onstrengthening the infrastructure of the Central Veterinary Laboratory, Bamako,by providing equipment that includes a spectrophotometer, centrifuges, acomputer system, ELISA equipment, blood sampling equipment and glassware,together with expert services and the training abroad of two counterpart staff.Agency experts gave advice on the use of ELISA techniques for diagnosis ofvarious diseases such as Rift Valley fever, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis andtrypanosomiasis. and assisted in the computerization of epidemiologicalstudies. The experts also introduced quality control and validation of vaccinesproduced locally. Several national campaigns have been performed and thedata collected properly interpreted and compiled. Research on athermostable rinderpest vaccine has also been carried out. Mass sero-surveysand monitoring of post-vaccination immune status of major diseases areroutinely performed.

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MLI/6/003 NUCLEIC ACID PROBES IN MALARIA DIAGNOSIS

COMPLETED: 92-11-18 TOTAL COST: $143,704

TO FACILITATE THE DETERMINATION OF DATA ON THE PREVALENCE OF MALARIAAND THE EFFICACY OF CONTROL MEASURES.

This project was initiated in 1991 to answer an acute need to establish amolecular biology laboratory at the School of Medicine and Pharmacy.Bamako, where DNA probes would be used for malaria vector identificationand for rapid detection of drug and pesticide resistance. Under the project,the Agency provided equipment including a liquid scintillation counter withaccessories, refrigerated centrifuges, a laminar flow hood, an opticalmicroscope, a computer system and supplies, together with expert servicesand the training abroad of one counterpart staff member. The NationalInstitute of Health (NIH). USA. provided technical backstopping as well as acost-free expert. Agency experts assisted in the use of a rapid test forchloroquine resistance developed by the NIH, and the results were comparedwith in-vitro and in-vivo testing methods for chloroquine resistance. The testswere performed on 678 specimens and demonstrated that chloroquineresistance is present in Mali and that its prevalence is markedly influenced bythe use of chloroquine. On the basis of this conclusion, the experts assisted inelaborating a national strategy to monitor the evolution of resistance and toguide national health policy. Bilateral and other multilateral assistance hasalso contributed towards the implementation of this national strategy.

MONGOLIA

MON/5/004 SOIL SCIENCE AND PLANT NUTRITION

COMPLETED: 92-09-08 TOTAL COST: $91,914

TO CONDUCT STUDIES OF THE SOIL-PLANT-FERTILIZER RELATIONSHIPS USINGISOTOPE TECHNIQUES WITH A VIEW TO DEVELOPING EFFICIENT FERTILIZERMANAGEMENT PRACTICES.

In Mongolia the nitrogen fertility of the soil is poor and in areas suitable foragriculture the annual precipitation is very low. Agricultural land is limited andthe growing season is reduced to three or four months annually. The ScientificResearch Institute for Plant Breeding and Agriculture, Darhan, requestedAgency assistance in conducting studies to find ways of increasing cropproduction. One Agency technical staff member visited Mongolia in 1988 andon the basis of his recommendations the project was reformulated. Twoexperts undertook two missions to assist the counterpart in developing researchprogrammes aimed at maximizing nivrogen fertilizer use efficiency, using theN-15 isotope as a tracer, and increasing water use efficiency for crops bymeans of the neutron probe method. The crops studied were wheat andbarley, the most important cereals in Mongolia. Equipment supplied includeda liquid scintillation counter and a neutron moisture gauge with accessories.An N-15 labelled fertilizer was also supplied. Analytical services fordetermining N-15 in soil samples were supported. One project-funded andone project-related fellowship were granted for training abroad. The projectresulted in the establishment of an isotope laboratory and the use of isotopeand nuclear-related techniques in soil fertility and crop production for the first

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time in Mongolia. Field and greenhouse experiments, especially those usingthe N-15 isotope, have already shown interesting results. In addition, thecounterpart has acquired the necessary skills to undertake future follow-upstudies on isotope and nuclear techniques in soil fertility and crop production.

MOROCCO

MOR/0/005 iMIS DATA BASE ACCESS

COMPLETED: 92-12-30 TOTAL COST: $27,207

TO ESTABLISH ON-LINE ACCESS TO THE AGENCY'S INIS DATABASE IN ORDER TOPROVIDE TECHNICAL INFORMATION TO A LARGER NUMBER OF INSTITUTIONS.

This project was initiated in 1990 to establish on-line access to INIS and to assistthe National Centre for Nuclear Techniques, Science and Energy, Rabat, in themanagement and dissemination of nuclear information. The Agency provideda data acquisition and processing facility consisting of a computer system andsoftware, a laser printer and a microfiche device, together with expert services.Owing to developments in information technology, the Centre is able to use theINIS database locally, using the CD-ROM version of the database and can thusprovide a more immediate and effective service. Training abroad for thecounterpart staff was secured under other projects. The Agency expertsassisted in the installation of the facility and gave on-the-job training in inputpreparation and retrieval. As a result of the project, several Moroccaninstitutions are now receiving monthly INIS services and are also contributing tothe INIS database. These services are expected to lead to a wider circulationof nuclear information and to make research more readily available toscientists and engineers.

MOR/1/006 TRAINING AND RESEARCH IN NUCLEAR SCIENCE

COMPLETED: 92-07-13 TOTAL COST: $157,063

TO STRENGTHEN THE NUCLEAR PHYSICS LABORATORY BY PROVIDING ADDITIONALASSISTANCE IN INSTRUMENTATION, MAINTENANCE OF ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENTAND SPARE PARTS AND BY TRAINING LOCAL STAFF IN THESE TECHNIQUES.

The project was initiated by the Government of Morocco in answer to the needto upgrade the facilities established under a large UNDP project; it hasprovided equipment, spare parts and training abroad for six researchers. Thisassistance permitted the laboratory to develop additional practicaldemonstrations and to introduce new analytical techniques such as neutronactivation analysis and total reflection X-ray fluorescence, it has also enabledthe laboratory to perform more analyses of mineral samples for the miningindustry. Equipment provided included radiation detectors, a computer, amultichannel analyser, radioactive sources, electronic components and spareparts. Maintenance and repair activities are routinely performed by the stafftrained under the project.

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MOR/3/007 RAW MATERIALS

COMPLETED: 92-07-13 TOTAL COST: $242,539

TO INCREASE THE CAPABILITY OF THE LABORATORY FOR URANIUM ANALYSIS.

In Morocco, much of the area of the Anti-Atlas has been prospected foruranium mineralization, which has generated considerable data on uraniumfavourability. The project was initiated In answer to the need to compile,organize and verify these data and to define the regions of favourableprospection. The project has provided equipment for data acquisition andtreatment, expert services and training. This assistance enabled theDirectorate for Geology. Rabat, to set up a computerized geological andmining databank for radioactive materials and to define favourable regionsfor further prospection. With the functional infrastructure established, activitieswere initiated to gather basic information on uranium and other mineralresources, and the data have been compiled in a form which has madepossible the determination of areas worthy of further field prospection.

MOR/6/008 NUCLEAR MEDICINE

COMPLETED: 92-12-16 TOTAL COST: $170,277

TO STRENGTHEN THE ACTIVITIES OF THE NUCLEAR MEDICINE DEPARTMENT ATAVICENNE HOSPITAL.

Since 1983, the Agency has been assisting the Government of Morocco inestablishing the only nuclear medicine service in the country where in-vitro andin-vivo investigations can be performed. Through training local medicaldoctors and technicians as well as provision of equipment and supplies, thenuclear medicine service at the Ibn Sina Hospital, Avicenne, is now capableof routinely performing nuclear medicine diagnostic tests of major organs suchas kidney, liver, brain and thyroid and of providing radioimmunoassay servicesfor hormonal studies. All patients are now referred to this service for medicalinvestigations. Expert services provided recently under the project haveimproved the nuclear medical service and broadened the range ofinvestigations by developing new scintigraphic imaging procedures and newdiagnostic methods. Quality control and data processing procedures havealso been introduced. Continuity of the studies on local preparation of bulkreagents is being secured under the AFRA projects from which Moroccobenefits.

MYANMAR

MYA/5/005 RADIOISOTOPES IN AGRICULTURE

COMPLETED: 92-12-17 TOTAL COST: $108,155

TO STUDY RADIATION-INDUCED GENETIC CHANGES FOR DEVELOPING IMPROVEDVARIETIES OF CERTAIN CROP PLANTS.

The project was approved in 1961 as an extension of activities under an earlierFAO/IAEA/UNDPprojectMYA/5ra04(UNDP-BUR/74/005)tostudy radiation-induced

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genetic changes which develop improved varieties of certain crop plants suchas jute, sugar cane and sesame. Under this multi-year project, five expertmissions were carried out for a total duration of five months to advisecounterpart staff at the Seed Division, Myanmar Agriculture Service, onmutation breeding and radiation dosimetry. Owing to the disturbances during1988. most of the equipment was tost, except for the gamma irradiator and amicroscope. The project was reactivated successfully with the help of anAgency expert in 1990, and the gamma irradiator is in good condition.Consequently, nine crop species have been integrated into the mutationbreeding programme, and two early maturing mutant varieties of rice weresuccessfully released. The technology transferred under the project will helpfurther studies to initiate plant breeding programmes on other crops of interest.

NIGER

NER/0/003 BADIOISOTOPE LABORATORY

COMPLETED: 92-09-15 TOTAL COST: $467,952

TO ESTABLISH A NATIONAL RADIOISOTOPE LABORATORY.

The major constraint on the introduction of nuclear physics in the University ofNiamey's curriculum was the lack of a nuclear physics laboratory wherepracficals could be performed and research activities carried out. The projectassisted the University in establishing a nuclear science laboratory as a firststep. During the first years the project focussed on strengthening the teachingcapability of the University through the provision of equipment for the practicalsand a resident expert for two years to teach nuclear science. In 1984, thelaboratory was upgraded to be able to undertake analysis of geological andbiological samples of value to the national economy. The principal techniqueintroduced was X-ray fluorescence analysis. Equipment provided by theAgency included an X-ray fluorescence system with accessories, a liquidnitrogen plant, and a multichannel analyser with a computer and radioactivesources. This technique is now used routinely for analysis of samples referredto the laboratory from national institutions.

NEB/5/005 NUCLEAR TECHNIQUES IN ANIMAL PRODUCTION

COMPLETED: 92-07-13 TOTAL COST: $169,180

TO INCREASE THE FERTILITY AND PRODUCTION OF SHEEP.

In temperate regions of Niger the reproductive potential of the Peulh ewes islimited to some extent by seasonal anoestrus. The project was initiated inanswer to the need to elucidate the annual variations in sexual activity and inthe endocrine balances which govern follicular maturation and ovulation. Theproject provided a viable radioimmunoassay laboratory together with expertservices and training abroad. The research carried out demonstrated that twotypes of disturbances in ovarian function are limiting the fertility of ewes insemi-arid environment: persistent corpora lutea which occurs in 14% ofanimals, and seasonal anoestrus which is observed in 67%. These ovariananomalies were associated with a weak endogenous rhythm of LH secretion.The results obtained suggest that both types of ovarian dysfunction may reflectpoorer adaptation of the Peulh ewes to the semi-arid climate. Further studies

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are under way to confirm these findings.

NER/5/007 LABORATORY FOR SERO-EPIDEMIOLOGY

COMPLETED: 92-09-09 TOTAL COST: $115,891

TO CARRY OUTSERO-EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON THE MAJOR EPIZOOTICS ANDTO DEVELOP TESTS FOR LOCAL USE.

The major constraint in planning animal health strategies in Niger is theabsence of adequate data on the prevalence and economic impact of majorlivestock diseases. This project has therefore provided for the establishment ofa functional laboratory for ELISA serology together with expert services andtraining of two scientists abroad. The established infrastructure is currentlyperforming mass sero-surveys and monitoring post-vaccination immune statusof rinderpest, peste de petits ruminants (PPR). sheep pox and contagiousbovine pleuro-pneumonia. With Agency assistance, several nationalcampaigns have been undertaken and the data collected has beenprocessed. Research on a thermostable rinderpest vaccine and a combinedrinderpest/CBPP vaccine has also been carried out and both types wereassayed in 1991. A computerized database has also been installed.

NICARAGUA

NIC/3/003 URANIUM EXPLORATION

COMPLETED: 92-12-30 TOTAL COST: $131,080

TO STRENGTHEN THE LOCAL ANALYTICAL CAPABILITY. PARTICULARLY FORDETERMINATION OF URANIUM IN GEOLOGICAL SAMPLES.

In 1987 the Nicaraguan Institute of Mining (INMINE) of the Directorate ofGeology. Managua, sought Agency assistance to strengthen the localanalytical capability for determination of uranium in geological samples inconnection with the production of a metallogenic map and assessment of thenatural raw material resources potential. Under the project, a fluorimetriclaboratory was established for low-level uranium analysis of geological andenvironmental samples; personnel of the Central Laboratory received trainingon its operation, and the technical staff of the Geological Department ofINMINE received practical training on the use of portable gamma-rayspectrometers in geological research and mineral exploration, particularlygold.

NIGERIA

NIR/1/003 NUCLEAR PHYSICS

COMPLETED: 92-12-30 TOTAL COST: $372,123

TO ESTABLISH TEACHING AND TRAINING FACILITIES IN NUCLEAR PHYSICS ANDNEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS.

IV PROJECTS CONCLUDED DURING 1 W ACHIEVEMENTS

The project was initiated in 1978 to train scientists and technicians in nuclearphysics research and neutron activation analysis and to make the existingneutron generator operational. The main equipment supplied included aliquid nitrogen cooled semiconductor X-ray spectrometer, spare parts for theneutron generator, a computerized experimental data acquisition system andrelated nuclear electronic units. Expert services, totalling 13 months, wereprovided for setting up the nuclear physics laboratory, repair of nuclearelectronic equipment, and the installation and utilization of the neutrongenerator. Eleven fellows were trained for a total of 121 months. By 1989, theneutron generator became operational at the Centre for Energy Research andDevelopment and the X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis system becameoperational at the Department of Physics of the Obafemi Awolowo University.These laboratories are now able to carry out routine assessment of the qualityof food by measuring the protein content by means of activation analysis,uranium-thorium concentration analysis, and by quality control measurementsusing fast neutron activation analysis and XRF.

NIR/9/0U RADIATION PROTECTION

COMPLETED: 92-07-13 TOTAL COST: $235,145

TO ESTABLISH RADIATION MONITORING SERVICES AND STUDY RADIATION EFFECTSIN AREAS OF HIGH BACKGROUND RADIOACTIVITY.

With the assistance of the Agency, the Federal Radiation Protection Service(FRPS), Ibadan, has been strengthened and is now fully operational. Theproject has been ongoing since 1982 and, in addition to thermoiuminescencedosimeters, computers, multichannel analysers and an uninterruptible powersupply, the Agency has supplied raaioactive isotopes, various chemicals andnumerous minor equipment items. Ten expert missions were carried out for atotal duration of over 15 months, helping to install equipment and Irain localstaff. Although there was no provision for fellowships, four local staff membersassociated with the project have been trained for a combined duration ofabout 27 months either under the regional manpower development project orunder type II fellowships. Other staff members participated in regional andinterregional training courses on radiation protection. The project hascontributed 1o strengthening the FRPS, which has meanwhile assumed overallresponsibility for nuclear safety and protection in Nigeria. Besides personneland environmental monitoring, the FRPS has also been charged by theGovernment with performing radioanalysis of foodstuffs imported into thecountry. The FRPS is now generating funds from consultancy work and someof these funds have been used to purchase additional equipment with theassistance of the Agency. The follow-up project, NIR/9/005. is expected toupgrade and further consolidate the available services.

IV PROJECTS CONCLUDED DURING 1992 ACHIEVEMENT'S

PAKISTAN

PAK/4/027 CONTROL AND INSTRUMENTATION

COMPLETED: 92-12-30 TOTAL COST: $249,466

TO ESTABLISH A LABORATORY FOR TESTING. CALIBRATION AND REPAIR OFELECTRONIC. ELECTRIC AND OTHER EQUIPMENT RELATED TO THE NUCLEAR POWERPLANT CONTROL SYSTEM.

The Karachi Nuclear Power Plant (KANUPP) intended to establish a control andinstrumentation applications laboratory in order to test, calibrate, repair andreplace the existing control equipment of the plant which had either becomeobsolete or deteriorated with age. The Agency was requested to provideexpert services and some laboratory equipment. Under this project, approvedin 1984, the Agency supplied testing and calibration equipment, including aprecision calibration unit for electronic process control instrumentation anddynamic process simulation, a portable pneumatic calibrator, and a flow-through calibrator. The Government contributed funds-in-trust for equipmentto supplement the Agency funds. Two experts undertook three missions toadvise and assist the counterpart in planning the laboratory, in developing aprogramme for real-time simulation and on the selection of instrumentation andcontrol equipment for backfitting KANUPP's control and instrumentation (C&l)system. Three long-term training fellowships were also awarded under theAgency's manpower development programme. As a result of the project, amodern laboratory for C&l applications has been set up which is alreadyproviding services for testing, calibration and maintenance of the KANUPP C&lsystem; C&l familiarization test-rigs have been designed, installed andcommissioned, and a comprehensive study has been completed to specify theequipment required to replace the existing operational C&l as well as safetyinstrumentation loops for KANUPP which have become obsolete. TheGovernment has contributed substantially by constructing a separatelaboratory building and supplying additional equipment. Further Agencyassistance is being provided through a related project, PAK/4/035. to adviseon the upgrading of KANUPP's C&l system.

PAK/5/C17 RADIOISOTOPES IN AGRICULTURE

COMPLETED: 92-12-30 TOTAL COST: $105,491

TO STUDY THE INFLUENCE OF LEGUME/NON-LEGUME CROPPING SEQUENCES ANDDIFFERENT IRRIGATION AND FERTILIZER MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON CROPPRODUCTION WITH A VIEW TO MAXIMIZING YIELDS WITH MINIMAL INPUTS.

The project was approved in 1982 to identify suitable fertilizer managementpractices for crop production using isotopes and related nuclear techniques.The Agency provided equipment and supplies including a N-15 analyser alongwith the sample preparation line and an analytical analyser. Two Agencyexperts advised on the use of the analyser and on the application of N-15 innitrogen fertilizer and biological nitrogen fixation studies. Five counterpart staffwere awarded long-term fellowship training and one was offered a scientificvisit under the Agency's manpower development programme. As a result ofthe project, the Atomic Energy Agricultural Research Centre at Tandojam hascarried out a number of studies: estimation of nitrogen fixed by legumes,fertilizer practices for an intercropping system, land utilization efficiency, and

• PROJECTS CONCLUDED DURING 1W2 4CH1EVEMEHTS Page 1

the effect of residual nitrogen on subsequent wheat crops. Experiments withgroundnut and soybean have shown that the yields of these pulses could besubstantially increased by the use of proper combinations of rhizobium strainsand legume cultivars. Studies of cotton grown as an intercrop with a legumeproduced useful information on the best fertilizer management practice toadopt in order to achieve higher yields. As a result of this project, a researchgroup has been established at the Institute that is able to tackle problems ofsoil fertility and crop production, especially those concerning nitrogen, byusing isotope techniques. The project has also resulted in a number ofscientific publications.

PAK/5/022 ISOTOPE-AIDED STUDIES ON SALINE SOILS

COMPLETED: 92-12-30 TOTAL COST: $126,345

TO DEVELOP MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AIMED AT IMPROVING CROPPRODUCTIVITY IN AREAS WITH HIGH SOIL SALINITY.

Salinity and water retention over large tracts of arable land in the Indus basinare major problems in Pakistan affecting agriculture. The Nuclear Institute forAgriculture and Biology, Faisalabad. has been studying the process ofsalination and attempting to work out biological methods for the utilization ofsalt- affected soils, including identification of salt-tolerant plant species. TheGovernment sought Agency assistance for its plans to use nuclear techniquesto develop management practices for biological amelioration of salt-affectedsoils so as io increase soil fertility and crop production in these areas. Theproject was approved in 1985 and, after a programming mission, four Agencyexperts provided advice and training in plant biochemistry, soil moisturestudies, rhizosphere biology and molecular biological techniques. Equipmentand supplies, including a gamma-ray density meter, were supplied. Twocounterpart staff received long-term fellowship training under the project andanother under the Agency's manpower development programme. With theassistance provided under the project, the counterpart has carried outinvestigations on several plant species which indicated that Kallar grass(Leptochloa fusca) is the main plant species of interest in the biologicalamelioration programme. This grass has been identified as a highlysalt-tolerant perennial plant which can grow even under waterloggedconditions. Several tree species, especially those that can fix atmosphericnitrogen, such as Acacia, Sesbania, Prosopis and Casuarina, have been testedand found to be excellent agents of soil amelioration. Some tree provenanceshave even survived concentrations of sodium chloride higher than that of seawater. The growth of these grass and tree species has increased thepermeability of the soii to water by as much as 20-30 cm, thereby lowering thesaline water zone substantially and very much reducing the harmful effects ofsalt on the root system. Crops such as rice, wheat and grain legumes are nowbeing grown experimentally in these reclaimed soils. The project proved thatbiological amelioration can be successfully employed to reclaim the nearly11 million acres of arable land reported to be agriculturally barren becauseof salinity. The project has also resulted in a number of scientific publications.

Page 136 IV PROJECTS CONCLUDED DURING 1992 ACHIEVEMENTS

PAK/6/007 RADIOIMMUNOASSAY

j COMPLETED: 92-12-30 TOTAL COST: $133,128

} TO PREPARE 1-125 LABELLED HORMONES LOCALLY FOR USE IN5 RADIOIMMUNOASSAY.

This project was approved in 1983 to strengthen local capability for theproduction of reagents for the radioimmunoassay (RIA) of thyroid-relatedhormones and to establish a central laboratory in Pakistan that would alsoserve as a teaching and training centre. The project was originally intendedfor the Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Oncology (INMOL), Lahore; the AtomicEnergy Medical Centre (AEMC). Jamshoro. joined the project in 1986. TheAgency provided equipment and supplies including refrigerated centrifuges,an automatic gamma counter, a fume hood, two freeze drying units, twopersonal computers, two freezers and a fractional collector. Two Agencyexperts undertook four missions and advised on the preparation ofRIA/immunoradiometric assay reagents, quality control and data processing.Three counterpart staff received long-term fellowship training under the project;two others were awarded long-term fellowships and one made a scientific visitunder the Agency's manpower development programme. As a result of theproject, a well equipped laboratory has been established at INMOL for theproduction of in-house assay reagents for thyroid-related hormones, while theAEMC is acting as a supporting laboratory. The INMOL laboratory can nowproduce and supply the reagents in bulk at national and regional levels andthis self-reliance has led to a ten-fold reduction in the cost of commercial kits,which previously had to be imported. Locally prepared tracers for thyroidhormone assays are now being distributed to nine laboratories in Pakistan andto other countries in the region, including Myanmar, Sri Lanka and thePhilippines. First and second antibodies for the thyroxine and tri-iodothyronineassays are being distributed in the same way. The project has had asignificant impact on RIA activity on a regional scale and is a good exampleof technical co-operation within developing countries. A national ExternalQuality Assessment Scheme (EQAS) for thyroid-related hormones was organizedand the results were presented ai an IAEA Symposium in 1991. Since 1989, thelaboratory has also served as a regional centre for a regional EQAS andcovers 18 other laboratories in addition to the nine in Pakistan. The laboratoryprepares and distributes the EQAS samples and processes the results, for whichINMOL has also developed data processing programme software. Thelaboratory is also organizing local RIA training courses on a regular basis.

PAK/6/009 NUCLEAR CARDIOLOGY SERVICES

COMPLETED: 92-12-30 TOTAL COST: $134,341

TO IMPROVE A COMPUTERIZED GAMMA CAMERA SYSTEM.

Nuclear cardiology departments with computerized gamma cameras havebeen established in a number of nuclear medicine centres in Pakistan. Witha view to improving the existing facilities in order to provide better services topatients suffering from heart disorders, the project was initially approved in1984 for the Atomic Energy Medical Centre (AEMC). Jamshoro. The NuclearMedicine. Oncology and Radiotherapy Institute (NORI), Islamabad, joined theproject in 1986 and the AEMC, Multan, in 1991. Under this multi-year project,the Agency has provided equipment and supplies to the first two recipient

PROJECTS CONCLUDED DURING 1992 ACHIEVEMENTS Paga 139

institutes, including cardiac stress tables and collimators. Six Agency expertsundertook eight missions to advise on the gamma camera interfacing and itsoptimization and upgrading, as well as on nuclear cardiology, medicalphysics and on clinical nuclear medicine. One counterpart staff memberreceived long-term fellowship training under the project; three more wereoffered long-term fellowships and one a scientific visit under the Agency'smanpower development programme. As a result of the project, the threerecipient institutes are now better able to provide the necessary cardiologyservices in their own areas in co-operation with the local cardiologicalspecialists and surgeons. The project has also resulted in a number ofpresentations at national and international conferences and seminars.

PAK/6/012 PREPARATION AND QUALITY CONTROL OF RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS

PESU

PER/4/010

COMPLETED: 92-12-30

TO DEVELOP PRODUCTION AND QUALITYRADIOPHARMACEUTICAL INSTANT KITS AND R&DCOMPOUNDS FOR NUCLEAR MEDICINE.

TOTAL COST: $108,169

CONTROL OFOF NEW TC-99M

TC-99MLABELLED

The Radioisotope Production Group of the Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Scienceand Technology (PINSTECH), Islamabad, with laboratories established throughprevious Agency assistance, has been producing radioisotopes and label ledcompounds on a routine basis. Efforts were also under way to developmethodologies for the preparation and quality control of a variety oftechnetium-99m radiopharmaceutical kits mainly used for medical diagnostics.The project was approved in 1989 for establishing a centralized facility for thebulk production of these kits so as to reduce dependence on foreign imports.Under this multi-year project, the Agency provided equipment including anautomatic gamma counter with sample changer, an autoclave sterilizer, adispensing system, a freeze drying unit and a laminar flow hood. An Agencyexpert undertook two missions, one to advise on the laboratory set-up,including preparation of a c lean room, and the other on the preparation andquality control of Tc-99m radiopharmaceutical kits. Three counterpart staffreceived looa-term fellowship training. As a result of the project, the group isnow carrying out clinical evaluation of the locally p roduced kits andcomparing them with those imported from abroad . In collaboration with othernuclear medicine specialists in the country, the group is supplying kits for renaland hepatobiliary scanning, renal static imaging, liver function studies and thedetection of ulcers on a trial basis to other nuclear medicine centres inPakistan. Further R&D work on the development of methodologies forpreparation and quality control of these kits is continuing. An infrastructure forthe bulk production of Tc-99m radiopharmaceutical kits has been laid down.The project has also led to a number of research publications.

OPERATION OF A RESEARCH REACTOR

COMPLETED: 92-12-30 TOTAL COST: $201,198

TO FACILITATE THE START-UP AND OPERATION OF A 10-MW RESEARCH REACTORAT THE HUARANGAL CENTRE, INCLUDING PERFORMANCE OF REACTORCALCULATIONS.

Page 140 IV PROJECTS CONCLUDED DURING 1992 ACHIEVEMENTS

Agency assistance was approved in 1987 for start-up and operation of the new10 MW research reactor RP-10 at the Huarangal Nuclear Centre of the PeruvianInstitute of Nuclear Energy (IPEN), Lima. As the reactor was in the final stage ofconstruction, guidance and assistance were needed to ensure propercommissioning, initial start-up, ascension to the designed power level andmeasurement of important reactor parameters. Assistance was also requiredin safety assessment and reactor utilization. In particular, large-scale expertadvice was provided for neutronic and thermal hydraulic analysis of thereactor core for steady state and transient behaviour procedures in additionto tests for commissioning various systems of RP-10. preparation of essentialtechnical reports, assessment of the reactor building containment andventilation systems and appraisal of the safety analysis report. The Agencyalso provided laboratory equipment and supplies, electronic equipment,chemicals, computers as well as staff training and scientific visits. Successfulcompletion of this project, especially in conjunction with other related projectsconcerning operator training, nuclear electronics and nuclear research, hascontributed to proper commissioning and safe operation of a major facility atIPEN. As a result of the project, there has been a technology transfer in reactoranalysis, operation and maintenance, safe utilization of the reactor and stafftraining.

PER/5/014 NUCLEAR TECHNIQUES IN AGRICULTURE

COMPLETED: 92-09-08 TOTAL COST: $236,880

TO DEVELOP RESEARCH ACTIVITIES IN SOILS. ANIMAL NUTRITION ANDREPRODUCTION, AND GENETIC IMPROVEMENT OF CEREALS.

Through an extrabudgetary contribution from the USA, this project was initiatedin 1984 to develop the application of isotopic techniques to soils, to animalnutrition and reproduction and to genetic improvement of cereals. In 1986.owing to administrative changes at the National Agricultural University, LaMolina, the counterpart institution, activities under the project in soil scienceand mutation breeding were cancelled. Work in mutation breeding wasresumed in 1986 under project PER/5/015, while work in soil sciences wasdiscontinued since the counterpart institutions were unable to set up a suitablelaboratory. Animal reproduction activities using radioimmunocssay proceduresto determine the content and profiles of progesterone in blood and milk ofdairy cattle were developed with a certain success; a laboratory wasestablished and is operating satisfactorily. The project had a large trainingcomponent with a total of 38 months for six fellows most of whom, unfortunately,returned to the provinces after their training was completed. However, somenew courses were established at the Faculty of Agriculture and a large-scaieprogramme was launched on the application of molecular genetics researchto animal sciences.

PER/5/015 PLANT MUTATION BREEDING

COMPLETED: 92-09-15 TOTAL COST: $165,941

TO IMPROVE FROST AND DROUGHT RESISTANCE IN POTATO AND EARLY MATURITYIN WINTER WHEAT.

As continuation of activities initiated under a UNDP-financed and

'V PROJECTS CONCLUDED DUPING 1992 ACHIEVEMENTS Page

Agency-executed project, PER/5/013, this US-assisted project started in 1986when studies began at the National Agricultural University. La Molina. TheAgency provided agricultural equipment including a plot thresher and aseeding machine. The implementation of several expert missions proveddifficult owing to the situation prevailing in the country (e.g., severalexperimental plots located in the highlands were destroyed when crops wereready to be analysed). In spite of these difficulties the University made aneffort to set up new experiments and achieved some success in work onquinoa varieties. The achievements under this project encouraged the designand establishment of a large-scale wheat project which is being executed byFAO.

PER/9/011 NUCLEAR SAFETY

COMPLETED: 92-07-16 TOTAL COST: $331,685

TO STUDY METHODS FOR TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OF RADIOACTIVE WASTES; TOSUPPORT REGULATORY ACTIVITIES RELATED TO NUCLEAR INSTALLATIONS.

This project was initiated approved for assistance to the Peruvian Institute ofNuclear Energy (IPEN) in 1983 and received additional Agency financing in1984, 1986. 1987, 1988 and 1989-90. During implementation, the Agencyrecommended that the objectives concerning waste management methodsbe dealt with as a separate project (PER/9/018). Emphasis in the presentproject was at first (1983-1987) placed on training and on expert services inareas such as the control and safe use of radioactive material and sources.Monitoring and calibration equipment was also provided under the project,leading to the establishment of a basic radiation protection infrastructure.Progress on installing the RP-10 Research Reactor of the Huarangal NuclearCentre made it increasingly important to obtain assistance on the regulatoryaspects of siting and licensing nuclear installations and safety and inspectionactivities, both at the national level and, particularly, at the reactor. Expertservices included advice and assistance to the National Nuclear RegulatoryAuthority, siting and seismic studies, physical protection, accident analysis,emergency preparedness, radiation protection and monitoring, reactor safetyanalysis, and training of reactor operators. A large-scale programme alsoprovided training abroad for ten IPEN staff members by means of fellowshipsand scientific visits, with particular emphasis on licensing, regulatory and safelyanalysis. The Agency supplied mainly radiation monitoring and dataprocessing equipment. As a result of this project, Peru now has adequateinspection and control of radioactive sources and of IPEN's two researchreactors. The project has strengthened the Directorate for Nuclear Safety andRadiation Protection, established appropriate regulations and controls inradiation protection, and raised the level of staff trained in nuclear safety. Theoriginal waste management objectives are now being pursued in ProjectPER/9/018, while project PER/9/019 (1991-92 programme) concentrates on safeoperation and control of the RP-10 Research Reactor.

Pago 142 IV PROJECTS CONCLUDED DURING 199! ACHIEVEMENTS

PHILIPPINES

PHI/0/007 NUCLEAR INFORMATION SERVICES

COMPLETED: 92-12-30 TOTAL COST: $41,546

TO FACILITATE ACCESS TO NUCLEAR INFORMATION AND ITS RETRIEVAL THROUGHCOMPUTERIZATION OF LIBRARY SERVICES AND THE ESTABLISHMENT OF ON-LINELINKS WITH INIS.

The Scientific Library and Documentation Centre (SLDC) at the PhilippineNuclear Research Institute (PNRI) houses the country's only comprehensivecollection of nuclear literature and information. To deal with the increasingvolume of material received and the growing demand for information services,PNRI sought Agency assistance in computerizing library services andestablishing links with the Agency's INIS database. Under this project,approved in 1987, equipment and material essential for an information centre,including two personal computers, a CD-ROM player, computer software, etc.,were provided. Three Agency experts assisted in the installation ot CDS/ISISsoftware and training in the use of the various databases. Agency experts alsodemonstrated the use of CD-ROM and provided the counterpart staff within-depth training on computer processing and retrieval of technicalinformation. Four project-related fellowships and a scientific visit wereawarded for training in INIS information retrieval, the uses of CDS/ISIS, and inpublic information. PNRI has automated its library functions through thecreation of local databases, including a serials database, a Filipinianadatabase, and a PERS database. A total of 2516 local and foreign documenttitles have been encoded in the databases, which are searchable throughtitles, subject and descriptors. The library has also begun to provideretrospective searches for nuclear researchers from the INIS database. Afterthe arrival of the updated INIS CD-ROM, the searches had reached a total of650 during the period May 1990 to May 1991. A computerized library loansystem has b«=on established. The SLDC is now capable of participating in thenational information networks sponsored by the Department of Science andTechnology and provides better nuclear information services in the Philippines.PNRI plans to continue the project and expand its activities, particularly traininglocal staff in the use of the INIS database and disseminating nuclearinformation to the public.

PHI/0/00S WORKSHOP ON THE MANAGEMENT AND EVALUATION OF TC PROJECTS

COMPLETED: 92-12-17 TOTAL COST: $16,661

TO MANAGE AND EVALUATE TECHNICAL CO-OPERATION PROJECTS IN THEPHILIPPINES.

Under this project, financed from the Reserve Fund, three Agency staffmembers conducted a National Workshop on the Management andEvaluation of TC Projects in the Philippines. The workshop was held from 24 to27 February 1992 at the Philippine Nuclear Research Institute, Manila, and wasattended by 29 participants from 11 Philippine institutions and organizations.The participants, mainly project counterparts, received training on how toapply the various elements of an integrated approach to the design,management and evaluation of TC projects. In particular, the workshop wasintended to identify ways in which the Agency and national counterpart staff

I". PROJECTS CONCIUMD DURING 1992 ACHIEVEMENTS Paoe U3

could give each other mutual support in order to achieve their projectobjectives and make the maximum possible contribution to nationaldevelopment. Lectures given by Agency staff were followed by groupactivities and discussions. The workshop strengthened the ties and interactionbetween project counterparts and the national co-ordinator, on one hand,and between the national staff and the Agency, on the other. The lessonslearnt from the workshop are expected to contribute to an improvement in thequality of project proposals and project implementation at counterpartinstitutions in the Philippines.

PHI/1/014 NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS

COMPLETED: 92-12-30 TOTAL COST: $95,560

TO ENHANCE THE CAPACITY OF CONDUCTING NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS.

In connection with the conversion of the Philippine research reactor (PRR-1) from1 MW to 3 MW, the Philippine Nuclear Research Institute (PNRI) intended to setup a sample irradiation and counting system for neutron activation analysis(NAA). The project was financed by an extrabudgetary contribution from theUnited Kingdom in 1986 and was subsequently supported by TACF resources.The Agency provided a pneumatic sample transfer system and accessories,radiation monitoring survey meters, dosimeters and auxiliary items. Acounterpart staff member was awarded a fellowship and trained abroad.Unfortunately, the upgraded PRR-1 has been shut down since 1988 tor repairinga leak in its pool lining, and the reactor-dependent NAA could not be initiated.The PNRI expects PRR-1 to be operational soon and that NAA will again beable to serve the needs of users in the Philippines.

PHI/5/019 NUCLEAR TECHNIQUES IN ANIMAL SCIENCE

COMPLETED: 92-12-18 TOTAL COST: $131,703

TO CONDUCT A MULTIDISCIPLINARY STUDY COVERING THE NUTRITIONAL, HEALTHAND REPRODUCTIVE ASPECTS OF THE CARABAO AT VILLAGE LEVEL.

Although the indigenous buffalo (carabao) is important to Philippine agriculture(as draught animals and for meat and milk), its reproductive performance andmilk yields are low. In 1988, three Philippine Government institutions (thePhilippine Nuclear Research Institute, the Bureau of Animal Industry, and theUniversity of the Philippines College of Veterinary Medicine), together with theInternational Institute of Rural Reconstruction, conducted with Agencyassistance a multidisciplinary study of the carabao at village level. Under thismulti-year project the Agency supplied equipment, including an automaticgamma counter, an ultra low temperature freezer, an enzyme-linkimmunosorbent assay (ELISA) spectrophotometer, a computer system withsoftware, a contamination monitor, laboratory supplies, and radioimmunoassay(RIA) kits. Eight Agency experts advised and trained counterpart staff on theuse of nuclear and related techniques for studies on livestock reproduction.The experts also assisted in studies of the nutrition/reproduction interactions inPhilippine dairy and beef cattle, diet supplement with urea-molasses blocks,as well as herd fertility assessment and improvement studies. With theassistance of Agency experts, two workshops on ELISA techniques for diagnosisof brucellosis and haemorrhagic septicaemia were conducted in 1990. Three

IV PROJECTS CONCLUDED DURING 1992 ACHIEVEMENTS

counterpart staff were awarded Agency fellowships for training abroad andare now actively involved in research and field work. As a result of the project,considerable progress has been made on multidisciplinary studies. Thetechnique of solid-phase RIA was established for measuring reproductivehormones, specifically progesterone, in the blood and milk of cattle andbuffalo. Studies were undertaken on the causes of reproductive inefficiencyin the indigenous buffalo (carabao) kept by small farmers. A pilot trial wasundertaken to monitor the effects of improved management, nutrition anddisease control on overall productivity. Studies are under way to monitoreffects of supplementary feeding using urea-molasses blocks in dairy cows onco-operative farms. Local scientists now have the equipment and expertise touse advanced nuclear and related techniques to continue their studies; theirfindings are being used to improve livestock production. Another result of theproject is the establishment of strong ties between counterpart institutions,which will facilitate future applied research on local farming problems. Thefirst phase of the project has been successfully completed, and studies will becontinued under Project PHI/5/023 in the 1993-94 Programme.

PHI/6/015 MEDICAL PHYSICS (PHASE II)

COMPLETED: 92-12-17 TOTAL COST: $27,050

TO TRAIN MEDICAL PHYSICISTS. VIA A TWO-YEAR POST-GRADUATE COURSE, WHILEBUILDING UP A TEACHING FACILITY AND DEVELOPING THE CAPACITY OF THETEACHING STAFF.

A post-graduate programme in medical physics was established at theGraduate School of the University of Santo Tomas (UST), Manila, with Agencyassistance provided under Project PHI/6/010 (completed in 1989). This projectwas designed to extend the MSc programme in medical physics and toproduce competent medical physicists for nuclear medicine, radiationtherapy, diagnostic radiology, radiation protection, and government regulationat hospitals and other institutions. The programme is structured as a two-yearcombination of didactic study and thesis work. A radiation medicine expertand a radiology expert supplied by the Agency conducted lectures andlaboratory exercises in the physics of radiotherapy and the physics of medicalimaging. They also advised the graduate students on their thesis work andhelped to improve the post- graduate programme, particularly the experimentsand procedures. Both students and faculty participated in the establishmentof quality assurance programmes in diagnostic radiology and nuclearmedicine in selected hospitals of the Department of Health. In 1990-1991, sixgraduate medical physicists have been employed by hospitals, medicalcentres and other institutions. The project has broadened the scope of thepost-graduate teaching programme.

PHI/8/009 STERILIZATION OF MEDICAL PRODUCTS

COMPLETED: 92-12-47 TOTAL COST: $234,619

TO EVALUATE EFFECTIVENESS AND ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY OF RADIATIONSTERILIZATION OF LOCALLY MANUFACTURED MEDICAL PRODUCTS.

Following an Agency expert's recommendation, the Philippine NuclearResearch Institute (PNRI) sought Agency assistance in feasibility studies of

IV PROJECTS CONCLUDED DURING 1W2 ACHIEVEMENTS Page 145

gamma radiation sterilization of medical products and tissue grafts. Under thisproject, initiated in 1979, expert missions assisted in the preparation of shieldbuilding layout, design of the radiation source storage pool and reviewingengineering drawings for the shield building. During 1979-1987, three staffmembers were awarded project-related fellowships and were trained abroad.The major items of equipment provided under the project included a gammabeam 651 PT irradiator and auxiliary items, a source storage container, andstainless steel sheets as liner for the storage pool. Owing to the long andunexpected delay in construction of the shield building, the irradiator was notinstalled until January 1989. A 30 000 Ci Co-60 source provided under aparallel project PHI/8/010 was loaded at the same time. Since then theirradiation facility has been used by the counterpart staff for feasibility studies.In 1989, 269 bone grafts and 217 tissue grafts (amnion grafts) supplied by thePhilippine General Hospital and the National Orthopaedic Hospital wereprocessed and sterilized by radiation at PNRI. The grafts were successful inclinical tests by orthopaedic doctors in hospitals. Radiation sterilization wasundertaken of locally manufactured medical products such as urinarydrainage bags with push/pull valve, nelaton catheters, oxygen catheters, rectaltubes, and nasal oxygen cannulae. These products are still being studied byPNRI staff. After the establishment of the irradiation facility, the project wascombined with PHI/8/010 in late 1990. The work is being continued underProject PHI/8/013.

PHI/8/010 RADIATION STERILIZATION FACILITY

COMPLETED: 92-12-30 TOTAL COST: $135,940

TO UPGRADE THE EXISTING IRRADIATION FACILITY AT PAEC FOR USE AS ADEMONSTRATION FACILITY.

To meet the growing national demand for medical supplies and tissue grafts,the Philippine Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC), now the Philippine NuclearResearch Institute (PNRI), sought Agency assistance to establish a radiationsterilization facility. The project, originally approved in 1980 with footnote-astatus, was made operational through an extrabudgetary contribution from theUSA in August 1980 and was subsequently financed by Agency reserve andregular funds. In 1982, the Government made a commitment to construct ashielded building to house the radiation facility, but this was delayed, mainlyowing to financial constraints. The building was eventually completed in 1988.Implementation of the project actually started in 1988, apart from aproject-related fellowship awarded in 1984. The main items of equipmentprovided included a 30 000 Ci Co-60 source, a UV-VIS spectrophotometer, anelectronic analytical balance, a closed circuit TV system, dosimeters, agamma ray monitor and detector, and spare parts for the gamma beam 651PT irradiator. An exhaust system vent was installed and a safely access roadwas constructed under the project. Two fellowships were awarded for trainingin radiation processing and in operation and process control of the gammairradiation facility. In 1989, a parallel project. PHI/9/009, was initiated in orderto complete the radiation facility. Following completion of the shieldedbuilding in 1988, the gamma beam 651 PT irradiator provided by the Agencyunder PHI/8/009 and the auxiliary system were installed in January 1989 and theCo-60 source loaded. An Agency expert also advised on determination of thedose of the facility. A 300 000 Ci Co-60 irradiation facility with a suitablyequipped laboratory has now been set up at PNRI, and R&D work on radiationsterilization of medical products and food irradiation is being conducted. PNRInow provides irradiation services to the tissue bank, agriculture institutes and

Page 1 « IV PROJECTS CONCLUDED DURING 1992 ACMEVEMENT5

other users. The team of scientists and support staff has gained experienceduring the installation, commissioning and operation of the facility and fromthe research programmes. The work is being continued under ProjectPHI/8/013.

PHI/9/016 RADIOACTIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT

COMPLETED: 92-12-17 TOTAL COST: $84,747

TO ESTABLISH A FACILITY FOR CONDITIONING AND IMMOBILIZATION OFRADWASTE; TO DEVELOP PROCEDURES FOR TESTING AND QUALITY CONTROL OFWASTE FORMS AND PACKAGES PRIOR TO TRANSPORT. STORAGE AND DISPOSAL.

The Philippine Nuclear Research Institute (PNRI), as the national nuclearregulatory body, is responsible for the management of radioactive waste(radwaste) generated by all licensed users of radiation and radioisotopes.PNRI sought Agency assistance to establish a facility for conditioning andimmobilizing radwaste and to develop procedures in their routinemanagement. Under this project, approved in 1985, Iwo experts assisted inestablishing a radwaste facility and quality control procedures. Agencyexperts also advised on the management of spent sealed sources, in particularon safe storage of those sources and design of the storage facility. Someequipment, including a hydraulic baling press, in-drum cement mixers, slurrytransfer pumps and ventilation fans, were provided by the Agency. One of thecounterpart staff was awarded a 12-month project-related fellowship. Duringthe period 1986-1988 there were some difficulties in implementing the projectowing to the mothballing of PNPP-1 and the reorganization of PNRI. However,considerable progress has been made by counterpart staff since 1989. Thefacility for conditioning and immobilization of radwaste has been establishedand is now the radwaste management centre for all radwastes generatedfrom the use of unsealed and sealed radioisotopes by PNRI and others,including research, medical and industrial institutions nationwide.Management procedures covering all aspects in the routine management ofradwastes have also been finalized. Conditioning of radwaste by thecementation process is now routinely undertaken with the use of equipmentprovided by the Agency. The protection of both the general public and PNRIpersonnel from radiation hazards associated with radioactive wastes has beenmuch more assured by the establishment of the facility and relatedprocedures. The work is baing continued under Project PHI/9/018.

POLAND

POU6/003 UPGRADING OF THE NUCLEAR MEDICINE CENTRE

COMPLETED: 92-12-30 TOTAL COST: $325,890

TO UPGRADE THE EXISTING NUCLEAR MEDICINE CENTRE BY SUPPLYING A MODERNGAMMA CAMERA WITH A COMPUTERIZED DATA PROCESSING SYSTEM AND OTHERFACILITIES.

This footnote-a project was approved in 1991 and subsequently funded byGermany. The Nuclear Medicine Centre of the Department of Endocrinology,Poznan, has been active in the application of radioisotopes for diagnosticpurposes and in the treatment of thyrotoxicosis and polycythemia. The

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Institute's activities were severely reduced in recent years owing to theeconomic conditions in the country and the lack of opportunity to upgrade itsavaila e technology by replacing obsolete and unserviceable equipment.The Agency provided the hospital with a computerized Anger type scintillationcamera system, optimized for single photon emission computerizedtomography (SPECT) and whole body imaging. The system allows for bothcircular and whole body contour SPECT studies. The Agency also providedaccessories for the camera, a CD-ROM drive and a high resolution video filmimager. The hospital obtained the processing part of the computerized dataacquisition system from local funds. The introduction of this advancedtechnology has enabled the hospital to resume on a routine basis its activitiesin radioisotopic studies and. as part of a university teaching hospital, to playa central and important role in Poland in this field.

POL/9/015 HEALTH EFFECTS OF IONIZING RADIATION

CANCELLED: 92-03-16

TO EXCHANGE RELEVANT INFORMATION ON RADIATION INDUCED DISEASES ANDRELATED PROBLEMS, DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT. TO IMPROVE THE PUBLICPERCEPTION OF NUCLEAR POWER.

The Reserve Fund project was created at the request of the Polish Governmentin response to interest raised within the Polish medical community to hold aseminar on the health effects of ionizing radiation. In view of the lack ofavailable national counterpart resources required for the successful executionof the seminar, it was agreed to cancel the project and postpone the seminar.A new project was opened as soon as local conditions permitted.

PORTUGAL

POR/3/009 URANIUM EXPLORATION

COMPLETED: 92-12-30 TOTAL COST: $27,821

TO DETERMINE THE URANIUM POTENTIAL IN PORTUGAL.

This project, originally with fooinote-a status, was funded by an extrabudgetarycontribution from France and initiated in 1989 to conduct a nationwideuranium exploration programme. The Agency supplied the UraniumProspecting Division (SFMIE) of the General Directorate of Geology and Mineswith a computer system, digitizer, plotter and software for uranium explorationevaluation. Agency experts advised the counterpart staff on exploratorystudies of sedimentary uranium deposits and helped to formulate a workplanfor compiling the entire geological data on sedimentary basins in Portugal byfocussing on important parameters for the accumulation of uranium. Owing tostaffing constraints at SFMIE it has not yet become possible to launch thenationwide exploration programme originally envisaged, so that only part ofthe original provision had been used when it was agreed to terminate theproject.

IV PROJECTS CONCLUDED DURING 199? ACHIEVEMENTS

POR/8/005 RADIATION TECHNOLOGY

COMPLETED: 92-12-16 TOTAL COST: $51,424

TO PROMOTE CROSS-UNKING OF POLYMERS BY MEANS OF ANELECTRON BEAM ACCELERATOR.

This project was intended to supply an electron beam accelerator system tothe Physics Department of the National Laboratory of Engineering and IndustrialTechnology (LNETI). Sacavem. lor use in radiation processing of materials.Following inclusion of the project in the 1989 Programme, considerable effortswere made to conclude a contract with a Moscow company to supply anelectron beam accelerator to LNETI. As about $143 000 in convertiblecurrencies would have been required for the components, LNETI decidedagainst the purchase of this equipment. The order was therefore cancelledand the project closed.

POR/9/009 URANIUM MINING AND MILLING WASTES

COMPLETED: 92-12-16 TOTAL COST: $35,576

TO IMPROVE METHODS FOR HANDLING URANIUM TAILINGS AND TO IMPROVERADIATION PROTECTION BY THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A LONG-TERM INTEGRATEDPLAN FOR MILL TAILINGS DISPOSAL SITES AT URGEIRIA.

Following a WAMAP mission, uranium mill tailings were identified as posing anurgent problem. The project aimed at developing regulations for managing,inspecting and disposing of the uranium tailings in a manner that minimizesdetriment to the population and the environment. Three expert missionsadvised counterparts at the National Uranium Undertaking on managementand modelling of uranium mill tailings facilities. Particular attention was paidto the management of direct radiation or emanation of radon from the tailings,migration of pollutants from the tailings (as a result of infiltration of water], andmisuse by humans. Two counterpart staff members were awarded a six-monthfellowship training and a three-week scientific visit, respectively, in Canada.The project has enabled the competent authorities to prepare regulations,guidelines and criteria in order to regulate the management of uranium milltailings in Portugal.

REGIONAL AFRICA

RAF/8/010 WATER RESOURCES IN THE NILE VALLEY

COMPLETED: 92-09-15 TOTAL COST: $175,830

TO CARRY OUT GROUND/SURFACE WATER ASSESSMENTS IN NORTHERN SUDANAND SOUTHERN EGYPT.

The project was approved in 1986 with footnote-a status and was upgradedby an extrabudgetary contribution from Germany. Two experts assisted thefield investigations in Egypt and Sudan, which were facilitated by the provisionof field hydrology equipment and chemicals under the project. Analysis ofwater samples was carried out under the project. The chief national

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counterpart from Egypt received two months fellowship training at the Agency'sIsotope Hydrology Laboratory. Vienna. The major achievements of theinvestigations carried out under the project in Egypt since 1988 and in Sudansince 1989 were: (a) identification and evaluation of Nile infiltration intoadjacent groundwater of three study areas in Egypt and three in Sudan;(b) study of the dynamics of the High Dam Lake; (c) delimitation of the zone ofinfiltration of High Dam Lake water into adjacent groundwater (maximumdistance from the lake about 10 km); (d) identification of paleowater resourcesin the aquifers of the High Dam Lake area; and (e) contribution to thereconstruction of the isotopic composition of Nile water before the constructionof the High Dam. The results of these studies were presented at the Agency'sRegional Seminar on Isotope Techniques in Hydrology in Africa in 1990 and atthe Agency's International Symposium on the Use of Isotope Techniques inWater Resources Development, held in Vienna in 1991. Three scientific paperswere also prepared for publication.

REGIONAL LATIN AMERICA

RLA/0/006 NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT (ARCAL)

COMPLETED: 92-12*30 TOTAL COST: $809,080

TO DEVELOP SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF RADIOISOTOPES ANDRADIATION IN THE LATIN AMERICA REGION.

At the request of the Andean Group of countries wishing to co-ordinatecommon activities in areas where nuclear technologies were contributing tothe solution of common problems, the Agency approved this long-termregional project in 1983. Its main purpose was to support the establishment ofthe ARCAL Programme, which grew from a core of five Member States to thepresent membership of seventeen. The national counterparts in the projectwere the national nuclear energy authorities. The project provided over90 months of expert services, including numerous planning and co-ordinationmeetings. Individual and team missions were carried out. first, to assessprevailing conditions in the countries wishing to participate in projects underARCAL and. second, to prepare projects in the areas of radiation protection,nuclear instrumentation, radioimmunoassay (RIA) techniques in animalreproduction, food irradiation, nuclear analytical techniques, mutationbreeding, utilization of research reactors, and RIA of thyroid hormones andisotope techniques in hydrology. Project formulation meetings for the activitieson nuclear instrumentation and isotope techniques in hydrology weresponsored by the project. Some experts helped to establish computer-basedmanagement operations of regional activities at the Agency. During the1984-90 period, the project sponsored annual planning and technicalco-ordination meetings held in Latin America, attended by the nationalcoordinators of ARCAL Member States. As a contribution to the initiation ofsome ARCAL projects, one course on mutation breeding and another onnuclear analyticcl techniques were organized under this project. To facilitatetraining on various subjects related to ARCAL projects, 49 scientific visits andfellowships were sponsored. Much of this training was gained through grouptraining events organized in the Latin America region. A gamma spectrometer,a liquid scintillation counter and computer systems were supplied by theAgency. A contribution from Germany was used to provide radiationprotection equipment to participating countries. The project contributed tostrengthening the ARCAL Programme, which provides a framework within whichMember States of the Agency co-operate in joint projects in nuclear science

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and technology which they consider useful.

BLAyO/011 MANPOWER DEVELOPMENT IN THE LATIN AMERICA REGION

COMPLETED: 92-11-18 TOTAL COST: $711,160

TO MAKE FUNDING AVAILABLE FOR FELLOWSHIP TRAINING AND SCIENTIFIC VISITSREQUESTED FOR COUNTRIES IN THE LATIN AMERICA REGION WHICH CANNOT BEDIRECTLY INCLUDED AS PART OF AN APPROVED PROJECT.

This project was initiated in 1989 as a mechanism to make funding availablefor fellowship training and scientific visits which hcd high priority within aspecific country's nuclear development programme but coulcj not be directlyrelated to an approved project. Under this project 101 fellowships from16 countries were awarded for a total of 385 months. In addition. 53 scientificvisits from 13 countries were awarded for a total of 26 months. Fellowships andscientific visits covered the following areas of study: 25% infrastructure for thedevelopment of nuclear energy, including scientific documentation; 19.6%radiological protection and safety: 15% application of radiation and isotopesin agriculture: 14.4% applications of radiation and isotopes in industry andhydrology; 8.5% nuclear engineering and technology, includinginstrumentation; 8.5% application of radiation and isotopes in medicine, and5.8% nuclear physics and chemistry.

RLA/4/006 NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTATION (ARCAL II)

COMPLETED: 92-12-30 TOTAL COST: $1,209,383

TO STRENGTHEN THE REGIONAL CAPABILITY FOR REPAIR AND MAINTENANCE OFELECTRONIC INSTRUMENTS AND TO PROMOTE REGIONAL CO-OPERATION.

This project was approved in 1986 at the request of the ARCAL Member States,which considered that the progress and success of all experimental nuclearprojects vitally depend on the correct operation of nuclear Instrumentation.Since nuclear instrumentation deals with complex hardware and sophisticatedsoftware that is developing very rapidly, and in view of the lack of establishedprogrammes in Latin America for training in this field and the poor serviceprovided by manufacturers to instrument useri in the region, the projectemphasised training. Twenty-three regional events were held to train245 participants. Courses covered a wide variety of topics ranging fromradiation detectors to interfacing in nuclear experiments. Workshops onselected topics trained electronic engineers from nuclear laboratories insolving specific problems such as maintenance of pneumatic transfer systems.Another important activity was the evaluation of commercial instruments inspecialized workshops which combined the training component withadvanced testing and publication of the results. Over 30 months of expertservices were provided to help States to establish maintenance laboratories orto advise on specific tasks. Germany and the USA contributed towards thesupply of equipment and the provision of expert services. Early in the project,it was realized that there were two obstacles to efficient organization ofmaintenance and repair centres: lack of adequate repair and maintenancemanuals and lack of spare parts. A databank on manuals available in theregion was therefore established and is available on diskettes. In 1987. aspare parts service was successfully organized and is being used as a model

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to establish similar services in other regions. The 15 countries participating inthe project provided cost-free experts, facilities to conduct the individual andgroup training events, and the per-diem to participants in several courses. Aco-ordinated research programme on formulation and implementation ofmaintenance plans in Latin America was closely associated with the project.In each participating country, at least one model laboratory was createdunder the project for maintenance and repair of nuclear instruments. Theproject also trained electronic engineers in maintenance and repair andpromoted co-operation among ARCAL countries in the field of nuclearinstrumentation. The methodology was established for training in nuclearinstrumentation maintenance, and several manuals and textbooks on thesubject are now supporting these activities. A follow-up project, RLA/4/008.initiated in 1991, is strengthening the regional capability for maintenance andrepair of nuclear electronic and microprocessor-based instruments.

RLA/4/007 RESEARCH REACTOR UTILIZATION (ARCAL V)

COMPLETED: 92-11-03 TOTAL COST: $355,036

TO PROMOTE MORE INTENSIVE UTILIZATION OF RESEARCH REACTOR WITHEMPHASIS ON EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL REACTOR PHYSICS AND NEUTRONRADIOGRAPHY AND ON RADIOISOTOPE PRODUCTION AND PROCESSING.

The project was approved in 1985. and the first activity took place in 1986.Support from Germany in 1987 made it possible to greatly expand theprogramme. A co-ordinated research programme was initiated in 1987 tostudy the problem of converting research reactors from the use of highlyenriched to low enriched uranium fuels. To improve research reactorutilization, consistent with considerations of safety and economics, theprogramme emphasised the establishment of indigenous capabilities toperform reactor physics and thermal hydraulics calculations, which are basicto all activities involving research reactors. Between 1987 and 1990. twelvetraining courses and workshops were held, involving more than120 participants from all ARCAL Member States operating research reactors,in the fields of reactor calculations, reactor operation and technology, andreactor utilization. Expert services and equipment were provided to supportthese activities. A co-ordinated research programme, of three years duration,developed and enhanced the calculational capabilities of the institutes inARCAL countries. The results of the programme are expected to be published.The concluding activity of the project was a Workshop/Symposium on ResearchReactors held in Chile in January 1991. the first of its kind in Latin America,which was attended by about 60 participants. It was recommended that suchmeetings be continued. The project. ARCAL V. has established a regionallyrecognized capability for research reactor calculations, has established thecapability to improve the use of research reactors safely and optimaiiy, andhas created a co-operative spirit that is fostering regional co-operation in thefield and should continue to do so.

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RLA/5/019 RADIOIMMUNOASSAY IN ANIMAL REPRODUCTION (ARCAL III)

COMPLETED: 92-09-15 TOTAL COST: $864,160

TO INCREASE THE REPRODUCTIVE EFFICIENCY OF LIVESTOCK IN THE LATINAMERICA REGION.

The joint FAO/IAEA Division initiated a co-ordinated research programme in1904 to improve the reproductive management of livestock in the LatinAmerica region. In 1985 a regional project was established. The co-ordinated research programme was integrated with national technical co-operation projects in animal reproduction. The regional network comprised 20research contracts, three research agreements, and 14 TC projects withArgentina. Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia. Costa Rica, Cuba, Ecuador, ElSalvador, Guatemala. Mexico, Panama, Peru, Uruguay. Venezuela, and withthe USA. A regional expert was contracted to co-ordinate the regionalnetwork from 1984 until 1988. The goals were to characterize and improve thereproductive management of milk, meat and fibre-producing livestockmaintained under the diverse environmental and management conditionsprevailing in the region. Institutes were encouraged (a) to define the livestockproduction system and determine the productive and reproductiveperformance of animals, (b) to determine the major causes of poorreproductive performance on typical farms, and (c) to develop viable, cost-effective solutions based on modifications to existing management. Themeasurement of progesterone levels in blood or milk by radioimmunoassay(RIA) proved a highly effective tool to identify the real constraints toreproductive performance. RIA laboratories were established through theprovision of appropriate equipment, fellowship training, expert services throughthe national projects and, during the last five years of the programme,standardized RIA kits supplied by the Agency's Laboratories at Seibersdorf. Allcounterparts attended three research co-ordination meetings in Lima, Peru(1984), San Jose, Costa Rica (1986), and Bogota, Colombia (1988). In addition,36 Latin American scientists attended a regional seminar in Maracay,Venezuela, in 1987, and 53 scientists and 26 lecturers participated in threemeetings on reproduction and nutrition. The courses were held in Lima, Peru(1984), Maracay, Venezuela (1986), and La Habana, Cuba (1990). Most of thelecturers and experts dealing with reproductive physiology and RIA inprogesterone came from the region itself. A training course on diseasediagnosis by RIA techniques was held in Buenos Aires. Argentina, in 1988 withthe participation of 26 scientists from nine Latin American countries. The majorconstraint on the reproductive efficiency of farm livestock in Latin America wasidentified as a prolonged post-partum interval. The factors considered to beresponsible for low reproductive performance were management and nutrition.The achievements of the programme were reported in Livestock Reproductionin Latin America, published by the Agency in 1990,

RLA/5/020 FOOD IRRADIATION (ARCAL VI)

COMPLETED: 92-05-14 TOTAL COST: $50,057

TO EXTEND THE LATIN AMERICA REGION'S SHARE OF WORLD TRADE INAGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES BY PROMOTING IRRADIATION AS ATECHNIQUE FORFOOD PRESERVATION.

The Agency approved a footnote-a regional project on food irradiation in

PPOJECTS CONCLUDED DUPING 1W3 ACHIEVEMENTS Page 153

1986. Following a preparatory mission in 1985 to evaluate the infrastructure,manpower and needs of the Latin America region, a regional co-ordinatedresearch programme on food irradiation (PIAAL) was set up in 1986 with tenresearch contracts and the participation of Argentina, Brazil. Chile. Colombia,Ecuador. Guatemala. Uruguay and Venezuela. Research laid emphasis on thetechno-economic feasibility of the irradiation process and on applications atthe pilot-scale level to a variety of selected foods of importance to the region.The immediate objectives were to train staff, to strengthen research anddevelopment of food irradiation applications, and to promote thedissemination of information on the health, legal and commercial aspects ofthe process. The project was partially upgraded in 1987 following assistancein cash and in kind from Argentina, Chile, Canada and the InternationalFacility for Food Irradiation Technology to implement training activities andconduct a feasibility study in some countries of the region. One workshop washeld in Brazil in 1986 on aspects of food irradiation, with the participation of18 scientists from 11 countries. Two specialized tra'ning courses were held inArgentina (1987) and Chile (1988) to train 32 scientists from 10 countries in thedevelopment of applications and quality controi in the food industry andrelated subjects. All counterparts attended two research co-ordinationmeetings. Individual training was also provided. A mission to evaluate aneconomic feasibility study was carried out in Brazil. Colombia and Ecuador in1988 to demonstrate the viability of the process under commercial orpilot-scale conditions. It was concluded that the best near-term prospect wasfor insect disinfestation of fruits and vegetables in order to meet the quarantinerequirements of importing countries such as the USA. It is hoped that healthauthorities of importing countries will implement regulations on food irradiationfollowing the principles of the Codex General Standard for Irradiated Foodsand its associated Code of Practice. Research through a co-ordinatedprogramme has contributed to support of the commercial use of foodirradiation facilities in the Latin America region. Four ARCAL countries.Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Mexico, are playing a key role in the practicalapplications of food irradiation technology in the region.

RLA/6/006 QUALITY CONTROL OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE PROCEDURES IN-VIVO

COMPLETED: 92-12-18 TOTAL COST: $302,526

TO ESTABLISH NATIONAL QUALITY CONTROL PROGRAMMES IN THE LATIN AMERICAREGION.

This regional project was approved in 1980 to improve quality control ofnuclear medicine equipment and to promote more effective use of equipment,particularly scanners and gamma cameras, in Latin America. Argentina, Brazil,Chile. Costa Rica. Colombia. Cuba, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, Paraguay,Peru and Uruguay benefitted from expert missions to assist in setting upnational programmes and prepare for relevant education at the national level.The Agency also supported twelve one-week workshops by providing lecturers,some test tools and phantoms. The project was linked with two co-ordinatedresearch programmes. A total of 55 months training was awarded under thisor related projects. Training courses were also provided on radioimmunoassayin Colombia and on quality control in-vivo procedures in Cuba, as well asworkshops on SPECT (tomography) quality control and nuclear cardiology. Theproject led to great improvements in instrument care in the region, increasedawareness of the concept of quality and a lower down-time for nuclearmedicine instruments. A follow-up project to promote quality control of nuclearmedicine equipment and quality assurance in nuclear medicine in the region

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will be initiated in 1994, closely linked with a new co-ordinated researchprogramme on certification of quality control and preventive maintenance.

RLA/6/011 RADIOIMMUNOASSAY OF THYROID-RELATED HORMONES (ARCAL VIII)

COMPLETED: 92-12-30 TOTAL COST: $638,528

TO REDUCE COSTS AND INCREASE THE RELIABILITY OF RADIOIMMUNOASSAYS OFTHYROID-RELATED HORMONES.

Following a request from ARCAL Member States.the Agency approved thistoo\note-a project in 1986. The Commission of the European Communitiesupgraded the project the following year by an extrabudgetary contribution.Eighty laboratories in Argentina, Bolivia. Brazil, Chile. Colombia, Costa Rica.Cuba, Ecuador. Guatemala, Mexico, Paraguay. Peru, Uruguay and Venezuelaparticipated in this project, which supported the establishment of bulkreagent-based methodology and local reagent production forradioimmunoassay (RIA) of thyroid-related hormones. The transfer oftechnology was accomplished by means of several expert missions to adviseparticipating laboratories, four regional training events at which 73 participantswere trained on radioisotope methodology and external quality in RIA. and 40national courses on the same subjects, at which participants in regional eventslectured to more than 600 participants. A regional course on preparation anduse of bulk reagents also supported the project. The co-ordinated researchprogramme on promotion of optimum use of bulk reagents for RIA ofthyroid-related hormones was closely linked to this project. Participatingcountries provided infrastructure available in their laboratories, cost-freelecturers for training courses and to advise the less advanced laboratories. Insome cases the participating countries provided reagents produced in theregion. As a result, dependence on imported commercial RIA kits has beengreatly reduced and indigenous production of primary reagents has beenachieved to a large extent in the region and in many cases also inparticipating countries. The project has succeeded in considerably reducingcosts, with a subsequent expansion of diagnostic services. Analytical reliabilityof the results has been assured by insistence on standard RIA practice andinternal quality control procedures in all laboratories. A regional externalquality assessment (EQAS) scheme is ongoing, in addition to which severalcountries have organized their own national EQAS. A follow-up project onproduction of RIA reagents will utilize the achievements of the present projectto create total seif-sufficiency in the production of reagents and kits for RIA ofthyroid-related hormones and their application to the clinical area of neonatalhypothyroidism screening, which is of great concern to the Latin Americanregion.

RLA/fl/005 NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING IN LATIN AMERICA

COMPLETED: 92-12-30 TOTAL COST: $2,605,676

TO PROVIDE TRAINING IN INDUSTRIAL RADIOGRAPHY AND OTHERNON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING TECHNIQUES AT MEDIUM AND ADVANCED LEVELS.

In 1982. the IAEA, the United Nations Financing System for Science andTechnology for Development (UNFSSTD) and the United Nations IndustrialDevelopment Organization (UNIDO) joined forces to start the Regional NDT

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Project for Latin America and the Caribbean, with six member countries. By1985. an additional 11 countries had joined, and in early 1988 Costa Ricabecame the 18th country to participate. The IAEA has funded themanagement of the project co-ordination office, located in facilities providedby the CNEA in Buenos Aires. Additional funds were provided initially byUNIDO. The project has also had substantial in-cash contributions from theGovernments of Italy and Germany, fhe Government of Canada has alsoparticipated in the project, through in-kind contributions, during 1985-1986.The project achieved and surpassed its main objective of building up anautonomous capacity in non-destructive testing (NDT) in the region. From thesmall groups competent in specific techniques which were identified at thebeginning of the project, there are now sufficient personnel in all participatingcountries trained in fhe five basic techniques to at least level 2 to meet theireveryday NDT needs and are able to give training in the basic techniques withtheir own personnel. A total of 1680 persons participated in 85 regionaltraining events. 4595 persons participated in 254 national training events withproject input, and at least 22 213 persons were trained in national eventswithout project input but following project training guidelines andmethodology. Regional lecturers from 13 project countries carried out258 expert missions. (In the early years only two countries were able to providesufficiently trained specialists). A total of 98 missions were carried out byinternational experts mainly from donor countries. The region played a majorrole in drafting a standard for the International Organization of Standardization(ISO) for the qualification and certification of NDT personnel, thus ensuring thatthe needs of developing countries were respected and included. Trainingprogrammes for the main NDT techniques were elaborated and published bythe Agency as TECDOC-407. This document is also a recommended guidelinein the ISO standards. Fourteen countries have national standards for thequalification and certification of NDT personnel. An efficient and effectivecomputer-based management system and a regional communication networkwere built up, and an electronic mail system was developed. The RegionalFederation of National Non-Destructive Testing Organizations of Latin Americaand the Caribbean was established in 1988 to ensure continuity in NDTactivities in the future. The above achievements were based on closeintegration of this project with projects RLA/8/006 and RLA/8/013.

REPUBLIC OF KOREA

ROK/4/014 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE TECHNOLOGY

COMPLETED: 92-12-30 TOTAL COST: $192,033

TO DEVELOP NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE TECHNOLOGY INCLUDING REFINING,CONVERSION AND RECONVERSION OF NUCLEAR FUEL, FABRICATION OF NATURALURANIUM FUEL AND SPENT FUEL MANAGEMENT.

This project was approved in 1984 to provide elements of nuclear fut;i cycletechnology in areas of fuel design and fabrication, fuel testing, qualityassurance and quality control and post-irradiation examination. The projectwas especially important as the Government was undertaking an ambitiousprogramme based on the construction of a 200 tonnes/year fuel fabricationline and a large-scale R&D programme on fuel fabricction and post-irradiationexamination. The project was funded by an extrabudgetary contribution fromGermany, supplemented with regular TC funds. Seven Agency expertsundertook seven missions to provide training, to assist in developing researchprogrammes and to advise on non-destructive examination of nuclear fuel.

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metallurgical examination of irradiated fuel, quality control data acquisition,nuclear fuel design and Zircaloy characterization. Equipment providedincluded a particle size analyser and a high performance liquidchromatograph. Two long-term fellowships and one scientific visit wereawarded. Three project-related fellowships were granted, one of which wasfunded by the USA. The project has contributed to improvements in themethodology of fuel fabrication and associated quality assurance and inpost-irradiation examination, both destructive and non-destructive. TheDaeduk Engineering Centre of KAERI assessed the country's total fuelfabrication development needs and initiated studies on fuel materialsprocessing.

ROK/4/021 QUALITY ASSURANCE

COMPLETED: 92-09-15 TOTAL COST: $82,441

TO DEVELOP QUALITY ASSURANCE CAPABILITY FOR THE NATIONAL NUCLEARPOWER PROGRAMME.

In 1989, the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI), sought Agencyassistance to develop quality assurance capabilities for R&D activities relatedto nuclear science and technology, with particular reference to the nationalnuclear power programme. The Agency assigned six experts to conduct threeworkshops on quality assurance and quality control. One fellowship was alsoawarded for training abroad. The knowledge and practical experiencegained through the project have helped to develop and improve KAERI'soverall quality assurance system. In particular, it can help to move from anindividual quality control system to an auditable quality assuranceprogramme, in accordance with the regulatory requirements of the country'snuclear standards.

ROK/4/022 NUCLEAR FUEL QUALIFICATION

COMPLETED: 92-12-30 TOTAL COST: $19,775

TO ESTABLISH TECHNOLOGY FOR THE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A LOOPSYSTEM FOR RESEARCH/POWER REACTORS.

The 30 MW(th) Korean Multipurpose Research Reactor (KMRR) is underconstruction at the Korean Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI) and will becritical by mid-1993. The project was approved in 1989 to assist KAERI indesigning in-pile loops to test fuels for nuclear research and power reactorsand to test other reactor materials to ensure the proper performance andsafety of nuclear materials. Three Agency experts undertook three missionsand worked with local staff on in-pile tests in the research reactor, using testloops or rigs. Two senior staff members were awarded scientific visits abroad.The project has strengthened R&D efforts in evaluating fuel performance andmaterials testing and will contribute towcrds better utilization of the researchreactor.

• fJOJECTS CONCLUDED DURING 1992 ACHIEVEMENTS Paoo 15?

ROK74/023 NUCLEAR POWER PLANT WATER CHEMISTRY

COMPLETED: 92-12-30 TOTAL COST: $45,417

TO ESTABLISH EXPERTISE IN WATER CHEMISTRY OF THE NPP SYSTEM. PARTICULARLYOXYGEN REMOVAL.

The Government sought Agency assistance for its plans to improve themanagement of water chemistry of nuclear power plants (NPPs) in operationand to develop advanced technology for self-reliant design of NPPs. Theproject was initiated in 1989. Two experts provided advice and training oncatalytic removal of dissolved oxygen using wet-proofed catalysts, on themechanism of catalytic deoxygenation, and in studying the behaviour ofcorrosion products and optimum control chemistry in the primary water system,thus contributing to the reduction of occupational radiation exposure in NPPs.One counterpart received 12 months training abroad in water chemistrymanagement and water purification technology. The project has contributedto the improvement of the methodological basis for regulating water chemistryand to the R&D activity of primary water chemistry control in nuclear powerreactors.

ROK/9/021 RADIOACTIVE WASTE DISPOSAL

COMPLETED: 92-12-30 TOTAL COST: $508,854

TO SOLVE EXISTING RADWASTE MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS INCLUDING TREATMENTAND DISPOSAL.

This project, initiated in 1982, intended to assist the Korea Atomic EnergyResearch Institute (KAERI) and the Korea Institute of Energy and Resources insupport of the Government's policy for safe treatment and disposal of low- andintermediate-level radioactive waste (radwaste) arising primarily from nuclearpower generation. Under this project, the Agency provided 22 internationalexperts and two staff members, who carried out twenty missions for a total ofover 26 months. These missions advised and trained personnel in variousaspects of radwaste disposal including management policy, site selection,decontamination of nuclear facilities, solidification and volume reduction ofradwaste. and depository design. A national training course on radwastemanagement was also organized. Equipment provided included a differentialthermal analyser system and a low-level counter. Seven counterpart staff wereawarded long-term training abroad. Four project-related fellowships weregranted for practical training abroad, two of which were funded by the USA.These activities have also been supported by four related research contracts.As a result of the project, reference data for a national radwaste master planwere provided (the plan was established in December 1984 and specified inJuly 1988). and criteria for waste acceptance and site selection wereestablished. The site investigation and selection technologies presented by theexperts are being used as a reference for site selection by KAERI; severalcandidate sites have been identified. The treatment and disposaltechnologies transferred by expert services and training, and the monitoringequipment supplied under the project, have improved the capability of theinstitutes to the level that they can carry out self-sustaining R&D programmes,within the scope identified in this project, to support the national radwastemanagement programme.

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ROK79/031 PROBABILISTIC SAFETY ASSESSMENT TECHNIQUES

COMPLETED: 92-12-30 TOTAL COST: $66,501

TO CARRY OUT A CRITICAL REVIEW OF THE PROBABILISTIC SAFETY ASSESSMENT OFTHE WOLSUNG PLANT.

Under this project, approved in 1989. an Intensive International Peer ReviewService (IPERS) mission on Probabilistic Safety Assessment (PSA) for theKORI-3 and 4 nuclear power plants (NPPs) (Westinghouse three-loop PWRs) wasperformed. The net electrical output of each unit is 913 MW(e). Unit 3 has beenin commercial operation since 1985 and Unit 4 since 1986. The NPPs areoperated by the Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO). The Korea AtomicEnergy Research Institute (KAERI). which is responsible for reviewing thisassessment, requested the Agency to conduct the review. The PSA for theKORI-3 and 4 NPPs was elaborated on behalf of the utility mainly by domesticmanpower from KEPCO with the assistance of consulting companies from theUSA. The review was carried out in two stages. The pre-IPERS meeting tookplace in Vienna from 27 to 31 May 1991 while the main part of the mission wascarried out in Seoul a few months after the preparatory meeting. Six Agencyexperts led by an Agency staff member participated in the mission, whichfocussed on the adequacy of the treatment of important technical andmethodological issues in the study. The review identified a number of issuesappropriate for improvement, which were accepted and used by the PSAteam to retrieve and update the study. This IPERS mission is the first full scopelevel I PSA carried out in the Republic of Korea. As a result of the project,confidence in the PSA models and results and in the local capabilities forconducting a PSA review have been strengthened.

ROMANIA

ROM/3/002 NUCLEAR TECHNIQUES IN MINING

COMPLETED: 92-07-13 TOTAL COST: $329,854

TO DEVELOP THE USE OF NUCLEAR TECHNIQUES IN GEOPHYSICS. MINERALANALYSIS, ON-LINE COAL ANALYSIS AND HYDROLOGY.

Under this project, initiated in 1986, several laboratories at the Institute o,fAtomic Physics. Bucharest, were supported by the Agency within a nationalmineral resources development programme in the following directions: nuclearlogging; use of isotope tracers for groundwater resources assessment andmanagement; elemental analysis of geological samples with very lowelemental concentrations; fossil fuel analysis. Six expert missions covered allthese fields and furthered subsequent R&D programmes. The Agency providedcomplete systems for elemental analysis, precision electronics measurementinstruments, chemicals, detectors, and radioactive sources. Four scientific visitshelped to update information on the use of carbon and oxygen tracers forpetroleum geology and for the study of water migration. As a result of theproject, gamma ray. thermal and epithermal neutron logging methods andtechnologies were introduced for great depth, including production of someprototype logging equipment. The R&D work pursued under this project alsoresulted in the publication of more than ten scientific papers.

IV PROJECTS CONCLUDED OWING )992 ACHIEVEMENTS Page 159

ROM/9/009 OSART AND FOLLOW-UP OSART (FOLLOW-UP PRE-OSART TO CERNAVODA)

COMPLETED: 92-12-30 TOTAL COST: $10,865

TO REVIEW THE OPERATIONAL SAFETY OF THE CERNAVODA NUCLEAR POWERPLANT THROUGH AN OSART MISSION.

The project was approved in 1991 at the request of the Romanian Government,which is constructing five CANDU-type reactor units at Cernavoda. Continuingthe assistance provided during 1990, a follow-up visit to Cernavoda nuclearpower plant (NPP) was undertaken in 1991. In 1992 the Agency sponsored anAssessment of Safety Significant Events (ASSET) training seminar for16 participants drawn from the operating organization, regulatory body andtechnical support staff. Topics covered included ASSET root cause analysismethodology and event rating techniques for the International Nuclear EventScale (INES) system. The training programme took into consideration the lackof operating experience on the Romanian side and emphasised specificexamples of operational events relevant to CANDU reactors. The project alsoenabled one Romanian scientist to participate as an observer in an OSARTmission to the Grafenrheinfeld NPP. Germany, and another to the Blayais NPP.France.

SPAIN

SPA/5/002 NUCLEAR TECHNIQUES »N AGRICULTURE

COMPLETED: 92-12-17 TOTAL COST: $105,671

TO OPTIMIZE PRODUCTION OF PASTURE, FORAGE. GRAINS AND LEGUMES IN THEARID AND SEMI-ARID REGIONS OF SPAIN BY APPLYING THE TECHNIQUE OFBIOLOGICAL FIXATION.

The Estacion Experimental del Zaidin (EEZ), Granada, embarked on nitrogenfixation and water-use efficiency studies as a means of improving plantdevelopment in the arid and semi-arid regions of Spain. Through this project,approved in 1989, the Agency assisted the EEZ in field and analytical studieson the evaluation of plant/microbe symbiosis, in which selected nitrogen-fixingmicroorganisms (rhizobium) and mycorrhizal fungi assist in restoring andmaintaining soil fertility. The Agency provided an emission spectrometer forN-15 analysis, a sample preparation line, an autoregulated Kjeldahl digesterand laboratory supplies. Advice was provided on N-15 isotope techniques forestimating biological nitrogen fixation by plants, on planning nursery and fieldexperiments In nitrogen-fixing shrubs and trees, and on interpretation of resultsfrom data obtained in N-15 analysis. One counterpart staff member receivedfellowship training on N-15 techniques at the Agency's Laboratories atSeibersdorf. The introduction of biological nitrogen fixation and mycorrhizaresearch at the EEZ has been very successful, as demonstrated by the numberand quality of the studies conducted and the publications by counterparts asa result of the project, The EEZ is now actively engaged in transferring thenuclear techniques acquired under the project to other Spanish institutions.

IV PROJECTS CONCLUDED DURING 1992: ACHIEVEMENTS

planning detailed surveys of anomalous areas and dense sampling in selectedareas. Two GSD scientists were granted project-related fellowships and trainedabroad. Unfortunately, owing to the political unrest in the north and east of thecountry, where the prospective areas of interest are located, field work hasbecome very difficult since 1984. It was therefore decided to shift theemphasis from follow-up field work to the development of the data processingcapability of the Department in dealing with the large amount of geochemicaland radiometric data obtained from past activities. A computer system forautomatic data processing and map production was provided and technicalstaff was trained under a regional manpower development project in the useof computer software and its application tor routine geological studies. Withthe assistance provided by the Agency, a new fluorimetric laboratory foruranium analysis and a data processing system have been established at theGSD. It is expected that the Department will maintain its modest acWiiy inassessing the country's radioactive mineral potential as part of its generalmineral inventory programme.

SRL/8/009 ISOTOPES IN HYDROLOGY

COMPLETED: 92-12-17 TOTAL COST: $129,094

TO SET UP AN ENVIRONMENTAL TRITIUM LABORATORY AND DEVELOP THE USE OFENVIRONMENTAL ISOTOPE METHODS FOR GROUNDWATER INVESTIGATIONS.

An extensive drilling programme on groundwater development for ruralcommunity water supplies has been carried out in the hard rock terrain of thedry zone of Sri Lanka. Approximately 15 000 tube wells fitted with hand pumpswere installed during 1980-89. The Atomic Energy Authority (AEA) and theRadioisotope Centre (RIC) at Colombo University sought Agency assistance inthe use of environmental isotopes and tracer methods to determinegroundwater recharge and movement to supplement the conventionalhydrological and hydrogeological studies carried out by the National WaterSupply and Drainage Board (NWS&DB), in collaboration with WHO and UNICEF,as part of the UN International Water Supply and Sanitation Decade. Underthis multi-year project, the Agency provided the AEA and the RIC withequipment including 1wo liquid scintillation counters, a germanium detector,a multichannel analyser with data processing system, and some laboratorysupplies. Two Agency experts advised on the use of tracer techniques forland-soil movement and erosion studies, and assisted the counterpart staff inevaluation and interpretation of isotope data obtained from water samples.The Agency's Isotope Hydrology Laboratory provided analytical services for themeasurement of deuterium and O-18 and other isotopes in 454 water samplescollected by counterpart staff. With Agency assistance, an environmentaltritium enrichment and measurement facility has been established at the RIC,and the tritium tracer method has been used to estimate groundwaterrecharge. Stable isotopic composition (deuterium and O-18) of theprecipitation has been analysed during monsoon seasons. It was observedthat there are two different origins of groundwater recharge. The SW monsoonhas the more enriched composition and reflects the fact that the source ofmoisture is primarily from the ocean, while the composition of the NE monsoonis more depleted and the range of values greater, which reflects the fact thatthe source of moisture is from the continent. These findings were presented atthe Agency's 1991 Symposium on Isotope Hydrology. Conventionalhydrological. hydrogeological and hydrometrological studies have also beencompleted by NWS&DB and the results recommended to the relevantauthorities for long-term planning of water resources. It is expected that the

Pags 162 IV f»OJ£C7S CONCLUDED OumNG 1993 ACHIEVEMENTS

findings of the project will enable the Sri Lankan authorities to assess thesituation regarding groundwater resources and ensure that those resources arenot being overused or wasted.

SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC

SYR/3/003 URANIUM RECOVERY FROM PHOSPHORIC ACID

COMPLETED: 92-12-30

TO RECOVER URANIUM FROM PHOSPHORIC ACID.

TOTAL COST: $142,898

Syria's nuclear power programme has been shelved for financial andcontractual reasons. The possibility was considered of developing a domesticuranium supply as one component of the overall programme. A commercialfertilizer operation at Horns produces phosphoric acid from phosphatic rockmined from the Charkia and Knifes deposits which contain about 60 to 100parts per million of uranium. Through this project, the Agency provided theAtomic Energy Commission of Syria (AECS) with a micro-plant facility, spareparts and chemicals to enable yellow cake uranium to be recovered on anexperimental basis from the phosphoric acid produced at Horns plant. Thiswas to be the first step in the nuclear power programme cycle; subsequentsteps would include a pilot plant, an industrial scale plant and then possiblyoperations such as refining, conversion, enrichment and fuel fabrication. Fiveexpert missions were organized to train and advise the counterpart staff on theoperation of the micro-plant. A Canadian company was later awarded asub-contract for pre-feasibility evaluation of the micro-plant results with a viewto a pilot plant and eventually to an industrial scale plant for uranium recoveryfrom phosphoric acid produced at the Horns plant. Three counterpart staffmembers were trained during the pre-feasibility studies: two others receivedfellowship training in Indonesia on the uranium recovery process. The resultsof the pre-feasibility studies indicate that while the basic technology forextracting uranium from the phosphoric acid produced at the Horns plant isworkable, the industrialization of the process is not at present advisable in viewof the depressed world market price of uranium. The AECS has submitted arequest to the UNDP for assistance in the construction of a pilot plant as thenext stage in the uranium recovery process. The counterparts are continuingwith detailed investigations on solvent extraction methods for uranium recoveryat the AECS.

SYR/9/006 ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY

COMPLETED: 92-12-30 TOTAL COST: $66,402

TO DETERMINE RADON AND THORON LEVELS AND TO ASSESS COLLECTIVE DOSEAND INTERVENTION LEVELS AS PART OF THE NATIONAL RADIATION PROTECTIONPROGRAMME.

This project was initiated in 1988 to assist the Atomic Energy Commission ofSyria (AECS) to establish a solid state nuclear track detection (SSNTD)laboratory. Monitoring was envisaged of radon, thoron and their decayproducts inside buiidings and in the environment with a view to establishingintervention levels for these natural radioactivity hazards. Agency expertsadvised the counterpart staff on SSNTD, radon and neutron dosimetry

PROJECTS CONCLUDED DURING 1W2 ACHIEVEMENTS Page 163

techniques. A radon monitoring programme was embarked upon todetermine the background levels in the country; a chemical andelectrochemical etching programme was established to count nuclear tracksin films by means of a microscope, microfiche reader and a spark counter.Various items of monitoring equipment, including radiolsotopes, were providedunder the project. One counterpart staff member was trained abroad for onemonth. The laboratory established at the AEC is functioning normally, and thecounterparts can now carry out a nationwide programme of radon monitoring,particularly determination of radon and thoron levels both indoors and in thevicinity of the phosphate mining areas.

THAILAND

THA/4/008 RADIOISOTOPE PRODUCTION FACILITY

COMPLETED: 92-12-30 TOTAL COST: $1,171,729

TO IMPROVE LOCAL CAPABILITY FOR PRODUCTION OF RADIOISOTOPES ANDLABELLED COMPOUNDS TO BE USED IN NUCLEAR MEDICINE.

The project was intended to set up laboratory facilities for indigenousproduction of technetium-99m and iodine-131 to meet the increasing demandby nuclear medicine services in Thailand. The Government gave a highpriority to this multi-year project and provided funds-in-trust under the projectto purchase hot cells. The Government also made available the TRIGA MarkII reactor, a new building to house the laboratories, and extra scientists andengineers for the project. The Agency has provided, over the period 1982-88,convertible and non-convertible currency for the purchase of laboratoryfacilities and supplementary equipment. Hot cell lines for the production ofTc-99m and 1-131 were installed at the new laboratories of the Office of AtomicEnergy for Peace (OAEP) in 1985 and 1987 respective1" "tie counterpart stafflater modified and adjusted the facilities to make tht n ->.. rational. Duringthat period, eight Agency experts (a total of 8 months) aj:>: ted 1'w OAEP in thedesign of hot cells and trained local staff in the production of Tc-99m and1-131. The experts also helped to solve problems pertaining to the facilities. Atthe onset of the project, the emphasis placed on staff training facilitated a realtransfer of technology. Ten OAEP staff members were awarded Agencyfellowships and one was granted a scientific visit. At present, 2 to 2.5 Ci/week1-131 are produced routinely and given nationwide distribution, meetingapproximately the entire national demand. Owing to its very short half-life, 1.8to 2 Ci of Tc-99m are produced every day. covering the demand fromhospitals in the Bangkok area. The OAEP also produces 1-131 labelledcompounds and several kinds of Tc-99m kits for hospitals. A quality controland quality assurance measurement system has also been established forradioisotopes, which are now of a quality comparable to that of those that areimported. A core of local professionals capable of sustaining reliable andefficient radioisotope production has been established at the OAEP. Theproject made a valuable contribution to the public health services, inparticular to nuclear medicine, by indigenous production of high qualityTc-99m and 1-131 at a low price. The expanded project activities are beingcontinued under Project THA/2/010 (1991-94).

Pago * IV PROJECTS CONCLUDED DURING 1»92 ACNtVf«ENTS

THA/5yO32 MUTATION BREEDING

COMPLETED: 92-09-09 TOTAL COST: $74,010

TO DEVELOP IN-VITRO CULTURE TECHNIQUES FOR OBTAINING CULWARS OFECONOMICALLY IMPORTANT CROPS WITH GREATER RESISTANCE TO FUNGAL ANDBACTERIAL DISEASES.

The Plant Pathology and Microbiology Division of the Department of Agriculture(DOA), Bangkok, intended to develop a capability for the application of in-vitroand radiation-induced mutation breeding techniques for developing diseaseresistance of several economic crops. Under this project, initiated in 1987. theAgency provided equipment including a laminar flow cabinet,spectrophotometer. cooling incubator, autoclave, centrifuge, ultrasoniccleaner, thin-layer and liquid column chromatography sets. Expert missionsassisted the counterparts in establishing plans for experiments and advised onmodern techniques for assaying phytopathogens. Three fellowships and ascientific visit were awarded under the regional manpower developmentproject during 1989-1991. Experiments were conducted on screeningadvanced generations of tomato for resistance to bacterial wilt aisease andon mulberry for resistance to bacterial blight disease. In-vitro culturetechniques were also used to obtain disease resistant varieties of roselle, juteand mungbean; the methods of regeneration are under investigation, Theproject contributed to the establishment of an in-vitro culture laboratory at theDOA, at which research is being conducted on tissue and cell culture andradiation- and chemical-induced mutation for disease resistance. Thecounterparts, in collaboration with Khonkaen University, Kasetsart University andthe Office of Atomic Energy for Peace, have also obtained some promisingresults in disease resistant cultivars of tomato and mulberry. They are alsotraining technicians, graduate students and researchers of the DOA and theuniversities in in-vitro techniques and assisting those institutions in their research.The in-vitro laboratory at the DOA is expected to be expanded in 1992 tofurther develop in-vitro culture techniques in order to increase the diseaseresistance of economically important crops.

THA/8/010 TRAINING CENTRE FOR NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING

COMPLETED: 92-09-08 TOTAL COST: $132,123

TO ESTABLISH A NATIONAL TRAINING CENTRE FOR NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTINGCAPABLE OF TRAINING LOCAL PERSONNEL FOR QUALIFICATION, CERTIFICATIONAND EXAMINATION; TO ASSIST THE NATIONAL CERTIFICATION BODY.

The Office of Atomic Energy for Peace (OAEPJ, Bangkok, sought Agencyassistance to set up a National Non-Destruc'ive Testing (NDT) Centre to supportthe national industrial development programme and to provide training,qualification and certification for local personnel. Under this project, initiatedin 1987, the Agency supplied equipment including a gamma-ray unit, a mobileX-ray unit, ultrasonic flaw detectors, a portable eddy current flaw detector, amagnetic particle testing unit and radiography sourc9, as well as sometraining facilities. Experts advised the counterparts on the development ofinfrastructure to implement the national scheme for qualification andcertification of NDT personnel, and assisted local staff in organizing nationalNDT training courses. A fellowship was awarded to train a local staff memberabroad. The OAEP, in co-operation with the King Mongkut Institute of

'V PROJECTS CONCLUDED DURING 1*?2 ACHIEVEMENTS Poos 165

Technology, the Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand, Thai AirwaysInternational and various NDT service companies, organized 22 national NDTtraining courses in radiographic testing, ultrasonic testing and surface method.These courses trained 402 local staff in NDT during 1987-91. Two seminars werealso held during that period with 110 participants from various NDT institutions.With Agency assistance Thai Government support, a national NDT trainingcentre has been established at OAEP with laboratory and training facilities anda cadre of engineers and technicians capable of providing training in NDT.The existing NDT centre is expected to continue to provide NDT training tosupport the national industrial development programme.

TUNISIA

TUN/0/003 NUCLEAR POWER PLANNING

COMPLETED: 92-07-13 TOTAL COST: $130,424

TO EVALUATE A NUCLEAR POWER FEASIBILITY STUDY.

This project was approved in 1982 to assist in evaluating a nuclear powerfeasibility study. At a later stage of implementation, several activities relatedto nuclear power plant siting were added to the project. The initial objectiveswere attained through a number of expert missions dealing mostly with thetransfer and implementation of the IAEA-supported computer models MAEDand WASP and by training local staff, who have now acquired sufficiant skill touse these models for energy feasibility studies. Subsequently, with the provisionof seismic instrumentation in 1989, the project took a different direction andfocussed primarily on siting studies involving micro-earthquake monitoring.Thirty expert missions were carried out for a total of eight months, and afellowship was awarded for one month's training abroad. These activities arebeing pursued under the follow-up project, TUN/9/007.

TUN/0/004 NUCLEAR LEGISLATION AND REGULATIONS

COMPLETED: 92-07-13 TOTAL COST: $13,545

TO ADVISE ON NUCLEAR LEGISLATION AND REGULATORY ACTIVITIES INCONNECTION WITH LONG-TERM ENERGY AND NUCLEAR POWER PLANNING.

The project has provided legal advice and guidance to the Tunisian authoritiesfor the elaboration of various drafts relating to nuclear legislation andregulations. Thus, draft decrees on radiation protection, licensing and controlof nuclear installations, radiation emergency, safe transport of radioactivematerial, civil liability and nuclear law have been elaborated and submittedto the competent authorities for enactment. The draft decree on radiationprotection has already been promulgated. One counterpart staff member hasbeen trained abroad in nuclear safety assessment and regulation.

Page (66 IV. PROJECTS CONCLUDED DURING 19*2: ACHIEVEMENTS

TURKEY

TUR/8/010 DEVELOPMENT OF NLT AT NUCLEAR RESEARCH AND TRAINING CENTRE

COMPLETED: 92-04-29 TOTAL COST: $243,771

TO IMPROVE INDUSTRIAL QUALITY CONTROL STANDARDS AND DEVELOP A BASISFOR QUALITY ASSURANCE AND QUALITY CONTROL AT THE NATIONAL NUCLEARPOWER PLANTS.

Under this project non-destructive testing (NDT) activities were amplified toinclude the organization and operation of a national NDT centre, training therein basic NDT techniques, and direct service to industry and the nuclear powerplant programme. Training of local staff was initiated and expertise incertification of NDT personnel was transferred. The Agency provided expertservices on quality assurance, eddy current, radiography and ultrasonic testingas well as radiographic equipment and standard reference blocks for the NDTpersonnel. A national committee for NDT and a national certification bodywere established; an NDT framework and capabilities for the certification ofNDT personnel were developed. Systematic training is being continued undera related UNDP project.

UGANDA

UGA/6/006 NUCLEAR MEDICINE

COMPLETED: 92-12-16 TOTAL COST: $45,914

TO REHABILITATE THE JOINT MEDICAL RADIOISOTOPE LABORATORY OF THEMULAGO HOSPITAL AND THE MEDICAL SCHOOL OF MAKERERE UNIVERSITY.

This project, initiated in 1988. aimed at upgrading the very rudimentaryradioimmunoassay (RIA) facilities available at the Makerere Hospital MedicalSchool, Kampala, which is the only such centre in Uganda. Equipment,including a modern gamma counfer wifh computer, centrifuge, etc., wasprovided during the first two years, supplemented by regular supplies ofreagents, obtained in bulk from the United Kingdom. An expert mission wasundertaken to install the new equipment and introduce the RIA techniques.The assay methods established were mainly for thyroid-related hormones; allequipment was safely installed and continues to work satisfactorily. Theobjectives of the project have been met in that the RIA laboratory is now wellequipped and able to carry out RIA for thyroid-related hormones. Thelaboratory was considered suitable for inclusion in the Regional African projectRAF/6/006, in operation since 1991, from which it will receive further inputs.

IV PROJECTS CONCLUDED DURING 19<?2 ACHIEVEMENTS Page

URUGUAY

URU/6/016 USE OF COMPUTERS IN NUCLEAR MEDICINE

COMPLETED: 92-12-18 TOTAL COST: $74,869

TO MANAGE INFORMATION FROM PATIENT CARE IN NUCLEAR MEDICALDIAGNOSTIC SERVICES.

This project, proposed as a follow-up of activities supported by the Agencysince 1978. was made possible by contributions from the USA. The aim of theproject was to introduce a computer-based system for the management ofdiagnostic lest data for the Nuclear Medicine Centre at the Clinical Hospital,Montevideo. All necessary equipment for automated handling of informationon patient care was provided under the project, while expert advice on settingup the system was given through a nuclear medicine project which ranparallel and was completed in 1990. The automated data processing systeminstalled under the project for patient information and for research data isfacilitating the daily work at the Centre in dealing with the demand of about70% of the country's requirements for nuclear medicine services.

VENEZUELA

VEN/2/006 X-RAY Fl "ORESCENCE LABORATORY

COMPLETED: 92-09-09 TOTAL COST: $132,888

TO INSTALL AN X-RAY FLUORESCENCE LABORATORY TO COMPLEMENT EXISTINGANALYTICAL FACILITIES.

The Faculty of Science of the Simon Bolivar University, Caracas, requiredversatile nuclear analytical techniques that could be used in academictraining at the University as well as for routine analyses of samples obtainedfrom the national economy. Within three years the project has achieved mostof its objectives, and the following techniques have been introduced:radioisotope-excited X-ray fluorescence analysis; tube-excited analysis withsecondary targets; and a total X-ray reflection analytical system. Major itemsof equipment provided under the project include an X-ray tube excitationsystem and a Si(Li) detector. With the assistance of three experts, thecounterparts have mastered these methods of advanced X-ray analysis, andore now capable of analysing any sample for elements of atomic numberabove 15. The counterparts were thoroughly trained in the application ofquantitative X-ray analysis software and are able to use and if necessary tomodify the computer programmes designed by the Agency. The X-ray analysismethods are being used continuously in the Faculty of Science for trainingchemists and physicists, and some specific topics have been developed asthesis subjects. The project's only deficiency is that the potential for applicationof these techniques in the national economy has not been fully achieved.Some analyses have been performed for outside customers in exceptionalcases only.

Page 168 IV. PROJECTS CONCLUDED DURING 1992: ACHEVEMENI5

VEN/3/005 NUCLEAR TECHNIQUES IN MINERAL EXPLORATION

COMPLETED: 92-12-30 TOTAL COST: $43,551

TO ORGANIZE A NATIONAL TRAINING COURSE ON THE UTILIZATION OF NUCLEARAND NUCLEAR-RELATED ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES IN EXPLORATION FOR MINERALRESOURCES.

The project, approved in 1991. was intended to evaluate the potentialapplication in Venezuela of nuclear techniques in mineral exploration anddevelopment by the Geology Directorate of the Ministry of Energy and Mines.While nuclear techniques have been routinely used in the principal chemicaland petrological/mineralogical laboratories of this directorate, theirapplication in field operation was almost non-existent. It was concluded thatthe best way to introduce nuclear techniques of possible use in field operationwas by means of a national training course. A three-weeks course wasorganized during the first half of 1992. attended by twelve participants from theMinistry of Energy and Mines, related organizations and the Central Universityof Venezuela. The course covered three main subjects: field gamma-rayspectrometry, nuclear borehole logging, and the use of field X-rayfluorescence instruments for in-situ analysis. Expert services in nuclearinstrumentation were also available. A portable gamma-ray spectrometercomplete with accessories for downhole logging was purchased under theproject. The usefulness of these techniques in gold and phosphate explorationwas demonstrated in the field. The project has demonstrated the value ofnuclear techniques in the exploration of mineral reserves: as a result, asystematic car-borne gamma-ray spectrometric survey to explore thephosphate resources potential of western Venezuela is planned to start in 1993(Project VEN/3/006). Interest has also been shown in using the car-borne systemto establish natural background radioactivity and for environmentalmonitoring.

VEN/5/009 CENTRE FOR NUCLEAR AGRICULTURE (CINAGRI)

COMPLETED: 92-09-15 TOTAL COST: $677,969

TO ESTABLISH NUCLEAR AND BIOTECHNOLOGY TECHNIQUES AND PRACTICES INORDER TO INCREASE AGRICULTURE AND LIVESTOCK PRODUCTIVITY AND TOTRANSFER THIS TECHNOLOGY TO FARMERS.

This is an integral part of Project VEN/5/011, with the same objectives, whichwere to be achieved by means of the establishment of a Centre for NuclearAgriculture in Maracay. The project was created as a multi-disciplinaryprogramme in 1984, funded by the UNDP (1987-91) and the Agency (1984-91)with a Government counterpart contribution in cash from Venezuela.Implementation of the project was hampered by its very complexity. Activitiesin the three areas of soil science, plant mutation breeding and livestockproductivity were carried out at five institutions in three cities: the National Fundfor Agricultural and Livestock Research (FONAIAP) and the Central University ofVenezuela's Faculty of Agronomy and Faculty of Veterinary Sciences inMaracay, the University of Zulia's Faculty of Agronomy in Maracaibo and theUniversidad Centra Occidental in Barquisimeto. Co-ordination of activities alsoinvolved the Ministry of Energy and Mines Division of Nuclear Affairs and theUNDP, as well as the Agency. Numerous visits had to be made by experts andAgency staff members (under Project VEN/5/011). The Centre for Nuclear

IV PROJECTS CONCLUDED DURING 1SK»2 ACHIEVEMENTS Page 169

Agriculture was never established, but an analytical laboratory was set up atFONAIAP in Maracay for the analysis of soil samples by N-15 techniques.Intensive training activities were supported by VEN/5/011. Eighteen fellowships,two of which were project-related, and two scientific visits were provided underthis project. Acknowledgement of the project's three separate areas, nolonger considered on a multi-disciplinary basis, contributed towards a thrust ofactivities in 1989 and 1990. Expert services provided under both projects(48 months) as well as laboratory equipment and supplies helped to introducenuclear techniques at institutions working in the three areas of the project,Although some significant results were obtained in each area (some newsesame varieties and leguminous plants obtained by mutation breeding;improvement of fertilizer management and nitrogen fixation in soils; studies inthe reproducibility of cattle and sheep), the major achievement of this projectlay in a transfer of specialized knowledge which will only be fully utilized undernational follow-up activities in the three areas.

VIET NAM

VIE/0/002 NUCLEAR INSTITUTE DEVELOPMENT

COMPLETED: 92-12-30 TOTAL COST: $927,778

TO ASSIST AND UPGRADE THE DALAT NUCLEAR RESEARCH INSTITUTE.

This multi-year, multi-disciplinary project was approved following therecommendations of an Agency advisory mission fielded in 1982, to establisha range of services and infrastructure appropriate for a research reactorinstitute. Eleven missions were undertaken by thirteen experts, three of themAgency staff members, for a total of nearly ten months. One of the firstmissions, conducted by an Agency staff member in June 1983, advised theGovernment on the organization of radiation protection and environmentalmonitoring on a nationwide scale. A second mission, by two Agency experts,reviewed the safely and radiation protection of the TRIGA reactor immediatelyafter if was handed over for operation in Viet Nam. An isotope productionfacility and iodine-131 production lines were supplied for production ofradioisotopes and labelled compounds, and installation was completed in1987. To facilitate the production of technetium-99m labelled kits, special hotcell equipment was provided and the facility was made operational in 1991.Production at the two facilities is now serving the needs of Vietnamesehospitals. Nuclear analytical techniques established include instrumentalneutron activation analysis (NAA) and X-ray fluorescence. A small gamma-rayirradiator provided under the project has facilitated pilot scale studies onirradiation of medical products and agricultural produce (e.g. potatoes andonions), as well as pilot scale radiation chemistry studies, including cross-linkingof polyethylene, vulcanization of natural rubber latex and fabrication of woodpolymer composites. With the assistance of an expert mission, the use ofpersonal computers for control and data processing in nuclear experimentswas established. Fellowship training was awarded to 23 staff members of theDalat Nuclear Research Institute ond one staff member benefitted from ascientific visit. The project has helped establish a thermoluminescencedosimetry-based personnel dosimetry service and an environmental monitoringprogramme at the Institute. NAA Is being used for analysing up to 3000 oresamples, and X-ray fluorescence for up to 5000 biological, pharmaceuticaland crude oil samples per year. Over 600 Ci of phosphorus-32.technetium-99m. chromium-51 and iodine-131 have been produced so far.Approximately 1000 technetium-99m labelled kits are being produced annually

Page 170 IV. PROJECTS CONCLUDED DURING 1992: ACHIEVEMENTS

at the facility installed in 1991. The project has thus considerably improved thescientific and technical profile of Viet Nam in the nuclear field.

VIE/0/005 NUCLEAR INFORMATION CENTRE

COMPLETED: 92-12-30 TOTAL COST: $21,738

TO ESTABLISH A CENTRE FOR DISSEMINATION OF SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION ANDDEVELOPMENTS IN NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY IN HANOI.

The project was approved with footnote-a status in 1989 and upgraded withAgency funding in 1990 to help establish an information centre at Hanoicapable of using personal computers for the organization, management andretrieval of scientific information, particularly from INIS. The Agency provideda personal computer (with printer) and a CD-ROM player with the software toretrieve information from INIS compact disks. A complete set of INIS archivaldiscs with one year update subscription was also provided to facilitate theintroduction of information services to end-users in Viet Nam. The informationcentre i.« expected to renew the subscription in subsequent years from thenational budget. A counterpart staff member attended the regular INIS TrainingSeminar, followed by on-the-job training on the use of personal computers forinformation retrieval. An Agency expert conducted a mission to install thepersonal computer and a CD-ROM drive for retrieval of information from theINIS database on CD-ROM. The counterpart staff received training to exploitthe CD-ROM database for information services to the end-users. The projectwas implemented in close collaboration with the National INIS Centre atHo Chi Minn City. As a result of the project, the information support to theprogramme of the Viet Nam National Atomic Energy Commission has beenstrengthened.

VIE/5/011 ISOTOPE TECHNIQUES IN SOIL PLANT STUDIES

COMPLETED: 92-12-30 TOTAL COST: $290,288

TO ESTABLISH A FACILITY FOR THE USE OF ISOTOPE AND RADIATION TECHNIQUESIN SOIL/PLANT STUDIES AND TO INITIATE A COLLABORATIVE RESEARCHPROGRAMME AIMED AT IMPROVING SOIL MANAGEMENT PRACTICES TO INCREASEPRODUCTION OF CERTAIN FOODS. PARTICULARLY RICE.

The main object of this project was to establish a laboratory for isotope andrelated nuclear studies at the Centre for Nuclear Techniques. Ho Chi Minh City,for the improvement of agriculture in Viet Nam. Major items of equipmentprovided by the Agency were an emission spectrometer for N-15 analysis, aliquid scintillation counter and a UV-VIS spectrometer. N-15 and P-32 labelledfertilizers were also supplied for field experiments. Two scientists receivedfellowship training. Three experts provided assistance in the design andinitiation of field experiments on nitrogen and phosphorus use efficiency forrice, using N-15 and P-32, and in the analysis and interpretation of data. Anational workshop was organized, with the assistance of one of the experts, totrain local scientists in the use and handling of isotopes in agriculturalresearch. Field experiments conducted with N-15 showed that optimum riceyields could be achieved by the use of 100-120 kg N/ha given in a 3-splifapplication. These data are of great value in developing managementpractices for the rational use of nitrogen fertilizer in rice production and inreducing the cost of inputs. Comparison of seven different rock phosphates

IV PROJECTS CONCLUDED DURING 1992 ACHIEVEMENTS Page 171

demonstrated that the local phosphate rock is not a very efficient source ofphosphorus for rice. As a result of the project, encouraging results have beenachieved in research, and local infrastructure for isotope aided research inagriculture has been developed. Further studies are continuing.

VIE/6/015 NUCLEAR MEDICINE (LAM DONG HOSPITAL)

COMPLETED; 92-12-30 TOTAL COST: $58,342

TO ESTABLISH A NUCLEAR MEDICINE LABORATORY FOR THE DIAGNOSIS AND STUDYOF DISEASES OF THE THYROID, LIVER, BLOOD, URINARY AND NERVOUS SYSTEMS.

This project, based at the Lam Dong Provincial Hospital, located near the DalatNuclear Research Centre, was approved in 1988 to establish both in-vitroradioimmunoassay (RIA) and in-vivo nuclear medicine services at the hospital.Equipment, including an automatic gamma counter, a centrifuge, a balanceand a pH meter, was provided in the early stages of project implementationin order to initiate RIA work. A personal computer back-up manual counterand water de-ionizing equipment were provided later. A dual channelrenography and thyroid uptake system for in-vivo work together with an isotopecalibrator with a radioactive check device and a surface contaminationmonitor were also supplied. An Agency expert conducted a mission tofacilitate the introduction of basic in-vivo and in-vitro nuclear medicinetechniques. Long-term fellowship training for the project counterpart wasarranged in conjunction with participation in an Agency training course onnuclear medicine. The project has helped establish wide ranging basicnuclear medicine services.

VIE/8/005 NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING

COMPLETED: 92-12-30 TOTAL COST: $168,228

TO ESTABLISH NUCLEAR NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING FOR INDUSTRY, PARTICULARLYSHIPBUILDING AND MACHINE INDUSTRIES.

The project, approved with footnote-a status in 1984, was upgraded in 1985to establish facilities for the use of radiography-based non-destructive testing(NDT) methods in quality control of welds and castings in high pressure boilers,oil pipelines, and in testing industrial machinery. Equipment was providedunder the project for gamma-radiography, X-radiography, ultrasonic flawdetection, and processing exposed X-ray films in the darkroom. Two expertmissions were fielded for a total duration of three months; the first helped thecounterpart to set up a radiography laboratory, while the second conductedcounterpart training in establishing quality control procedures for industrialproducts. Although only one project staff member was trained under theAgency fellowship programme, five participated in regional training coursesorganized in RCA Member States under an IAEA/RCA/UNDP industrial project.Two Agency experts, provided under an RCA project, conducted nationaltraining courses in ultrasonic testing and radiography (level 2), andconsequently almost all project staff are now qualified NDT personnel. Anational training course on ultrasonic testing (level 1), three short nationaltraining courses on NDT, and an NDT workshop on non-metallic materials wereorganized through local efforts. The project has been highly successful inintroducing radiography and ultrasonic methods to industry in South Viet Nam.About 1000 requests for quality control of industrial products, in particular high

Page 172 IV PROJECTS CONCLUDED DURING 1992: ACHIEVEMENTS

pressure equipment, were handled by the counterpart institute during the lastthree years. Several institutions and factories have established their own NDTlaboratories with the help of the counterpart institute. The activities will beexpanded to cover non-metallic materials under Project VIE/8/009, approvedfor the 1993-94 Programme.

VIE/8/006 NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING

COMPLETED: 92-12-30 TOTAL COST; $109,993

TO ESTABLISH CAPABILITY FOR NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING.

This multi-year project was made operational in 1989 to establish non-destructive testing (NDT) services at the Laboratory of Indusirial Application ofNuclear Techniques, Hanoi. The equipment provided included complete unitsfor industrial X-radiography, gamma-radiography and eddy current testing,supplemented by provision of a laboratory to process X-ray films. Two Agencyexperts, one under this project and the other under an RCA/UNDP industrialproject, helped establish the laboratory facilities and conducted trainingcourses in radiography (level 1) and ultrasonic testing (level 2). The laboratoryfacilities included the design and operation of a darkroom needed for loadingand processing X-ray films. An industrial X-ray machine was installed andmade operational. During a field visit to a paper factory, the Agency expertgave advice on the inspection methodology to be used for welded joints. Asa result of the project, the counterpart institute is already providing inspectionservices to industries in North Viet Nam.

YUGOSLAVIA

YUG/9/024 DEVELOPMENT OF DOSIMETBY TECHNIQUES

COMPLETED: 92-09-08 TOTAL COST: $38,402

TO INSTALL NEW TECHNIQUES FOR MEASURING DOSE EQUIVALENCE IN MIXEDRADIATION FIELDS.

The radiation and Environmental Protection Laboratory of the Boris KidricInstitute of Nuclear Science, Vinca. is a member of an IAEA/WHO secondarystandards dosimetry laboratory network. A dosimefry laboratory of the Institutehas been operational for many years and deals mainly with calibration on theradiation protection level. Under this project, initiated in 1989, the Agency hasassisted the laboratory to improve the quality of measurements and to developoperational techniques for measuring dose equivalent and mean qualityfactors. A small laboratory for calibration of radiation protectioninstrumentation was successfully set up, which will contribute significantly to thesafe application of ionizing radiation.

• PffOJFCTS CONCLUDED DURING ( W 2 ACHIEVEMENT Page 173

ZAIRE

ZAI/3/002 URANIUM EXPLORATION

COMPLETED: 92-07-13 TOTAL COST: $99,634

TO STRENGTHEN THE CHEMICAL LABORATORY'S CAPABILITY THROUGH THEPROVISION OF FLUORIMETRIC EQUIPMENT; TO SET UP A DATABASE IN SUPPORT OFRADIOACTIVE MINERALS EXPLOITATION.

The dual objectives of this project, which was initiated in 1988, have beenattained through the supply of equipment and the provision of expert services.A fluorimeter and accessories were supplied by the Agency. An expert,through a six-week mission, assisting in setting up a fluorimetric laboratory forgeochemical analysis and trained the staff of the Regional Centre for NuclearResearch, Kinshasa, in the rapid fluorimetric method of uranium analysis inheavy minerals, rock and water samples, and stream sediments. To organizeand process the geological and geochemical data related to uraniumexploration, the project provided the Centre's chemical laboratory with aPC-AT computer, printer, plotter, digitizer and various software packages.Another expert assisted the local staff, also through a six-week mission, to usethe computer system for setting up an appropriate database. The local staffshould now be capable of undertaking fluorimetric analysis of geological andgeochemical samples and processing the relevant data without furtherassistance.

ZAI/6/004 RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS

COMPLETED: 92-11-03 TOTAL COST: $107,348

TO TRAIN STAFF IN THE PREPARATION OF TC-99M GENERATORS USING THEREACTOR FACILITY TO BUILD UP A CAPABILITY FOR THE ENVISAGED RADIOISOTOPEPRODUCTION.

Under this project, the Regional Nuclear Research Centre, Kinshasa, receivedassistance in setting up facilities for the preparation of Tc-99m pertechnetateand other Tc-99m radiopharmaceuticals and their in-vivo kits. The mainequipment and material provided by the Agency included complete in-cellequipment for solvent extraction separation of fine pertechnetate fromirradiated molybdenum dioxide, a freeze-drying unit (lyophilizer) for kitpreparation, a pyrogen test telethermometer assembly, as well as chemicalsand reagents for sterility testing and kit prepc ation. Three expert missions fora total of about two months helped in the commissioning of the solventextraction set-up forTc-99m and in training the Centre's staff in the preparationof pharmaceutical grade Tc-99m. Four staff members received trainingabroad for a total of about eight months. As a result of the project. Zaire isnow capable of producing pharmaceutical grade Tc-99m and some of itslabelled compounds.

Page 17 IV PROJECTS CONCLUDED DURING 19<W: ACHEVEMENTS

ZAI/9/004 RESEARCH REACTOR SAFETY

COMPLETED: 92-05-14 TOTAL COST: $223,140

TO IMPROVE THE SAFETY SYSTEM AND OPERATIONAL RELIABILITY OF THE TRIGAMARK II RESEARCH REACTOR.

The Regional Centre for Nuclear Research. Kinshasa (CREN-K), operates a TRIGAMark II reactor, which became critical in 1972 with a maximum steady statepower level of 1 MW. The Agency carried out three expert missions. Followingcertain suggestions about emergency planning, the first mission recommendedan underwater optical inspection of the tank. The subsequent mission by fourexperts revealed some very serious corrosion attacks on the tank bottom. Thereactor was dismantled, repaired, reassembled and made operational againin 1989. The third expert mission dealt essentially with the installation of apneumatic transfer system. Under this project, five staff members were trainedfor a total of over 13 months on subjects related to the safe operation of thereactor. Various items of equipment required for radiation protection, nuclearsafety and fuel handling were supplied by the Agency. The operational safetyof fhe reactor has been improved as a result of the project.

IV PBOJECI5 CONCLUDED DURING 1W2 ACHIEVEMENTS Page 175

IMPLEMENTATION SUMMARY

ALL FUNDS*

DescriptionAdjusted

Programme

(S)

Share ofTotal

Programme

(%)

NewObligations

(S)

Imple-mentation

Rate

(%)

Earmarklngs

(S)

Currant y»ar

Area breakdown

Africa

Asia & Pacific

Latin America

Middle Easl & Europe

Interregional

Global

Total

15.d48.450

15.253,267

12.667,205

12.063,011

3.121.952

783.366

59.337.251

26.0%

25.7%

21.4%

20.3%

5.3%

1.3%

100.0%

8.698.432

9,337,140

8,337,432

5,736,914

2,477,641

606,761

35,194,320

56.3%

61.3%

65.9%

47.6%

79.4%

77.5%

59.3%

6,750,018

5,916,127

4,329,773

6.326,097

644,311

176,605

24,142,931

Component breakdown

Experts

Equipment

fellowships

Training Courses

Sub-contracts

Miscellaneous

Total

16,117,379

22,352,015

12,061,650

6.813,754

1,163.227

829,226

59,337,251

27.2%

37.7%

20.3%

11.5%

1.9%

1.4%

100.0%

9,020,840

14,070,558

5,989,947

5,032.900

453.834

626,241

35.194.320

55.9%

63.0%

49.8%

73.9%

39.0%

75.6%

59.3%

7,096,539

8,281,457

6,071,703

1,780,854

709.393

202,985

24,142,931

Fund breakdown

TACF

UNDP

Extrabudgetary

Funds-in-Trust

Total

47,522.529

1.270.164

9.386.805

1.157.753

59.337.251

80.1%

2.1%

15.8%

2.0%

100.0%

29.393.068

620.102

4,281,859

899.291

35,194.320

61.9%

48.8%

45.6%

77.7%

59.3%

18,129,461

650.062

5,104,946

258,462

24,142,931

Current and future y»ar»

Current

Future

GRAND TOTAL

59.337.251

16.570.687

75.907,938

782%

21.8%

100.0%

35,194.320

154,272

35.348.592

59.3%

0.9%

24,142,931

16.416,415

40,559,346

• As at 31 December 1992

Page 17o (MPUMENTAnON SUMMARIES

IMPLEMENTATION SUMMARY II

TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE AND CO-OPERATION FUND*

DescriptionAdjusted

Programme

(S)

Share ofTotal

Programme

(%)

NewObligations

(S)

Imple-mentation

Rate

[%)

Earmarklngs

IS)

Currant yaar

Area breakdown

Africa

Asia & Pacific

Latin America

Middle East & Europe

Interregional

Global

Total

12.752,296

12,133,654

9.527,496

9,321,132

3,004,586

783,365

47,522,529

26.8%

25.5%

20.1%

19.6%

6.3%

1.7%

100.0%

7.439,326

7.701,764

6.649,247

4,607,047

2,388,924

606,760

29.393.068

58.3%

63.5%

69.8%

49.4%

79.5%

77.5%

61.9%

5,312,970

4,431.890

2,878,249

4,714,085

615,662

176,605

18,129,461

Component breakdown

Experts

Equipment

Fellowships

Training Courses

Sub-contracts

Miscellaneous

Total

12,707.062

16.779,494

11.145.623

5.794,859

285,438

810.053

47,522.529

26.7%

35.3%

23.5%

12.2%

0.6%

1.7%

100.0%

7,663.922

10,784,797

5,639,863

4,565,509

119,804

619,173

29.393.068

60.3%

64.3%

50.6%

78.8%

42.0%

76.4%

61.9%

5,043,140

5,994,697

5,505,760

1,229,350

165,634

190,880

18,129.461

Currant and future yaara

Current

Future

ORAND TOTAL

47,522,529

16.570.686

64,093.215

74.1%

25.9%

100.0%

29,393,068

154.272

29,547.340

61.9%

09%

18,129,461

16,416,414

34.545,875

• As at 31 December 1992

IMPLEMENTATION SUMMARIES Page 177

IMPLEMENTATION SUMMARY III

ALL FUNDS BY DEPARTMENT AND DIVISION4

Description

AdjustedProgramme

(S)

Share ofTotal

Programme

(%)

NewObligations

(S)

Imple-mentation

Rate

(%)

Earmarklngs

(S)

Currant year

DEPARTMENT OF RESEARCH AND ISOTOPES

Joint FAO/IAEA Division

Division o( Life Sciences

Division of Physical andChemical Sciences

The Agency's Laboratories

Laboratory of MarineRadioactivity. Monaco

Total

9,909,413

6,502,705

15,737,100

2,642,014

465.9SB

35,257,220

16.7%

11.0%

26.5%

4.4%

0.8%

59.4%

6,854,345

3.702,519

9.130.031

1,716.218

290.784

21,693,897

69.2%

56.9%

58.0%

65.0%

62.4%

61.5%

3,055,068

2,600,186

6.607.069

925,796

175.204

13,563,323

DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR ENERGY AND SAFETY

Division of Nuclear Safety

Division of Nuclear Power

Division of Scientific andTechnical Information

Division of Nuclear Fuel Cycleand Waste Management

Totai

9,895,584

4,235,028

299,942

3,322,842

17,753,396

16.7%

7.1%

0.5%

5.6%

29.9%

5.474.371

2.274.750

161.731

2,255.230

10.166,082

55.3%

54.0%

53.9%

67.9%

57.3%

4,421,213

1,960,278

138,211

1.067.612

7.587,314

DEPARTMENT OF ADMINISTRATION

Legal Division 3,611 0.0% 3.611 100.0% 0

DEPARTMENT OF SAFEGUARDS

Division of Operations A 36,386 0.1% 31.653 87.0% 4.733

DEPARTMENT OF TECHNICAL CO-OPERATION

Evaluation Section

Programme Co-ordinationSection

Division of TechnicalCo-operation Programmes

Total

GLOBAL(not distributed by Department)

GRAND TOTAL

15,609

271,507

105,458

392,574

5,894,064

59,337.251

0.0%

0.5%

0.2%

0.7%

9.9%

100.0%

12,109

93,081

102,978

208,168

3,090,909

35.194.320

77.6%

34.3%

97.6%

53.0%

52.4%

59.3%

3,500

178,426

2.480

184.406

2.803.155

24.142,931

• As at 31 December 1992

Page V& IMPLEMENTATION SUMMARIES

FIGURES

Explanatory Notes to Figures

Figure 1. Resources available for Agency technical co-operationprogrammes: 19M-1992

This figure shows all resources made available to the Agency for technical co-operation activities from all funds for the programme years 1986-1992.Amounts given for UNDP resources correspond to total claims against UNDPresources for projects implemented during each calendar year. Theseamounts are also used in the Agency's Accounts, reflecting UNDP's requirementto report expenditures as the sum of cash disbursements plus unliquidatedobligations. UNDP funds for 1986-1992 include resources made available bythe UNDP-adminlstered United Nations Fund for Science and Technology forDevelopment for projects for which IAEA acts as associated agency. Amountsshown as extrabudgetary funds refer to resources made available for activitiesplanned for execution in the year shown. It should be noted that the amountsshown in Figure 1 do not include resources made available for future years.

Figure 2. Disbursements by Agency programme: 1992

This figure shows, by component and by Agency programme, the distributionof all assistance provided in 1992, irrespective of the source of funds. It shouldbe noted that fellowships under the manpower training projects have beenindividually assigned to an Agency programme and their costs are accountedfor accordingly.

Figure 3. Disbursements by programme component: 1983-1992

The total assistance provided during the ten year period 1983-1992($400,134,700) is broken down by year and type of input (training, experts andequipment), irrespective of the source of funds.

Figure 4. Technical co-operation personnel services by region: 1992

A graphic presentation is given of (i) the origin of technical co-operation fieldpersonnel (ii) their destination and (iii) the time spent in the field, grouped bygeographic region.

Figure 5. Distribution of equipment disbursements by region: 1992

Total disbursements for equipment, grouped by origin and recipient regions,are shown in this figure; individual recipient countries are shown in Table 7.Table 3C lists the equipment by country of origin.

Figure 6. Summary data on training programmes: 1992

This graphic presentation shows where trainees studied, where they came fromand how much training was received by their home regions. Information on thetraining provided to nationals of individual recipient countries is given in Table6B.

Figure 7. Technical Assistance and Co-opi>ratlon Fund disbursements bytype of currency and region: 1992

This figure, which refers only to the Technical Assistance and CooperarlonPund. gives total disbursements for 1992 broken down by region and forconvertible and non-convertible currencies.

Figure t . Technical assistance and co-operation disbursements byprogramme and region: 1998

At the top. the overall expenditures by Agency Programme are shown in asummary bar chart. The bar charts at the bottom illustrate the differentemphasis to the various Agency Programmes In each region. (Please note thatthe scales are different for each region).

Figure 9. Distribution of technical co-operation disbursements by sourceand region: 1992

In this graphic presentation, disbursements from the Technical Assistance andCo-operation Fund, extrabudgetary funds, assistance In kind and from UNDPfunds are shown (or each region, as are total disbursements from all funds byregion.

Figure 10. Utilization of the Technical Assistance and Co-operation Fund

The bar chart shows, over a ten-year period, the total resources available tothe Technical Assistance and Co-operation Fund year by year - each yearincluding the unobligated and unspent funds of prior years - as well as thedisbursements and obligations incurred against these resources as at 31December of each year. Obligations incurred against future years forapproved multi-year projects are shown separately, reflecting the status at theend of 1992, The graph below it shows, in per cent, the unobligated balance,unliquidated obligations and disbursements for the same ten-year period.

POO. 180

FIGURE 1

RESOURCES AVAILABLE FOR AGENCYTECHNICAL CO-OPERATION PROGRAMMES

50

20

10

— - TACF•I..MHH...., Extrabudgetary

— In kind

UNDP

1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992

(mfflont of dollars)

TACF

Cxtra-budgatoryfund*

AMMtQftQtkiHnd

UNOF

TOTAL

19M

27,860

5.702

2,262

3.480

39.324

19»7

30,153

5.700

3.066

2.568

41,487

IMS

34,510

5,710

2.322

3,051

45.593

1M9

37,312

7.375

2.295

3.106

50,088

1990

34,660

4.820

2.214

2,856

44,550

19*1

38,882

7,018

1,702

1.513

49,115

1992

33,411

4.975

1.302

620

40,308

(thousand* of dollar*)

FIGURE 2

DISBURSEMENTS BY PROGRAMME: 1992(in millions of dollars)

Experts |

Equipment I

Training I

ABCDEFGHIJSX

Nuclear PowerNuclear Fuel CycleRadioactive Waste ManagementFood and AgricultureHuman HealthIndustry and Earth SciencesPhysical and Chemical SciencesRadiation ProtectionSafety of Nuclear InstallationsSafeguardsDirection and SupportComparative Assessment

S X

Cage 182 FIGURES

FIGURE 3

DISBURSEMENTS BY COMPONENT: 1963 -1992(In millions of dollars)

60

H Experts ^ |Q Equipment I

• Training )

50

40

30

20

10

SJJR

1983 1984 1965 1986 1967 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992

Poo. 183

FIGURE 4

TECHNICAL CO-OPERATIOHPERSONNEL SERVICES BY REGION: 1992

Where they came from:1,460 project panonrwl

Asia and « M Pacific244

Africa 86

Where they went:£258 assignments

AdaandiiwPadllc803

Africa 338

Interregional203

For how long:1.009 months

Asia and the Padflc290

hrtefTeglonaln

183

FIGURE 5

DISTRIBUTION OF EQUIPMENT DISBURSEMENTSBY REGION: 1992

(in thousands of dollars)

Where it came from: $21,942.0

Latin America « '2643 / ^

Europe12,328.7

/

—- „ Asia and the Pacific1,792.0

\,S' , ' >'< , X\j^tauX&JmKA t A^c* 1 1 7 3

- j H H H B B l Middle East '-8

t^^^^^^m *- Interregional 215.4

^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ N o r t h America^ B ^ i ^ ^ ^ 7,222.5

Where it went to: $21,942.0

Asia and the Pacific4,761.6

Europe3.695.4

Africa 5,672.2

Interregional 218.1Middle East

751.6

Latin America6,643.1

Poo* 185

FIGURE 6

SUMMARY DATA ON TRAINING PROGRAMMES: 1992

Where training was given:2,333 placements

North America.3 3 ^ Asia and trw PacMc

423

Middle East34

Where trainees came from:2,154 persons

Asia and the Pacific7 M

642

Amount of training received:

Asia and the Pacific ,1324.S , '

/. », , ,.

FIGURE 7

TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE AND CO-OPERATION FUNDDISBURSEMENTS BY TYPE OF CURRENCY AND REGION: 1992

(in millions of dollars)

12

10

4-

AMca

iX-:*:*.-:*:::

titlliliilli

lillAsia and t in PacMc

Euttip*

S!:&:-l::-s:

111!illiiiii

iili

III•I

NCC

CC

Mkui EastInterregional

Pog* 187

FIGURE 8

TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE AND CO-OPERATION DISBURSEMENTSBY PROGRAMME AND REGION: 1992

A. Nuclear Power

B. Nudttr Fuel Cyda

C. Radkiacliva Watt* Management

D. Food and Agriculture

E. Human Health

F. Industry and Earth Scianoat

G. Physical and Chemical Sciences

H. Radiation Protection

I. Safety of Nuclear Installations

J. Safeguards

S. Direction and Support

X Comparative Assessment

10(mMonsofdoKara)

Europe

l.il!

Middle East

• . .111 •

Asia and the Pacific

o D f r » »

Latin America Africa Interregional

LJJII(tiousandiofdolan)

FIGURE 9

DISTRIBUTION OF TECHNICAL CO-OPERATIONDISBURSEMENTS BY SOURCE AND REGION: 1992

(in thousands of dollars)

TACF Extrabudgetary

l ammnI.M03

/t

L_

Euroo* V8.801.4 ^

txttrAnwfc*»,6433

/ Mwngional

r ».•««MJddtoEaM

964.4

Aai««nd*MPacMe1.8108 , , ' ' '

Europ* I1.006.3 I ^

LMkiAmrtc*2.13*.O

AWt» 1.301.0

i3 InwwflloiMl~ | 91.«

^ - - / MiddkEut^ ^ 342.3

UNDP funds Assistance in kind

Aai*and«wPadic

TOTAL 1992

AllS UK) tfW PKinC1M74« ,

AMCt 10.4S3.7

Aftk» 301.8

FIGURE 10

UTILIZATION OF THE TECHNICAL ASSISTANCEAND CO-OPERATION FUND

(status at year end)

60

70

60

i I

J40 J

30H

20

10

0

~j Disbursements

H Obligated funds

I I Available funds

in

I1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993

100-r

90

80

70

60

(%) 50

40

30

20

10

( Unobligated balance )

(unliquidated Obligations)

Disbursements ]

0 t-1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992

Boge 10O

TABLES

Explanatory Notes to Tables

Table 1. Available resources: 1983-1992

This table is directly related to Figure 1, but shows resources over a ten-yearperiod. The Technical Assistance and Co-operation Fund is broken down byits various components; other resources (extrabudgetary funds, assistance inkind and UNDP) are shown separately, together with their sub-totals. For anexplanation of the miscellaneous income loss for 1992, please see text sectionII.E.1.

Table 2. Technical Assistance and Co-operation Fund: 1983-1992

The ten-year development of the target, of the amounts pledged and of thefunds actually made available are shown (see Annex IV for contributions madeby Member States to the Technical Assistance and Co-operation Fund for1992). It should be noted that, in this table, voluntary contributions are shownnot by the year in which they become available but for the programme yearfor which they are pledged. Therefore, new pledges or withdrawals againstprior year targets are recorded against that year and the percentages forearlier years may change. The graphic presentation below shows, for a ten-year period, the percentage of the target actually pledged. It also shows totalincome as a percentage of the target. Total income comprises the pledges,the assessed programme costs received, interest income and gains/losses onexchange.

Table 3A. Project personnel by place of origin: 1992

This table shows the number of individuals, both international and national,who undertook technical co-operation assignments during 1992. They camefrom 97 countries. Information of the number of assignments is also provided.It should be noted that IAEA staff, as well as staff of other internationalorganizations, are listed under their nationalities. The number of such staffinvolved are given in the footnote.

Table 3B. Trainees In the field by place of study: 1992

A breakdown is given for trainees (fellows, training course participants andvisiting scientists) based on the place of study. There were 67 places of studyinvolved.

Table 3C. Equipment by country of origin: 1992

This new tablo lists the total eauipment purchases made by country of origin,which may differ from the country of where the vendor is located. Bothdisbursements and number of purchase orders placed are given.Disbursements can be made, for equipment ordered in previous years; likewisethere may be purchase orders placed for equipment for which payments willbe made in future years.

Pago 1

Table 4. Distribution of technical co-operation disbursements by type:1988-1992

This financial table shows technical assistance disbursements from all fundsduring the last five years, broken down by programme component. It is theonly table that shows (in column 10) the balance for assistance in kind. Thisbalance represents the estimated value of months of training beyond the endof 1992 for fellows who had already started their studies in 1992."Miscellaneous" refers to disbursements in all components for telex charges,health insurance, copying fees and for other minor items or services. In 1992.it also included a charge for radiation protection services.

Table 5. Extrabudgetary funds for technical co-operation activities bydonor as at 31 December 1992

This table shows the status of all extrabudgetary funds, including the moniesreceived, their utilization and the balance remaining for further implementationfor each donor fund. The amounts footnoted in the table under c, d, and eare not recorded as income in the Agency's Accounts as these arereceivables.

Table ©A. Technical Co-operation personnel services: 1992

A list is given of 76 recipient countries showing the number of assignmentsundertaken and months provided to each country. Persons not serving oncountry projects are shown under intercountry projects and training courses.

Table 6B. Recipients of training, abroad: 1992

The list shows the 89 recipient countries, number of trainees and the totalmonths of training received in 1992.

Table 7. Financial Summary: 1992

This major table shows, by type of assistance and by source, the total technicalassistance furnished to 80 countries as well as to intercountry projects andtraining courses. Fellowship disbursements from regional manpowerdevelopment projects have been distributed to the individual recipientcountries. The figures used represent disbursements incurred during the currentyear. In the case of UNDP, they also include disbursements against prior-yearobligations.

Table 8. Financial Summary: 1958-1992

A summary is given of all assistance provided since the beginning of theAgency's technical cooperation activities in 1958.

Table 9. Women's participation In technical co-operation activities

This table shows the involvement of women in the Agency's technical co-operation programme by human resource category. Numbers andpercentages are given for the base year 1981 and for 1991 and 1992.

Pag«193

TABLE 1

AVAILABLE RESOURCES: 1983-1992(in thousands of dollars)

Year

1983

1984

1985

1986

19S7

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1983-1992

Technical Assistanceand Co-operation Fund

Voluntarycontribution*

CC

(1a)

14,169

17,213

19,262

21,348

24,571

26.889

29,223

32,251

33.688

36.549

255.183

NOC

(1b)

3,447

3.524

3,976

5.431

5.178

5.854

6.458

6.598

4.756

1.067

46.289

Miscel-laneousIncome

(1c)

1.625

1,495

1,939

1,081

404

1,767

1.631

(4,189)

438

(4.205)

1.941

Sub-total

(D

19.241

22.232

25.197

27,860

30.153

34,510

37.312

34,660

38,882

33,411

303,458

Other resource*

Ex-trabud-getaryfund*

(2)

8,101

5,964

5,484

5,702

5,700

5.710

7.375

4,820

7,018

4.975

60.849

Assis-tanceIn kind

(3)

2,172

2,066

2,765

2,282

3,066

2,322

2,295

2,214

1,702

1.302

22.186

UNDP

(4)

3.706

2.541

2.654

3,480

2.568

3.051

3.106

2.856

1,513

620

26.095

Sub-total

(5)

13,979

10.571

10.903

11,464

11,334

11,083

12.776

9.890

10.233

6.897

109.130

Orandtotal(1+5)

(*)

33.220

32.803

36,100

39,324

41.487

45,593

50,088

44,550

49,115

40.308

412.588

Page 193

TABLE 2

TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE AND CO-OPERATION FUND: 1983-1992

ProgrammeYeor

1*81

1984

198S

19Se

1*87

1*6*

1M9

1*90

1991

1992

Target torvoluntary

contribution*to the

TechnicalAssistance ItCo-operation

Fund

19,000,000

22.500.000

26.000.000

30.000.000

34.000,000

38,000,000

42,000,000

45,500.000

49,000.000

52,500,000

AmountPledged

17.621.272

20.735.931

23,314,101

26,732,785

29,772,162

32.710.534

35.732.734

38.503,592

37,816,993

37,615.142

Per centof

targetpledged

92.7

92.2

89.7

89.1

87.6

86.1

85.1

84.6

77.2

71.6

incointavailable

fortechnical

co-operationprogramme*

19.246.803

22.231,347

25.252.982

27.813.735

30,175,831

34,478,116

37,360,724

34,313,843

38.255,458

32,496.460

Incomea*

percentof target

101.3

98.8

97.1

92.7

88.8

90.7

89.0

75.4

78.1

61.9

105-1

100-

K-

86-

80-

70-

K -

(

1913

r— ^ Inooma as par osr

18M 1885 180B

(

\ -

rtofb

1M7

Targat-100%1

\

1988 1989 1990 1991 1982

Pag*

TABLE 3A

PROJECT PERSONNEL BY PLACE OF ORIGIN: 1992

Place ot origin

Albania

Algeria

Argentina

Australia

Austria

Bangladesh

Belgium

Bolivia

Brazil

Bulgaria

Cameroon

Canada

Chile

China

Colombia

Costa Rica

Cote d'lvoire

Croatia

Cuba

Cyprus

Czech & Slovak F.R.

Dem. P.R. Korea

Denmark

Dominican Republic

Ecuador

Egypt

Ethiopia

Finland

France

Germany

Ghana

Greece

Guatemala

Totalindividuals*1

4

7

37

29

33

10

19

7

41

26

1

53

18

25

7

4

1

6

10

3

36

1

2

2

7

6

1

10

91

85

5

5

2

Assignments

internationalexperts *"

0

0

42

41

51

11

29

5

22

3

0

50

20

15

6

1

1

16

2

1

7

0

4

1

2

2

0

8

90

83

10

4

1

Nationalexperts

5

7

6

0

0

5

0

8

17

32

1

0

5

14

3

3

0

2

10

1

47

1

0

0

5

4

1

0

0

0

2

2

2

Lecturers"

0

0

24

7

11

5

4

6

19

2

0

17

5

5

1

0

0

2

2

1

3

0

0

1

,

2

0

4

23

35

0

2

0

Other project Totalpersonnel II

0

0

0

0

2

0

0

0

2

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

5

7

72

48

64

21

33

19

60

37

1

67

30

34

10

4

1

20

14

3

57

1

4

2

8

6

1

12

113

118

12

8

3

TA9L6S Page 195

Place ot origin

Hungary

Iceland

India

Indonesia

Iran, Islamic Rep.

Iraq

Ireland

Israel

Italy

Jamaica

Japan

Jordan

Kenya

Korea. Rep. ol

Libyan Arab J.

Madagascar

Malaysia

Mali

Mauritius

Mexico

Mongolia

Morocco

Myanmar

Netherlands

New Zealand

Niger

Nigeria

Norway

Pakistan

Panama

Paraguay

Peru

Philippines

Poland

Portugal

Romania

Totalindividuals*

44

2

40

15

7

1

2

6

25

1

32

3

2

8

4

1

14

4

1

23

2

16

1

11

3

3

6

2

17

3

2

8

7

32

6

20

Assignments

Internationalexperts w

30

3

47

2

6

1

2

6

43

0

28

0

0

0

1

0

6

2

0

18

0

7

1

20

3

0

7

2

25

1

0

13

1

38

0

12

Nationalexperts

45

0

8

11

3

0

0

0

0

0

0

4

1

7

5

1

7

2

1

7

2

15

0

0

0

3

3

0

8

2

2

4

7

38

2

17

Lecturers'*

6

0

10

4

0

0

0

4

3

1

6

0

1

3

0

0

3

0

0

10

0

0

0

3

0

0

2

0

2

0

0

2

0

3

4

1

Other projectpersonnel

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

Total

81

3

65

17

9

1

2

10

46

1

34

4

2

10

6

1

16

5

1

35

2

22

1

23

3

3

12

2

35

3

2

19

9

79

6

30

Place of origin

Russian Federation

Saudi Arabia

Senegal

Sierra Leone

Singapore

Slovenia

South Africa

Spain

Sri Lanka

Sudan

Sweden

Switzerland

Syrian Arab Rep.

Thailand

Tunisia

Turkey

Uganda

Ukraine

UK

United Rep. Tanzania

USA

Uruguay

Venezuela

Viet Nam

Yugoslavia

Zaire

Zambia

Zimbabwe

TOTAL

Totalindividuals*1

39

5

1

1

3

5

4

29

8

2

23

4

8

11

7

8

1

10

102

1

145

7

15

11

32

1

1

8

1460

Assignments

Internationalexperts w

37

0

0

0

0

7

2

38

17

0

42

3

1

6

3

21

0

0

102

6

178

3

4

0

47

0

0

0

1370

Nationalexperts

19

5

1

1

3

0

0

0

2

2

0

0

8

9

4

2

1

10

0

0

0

3

13

10

10

1

1

8

501

Lecturers"1

16

0

0

0

0

1

2

10

2

0

12

1

1

2

1

2

0

2

25

0

31

3

6

1

12

0

0

0

380

Other projectpersonnel

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

7

Total

72

5

1

1

3

8

4

48

21

2

54

4

10

17

8

25

1

12

128

6

209

9

23

11

69

1

1

8

2258

01 includes 175 IAEA staff member and 5 other international organization members. *> Includes 409 assignments ofIAEA staff members and 2 assignments of other international organization members as international experts." Includes 120 assignments of IAEA staff members and 3 assignments of International organization members aslecturers.

Poo*'

TABLE 3B

TRAINEES IN THE FIELD BY PLACE OF STUDY: 1992

Place ol Sludy

Algeria

Argentina

Australia

Austria

Bangladesh

Belgium

Brazil

Bulgaria

Burkina Faso

Canada

Chile

China

Colombia

Costa Rica

Cuba

Cyprus

Czech & Slovak F. R.

Denmark

Ecuador

Egypt

Ethiopia

Finland

France

Germany

Ghana

Greece

Guatemala

Hungary

Iceland

India

Indonesia

Iran, Islamic Rep.

Israel

Italy

Japan

Kenya

Korea. Republic of

Malaysia

Fellows

0

21

25

18

0

13

12

2

2

46

8

8

1

2

1

0

4

4

0

7

0

6

47

49

1

5

4

41

0

27

2

0

4

17

11

2

3

1

Trainingcourse

participants

14

39

37

0

11

0

113

8

0

0

60

89

34

0

0

13

40

0

27

14

13

21

47

23

25

0

0

10

0

28

27

0

0

27

14

22

9

10

Visitingscientists

0

3

7

4

1

7

1

2

1

30

2

1

1

1

0

0

3

3

0

4

0

0

19

26

0

0

1

9

2

8

8

1

2

8

6

1

6

6

Total*

14

63

69

22

12

20

126

12

3

76

70

98

36

3

1

13

47

7

27

25

13

27

113

98

26

5

5

60

2

63

37

1

6

52

31

25

18

17

Page 1

Place ot Study II Fellows

Mexico

Morocco

Netherlands

Niger

Norway

Pakistan

Paraguay

Poland

Portugal

Romania

Russian Federation

Saudi Arabia

Singapore

Spain

Sweden

Switzerland

Syrian A.R.

Thailand

Tunisia

Turkey

U.A. Emirates

UK

Ukraine

U.R. Tanzania

USA

Uruguay

Venezuela

IAEA

European Nuclear Res. Center

20

0

13

0

2

14

0

32

1

1

7

0

1

20

4

3

0

11

1

1

0

76

7

1

74

6

3

78

11

TOTAL | 781

Trainingcourse

participants

37

13

0

0

0

18

16

0

0

0

18

6

0

55

21

0

0

29

13

10

23

0

0

10

157

10

0

40

0

1,251

Visitingscientists

6

0

5

1

1

2

0

10

5

1

0

0

0

7

2

0

5

2

0

2

0

22

0

0

26

0

0

30

0

301

Total"

63

13

18

1

3

34

16

42

6

2

25

6

1

82

27

3

5

42

14

13

23

98

7

11

257

16

3

148

11

2.333

The drfferr « e between the number of trainees [2.154 see Table 6B) and the number of places of study (2.333) is due to the fact that a number offellows, training course participanh and visiting scientists went to more than one country/place.

TABLE 3C

EQUIPMENT BY COUNTRY OF ORIGIN: 1992

Country

ALGERIA

ARGENTINA

AUSTRALIA

AUSTRIA

BANGLADESH

8ELGIUM

BOLIVIA

BRAZIL

BULGARIA

CAMEROON

CANADA

CHILE

CHINA

COLOMBIA

COSTA RICA

CUBA

CYPRUS

CZECH AND SLOVAK F. R.

DEM, P.R. KOREA

DENMARK

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC

ECUADOR

EGYPT

EL SALVADOR

ETHIOPIA

FINLAND

FRANCE

GERMANY

GHANA

GREECE

GUATEMALA

HUNGARY

ICELAND

INDIA

INDONESIA

ISRAEL

ITALY

JAPAN

KENYA

MALAYSIA

MALI

MEXICO

Disbursements(S thousand)

1.1

42.1

189.9

1.001.8

0.8

38.9

2.8

45.5

10.6

3.6

203.1

53.6

688.7

1.2

2.6

20.4

20.7

132.0

0.6

114.1

3.3

2.8

1.8

19.6

8.7

197.0

1.628.9

3.180.8

5.8

35.6

0.9

583.5

2.3

270.4

18.5

1.8

151.0

354.5

14.1

8.3

5.0

22.4

Newpurchase

ordersplaced

0

7

16

490

1

8

5

7

0

3

20

8

53

5

3

5

3

9

0

38

1

3

1

3

5

23

130

352

2

1

3

27

1

16

7

2

19

67

2

4

3

2

Country

MONGOLIA

MOROCCO

MYANMAR

NETHERLANDS

NEW ZEALAND

NICARAGUA

NIGER

NIGERIA

NORWAY

PANAMA

PARAGUAY

PERU

PHILIPPINES

POLAND

ROMANIA

RUSSIAN FEDERATION

SENEGAL

SIERRA LEONE

SINGAPORE

SLOVENIA

SPAIN

SRI LANKA

SUDAN

SWEDEN

SWITZERLAND

SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC

TAIWAN, CHINA

THAILAND

TUNISIA

UGANDA

UK (HONG KONG)

UNITED KINGDOM

UNITED REPUBLIC OFTANZANIA

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

URUGUAY

VENEZUELA

VIET NAM

YUGOSLAVIA

ZAMBIA

TOTAL COUNTRIES

LOCAL COSTS

TOTAL

Disbursements(S thousand)

0.1

13.3

0.9

676.8

18.6

0.2

10.1

12.5

28.5

48.0

0.0

4.1

39.6

345.5

64.4

1.333.6

10.2

0.0

0.0

26.7

107.2

1.4

0.0

228.7

367.2

0.0

15.6

14.0

6.1

0.0

150.7

2,052.1

15.2

7,019.4

9.2

15.6

19.2

0.8

100

21.726.6

215.4

21.942.0

Newpurchase

ordersplaced

1

1

2

56

2

1

1

4

5

1

1

1

5

20

0

21

4

1

1

2

3

1

2

30

53

1

4

3

0

1

16

407

6

790

1

5

3

0

3

2,814

TABLE 4

DISTRIBUTION OF TECHNICAL CO-OPERATION DISBURSEMENTSBY TYPE: 1988-1992(in thousands of dollars)

v«ar

1986

1989

1990

1991

1992

1988-1992

Scute*

UNDPfundt

Ag*ncy fundi

Extrobudgatary fund*

Aiuifanc* in kind

ToUt

UNDPfundi

Ao«ncv furtdi

ExWabudp^tary fundt

Asuttanc* m kind

Total

UNDP Kindt

Ao«ncy funds

Eiftabudo«tafy fund!

Atutfanc* in kind

Total

UfCP funds

Ag«ncv fundt

Auitfanc* in kind

Total

UNDP fundt

Agenc,- fund*

Autttanc* in kind

Total

UNDP fundt

Exhobudotfary funds

Aitittanc* in hind

Total

$

855 7

6.077.3

1.077 3

2900

8.100.3

825 6

5.9946

1220.9

111.9

8.358.2

8155

7.211.9

1.4142

116 0

675.8

7.905.0

1461.5

310 5

10.1526

264.1

8.199.4

272.9

10.124.2

3 479.7

15.1804

6.5417

1.505.3

46.915.1

147

22.7

20 0

12 5

22 4

100

205

18.1

13.7

204

25.7

19.6

19.7

144

35.7

22.1

21 9

18.2

22 5

26 0

2 1 2

2 1 4

21.0

303

2 0 2

151

212

Equipment

S

664.1

11 948.8

3.1918

55.7

16.060.6

823.3

14 064 0

1.6182

1 8 0

18.721. S

11016

18.000 «

4 430.6

125.0

4791

15 216 0

16OJ 1

0.0

19 218 4

324 0

17.405 2

3,782.0

00

3.394.7

18925 7

198,7

99.174.0

\

269

446

62.9

2 4

434

29.8

481

566

0.6

466

140

49.0

61.7

5 6

254

425

524

0 0

41.7

296

45.1

59.2

0.0

29.6

5 8 4

2 0

44.9

Fellowship!

S

327.4

4.049.2

(184)

1.M2 5

5.880.7

657.5

3.9462

220.1

1.4168

6.260.6

5341

5.1115

1819

1102.9

151.9

5.413 0

196.1

1.101.0

6864 0

119.1

5742.1

770.8

1.810.2

760 6

6.154.0

32.987.0

%

133

151

(0.7)

664

159

21.8

13.5

1 3

62.6

15,2

164

139

2.5

58.9

8.0

15.1

1 0

647

14.9

12 7

14.9

59 2

144

15 8

2 4

62.6

14.9

£airMc

S

128 9

4052

9 8

0 0

541.9

105.6

7714

38 0

116

929 0

163.1

872.2

19 7

11.1

11.1

777.8

25.8

14 8

8315

6 7

1057 0

21 7

1144.1

4176

152 0

6 1 4

4 534 6

5 2

1 5

0.2

0 0

15

3.6

2-6

0 6

0 6

2.3

5 0

2 4

0.3

14

0.7

2 2

0.9

1 6

0 6

2.7

1 7

2.4

1 6

0 5

Oft

2 1

courts*

S

124 6

3 663.9

5548

4341

4.977.6

307.6

1.712 5

1079!

512-1

56111

4609

4867.1

674.0

416.e

6439 0

3618

54268

2752

69927

1590

5 3702

2361

3 6659

1 6947

104154

%

112

13.6

103

16 7

13 5

111

12 7

16.0

22.3

13 7

142

11.3

9.4

19.7

13 0

19.1

15.2

162

152

146

13 9

181

135

141

1 1 9

19.1

138

5ut>-co""ocii

S

1210

262 7

3918

0 0

777 5

163

202.1

363 9

0 0

672 3

138 6

1098

462.5

0 0

711 1

189.5

526 4

6652

0 0

1283.1

1690

2504

0 0

7708

6366

2 13d 8

0 0

4 214 8

%

5 0

1 0

7 3

0 0

2 1

0 6

1 0

54

00

1 6

4 3

0 1

6 4

0 0

1.4

100

1 5

6.4

0 0

2 8

155

0 6

0 0

16

5 6

6 6

0 0

1.9

Muc*llon«ous

S

4 2 1

4012

0 0

0 0

4455

24 7

4814

0 0

0 0

4W 4

119

531.1

0.0

0.0

5452

19.6

513 6

0 0

0.0

5312

11 1

6100

0 0

623.7

1116

2 6

0 0

2 655.7

%

17

1 5

0 0

0 0

1 2

0 9

1 6

0 0

0 0

1 2

0 4

1.4

0 0

1.0

1 1

1.1

1 4

0 0

0 0

11

10

1 6

00

00

11

1.0

15

0.0

0.0

1.2

TOTAl

5

24664

26810 3

5 387 1

2322 5

36966.3

2.7638

29.2644

6.7402

2.2946

4106S0

1.250.1

36.7049

7.182 9

2.2116

49.3517

1.891.0

35.600.6

66826

1.701 5

46075.7

1093 2

38 6341

6390 7

1301.7

47.419.9

1146d5

467.214.5

31183 5

9.634.1

220.8966

1000

1000

1000

1000

100 0

1000

100.0

1000

1000

100,0

1 X 0

1000

1000

1000

1000

1000

1000

1000

1000

1000

100 0

1000

100 0

1000

1000

100.0

1000

100.0

100.0

Unkqmd-Ot«d

Oblga-ft an i

S

00

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0.0

QD

0 0

0.0

0 0

0.0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

627 6

11.216.5

2 242.6

0 0

14 0667

627.6

11218.5

2 242.6

0.0

14.088.7

in-hindbafcjnc*

s

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

0 0

00

00

00

00

do

00

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

262 5

262 5

0 0

0 0

0 0

262 5

26Z5

TOTAL

S

24664

26 810 3

5167 1

2172 5

369863

2.7618

29.2644

6.7402

2244 6

44 Oil O

3 350-1

36.704 9

7 16? .9

2.213-6

49.3517

1891.0

358006

6682 6

17015

46075 7

17208

49 652 8

6633 3

156d2

617711

12093 1

178433 0

34626 1

100966

235.247 8

TABLE 5

EXTRABUDGETARY FUNDS FOR TECHNICAL CO-OPERATIONACTIVITIES BY DONOR(as at 31 December 1992)

II FundsDonor II available

1 1 January|| 1992

New funds in1992

Total fundsavailable

Disbursementsin 1992

Unliquidatedobligations at

year-endUnobligated

balance

Part A: Funds lor activities where donor Is not recipient

Asian Dev Bank

Australia

Belgium

Canada

Chile

Colombia

CEC

Finland

France

Germany, F R.

Italy

Japan

Korea, Rep of

Kuwait

Norway

Russian Federation

Saudi Arabia

Spain

Sweden

UK

USA

tub-total

0

447,107

324.976

1.510

0

7,180

28,238

55.806

778,416

1,300,099

196,905

355,507

237.812

2,410

505

367,233

4,229

212,240

388.313

2,008,776°

2,825.336

9.542,598

80.000

0

0

(1.510)

10.000

0

157,885

0

613.950

31,910

288

337,000"

32,065

0

(505)

(195,519)"

(4.229)

165,750

40,000

872,800 d

2,019,000 *

4.158,885

80,000

447,107

324,976

0

10,000

7,180

186,123

55,806

1.392,366

1,332,009

197,193

692,507

269,877

2,410

0

171,714

0

377,990

428.313

2.881,576

4,844,336

13.701.483

80,000

256,976

20.555

0

6.000

4.317

74.747

45,000

630,413

1,024,629

73.619

198,944

13,769

2,410

0

171,452

0

204,316

347,486

1,150,842

1.568.440

5.873.915

0

42,342

5,948

0

4,000

0

42,869

0

296,492

92,857

26,789

73,623

526

0

0

262

0

58,913

60,577

214,414

665,676

1.585,288

0

147,789

298,473

0

0

2,863

68,507

10,806

465,461

214,523

96,785

419,940

255,582

0

0

0

0

114,761

20,250

1,516,320

2,610,220

6,242,280

Part B: Funds for activities where donor is recipient

Chile

China

Colombia

Ecuador

Ghana

Iceland

Iran, Islamic Rep.

Libyan Arab J.

Malaysia

Nicaragua

Nigeria

Pakistan

Portugal

Saudi Arabia

Syrian Arab Rep.

U A. Emirates

Yugoslavia

*ub-total

TOTAL ^ ^ ^

62,844

0

21.673

2.301

209,225

1,746

36,978

10,392

505

0

149

29,302

2,371

0

420.113'

147,086

67,880

1,012,565

10.555,163

132.343

50,975

142,000

0

0

31,000

0

(5,896)

0

293,040

0

76.416

0

14,309

(1.619)

100,000°

(16,592)

815.976

4.974,861

195,187

50.975

163.673

2,301

209.225

32.746

36,978

4,496

505

293,040

149

105,718

2,371

14.309

418.494

247,086

51,288

1,828,541

15,530,024

64,751

0

20.311

0

89,824

39

36,423

4,496

505

0

74

28,876

59

0

46,399

173,691

51,288

516,736

6,390.651

2,773

29,985

110,497

0

118,300

0

0

0

0

0

0

73,767

0

10,090

311,952

0

0

657.364

2.242.652

127.663

20,990

32.865

2,301

1,101

32,707

555

0

0

293,040

75

3.075

2.312

4.219

60.143

73.395

0

654.441

6.896,721

a Additional funds provided under non-TC programme lor the RCA project in Asia b Represents $193,759 loss on exchange for funds received in earlieryears and $1760 reduction of income. c includes receivable ot $301,016 d Represents receivable of 5872.800. e includes receivable of $714,000'includes an amount of $48,000 not yet withdrawn from letter of credit fl Represents receivable at 5100,000

TABLE 6A

TECHNICAL CO-OPERATICN PERSONNEL SERVICES: 1992

Recipient

Albania

Algeria

Argentina

Bangladesh

Bolivia

Brazil

Bulgaria

Cameroon

Chile

China

Colombia

Costa Rica

Cote d'lvoire

Cuba

Cyprus

Czech & Slovak F.R.

Dem. P.R. Korea

Dominican Republic

Ecuador

Egypt

El Salvador

Ethiopia

Ghana

Greece

Guatemala

Haiti

Hungary

Indonesia

Iran. Islamic Rep.

Jamaica

Jordan

Kenya

Korea. Rep. of

Libyan Arab J.

Madagascar

Malaysia

Mali

Mauritius

Mexico

Mongolia

Morocco

I NumberI of assign-I ments

6

7

18

17

20

36

43

8

15

32

18

11

4

13

5

27

9

7

11

16

6

12

11

6

12

1

45

71

40

4

9

2

29

5

5

34

2

3

21

11

13

Numberof

months

1.5

4 0

7.5

8.5

9.5

19.5

12.0

6.0

7.5

15.5

10.0

4.0

2.0

6.0

2.0

6.5

8.0

4.0

4.0

6.5

3.0

7.0

4.5

2.5

7.5

2.0

12.0

41.0

20.0

3.0

4.5

3.0

16.5

19.0

3.5

19.0

1.5

1.5

9.0

8.0

4.5

Recipient

Myanmar

Namibia

Nicaragua

Niger

Nigeria

Pakistan

Panama

Paraguay

Peru

Philippines

Poland

Portugal

Romania

Saudi Arabia

Senegal

Sierra Leone

Singapore

Sri Lanka

Sudan

Syrian Arab Rep,

Thailand

Tunisia

Turkey

Uganda

Ukraine

United Arab Emirates

UK (Hong Kong)

U.R. Tanzania

Uruguay

Venezuela

Viet Nam

Yugoslavia

Zaire

Zambia

Zimbabwe

Sub-total

Intercountry Projects

Training Courses

Sub-total

TOTAL

Numberof assign-

ments

7

5

11

7

11

30

8

2

20

20

11

12

46

15

6

2

2

8

10

15

40

15

23

5

15

8

4

5

9

22

18

33

2

5

1

1,118

760

380

1.140

2.258

Numberof

months

5.0

2.5

4.5

5.5

16.5

13.0

6.0

1.5

9.5

9.0

2.0

4.0

18.0

7.0

3.5

2.0

0.5

6.5

9.0

6.0

22.0

5.0

9.0

3.0

3.0

2.5

2.0

6.5

5.0

7.0

9.0

7.5

1.0

3.5

1.0

555.5

365.0

88.5

453.5

1,009.0

PO96 203

TABLE 6B

RECIPIENTS OF TRAINING ABROAD: 1992

Recipient

Afghanistan

Albania

Algeria

Argentina

Bangladesh

Barbados

Belarus, Republic of

Benin

Bolivia

Brazil

Bulgaria

Cameroon

Chad

Chile

China

Colombia

Costa Rica

Cole d'lvoire

Cuba

Cyprus

Czech & Slovak F.R.

Dem. PR. Korea

Dominican Rep.

Ecuador

El Salvador

Estonia, Republic of

Ethiopia

Ghana

Greece

Guatemala

Guyana

Hungary

Haiti

India

Indonesia

Iran, I.R

Jamaica

Jordan

Kenya

Korea, Republic of

Fellows

(1)

1

10

8

12

23

0

0

0

6

16

26

2

0

16

35

6

4

1

20

1

12

8

5

15

25

3

0

4

9

3

8

0

8

0

0

22

25

2

9

10

18

(2)

11.0

42.5

39.0

44.0

89.5

0.0

0.0

0.0

22.0

45.0

117.5

14.0

0.0

76.0

138.5

20.5

65

2.5

106.5

2.0

56.0

32.5

25.0

54.0

1W.5

12.5

0.0

9.0

35.5

8.0

12.5

0.0

33.0

0.0

0.0

69.0

56.5

12.5

29.0

34.0

106.0

Visiting Scientists

(D

0t

0

29

0

0

0

0

1

1

0

3

10

2

3

0

2

6

0

1

1

4

0

0

0

0

3

0

0

2

0

0

18

4

0

7

0

1

(2)

0.0

1.0

0.0

15.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.5

1.0

2.0

1.0

0.0

2.0

5.0

2.0

1.5

0.0

3.5

1.0

3.0

0.0

0.5

0.5

2.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

1.0

0.0

0.0

0.5

0.0

0.0

13.0

2.5

0.0

5.0

0.0

0.5

Training CourseParticipants

5

t

14

48

26

2

1

'

14

37

26

31

28

47

22

19

6

33t

36

0

8

20

22

6

2

7

9

4

20

1

19

1

32

44

16

4

20

7

30

(2)

4.0

6.0

8.0

30.0

21.0

0.5

0.5

1.0

6.5

25.5

27.5

2.0

1.0

13.5

43.0

14.0

9.0

4.5

23.5

2.0

26.0

0.0

4.0

11.0

22.0

5.5

1.5

5.0

5.0

2.0

10.0

0.5

16.5

0.5

22.0

35.5

13.5

1.5

(6.0

4 5

240

Total

(D

6

16

22

89

49

2

1

1

21

55

55

6

1

47

92

30

26

7

58

8

54

8

14

36

51

9

2

11

18

10

28

1

29

1

32

84

45

6

3b

17

49

(2)

15.0

49.5

47.0

89.0

110.5

0.5

0.5

1.0

29.0

71.5

147.0

17.0

1.0

91.5

186.5

36.5

17.0

7.0

133.5

5.0

85.0

32.5

29.5

65.5

134.5

18.0

1.5

14.0

40.5

11.0

22.5

0.5

50.0

0.5

22.0

117.5

72.5

14.0

50.0

38.5

130.5

Recipient

Libyan Arab J

Madagascar

Malta

Malawi

Malays

Mali

Mauritius

Mexico

Mongolia

Morocco

Myanmar

Namibia

Nicaragua

Niger

Nigeria

Pakistan

Panama

Paraguay

Peru

Philippines

Poland

Portugal

Romania

Russian Federation

Saudi Arabia

Senegal

Sierra Leone

Singapore

Spain

Sri Lanka

Sudan

Syrian A.R.

Thailand

Trinidad and Tobago

Tunisia

Turkey

Uganda

Ukraine

U.A. Emirates

U R. Tanzania

Uruguay

Venezuela

Viet Nam

Yemen

Yugoslavia

Fellows

(1)

14

2

0

0

17

'.

0

19

21

30

9

0

3

7

22

26

6

2

4

10

10

3

36

0

2

1

4

5

0

7

17

17

20

0

4

14

5

0

0

4

5

7

20

0

1

12)

49.0

5.0

0.0

0.0

39.0

7.0

0.0

46.0

80.0

93.0

27.5

0.0

16.0

11.0

144.0

111.5

15.5

8.0

11.0

42.5

37.0

4.0

119.5

0.0

3.0

3.0

12.0

14.0

0.0

24.0

74.5

62.5

67.0

0.0

9.5

58.0

24.0

0.0

0.0

14.0

10.0

26.0

68.0

0.0

6.0

Visiting Scientists

ID4

0

0

0

6

0

1

V

2

1

0

0

0

0

7

1

0

A

&

4

0C

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

4

11

0

2

4

2

3

0

2

1

2

4

0

0

(2)

2.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

4.0

0.0

0.5

3.0

1.0

1.5

0.5

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

3.5

0.5

0.0

2.0

2.5

3.0

0.0

3.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

2.0

7.5

0.0

2.0

3.0

1.0

1.0

00

1.5

1.0

1.0

2.0

0.0

0.0

Training CourseParticipants

(U5

32

1

4

52

5

11

4

2

2

4

10

33

10

8

37

32

8

2

27

6

9

2

2

1

23

7

15

28

2

9

10

5

2

2

12

29

21

31

2

12

!2J

8.0

1.0

0.5

0.5

21.5

0.5

2.5

32 '

5.5

10.5

5.5

1.5

1.5

2.5

5.0

24.0

4.5

3.0

24.5

26.0

6.0

1.5

20.0

6.5

5.0

3.0

1.0

2.0

1.0

16.0

4.0

13.0

19.5

0.5

5.0

8.0

3.0

1.0

1.0

10.5

21.5

11.5

23.5

2.0

9.0

Total

23

I

55

4

5

75

29

43

14

2

5

11

32

66

17

10

45

46

22I

68

6

11

6

6

7

1

30

24

36

59

2

15

28

12

5

2

18

35

30

55

2

13

(2)

59.0

6.0

0.5

0.5

64.5

7.5

3.0

81.5

86.5

105.0

33.5

1.5

17.5

13.5

149.0

139.0

20.5

11.0

37.5

71.0

46.0

5.5

142.5

6.5

8.0

6.0

13.0

16.0

1.0

40.0

78.5

77.5

94.0

0.5

16.5

69.0

28.0

2.0

1.0

26.0

32.5

38.5

93.5

2.0

16.0

Page 205

Recipient

Zaire

Zambia

Zimbabwe

TOTAL

Fellows

(1)

3

9

2

764

(2)

13.5

27.5

10.0

Visiting Scientists

(1)

0

0

1

2,865,51| 191

(2)

0.0

0.0

0.5

113.5

Training CourseParticipants

(1)

7

6

6

1,199

(2)

4.0

5.0

3.0

857.5

Total

(1)

10

15

9

2,154

(2)

17.5

32.5

13.5

3,836.5

(1] Number of trainees. (2) Number of months of training received.

TABLE 7

FINANCIAL SUMMARY: 1992(in thousands of dollars)

Recipient

AFGHANISTAN

ALBANIA

ALGERIA

AliGENTINA

BANGLADESH

BOLIVIA

BRAZIL

BULGARIA

CHILE

CAMEROON

COLOMBIA

COSTA RICA

COTE DIVOIRE

CHINA

CUBA

CYPRUS

CZECHS SLOVAKF.R.

DEM PR KOREA

DOMINICAN REP

ECUADOR

EGYPT

EL SALVADOR

ETHIOPIA

GABON

GHANA

GREECE

GUATEMALA

HAITI

HUNGARY

NDONESIA

RAN. I R

RAO

JAMAICA

JORDAN

KENYA

KOREA. REP OF

LIBYAN A J

MADAGASCAR

MALAYSIA

MALI

MAURITIUS

MEXICO

MONGOLIA

MOROCCO

| ASSISTANCE PROVIDED. BY TYPE || ASSISTANCE PROVIDED. BY SOUDC6

II Export!

| (1)

(5 7

6 3

138 6

76 5

698

209 8

1466

104 1

53 9

1189

47.3

28 0

295 4

80 6

19.3

50.8

85 1

432

67 1

78 4

33 6

81 3

0.0

664

25 4

63.8

150

1395

567.0

2712

0.0

55.9

42 9

29 5

183.5

245 7

44 7

223 0

23 6

24 9

128 3

101.5

57 2

Equip-ment

(2)

22 6

48 5

429.6

173.1

100.6

277.1

34B.7

462.3

5641

1505

3904

174.7

77.8

5477

376.2

1228

52.4

2728

152.8

633.6

1.129.5

129.2

1481

1.5

6631

247.5

4748

3.9

397.0

471.8

460.9

0.0

179.7

241.4

219.0

30.9

1008

48.6

189.3

1036

31.0

845 5

363 7

271.2

Fellow-ships

13)

141

83 9

95.9

239.9

213.2

34.5

1572

3546

197.3

45.0

505

22.2

15.0

485.7

267 8

43.1

147.8

65.3

474

169 0

333.4

23.1

29.8

0.0

97.7

21.1

27.0

0.0

62 4

300.8

99.8

0.0

4.4

111.1

101.0

219.4

913

20.3

173.6

420

52

1540

1640

262 0

TrainingCourses

(•»)

0 0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

21.4

0.0

0.0

0.0

0 0

0.0

0.0

0 0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0 0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0 0

0.0

0 0

0 0

0 0

Sub-con-

tracts

(5)

0.0

0.0

0 0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0 0

43.7

0.0

0.0

0.0

0 0

0.0

0.0

0.0

31.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

45.0

oo

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

2.5

0.0

0.0

oo

o.o

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Total II UNDP

(6) || (7)

31.0

138 7

662.0

551.6

690.3

402.8

715.7

907.2

865.5

249.4

559.8

244.2

120.8

1.328.8

724.6

216.2

251.0

4232

243.4

8596

1.586.3

185.9

259.2

1.5

827.2

294.0

565.6

18.9

618.9

1.342.1

831.9

0.0

2400

395.4

3495

4338

437.8

113.6

585.9

169.2

61 1

1.127.8

6292

590.4

0.0

9.1

o.n

12.5

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.J

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

214.4

9.2

0.0

0.0

0.0

0 0

0.0

48.8

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

25.1

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0,0

0.0

0 0

0.0

TACFCC

(8)

19.5

112.4

547.6

539.1

593.0

309.9

5490

662.8

772.4

249.4

411.7

221.9

120.8

990.6

596.8

146.3

175.6

409.2

243.3

731.7

613.1

95.7

248.6

1.5

476.0

259.9

292.8

18 8

4872

8208

697.8

0.0

240.0

259.4

231.1

385.5

193.3

113.6

482 5

155.7

61 1

6335

547.5

5466

TACFNCC

19)

11.5

17.2

14.4

0.0

0.6

0.0

0.0

22.1

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

18.4

118.6

0.0

0.0

14.0

0.1

17.6

6426

0.0

3.1

0.0

113.9

11.0

0.0

0.1

0.0

5.8

977

0.0

0.0

143

0.0

0.0

189

0.0

0.0

0.0

0 0

25 2

81 7

6 3

Exta-bud.

Inkind

(10) | (11)

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

66.4

92.9

147.1

171.4

93.1

0.0

145.1

22.3

0.0

68.3

0.0

69.9

43.7

0.0

0.0

90.1

210.6

90.2

0.1

0 0

237.3

17.8

268 3

0.0

28.0

398.3

36.4

0.0

0.0

119.8

61.7

27.1

225.6

0.0

95.9

0.0

0 0

457.8

0 0

20 6

0.0

0.0

0,0

0 0

30.3

0.0

19.0

50.9

0.0

0.0

3.0

0.0

0.0

37.1

0.0

0.0

31.7

0.0

0.0

20.2

71.2

0.0

7.4

0.0

0.0

5.3

4.5

0.0

103.7

9 2 1

0.0

0 0

0 0

1.9

567

21.2

0.0

0.0

7.5

13.5

0.0

11.3

0 0

169

Total

(12)

31.0

138.7

562.0

551.6

690.3

402.8

715.7

907.2

865.5

249.4

559.8

244.2

120.8

1.328.8

724.6

216.2

251.0

4232

243 4

859.6

1.686.3

185.9

259.2

1.5

827.2

294.0

565.6

18.9

618.9

1.342.1

831.9

CO

240.0

395.4

349.5

433.8

437.8

113.6

585.9

169 2

61.1

1.127.8

629.2

590 4

Unliq.oblig

(13)

87

23 4

171.8

971

246.3

45.0

165.7

35.1

111.1

83.1

345.0

186.7

19.0

320.2

346.9

1R.3

25.5

74.5

36.1

173.5

317.1

65.4

277.2

0.0

800.5

151.0

1022

0.0

105.2

264 2

172.5

0 7

17.6

70.0

963

147.5

1618

5.9

143.4

22 1

226

2741

925

179 6

TOTAL

(14)

39.7

162.1

7338

648.7

936.6

447.8

881.4

942.3

976.6

332.5

904.8

430.9

139.8

1.649.0

1.071.5

231.5

276.5

497.7

279.5

1,033.1

1.903.4

251.3

5364

1.5

1.627.7

445.0

6678

18.9

7241

1.606.3

1.004.4

0.7

257 6

4654

4458

581.3

599 6

119.5

7293

1913

83 7

1.401 9

721 7

770 0

Page 207

talip.en.

MVANMAR

NAMIBIA

NICARAGUA

NIGER

NIGERIA

PAKISTAN

PANAMA

PARAGUAY

PERU

PHILIPPINES

POLAND

PORTUGAL

ROMANIA

SAUDI ARABIA

SENEGAL

SIERRA LEONE

SINGAPORE

SPAIN

SRI LANKA

SUDAN

SYRIAN A R

THAILAND

TUNISIA

TURKEY

UGANDA

UK |HONG KONG]

UKRAINE

URUGUAY

UA EMIRATES

U R TANZANIA

VENEZUELA

VIETNAM

YUGOSLAVIA

ZAIRE

ZAMBIA

ZIMBABWE

Sub-Total

INTERREGIONAL

REGIONAL AFRICA

REG ARAB STATES

REG ASIA & PACIFIC

REGIONAL EUROPE

REG LATIN AMERICA

Sub-Total

MISCELLANEOUS

GRAND TOTAL

E»pertl

11]

61 4

36 0

.55

52 6

125 4

156 1

59 3

10 3

106 5

1166

36 1

78 1

163 3

B3 2

31 3

22 0

13.9

0 0

71 1

76 7

83 9

3175

515

994

46.6

35 6

62 4

49 7

287

49.2

65 7

1116

75 9

170

46 7

18 0

6.6742

599 6

1.035 7

54

675 4

469 8

6640

3 449 9

128 7

0.252 8

ASS 3

Equip-ment

|2]

115 9

0 0

1748

158.3

443.5

259.9

71.2

11.8

336 6

299.6

885.4

498.2

295.7

26.0

994

93.1

37

2 0

190.6

116 6

281.6

184.6

176.5

376.7

163.2

4B8

215

229 6

198 6

124 9

384 0

572.5

1937

1570

115.7

416

19.783 4

43 9

583 0

4 0

2566

265 3

6020

1.754.8

273 2

21.8114

TANCE PROVIDED. BY TYPE

Fellow-ships

(3)

5? 8

0 0

34 0

27 5

333.7

2341

37.7

125

55.4

153.5

112.9

7.9

3296

12.7

4.0

42 1

32.6

0.0

70.7

118.1

155 9

233.8

35.6

128.5

57 8

0 0

112

31.7

0 0

47.5

83 5

194.1

166

27.4

79 5

33.1

7.8110

0 0

0 0

5 2

53.0

9.3

116.9

184 4

106 7

8.102 1

TiaimngCourses

|4|

0.0

0 0

0.0

0.0

0 0

42 4

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0.0

0 0

0 0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0 0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0 0

0.0

4.1

0.6

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

68.5

2,602.6

5142

0.0

1.379.3

440.8

1.389.3

6.326.2

84.2

6.476 9

Sub-con-

tracts

(5)

0 0

0.0

0.0

0.0

73.3

106.8

0 0

0 0

0 0

0.0

0.0

0.0

30.0

0.0

0 0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0 0

32.6

0 0

0.0

87.2

0 0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0 0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0 0

0.0

452.1

4.1

48.0

0.0

133.4

94 5

38 7

318 7

39

nn

Total

(6)

230 1

36.0

245.3

238.4

975.9

799.3

168 2

34.6

498.5

569 9

1.036 4

5842

6186

121 9

134.7

157.2

50.2

2.0

332.4

311.6

5540

735.9

2636

691.6

267 6

64 4

95.1

311.0

2273

221.6

537.3

8786

2862

2014

243 9

927

34.789.2

3.250.2

2.180.9

14.6

2.4977

1.279 7

2.810.9

12.034 0

596 7

47.419 9

ASSISTANCE PROVIDED. BY SOURCE

UNDP

(7)

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0 0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

79.9

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

12.7

0.0

191.2

0.0

0 0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

5.3

0 0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

608.2

40.1

0.0

146

396.4

0 0

33 9

4650

0.0

1.093 2

TACFCC

I8I

230.1

32.2

245.3

181.2

583.5

740.9

150.2

34.0

445.4

510.4

505.3

5033

542.8

121.9

134.7

147.3

50.2

2.0

290.4

299.5

468.7

593.4

1960

472.9

267.6

844

86.7

2949

53.6

211.9

526.9

8524

114.5

1928

2439

927

26.768 9

2,938.5

2.037.1

0.0

1.311.9

1.0726

1.987.0

9.347 1

596.7

36.712.7

TACFNCC

(9)

0 0

0.0

0.0

0.0

2.0

287

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

187.6

36.0

6.1

0.0

0 0

3 1

0.0

0.0

0.0

12 1

36.5

0.0

6.9

27.7

0.0

0.0

0.0

4 6

0 0

0.2

0.0

20.4

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

1.627.0

107.4

0.0

0.0

1.0

1494

36.8

2946

0 0

1.9216

Exiia-bud

(10)

0 0

0 0

0 0

569

291.7

28.9

18.0

0.6

41.0

49.9

321.8

449

81 8

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

21.4

0.0

48.6

94.1

55.3

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

11.5

173.7

9.5

0.0

0.0

171.7

0 0

0 0

0.0

4.827.3

91.6

131.7

0.0

6238

55.3

6610

1.563.4

0.0

6.390.7

Inkind

111)

0 0

3 8

0.0

0.3

98.7

0.8

0.0

0.0

12.1

9.6

21.7

0.0

108.0

0.0

0.0

6.8

0.0

0.0

20.6

0.0

0.0

35.7

5 6

0.0

0.0

0.0

8.4

0.0

0.0

0.0

5.1

6 0

0.0

8.6

0.0

0.0

957.8

726

12.1

0 0

1646

2.4

92.2

343.9

0.0

1.301.7

Total

(121

230.1

36.0

245.3

238.4

975.9

799.3

168.2

346

498.5

569.9

1.036.4

584.2

818.6

121.9

134.7

157.2

50.2

2.0

332.4

311.6

554.0

735.9

263.8

691.8

267.6

84.4

95.1

311.0

227.3

221.6

537.3

878.8

286.2

201.4

243.9

92.7

34.789.2

3.250.2

2.180.9

146

2.497.7

1.279.7

2.610.9

12.0340

596 7

47,419 9

oblifl

| ,13,

28 8

2.1

27.6

56.5

213.9

398.7

36.1

5.2

431.0

207.2

81.2

146.3

146.2

24.1

17.2

177.9

45.2

0.0

50.4

162.8

1.042.2

215.8

105.7

403.9

245.9

2.2

0.0

48 4

23.2

39.1

31.6

273.0

198.7

78.7

67.3

20.2

11.073.9

824.6

676.3

4 9

736.3

216.2

543.2

3.001.5

13.3

14,068 7

TOTAL

(14)

2589

38.1

272.9

2949

1.189.8

1.198.0

204.3

39.8

929.5

7771

1.117.6

730.5

964.8

1460

151.9

335.1

95.4

2.0

382.8

474.4

1,5962

951.7

369.5

1.095.7

513.5

86.6

95.1

3594

250.5

260.7

569.1

1.151.8

4849

2601

311.2

112.9

45.8631

4.0748

2,857.2

19.5

3,234.0

1.495.9

3.354 1

15.035.5

610.0

61.506 6

TABLE 8

FINANCIAL SUMMARY: 1958-1992(in thousands of dollars)

Recipient

AFGHANISTAN

ALBANIA

ALGERIA

ARGENTINA

BANGLADESH

BELARUS. REP OF

BOLIVIA

BRAZIL

BULGARIA

CAMEROON

CAPE VERDE

CHILE

CHINA

COLOMBIA

COSTA RICA

COTE DIVOIRE

CUBA

CYPRUS

CZECHS SLOVAKF.R.

DEM. P I). KOREA

DOMINICAN REP

ECUADOR

EGYPT

EL SALVADOR

ETHIOPIA

GABON

GHANA

GREECE

GUATEMALA

HAITI

HONDURAS

HUNGARY

CELAND

NDIA

NDONESIA

RAN. 11?

RAO

DELANO

AMAICA

ORDAN

KENYA

HOREA REP OF

EBANON

IBERIA

UBYAN A J

Assistance provided, by type

Experts

I')

394 6

257.5

683 6

3.661 6

1.399.5

0 0

762.3

6.832 6

542 8

563.5

35

3.158.7

2.174.3

1.713.2

1.066.0

575 0

9007

201.2

122.0

404 0

2848

1.6876

4.040.9

357.9

715.4

8 9 6

9978

2.035.3

522.5

81.4

0.0

279.5

76.6

1.015.8

5.049.6

1.8843

8821

6 7

3509

8363

1.026 4

4.307 1

2485

1173

9240

Equip-ment

|2)

4643

1,9224

2.830.7

2.8108

6.1)00

48.8

2.641.8

7.9100

4.874 6

762.4

0.1

4.607.3

3.030.9

4.323.9

1.635.0

1.059.7

7.016.8

1.073.9

219.9

4.836.5

1.105.9

5.184.2

13.385.3

1.178.3

1.350.2

907

3.536.0

2.576.4

2.380.3

15S.8

0.0

8.494.5

764.4

3.801.6

5.496.6

3.688.2

1.315.6

427

917.4

1.5551

1.860.6

2.196 0

299 4

29 0

9131

Fellow-ships

13)

151.3

415.2

648.6

1.668.2

3.4B9.5

3.0

496.0

2.994.2

3.292 3

201.9

0.0

2.029.6

3.676.0

1.315.8

361.7

2382

977.2

2662

1.512.0

931.8

292 8

1.057.4

5.0220

239.2

678.3

293

2.8603

1.3955

470.7

14.8

0.7

2.124.2

152.3

2.709.9

3.137.0

1.640 9

1.024.5

194

759

483 7

1.3299

4.776 0

129 7

0 0

1.299.2

Trainingcourses

(4)

0.0

3B.5

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

27.1

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

2.9

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0 0

0.0

DO

0.0

0.0

99.6

0 0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

72

O.O

0.0

0 0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0 0

0.0

0.0

Sub-con-

tracts

15)

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

474.8

0.0

0.0

0.0

S.I

0.0

7.0

0.0

0.0

31.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

16.9

1.260.8

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

224 9

0.9

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

35.5

211.7

18.3

0.0

550

0.0

0.0

00

0 0

0 0

0.0

Total

16)

1.010.2

2.633.6

4.162.9

8.140.6

10,999.0

51.8

3.927.2

17,7368

9,184.5

1.527.8

3.6

9.795.6

8.892.2

7.352.9

3,069.7

1.872.9

8,894.7

1,572.3

1.853.9

6,172.3

1.683.6

7,946.1

23.808.6

1.775.4

2.743.9

209.6

7.394.1

6.007.2

3.598.4

252.9

0.7

10,898.2

993.3

7.527.3

13.725.9

7.425.1

3.240.5

68.8

1.399.2

2.875.1

4.216.9

11.278.1

6766

1463

3.136.3

Assistance provided, by source

UNDP

(7)

92.9

261.5

21.7

5.146.8

63.8

0.0

159.5

5.674.9

543.9

297.3

3.6

3.615.1

2.642.4

1.693.6

618.1

73.4

2.259.6

24.1

6.2

0.0

0.0

547.5

2.119.8

14.1

437.5

0.0

354.5

1.561.9

56.2

0.9

0.0

720.3

0.0

2.920.3

2.505.1

2.122.8

242.5

0.0

15.3

893

97.2

1.206.8

139.3

602

73

Agency

(8)

835.5

2.322.1

3.990.1

2.4314

7.712.2

51.8

2,963.2

7.982.5

7.372.2

1.133.2

0.0

5.549.9

5.347.0

4.134.8

1.931.1

1.649.5

6.438.0

1.176.1

1.301.8

5.641.3

1.647.4

5.656.3

10847.0

1.257.5

2.099.9

197.0

4.684.6

3.131.1

2.S51.2

252.0

0.7

8.743.7

845.7

1.2932

7.773.6

4.466.9

2.540.2

57.3

1.204.8

2.433 9

2.738.4

6.106.6

4827

29 8

2.486 6

Extra-bud."1

(9)

0.0

0 0

0.0

17.5

1.611.7

0.0

626.9

3.209.8

4840

88.3

0.0

116.1

532.2

777.6

327.9

119.8

39.2

205.0

77.7

52.6

3.9

1.249.2

8,096.3

326.0

45.4

0.0

879.2

624.4

86B.9

0.0

0.0

954.4

20.5

2,149.0

2.207.6

444.5

25.0

10.0

108.3

238 1

797.0

1.5367

31.4

0.0

550.0

In kind

(10)

81.8

50.0

151.1

544.9

1.611.3

0.0

177.6

869.6

784.4

19.0

0.0

514.5

370.6

746.9

192.6

30.2

158.0

167.1

468.2

478.4

32.2

493.1

2.745.5

177.8

161.1

126

1,475.8

689.8

122.1

0.0

0.0

479.8

127.1

1.164.8

1,239.6

390.9

432.8

1.5

70.8

113.8

584.3

2.4280

23 2

56.3

92.4

Total

(11)

1.010.2

2.633.6

4.162.9

8.140.6

10.999.0

51.8

3.927 2

17,736.8

9.184.5

1.527.8

3.6

9.795.6

8.8922

7.352.9

3.069.7

1,872.9

8.894.7

1.572.3

1.853.9

6.172.3

1.683.5

7.946.1

23.808.6

1,775.4

2.743.9

209.6

7.394.1

6.007.2

3.5984

2529

0.7

10.898.2

993.3

7.527.3

13.725.9

7.425.1

3.240.5

68.8

1.399.2

2.8751

4.216 9

11.278 1

676 6

146 3

3.136 3

Page 209

Recipient

MADAGASCAR

MALAWI

MALAYSIA

MALI

MAURITIUS

MEXICO

MONGOLIA

MOROCCO

MYANMAR

NAMIBIA

NICARAGUA

NIGER

NIGERIA

PAKISTAN

PANAMA

PARAGUAY

PERU

PHILIPPINES

POLAND

PORTUGAL

ROMANIA

SAUDI ARABIA

SENEGAL

SIERRA LEONE

SINGAPORE

SPAIN

SRI LANKA

SUDAN

SYRIAN A R

THAILAND

TUNISIA

TURKEY

UGANDA

UK (HONG KONG)

UKRAINE

URUGUAY

USSR

UA EMIRATES

U R. TANZANIA

VENEZUELA

VIETNAM

YUGOSLAVIA

ZAIRE

ZAMBIA

ZIMBABWE

OTHER COUNTRIES*1

AHistonce provided, by type

Experts

(1]

1.438.2

51

2.299.3

899 0

148 9

3 465 1

722 6

2.114.2

958.6

36.0

2085

462.7

3.363.3

2.3056

520 8

355.1

3.972.9

2.746.8

310.9

573 1

1.568.8

208 2

554.0

505.2

498.4

386.0

1.297.0

989.0

995.8

3.5814

8729

2.547.6

479.4

167 4

82.6

959.7

0.0

109.9

824.3

1.513.9

799.7

1.587.8

834 9

1.658 1

208 4

8516

Equip-ment

(2|

1.876.4

0 0

4.213 6

1.546.5

3566

2.8118

2.267.2

2.3347

1.888 3

0.0

997.8

1.055.6

4.172.1

4.744.5

1.517.8

1.353.5

7.434.3

4.811.0

6,979.3

4.286.2

5.933.1

38.3

1.505.2

491.7

1.245.1

95.4

3.764.4

2.632.3

2.908.6

5.758.4

1.917.6

3.753.6

873.6

213.0

74.6

2.982.2

50.0

913.1

1.817.9

2.170.6

5.737.4

7.247.0

2.263.6

3.1315

3554

1.086.0

fellow-ships

(31

344.4

0.0

1.757.7

458.9

75.5

1.964 3

416.0

908.2

3542

0 0

172.6

2098

2.514.0

4.442.7

334.7

366.9

1.661.1

4,196.3

3.580.6

486.5

1.495.1

48.1

300.2

298.7

205.5

105.0

2.065.7

2.425.3

930.3

5.969.4

482.3

3.720.8

517.5

58.3

115

630.0

0.0

28.1

1.062.1

6370

2.6529

2.816.6

1.013.7

954.5

142.1

1.907.0

Trainingcourses

(4)

0.0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0.0

0.0

0 0

0.0

0.0

0 0

0.0

0.0

0 0

42.4

0.0

0.0

2.7

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0 0

0.0

19.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

247

0.6

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Sub-con-tracts

|5)

0.0

0 0

0.0

0.0

0 0

5648

0 0

180

0 0

0.0

0.0

0.0

257.1

112.0

0.0

0.0

58.6

90.8

0.0

0.0

164.5

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

13.4

255.5

3.8

0.0

221.6

0.0

0.0

0 0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

37.3

0 0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Total

|6]

3.659 D

5.1

8.270.5

2.904.4

581.0

8.806.0

3.405.8

5.375.1

3.201.1

36.0

1.378.9

1.728.1

10.306.5

11,647.2

2.373.3

2.075.5

13,129.6

11.844.9

10.870.8

5.345.8

9.161.5

294.6

2.3594

1.295.6

1.949.0

586.4

7.127.1

6.060.0

5.090.2

15.332.0

3.272.8

10.243.6

1.870.5

438.7

168.4

4.571.9

50.0

1.051.1

3.704.3

4.3462

9.1906

11.688.7

4.112.2

5.744.1

705.9

3.844 6

Awijtance provided, by source

UNDP

(7)

1.436.6

5.1

1.6

13.4

0.0

419.3

0.0

9096

537.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

980.9

1.842.0

4.1

0.0

3,907.6

1.964.4

202.9

0.0

3.206.7

0.0

345.8

174.5

0.0

0.0

307.9

296.7

6932

2.019.6

141.2

2.231.5

131.0

0.0

0.0

193.1

0.0

0.0

9.6

3965

31.4

3,061 7

578.8

152.5

0.0

736 4

Agency

|8|

1.910.9

0.0

6.400.9

2.625.0

577.2

6.516.6

3.370.4

3.616.6

2.5605

32.2

1.378.9

1,599.3

4.098.5

8.115.6

2.015.8

1.805.0

5.467.9

6.191.4

8.486.4

4.108.0

5.384.5

287.6

1.786.6

985.6

1.779.2

507.3

5,396.5

4.480.5

3.655.8

7.795.8

2.475.3

5.909.5

1,684.3

4297

152.6

3.138.2

50.0

381.6

3.389.8

3,666.4

8,199.9

5.760.4

2.876.6

5.135.0

6822

1.803.0

Extra-bud. °*

l»l

244 2

0.0

1.254.3

143.4

3.8

1.864.3

10.6

526.4

0 0

0.0

0.0

56.9

4.055.7

265.7

212.3

145.9

2.900.5

1.372.9

1.372.2

1.04B.0

179.1

0.0

154.7

12.4

103.3

56.0

748.6

580.2

630.9

2.623.3

474.3

130.8

0.0

0 0

0.0

917.8

0.0

669.5

97.9

191.0

139.5

1.930 5

206.5

180.9

0 0

265

In kind

[10|

67.3

0.0

613.7

122.6

0 0

1.005.8

24.8

3225

1036

3.8

0 0

71.9

1.171.4

1.423.9

141.1

1246

853.6

2.316.2

809.3

189 8

3912

7.0

72.3

123.1

66.5

23.1

674.1

7026

110.3

2.893.3

182.0

1.971.8

55.2

9.0

15.8

3228

0.0

0.0

207.0

202.3

819.8

9361

450 3

275 7

237

1.278.7

Total

(11)

3.659.0

5.1

8.270.5

2.904.4

5810

8.806.0

3.405.8

5,375.1

3.201.1

36.0

1.378.9

1.728.1

10.306.5

11.647.2

2.373.3

2.075.5

13.129.6

11.844.9

10.870.8

5.045.8

9.161.5

294.6

2.359.4

1.295 6

1.949.0

586.4

7.127.1

6.060.0

5.090.2

15.332.0

3,272 8

10.243.6

1.870.5

438.7

168.4

4.571.9

500

1.051 1

3.7043

4.346.2

9.190 6

11.688 7

4.112.2

5.744 1

705 9

3.844 6

Pag* 2 ' D

Recipient

WMOTAl

INTERREGIONAL

REGIONAL AFRICA

REG ARAB STATE

REG ASIA & PACIFIC

REG. EUROPE

RES LATIN AMERICA

REG. MIDDLE EAST

XI (.TOTAL

MISCELLANEOUS

WAND TOTAL

Awikjnc* p r o u d * * by typ*

Exp*m

M)

104.233.6

13.711.1

4.069.0

32.3

8.091 3

1.736.5

7.204.0

5 8

34.8500

894 9

139.968.5

Equip-ment

(2|

234.1026

5.249.5

2.739.1

11.3

4.718 6

1.2187

6.572.0

1.2

20.510.4

1.614.8

256.228.0

Fallow-iNps

(3)

110.353.1

17.041.9

353.7

39.0

2.7037

113.5

1.633.4

5.3

21.890.5

616.5

132.860.1

Trainingcounm

(1)

2647

16.064.0

2.726.6

7.0

7.717.0

1.454.1

6.678.9

0.0

34.647.6

371.4

35.283.7

Sub-con-tracts

[51

4.1423

523.8

128.9

0.0

488.2

1.573.5

941.3

0.0

3.655.7

34.4

7.832.4

Total

(6)

453.0865

52.590.3

10.017.3

89.6

23718.8

6.096.3

23.029.6

12.3

115,554.2

3.532.0

572.172.7

Aj i l i tanc* provldvd, by lource

UNDP

PI

65.349.7

1.830.6

332.8

89.6

9.227.9

59.5

3.026.4

12.3

14.579.1

23.2

79.952.0

Agancy

(8)

291.042.8

43.426.6

9.1948

0.0

7.577.3

5.499.7

11.986.7

0.0

77.685.1

3,508.8

372.236.7

Extra-b u d *

(«]

54,082.9

4.354.2

382.0

0.0

4.910.8

378.4

5.734.3

0.0

15.759.7

0.0

70.742.6

In kind

(10)

41.711.1

2.978.9

107.7

0.0

2.002.8

158.7

2.282.2

0.0

7.530.3

0.0

49.241.4

Total

(11)

453.086.5

52.590.3

10.017.3

89.6

23,718.8

6.096.3

23.029.6

12.3

115.554.2

3,532.0

572.172.7

•* The assistance provided from ertrabudgeTary funds prior to 1977 is included under assistance 'in kind".

** includes the roWowina counfries which have not received technical assistance during the last ten or more yean: Austria, Chad, Democratic Kampuchea, Denmark,Finland. France. Germany. Israel. Italy. Japan. Kuwait. Monaco, the Netherlands. New Zealand. Niue. Norway, St. Christopher. Somalia. South Africa. Sweden. Switzerlandand the United States of America.

Poo* 211

TABLE 9

WOMEN'S PARTICIPATION IN TECHNICAL CO-OPERATION

Fellows

Visitingscientists

Trainingcourseparticipants

Projectcounterparts

Internationalexperts

Nationalexperts

Lecturers

Other projectpersonnel

TCProfessionalstaff

TC GeneralService staff

1981

Total

570

65

511

519

319

12

119

11

34

54

ofwhich

woman

97

7

46

64

7

0

2

9

5

48

%ofwoman

17.0

10.8

9.0

12.3

2.2

0.0

1.7

81.8

14.7

88.8

1991

Total

747

203

1401

1333

879

349

342

10

55

88

ofwhichwoman

177

42

271

187

48

46

23

8

14

81

%ofwoman

23.7

20.7

19.3

14.0

5.5

13.2

6.7

80.0

25.5

92.1

1992

Total

764

191

1199

1314

861

380

320

5

49

91

ofwhichwoman

186

33

282

184

56

54

24

4

10

81

%ofwoiiwn

24.3

17.3

23.5

14.0

6.5

14.2

7.5

80.0

20.4

89.0

* Excluding the staff of Printing Section and Publishing Section.

ANNEXES

Explanatory Notes to Annexes

Annex I. Disbursements of extrabudgetary and In-kind contributions: 1992

Related to Table 5. this Annex shows, by donor and by type, the technicalassistance disbursements made during 1992 utilizing extrabudgetary resourcesand. separately, contributions in kind. In many cases, the Agency mustdepend on donor countries for information about the value of in-kind inputsthat have been provided.

Annex II. Training courses: 1992

The courses organized by the Agency in 1992 are listed together with thenumbers of participants and the amounts obligated. This is the only table inwhich local participants and participants not financed from training courseresources are shown. National courses are not included in this summary.

Annex III. Published reports: 1992

Technical co-operation project reports published in 1992 are listed by country.

Annex IV. Voluntary contributions pledged and paid to the TechnicalAssistance and Co-operation Fund tor 1992

Data on voluntary contributions by Member States to the Technical Assistanceand Co-operation Fund are given in this table. Figures reflect the status as at31 December 1992. Please note that due to the fact Iwo new member statesjoined the Agency after the assessments for 1992 were determined, this annexshows a total of $52,584,000. All other tables in this report refer to the Boardapproved target of 852,500,000.

Annex V. Cost-tree fellowships offered and awarded: 1992

Information is made available in this table on cost-free fellowships offered byMember States. Columns 3 and 4 show the number of fellows who started theirtraining in 1992 and the duration in months (1992 and beyond) of theirassignment. Columns 5 and 6 show information on all cost-free fellowsreceiving training in the calendar year 1992 regardless of when theirassignment started.

Annex VI. Approved and on-going UNDP projects as at 31 December 1992

This table includes four projects for which IAEA acts only as an associatedagency.

Annex VII. Footnote-a/ projects mode operational or extended during 1992

These projects are shown with the source of the funds that made upgrading tooperational status or extension possible.

Pag* 2*

Annex Vlll. Approvals ogainst the Reserve Fund In 1992

Information is provided on Reserve Fund approvals for new and existingprojects.

Annex IX. Not programme changes by recipient: 1992

In accordance with the Revised Guiding Principles information on changes toapproved projects is provided. As 847 were involved, the list only shows thenet changes that took place in each country. The amounts given in theexisting approval column refer to those projects which were affected byprogramme changes. Detailed data by project are available on request.

Annex X. Net rephaslngs undertaken during 1992

As a result of dynamic programming, which was approved as part of theBoard's 1983 policy review, it is possible for the Secretariat to reallocate projectfunds originally intended for use in the current year to future years and viceversa. This mechanism, known as "rephasing", may be invoked in cases whereproject requirements differ from those originally foreseen, so as to keep projectplans realistic. The Annex shows only net changes per country to projectsrephased in 1992.

Annex XI. Extrabudgetary contributions for activities relating to technicalco-operation which are not Included In the technical co-operationprogramme: 1992

At the request of some Member States information is provided in this annexconcerning activities which have technical co-operation aspects but which areinitiated and implemented without the involvement of the Department ofTechnical Co-operation. They are therefore not included in technical co-operation databases from which all other tables and figures in this report areproduced.

ANNEX I

DISBURSEMENTS OF EXTRABUDGETARYAND IN-KIND CONTRIBUTIONS: 1992

A. Assistance for activities where donor is not recipient(in thousands of dollars)

Donof

Extiabudgotary

ExpertsEquip-ment

Fellow-ships

Trainingcourses

Sub-con-tracts

Sub-total

In-kind

Expertsfellow-ships

Trainingcourses

Sub-total

Total

CsuntriM

ARGENTINA

AUSTRALIA

AUSTRIA

BELGIUM

BOLIVIA

BRAZIL

BULGARIA

CANADA

CHILE

COLOMBIA

CHINA

CZECH & SLOVAKJED REP

CUBA

DENMARK

DOMINICAN REP

ECUADOR

FINLAND

FRANCE

GERMANV

HUNGARY

INDIA

ISRAEL

ITALY

JAMAICA

JAPAN

KOREA. REP

KUWAIT

MEXICO

NETHERLANDS

PORTUGAL

RUSSIAN FEDERATION

SOUTH AFDICA

SPAIN

SWEDEN

UNITED KINGDOM

URUGUAY

USA

VENEZUELA

YUGOSLAVIA

SUBTOTAL

0 0

112

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0.0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0.0

126 9

169 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

5 8

0 0

143 1

0 0

0 0

0 0

0.0

0.0

0 0

0 0

0 0

284 0

2356

0 0

3922

0 0

0.0

1.367.8

0.0

0.0

0 0

20.6

0 0

0 0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0 0

0.0

0.0

0 0

0.0

aa0 0

0.0

440.7

646.1

0.0

0.0

0.0

50.8

0.0

0.0

0 0

2.4

0 0

0.0

0.0

171.5

0.0

1003

36.2

736.1

0.0

1.096.1

0 0

0 0

3.300 B

0 0

0.0

0 0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0 0

0.0

0.0

0 0

0.0

0 0

0.0

0.0

0 0

0 0

15.0

1 ?

0.0

0.0

0 0

6 4

0.0

148

13.8

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0.0

0.0

188

27.3

808

0.0

0.0

0 0

0.0

1786

0.0

1942

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0 0

0.0

6 0

4.3

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0 0

0.0

0.0

478

176.6

0.0

0.0

0.0

(0.9)

0.0

41.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0 0

0.0

0.0

0 0

0.0

0.0

0.0

80.1

0.0

0 0

5491

0.0

51.6

0.0

0 0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0 0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

45.0

0 0

312

0.0

0 0

0.0

11.5

0.0

0.0

0.0

0 0

0.0

0.0

0 0

0.0

0.0

852

0.0

984

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

322.9

0.0

257.0

0.0

20.6

0.0

0.0

0.0

0 0

6.0

4.3

0 0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

450

630.4

(.024.6

0 0

0.0

0.0

73 6

0.0

198.9

138

2 4

0.0

0 0

0 0

171.5

0.0

2043

347.5

1.1509

0 0

1.568.4

0 0

0.0

5.719.2

228

12.2

0.0

3.4

0.0

H.O

3.0

(7.8

1.8

0.0

11.8

2.6

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

65.6

3 8

3.2

9 2

0.0

2.9

0.0

31.4

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

2.0

2 8

1.2

4.4

17.0

0.0

346

0.0

1.4

265.9

0.0

0.0

1.9

34.9

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

9.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

57.1

93.7

0.0

11.8

27

13.5

0.0

0 0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

302

0.0

87 8

0.0

4499

0.0

0.0

792.5

20.4

4.2

0.1

0.0

0.6

14.0

0.0

7.6

1.8

1.0

38.5

0.0

0.6

0.0

1 0

1.0

0 8

3 7

8.1

0.0

53.9

0 0

0 0

3.1

6.0

30.7

0.0

0 4

2 9

1.0

1.3

0.0

2.5

3.0

5.4

0.6

10.5

1.0

0.0

225.7

43.2

16.4

2 0

38.3

0.6

25.0

3.0

25.4

3.6

1.0

50.3

2.6

0 6

9 0

1.0

1.0

0.8

126.4

105.6

3.2

74.9

2.7

16.4

3.1

37.4

30.7

0.0

0.4

2 9

1.0

3.3

2.8

33.9

7.4

110.2

0.6

495.0

1.0

1.4

1.284.1

43.2

273.4

2.0

58.9

0.6

250

3.0

254

9 6

5.3

50.3

2 6

0 6

9.0

1.0

1.0

45.8

756.8

1.130.2

3.2

74.9

2.7

90.0

3.1

236.3

44.5

2 4

0 4

2 9

1 0

1748

2.8

23B.2

354.9

1.261 1

0 6

2.063.4

1.0

1.4

7,003.3

International OraantalHani

ASIAN DEV BANK

CEC

ESCAP

UNDP

WHO

SUBTOTAL

• U N O TOTAL

0 0

0.0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

1367 8

0 0

0.0

0 0

0 0

0.0

0 0

3.3008

0 0

74 7

0 0

0 0

0 0

74 7

253 3

60 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

80 0

6291

0.0

0 0

0 0

0.0

0.0

0.0

322.9

80.0

747

0.0

00

0 0

154.7

5.873.9

0 0

1.0

0 0

0 0

6 0

7 0

272 9

0.0

0 0

0 0

0 0

DO

0 0

7925

0 0

1.0

33

6 3

0.0

10.6

236 3

0 0

2 0

3 3

6 3

6 0

176

(.301.7

80.0

76.7

33

6 3

6.0

1723

7.1756

Pogalti

B. Assistance for activities where donor is recipient(in thousands of dollars)

Dono*

CHILE

COLOMBIA

GHANA

IRAN. 1 R

LIBYAN A J

MALAVSIA

NIGERIA

PAKISTAN

PORTUGAL

SYRIAN A (?.

U A, EMIRATES

Ptoioct Title

IMPURITIES IN URANIUM COMPOUNDS

APPLICATION OF TOMOGRAPHV IN NUCLEAR MEDICINE

UPGRADING OF RESEARCH REACTOR INSTRUMENTATION

UPGRADING OF RESEARCH REACTOR INSTRUMENTATION(PHASE II)

MINIATURE NEUTRON SOURCE REACTOR

TRAINING IN NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTATION

RADIOISOTOPE PRODUCTION

REVIEW OF THE BUSH6HR NUCLEAR POWER PLANT

ERADICATION OF MEDITERRANEAN FRUIT FLV

NITOOGEN-15 FERTILIZER STUDIES

STOENGTHENING THE FEDERAL RADIATION PROTECTION SERVICE

CONTROL AND INSTRUMENTATION

SAFE OPERATION OF THE KARACHI NUCLEAR POWER PLANT

RESEARCH REACTOR MODERNIZATION

PROCUREMENT ASSISTANCE

RADIOACTIVE ENVIRONMENTAL AND FOOD CONTAMINATION

PROCUREMENT ASSISTANCE

OPERATIONAL NUCLEAI? SAFETY

Project

CHU3/O08

CHt/6/011

COLM/009

COW/01 (

GHA/W10

GHA/4/008

IRA/2/004

IRA/9/011

LIB/5/003

MAU5/01B

NfR/9/00S

PAKI4/027

PAKW010

POR/4/012

SyR/0/005

UAE/9/003

YUGW023

VUG/9/025

TOTAL

Equipment

9.8

55.0

18.5

1.8

817

8.1

32.6

3.8

0 0

0 5

0.1

0.4

0.0

0.1

4 6 1

173.7

39.3

12.0

483.8

Fellowships

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0 0

0.0

0.0

4 5

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

4.5

Sub-contracts

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

28.5

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0 0

28.5

Total

9.8

55.0

18.5

18

81.7

B.1

326

3.8

4.5

0.5

0.1

0.4

28.5

0.1

46.4

173.7

39.3

12.0

516.8

ANNEX II

TRAINING COURSES: 1992

Project title a n d c o d e

INTERREGIONAL TRAINING COURSE ON INTEGRATED ENERGY ANDELECTRICITY PLANNING FOR NUCLEAR POWER DEVELOPMENTWITH EMPHASIS ON THE ENPEP PACKAGE. INT/0/054/001

INTERREGIONAL TRAINING COURSE ON EXPERIMENTAL NUCLEARSPECTROSCOPY. INT/1/048/001

INTERREGIONAL TRAINING COURSE ON NUCLEAR DATA ANDMEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES IN NUCLEAR REACTOR ANDPERSONAL NEUTRON DOSIMETRY. INT/1/049/001

INTERREGIONAL TRAINING COURSE ON DOSIMETRY CALIBRATIONPROCEDURES. INT/1/O5O/OOt

INTERREGIONAL TRAINING COURSE ON QUALITY ASSURANCE INNUCLEAR POWER PLANT OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE.INT/4/109/001

INTERREGIONAL TRAINING COURSE ON QUALIFICATION OFNUCLEAR POWER PLANT OPERATIONS PERSONNEL INT/4/110/001

INTERREGIONAL TRAINING COURSE ON QUALITYASSURANCE/QUALITY CONTROL IN WATER REACTOR FUELDEVELOPMENT AND MANUFACTURING. INTM/111/001

INTCRREGIONAL TRAINING COURSE ON NUCLEAR ELECTRONICS.INT/4/112/001

INTERREGIONAL TRAINING COURSE ON INTERFACING IN NUCLEAREXPERIMENTS. INT/4/113/001

INTERREGIONAL TRAINING COURSE ON THE USE OF ISOTOPE ANDRADIATION TECHNIQUES IN STUDIES OF BIOLOGICAL NITROGENFIXATION. INT/5/124/001

INTERREGIONAL TRAINING COURSE ON INDUCTION AND USE OFMUTATIONS IN PLANT BREEDING. INT/5/125/001

INTERREGIONAL TRAINING COURSE ON THE USE OF RADIATIONAND ISOTOPES IN INSECT CONTROL AND ENTOMOLOGY.INT/5/126/001

INTERREGIONAL TRAINING COURSE ON ADVANCED SINGLEPHOTON EMISSION COMPUTERIZED TOMOGRAPHY WITH EMPHASISIN BRAIN AND HEART STUDIES. INT/6/041/001

INTERREGIONAL TRAINING COURSE ON USE OF PSA IN THEOPERATION OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS; RISK-BASSDPRIORIZATION OF OPERATIONAL TASKS. INTO/125/001

INTERREGIONAL TRAINING COURSE ON SAFETY ASPECTS OFAGEING AND MAINTENANCE IN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTOPERATION, INT/9/126/001

INTERREGIONAL TRAINING COURSE ON SAFE OPERATION ANDUTILIZATION OF RESEARCH REACTORS. INT/9/127/001

INTCRREGIONAL TRAINING COURSE ON PLANNINGORGANIZATION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF RADIATIONPROTECTION ON A NATIONAL LEVEL INT/9/129/001

REGIONAL TRAINING COURSE ON THE USE OF PERSONALCOMPUTERS IN THE ANALYSIS OF ANIMAL PRODUCTION DATARAF/5/006/002

REGIONAL AFRICA TECHNICIANS1 WORKSHOP ON THE USE OFEMISSION SPECTROMETRY IN N-15 ANALYSIS. RAF/5/010/003

REGIONAL TRAINING COURSE ON THE USE OF IRRADIATION TOREDUCE POST-HARVEST FOOD LOSSES. RAF/S/023/001

REGIONAL TRAINING COURSE ON BULK REAGENTMETHODOLOGY. REAGENT PREPARATION AND QUALITY CONTROLFOR R1A OF THYROID RELATED HORMONES. RAF/6/007/002

Place(i) a n d dates

ARGONNE. IL.USA14SEPTEMBER- 6 NOVEMBER

ARGONNE. ILUSA24 FEBRUARY - 2 7 MARCH

OBNINSK.RUSSIAN FEDERATION15 JUNE-10 JULY

HELSINKLHNLAND1 JUNE - 13 JUNESTOCKHOLM.SWEDEN14JUNE-19JUNE

TRNAVA.CZECH AND SLOVAK FED. REP.14 SEPTEMBER • 15 OCTOBER

KARLSRUHE.GERMANY27 APRIL • 27 MAY

GIF-SUR-YVETTE.FRANCE5 OCTOBER-23 OCTOBER

MEXICO CITY.MEXICO20 JANUARY -17 APRIL

JAKARTA.INDONESIA3 AUGUST- 2 OCTOBER

SEIBERSDORF.AUSTRIA1 JUNE - 3 JULY

SEIBERSDORF.AUSTRIA22 APRIL • 29 MAY

GAINESVILLE. FL.USA3 M A Y - 1 3 JUNE

PISA.ITALY26 OCTOBER • 6 NOVEMBER

ARGONNE. IL.USA27 JANUARY • 14 FEBRUARY

ARGONNE. IL.USA6 APRIL • 1 MAV

GIF-SUR-YVETTE.FRANCE2 NOVEMBER - 27 NOVEMBER

ARGONNE. ILUSA11 M A Y - 2 9 MAY

ADDIS ABABA.ETHIOPIA9 MARCH-20 MARCH

LEGON-ACCRA.GHANA3 AUGUST - 14 AUGUST

LEGON-ACCRA.GHANA9NOVEMBER- 4DECEMBER

TUMS.TUNISIA24 FEBRUARY - 6 MARCH

Sourceof Funds

AGENCY

AGENCY

AGENCY

AGENCY

AGENCY

AGENCY

AGENCV

AGENCY

AGENCV

AGENCY

AGENCY

AGENCY

AGENCY

AGENCY

AGENCV

AGENCY

AGENCY

AGENCV

AGENCY

AGENCY

AGENCVFRANCE

Participation •

37

19

18

21

22

23

25

17

18

20

20

20

27

23

26

22

32

13

11

14

13

I2J

0

a

0

9

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

5

3

1

1

0

0

0

0

(3)

0

0

0

0

3

0

0

4

2

0

0

0

3

0

0

0

0

1

1

2

4

Amountts)expended *

IS)

290.83B (CC)

135.326 (CC)

102.081 (CC)674 (NCC)

87.277 (CC)

76.796 {CC)85.589 (NCC)

138,615 |CC)

136,032 |CC)

250.761 |CC)1.561 (NCC)

209.026 |CC)

149.638 (CC)

152.561 (CC)664 (NCC)

122.172 (CC)

99.703 (CC)

111,654 [CC]4,516 (NCC)

123,224 (CC)4.956 [NCC)

121.139 (CC)

142.060 (CC)

45,919 (CC|

26.404 |CC)

66,248 (CC)

23.680 (CC)12,960 (CC)

Project title and code

REGIONAL TRAINING COURSE ON DATA PROCESSING INRADIOIMMUNOASSAY. RAF/6/007/003

REGIONAL WORKSHOP ON X-RAY FLUORESCENCE LABORATORYNETWORK IN AFRICA. RAF/8/015/001

REGIONAL MEETING ON CO-OPERATION IN RADIATIONPROTECTION IN AFRICA. RAF/9/005/008

REGIONAL TRAINING COURSE ON RADIATION PROTECTION INMEDICAL PRACTICES. RAF/9/008/001

REGIONAL TRAINING COURSE ON CONTROL AND SAFE USE OFRADIATION SOURCES. RAF/9/009/001

REGIONAL TRAINING COURSE ON RADIOACTIVE WASTEMANAGEMENT A SVSTEMS APPROACH. RAF/9/010/001

REGIONAL TRAINING COURSE ON ELECTRIC SYSTEM EXPANSIONPLANNING. RAS/0/013/006

REGIONAL WORKSHOP ON NEUTRON TRANSMUTATION DOPINGTECHNOLOGY. RAS/0/015/009

REGIONAL TRAINING COURSE ON ADVANCED MUTATIONBREEDING OF TROPICAL CROP PLANTS. RAS/0/015/011

REGIONAL WORKSHOP ON NUCLEONIC CONTROL SYSTEMS INTHE STEEL INDUSTRV. RAS/O/015/012

REGIONAL TRAINING COURSE ON NDT AND EVALUATION INNUCLEAR POWER PLANTS. RAS/0/015/014

REGIONAL TRAINING COURSE ON DETERMINATION OFRADIONUCLIDES IN FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES.RAS/2/0O4/001

REGIONAL TRAINING COURSE ON MEASUREMENT OF BASICPARAMETERS OF RESEARCH REACTORS. RAS/4/011/004

REGIONAL TRAINING COURSE ON SAFETY DOCUMENTATION FORRESEARCH REACTORS. RAS/4/011/005

REGIONAL TRAINING COURSE ON MATERIALSCHARACTERIZATION USING LOW AND MEDIUM NEUTRON FLUXREACTORS, RAS/4/011/006

REGIONAL TRAINING COURSE ON MAINTENANCE AND REPAIROF MCA CARDS. RAS/4/012/003

REGIONAL WORKSHOP ON FOOD IRRADIATION PROCESSCONTROL. RAS/5/020/006

REGIONAL RESEARCH CO-ORDINATION MEETING ON THE USE OFISOTOPES IN STUDIES TO IMPROVE YIELD AND NITROGENFIXATION OF GRAIN LEGUMES IN THE TROPICS AND SUB-TROPICSOF ASIA. RAS/5/021/005

REGIONAL TRAINING COURSE ON NUCLEAR AND ASSOCIATEDTECHNIQUES FOR PESTICIDE RESEARCH. RAS/5/024/001

REGIONAL TRAINING COURSE ON THE USE OF COMPUTERS INNUCLEAR MEDICINE. RAS/6/016/003

REGIONAL TRAINING COURSE ON APPLICATION OF RECENTNUCLEAR TECHNIQUES IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF COMMUNICABLEDISEASES. RAS/6/019/001

REGIONAL TRAINING COURSE ON THE PREPARATION ANDQUALITY CONTROL OF RADIOPHARMACEUT1CALS. RAS/6/0207001

REGIONAL TRAINING COURSE ON RADIATION STERILIZATION OFTISSUE GRAFTS WITH EMPHASIS ON CLINICAL AND STERILITYQUALITY ASSURANCE CRITERIA. RAS/7/003/004

REGIONAL WORKSHOP ON IMAGE PROCESSING IN MATERIALSSCIENCE AND IN NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING, RAS/8/062/034

Piace(s) and dates

ALGIERS.ALGERIA28 NOVEMBER - 9 DECEMBER

NAIROBI.KENYA31 AUGUST - 4 SEPTEMBER

ARUSHA.U. R. TANZANIA10 MARCH-13 MARCH

RABAT.MOROCCO2 NOVEMBER - 20 NOVEMBER

NAIROBI.KENYA28 SEPTEMBER • 23 OCTOBER

CAIRO.EGYPT17 OCTOBER • 4 NOVEMBER

LAHORE.PAWSTAN26 APRIL- 4 JUNE

BEUING.CHINA5 OCTOBER-10 OCTOBER

BOMBAY.INDIA16 NOVEMBER • 27NOVEMBER

SHANGHAI.CHINA8 JUNE - 12 JUNE

TAEJEON. CHUNG-NAM.KOREA. REPUBLIC OF7 OCTOBER - 27 OCTOBER

TOKYO.JAPAN2 MARCH-31 MARCH

JAKARTA.INDONESIA3 AUGUST - 21 AUGUST

DHAKA.BANGLADESH12 OCTOBER-22 OCTOBER

BEUING.CHINA26 OCTOBER • 13 NOVEMBER

JOHOR 8AHARU.MALAYS1A11 MAY- 5JUNE

SHANGHAI.CHINA31 AUGUST-11 SEPTEMBER

HARBIN.CHINA13 JULY- 17 JULY

BANGKOKTHAILAND3 FEBRUARY • 6 MARCH

SYDNEY-CAMPERDOWN.AUSTRALIA9 MARCH - 16 APRIL

BANGKOKTHAILAND21 SEPTEMBER - 90CTOBER

BEUING.CHINA17AUGUST- 5SEPTEMBER

TAIYUAN. SX.CHNA1SEFTEMBER-12 SEPTEMBER

BOMBAYJNDIA13 JANUARY-24 JANUARY

Sourceol Funds

AGENCYFRANCE

AGENCY

AGENCY

AGENCY

AGENCY

AGENCY

AGENCYASIAN DEV

BANK

AGENCYCHINA

AGENCYINDIA

AGENCYCHINA

AGENCYKOREA. R.

AGENCY

AGENCY

AGENCY

AGENCY

AGENCY

UNDP

UNDP

AGENCY

AGENCYAUSTRALIA

AGENCY

AGENCY

AGENCY

INDIA

Participation °

Ml

14

14

10

13

8

14

13

10

11

11

9

14

9

11

13

10

B

16

15

10

14

15

16

10

m0

0

0

0

7

0

7

0

0

0

0

0

0

4

0

3

6

0

0

0

0

0

0

2

13)

6

2

1

13

4

5

5

3

4

4

1

0

4

2

2

1

9

3

S

0

2

2

4

5

Amounts)tixpended

iS)

19.121 (CC|14.000 (CC)

23.895 (CC|

11.893 (CC|

81.547 (CC|

88.280 [CC)

57.520 ICC]

67.298 (CC]80.000 (CC)

15.656 (CC)18,915 (GIK)

2.284 (CC)25,390 (GIK)

8.541 (CC)19.618 (GIK)

4,014 (CC)30.757 (GIK)

111.405 (CC)

41.293 (CC|

36.509 (CC|

36.128 (CC)11,311 (NCC)

39.076 (CC)993 (NCC)

28.257 (CC)

28.772 [CC\

85,043 (CC)

21.795 [CC]65.885 [CC]

60,393 (CC)

65.804 (CC)17.546 (NCC]

42.621 (CC]8,391 (NCC]

28,500 (GIK)

Page 218

Project title and code

REGIONAL WORKSHOP ON DEVELOPMENT OF TRAININGTECHNIQUES AND METHODS OF INSTRUCTION IN RADIATIONPROTECTION. RAS«/006J005

REGIONAL WORKSHOP ON COMPUTER-ASSISTED PLANNING ANDDOSIMETRY FOR CARCINOMA OF THE CERVIX. RAS/9/006/009

REGIONAL TRAINING COURSE ON DOSIMETRIC ASSESSMENT OFINTERNAL CONTAMINATION. RAOT/012/001

REGIONAL TRAINING COURSE ON BIDDING. EVALUATIONPROCEDURE. CONTRACTING AND FINANCING OF NPPS.RER/0/006/001

REGIONAL WORKSHOP ON EDDV CURRENT INSPECTIONS OFWWER NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS. RERM/003/004

REGIONAL WORKSHOP ON THE USE OF NUCLEAR & RELATEDTECHNIQUES IN PLANT NUTRIENT & WATER BALANCE STUDIES INRAIN-FED LEGUMECEREAL CROP ROTATION SYSTEMS & IRRIGATEDAGRICULTURE AREAS. RER/5/004/002

REGIONAL TRAINING COURSE ON ISOTOPE TECHNIQUES INANIMAL NUTRITION AND REPRODUCTION RESEARCH.RER/5ra05/0CH

REGIONAL TRAINING COURSE ON THE REGULATORY CONTROL OFFOOD IRRADIATION. RER/5/0O6/0O1

REGIONAL WORKSHOP ON QUALITY CONTROL IN HOSPITALRADIOPHARMACV, KER/6/002/008

REGIONAL WORKSHOP ON INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OFISOTOPES AND RADIATION. RER/6/O02/0O9

REGIONAL TRAINING COURSE ON REGULATORY PRACTICES FORRADIATION SAFETY. RER/9/007/004

REGIONAL TRAINING COURSE ON FIRE PROTECTION ANDPREVENTION IN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS. RER/9/013/001

REGIONAL TRAINING COURSE ON WASTE MANAGEMENT - ASYSTEMS APPROACH. RER/9/O14/O01

REGIONAL TRAINING COURSE FOR LIBRARIANS ANDINFORMATION SPECIALISTS ON MANAGEMENT AND PROMOTION.RLA/0/00W008

REGIONAL TRAINING COURSE ON THE USE OF ISOTOPETECHNIQUES IN ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES OF THE HYDROSPHEREAND ATMOSPHERE. RLA/1/0O9/O01

REGIONAL WORKSHOP ON COLLECTION STRATEGIES ANDPREPARATION OF SAMPLES IN ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS.RLA/2/003/013

REGIONAL TRAINING COURSE ON APPLICATION OF FIA IN STUDIESOF ENVIRONMENTAL AND GEOLOGICAL SAMPLES. RLA/2/003/014

FIRST REGIONAL WORKSHOP ON ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES USINGNUCLEAR TECHNIQUES. RLA/2/006/001

REGIONAL ADVANCED WORKSHOP ON THE SYNTHESIS OFMODERN RADIOPHARMACEUnCALS. RLA/2/007/001

REGIONAL WORKSHOP ON PRODUCTION AND CONTROL OFRADIOPHARMACEUnCAL KITS. RLA/2/007/002

REGIONAL TRAINING COURSE ON APPLICATION OF TRANSDUCERSTO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTATION. RLA/4/0O8/D05

REGIONAL TRAINING COURSE ON MAINTENANCE OF COMPUTERSAND INTERCONNECTED SYSTEMS. RLAW008/006

REGIONAL WORKSHOP ON NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS IN INDUSTRY.RLA/4/OO8/0O7

REGIONAL TRAINING COURSE ON ANIMAL HEALTH.RLA/5/028rO02

Placed) and dates

SYDNEY-MENAI AUSTRALIA17 FEBRUARY-28 FEBRUARY

BOMBAY.INDIA1 JUNE- 5JUNE

SYDNEY-MENAI.AUSTRAUA2 NOVEMBER - 20 NOVEMBER

MADRID.SPAIN26 OCTOBER - 1 3 NOVEMBER

KOJLODUY.BULGARIA25 FEBRUARY - 27 FEBRUARY

ANKARA.TURKEV7 SEPTEMBER -11 SEPTEMBER

NICOSIA.CYPRUS21 SEPTEMBER - 1 6 OCTOBER

BUDAPEST.HUNGARV8 JUNE-26 JUNE

DUBAI.UNITED ARAB EMIRATES15 APRIL-30 APRIL

JEDDAH.SAUDI ARABIA14 NOVEMBER - 9 DECEMBER

DUBAI.UNITED ARAB EMIRATES21 NOVEMBER - 2 DECEMBER

MADRID.SPAIN16 NOVEMBER- 3 DECEMBER

TRNAVA.CZECH AND SLOVAK FED. REP.18 MAY- 5 JUNE

RIODEJANEIRO.BRAZIL17 AUGUST-28 AUGUST

PIRACICABA.BRAZIL6 JULY-31 JULY

SANTIAGO.CHILE9 MARCH-20 MARCH

PIRACICABA.BRAZIL5 OCTOBER - 1 6 OCTOBER

QUITO.ECUADOR25 MAY • 29 MAY

BUENOS AIRES.ARGENTINA2 MARCH • 27 MARCH

BOGOTA.COLOMBIA23 NOVEMBER • i DECEMBER

OUITO.ECUADOR18 MAY- 5 JUNE

MONTEVIDEO.URUGUAY4 M A Y - 1 5 MAY

SANTIAGO.CHILE23 NOVEMBER • 27 NOVEMBER

BOGOTA. COLOMBIA23 NOVEMBER - 28 NOVEMBER

Sourceof Funds

AUSTRALIA

JAPAN

AGENCY

AGENCY

AGENCY

AGENCV

AGENCY

AGENCY

AGENCV

AGENCY

AGENCY

AGENCY

AGENCY

AGENCY

AGENCY

AGENCYGERMANYCHILE

AGENCY

AGENCYGERMANV

AGENCV

AGENCY

AGENCY

AGENCYGERMANY

GERMANVCHILE

AGENCV

Participation "

(1)

11

7

16

20

8

10

13

10

)4

6

9

12

18

11

14

10

12

4

e

10

10

10

11

24

(2)

3

2

2

1

0

0

0

2

0

0

0

2

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

|3)

0

1

0

0

0

0

3

2

0

20

0

1

6

2

4

3

0

2

2

1

7

5

0

1

Amountti)expended *

(S)

56.741 (CC)

21.828 [CC]

74.492 (CC)

94.456 (CC)

21.203 |CC)

13,487 (CC)

88.648 (CC)

29,182 (CC|

37.930 (CC)

30.418 (CC|

19,433 (CC)

59.966 |CC)

24.874 (CC)36,067 (NCC)

24,658 |CC)

100.854 (CC)

4,799 (CC)30.967 (CC)

6.000 (CC)

24.294 (CC)

13.127 (CC)7,676 (CC)

4J.401 {CC)

18.916 (CC1

35,877 [CO

44,187 (CC)5.863 (CC)

13.153 (CC)4,000 (CC|

37.990 (CC)

Page 219

Project title and coao

REGIONAL TRAINING COURSE ON THE USE Of ISOTOPES ANDRADIA11ON TECHNIQUES IN STUDIES OF SOIL/PLANT PRODUCTIVITYWITH THE AIM OF INCREASING FOOD AND FODDER PRODUCTION.RLA/5/O29/O01

REGIONAL WORKSHOP ON TECHNO-ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY OFFOOD IRRADIATION. RLW5/03O/OO1

REGIONAL WORKSHOP ON SPECT QUAUTV CONTROLRLA/6/006/0O1

REGIONAL WORKSHOP ON NUCLEAR CARDIOLOGV.P.LA/6/006/002

REGIONAL WORKSHOP ON DATA PROCESSING AND EXTERNALQUALI"V ASSESSMENT IN RIA. RlA/o/016/005

REGIONAL TRAINING COURSE ON ADVANCES IN HOSPITALRADIOPHARMACY, RLA/6/O17/001

REGIONAL TRAINING COURSE ON STRATEGIES ANDMETHODOLOGIES FOR APPLIED MARINE RADIOACTIVITY STUDIES.RLA/7/O05/O01

REGIONAL COORDINATOR'S MEETING AT THE 13TH WORLDCONFLUENCE ON NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING. RLA/8/0061017

REGIONAL TRAINING COURSE ON SAFE OPERATION OF RADIATIONFACILITIES-REGULATORY RESPONSIBILITIES. RLA/8/016B01

REGIONAL WORKING GROUP MEETING ON QUALITY ENGINEERING.RLA/8/017/013

REGIONAL WORKSHOP ON NDT FOR INDUSTRIAL QUALITY.RLA/8/017/016

REGIONAL WORKSHOP ON QUALITY IMPROVEMENT IN METAL-MECHANICAL INDUSTRY BY EDDY CURRENT. RLA/8/017/034

REGIONAL WORKING GROUP ON CRITERIA FOR A SURVEY ONQUALITY ASSURANCE IN THE REGION. RLA/8/O17/O71

REGIONAL TRAINING COURSE ON ESTABLISHMENT OF APROGRAMME ON OCCUPATIONAL MONITORING. RLA/9/011/006

REGIONAL TRAINING COURSE ON MEASUREMENT OFENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES. RIA/9/0-M/00?

REGIONAL WORKSHOP ON CO-ORDINATED STUDIES ININTERCOMPARISON OF LOW ENERGY PERSONNEL DOSIMETRY.RLA/9/011/009

REGIONAL TRAINING COURSE ON MANAGEMENT OF SPENTRADIATION SOURCES. RLA/9/013/001

Placo(s) and dates

SANTIAGO.CHIIES3 MARCH • 24 APRIL

MEXICO CITV.MEXICOIS MAY • 29 MAV

TARRAGONA.SPAIN( JUNE - 3 JUNE

GRANADA.SPAIN1 JUNE • 3 JUNE

ASUNCION.PARAGUAV28 SEPTEMBER • 9 OCTOBER

MADRID.SPAIN27 APRIL - 22 MAY

CUERNAVACA.MEXICO23 NOVEMBER - 4 DECEMBER

SAO PAULO.BRAZIL18 OCTOBER • 23 OCTOBER

QUITO.ECUADOR2OJULY-31JULY

BUENOS AIRES.ARGENTINA16 MARCH • 20 MARCH

SANTIAGO.CHILE24 FEBRUARY - 28 FEBRUARY

SANTIAGO.CHILE21 SEPTEMBER • 25 SEPTEMBER

UMEIRA.BRAZIL12 OCTOBER • 16 OCTOBER

SAO PAULO.BRAZIL9 NOVEMBER - 20 NOVEMBER

BUENOS AIRES.ARGENTINA16 NOVEMBER • 27 NOVEMBER

RIODEJANEiRO.BRAZIL21 SEPTEMBER - 25 SEPTEMBER

BELO HORIZONTE.BRAZIL3 AUGUST-21 AUGUST

Sourceof Fund)

AGENCY

AGENCY

AGENCY

AGENCY

AGENCY

AGENCY

AGENCY

UNFSTD

AGENCY

AGENCYGERMANY

AGENCYGERMANY

AGENCYGERMANY

AGENCYGERMANY

AGENCYFRANCE

AGENCYFRANCE

AGENCY

AGENCY

Participation *

m14

5

4

4

10

15

15

17

13

15

13

13

14

19

16

10

19

m0

0

a

0

0

0

0

2

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

[3)

1

4

0

0

1

3

10

1

2

1

0

0

1

5

0

0

3

Amount!*)« p * n d e d > >

IS)

105.655 (CC)

12.259 (CC)

2.992 (CC)

2,992 (CC)

43.361 [CC)

103.829 (CC)

91.621 (CC)

22.981 (CC)

37.505 (CC)

26,398 (CC)8,746 (CC)

53 (CC)22.943 (CC)

19,512 (CC)7.308 |CC)

18.343 (CC)3.918 (CC)

60.530 (CC|4,793 (CC)

53 (CC)30.180 ICC)

21.279 (CC)

104,459 (CC|

a The tiguf es under (1) denote the number of award-holders whoso coit of participation was met oui of project funds; thoie under (2) denote the number of participanh whoattended at the expense of their government, or of another organization on programme; tnote under (3) denote the number of local participants. No stipends orinternational travel cosh were paid out of project funds in respect of participants shown under (2) and (3).

b The amounts expended (i.e. disbursemenh plus unliquidated obligation*] do not include expenditures by host governments for local lecturers or facilities. They also donot give the final cost of the training course, since accounts may be settled in the following year. Substantial irvkind donations are listed with the abbreviation GIK.

Page 220

ANNEX III

PUBLISHED REPORTS: 1992

Recipient

ALGERIA

ARGENTINA

BRAZIL

BULGARIA

CAMEROON

CHILE

CHINA

COSTA RICA

COTE DWOIRE

CUBA

EGYPT

ETHIOPIA

GHANA

GUATEMALA

HUNGARY

INDIA

INDONESIA

Subject of report

COUNTRY PROGRAMME SUMMARIES.1982-1992

COUNTRV PROGRAMME SUMMARIES.1982-1992

COUNTRV PROGRAMME SUMMARIES.1982-1992

SEISMIC SAFETY REVIEW MISSION TOASSIST IN THE EVALUATION OF THE DESIGNOF SEISMIC UPGRADING FOR KOZLODUVN.P.P.

SEISMIC SAFETY REVIEW MISSION FOR THEFOLLOW UP OF THE SEISMIC UPGRADINGFOR KO2LQDUV N.P.P.

COUNTRV PROGRAMME SUMMARIES,1982-1992

COUNTRV PROGRAMME EVALUATION.1981-1991

FOOD IRRADIATION PROCESS CONTROLAND ACCEPTANCE RPR-PHASE III

MAN POWER DEVELOPMENT FORNUCLEAR POWER PROGRAMME (PROJECTFINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS)

COUNTRY PROGRAMME SUMMARIES.1982-1992

COUNTRV PROGRAMME SUMMARIES.1982-1992

COUNTRY PROGRAMME SUMMARIES.1982-1992

COUNTRY PROGRAMME SUMMARIES.1982-1992

COUNTRY PROGRAMME SUMMARIES,1982-1992

COUNTRV PROGRAMME SUMMARIES,1982-1992

COUNTRV PROGRAMME REVIEW

COUNTRV PROGRAMME SUMMARIES.1982-199S

STRENGTHENING OF AN ADVANCEDAUTOMATED RADIATION LABORATORYPROJECT FINDINGS ANDRECOMMENDATIONS

FOOD IRRADIATION PILOT SCALE STUDIESAND MARKET TESTING RPFt-PHASE III

EUSA FOR EPIDEMIOLOGY OFBRUCELLOSIS

CONTROLLED RELEASE PESTICIDEFORMULATIONS

NUTRITIONAL STRATEGIES FOR RUMINANTSFED ON LOCAL FEED SUPPLEMENTED WITHMOLASSES MULTI-NUTRIENT BLOCKS

METHODS FOR INCREASING RUMINANTPRODUCTION FROM AVAILABLE FEEDRESOURCES IN INDONESIA. NUTRITION-REPRODUCTION INTERACTIONS

INSECT ECOLOGY STUDIES AND INSECTPEST CONTROL

NATIONAL TRAINING COURSE O N EUSAFOR SERODIAGNOSIS OF ANIMALDISEASES (IV)

NATIONAL TRAINING COURSE ON EUSAFOR SERODIAGNOSIS OF ANIMALDISEASES (V)

IMPLEMENTATION OF EUSA FORBRUCELLOSIS AT DGLS LABORATORIES ININDONESIA

Project code

BUU9/O12

BUL/9/O12

RAS/5/020

CPR/4/003

INTAV053

HUN/1/008

RAS/5/020

INS/5/021

INS/5/021

INS/5/021

INS/5/021

INS/5/021

INS/5/021

INS/5/021

INS/5/021

Author!*) / Corporate Author

EVALUATION SECTION. DEPT. OF TC. IAEA

EVALUATION SECTION, DEPT. OF TC. IAEA

EVALUATION SECTION. DEPT. OF TC. IAEA

MA. DAVID C.GODOV. ANTONIO RAMONPRATO. CARLOS A.

GODOY. ANTONIO RAMONDAVID. MILANSTEVENSON. JOHN DAVIDGURPINAR. AVBARSSHIBATA. HEN

EVALUATION SECTION, DEPT. OF TC. IAEA

EVALUATION SECTION. DEPT. OF TC. IAEA

GIDDINGS. GEORGE GOSSEUN

CSIK.BELAJOSE

EVALUATION SECTION. DEPT. OF TC. IAEA

EVALUATION SECTION. DEFT. OF TC. IAEA

EVALUATION SECTION. DEFT. OF TC. IAEA

EVALUATION SECTION DEPT. OF TC. IAEA

EVALUATION SECTION. DEPT. OF TC. IAEA

EVALUATION SECTION, DEPT. OF TC. IAEA

DEFT. OF TECHNICAL COOPERATION. IAEA

EVALUATION SECTION. DEFT. OF TC. IAEA

HUNGARIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

GIDDINGS. GEORGE GOSSEUN

SUTHERLAND. S.S.

VOLLNER. LAJOS

NOLAN. J.V.

ENTOISTLE. K.W.

BUTT. BUV ARTHUR

SPENCER. T.

RICHARD H JACOBSON

BARRY PATTEN

Deference no.

IAEA-CPS-92/14

IAEA-CPS-92/26

IAEA-CPS-92/25

IAEA-TA-2459

IAEA-TA-2460

IAEA-CPS-92/18

IAEA-CPE-92/01

IAEA/UNOP-RAS/89/044-01

IAEA/UNDP-CPR/85/085-TR

IAEA-CPS-92/01

IAEA-CPS-92/19

IAEA-CPS-92/02

IAEA-CPS-92/09

IAEA-CPS-92/20

IAEA-CPS-92/08

IAEA-TC-PM-005

IAEA«;PS-92/05

IAEA/UNDP-HUN/86/004-TR

IAEA/UNDP-flAS/89/044-02

IAEAAJNDPHNS/88/013-16

IAEA/UNONN5/8B/013-17

IAEAAJNDP-INS/BB/013-18

IAEAAJNDP-INS/88/013-19

IAEA/UNDP-INS/88/013-20

IAEA/UNDWNS/86/013-21

IAEA/UNDP-INS/88/013-22

IAEAAJNDWNS/88/013-23

Paa»221

Recipient

INDONESIA

KENYA

KOREA. REP OF

MADAGASCAR

MALI

MEXICO

MONGOLIA

NIGER

NIGERIA

PERU

PHILIPPINES

REGIONAL

ROMANIA

SENEGAL

SIERRA LEONE

SRI LANKA

SUDAN

TANZANIA, U R

Subteot of report

VALIDATION OF THE ELISA TECHMQUE FORTHE DIAGNOSIS OF BOVINE BRUCELLOSISAND IN THE USE OF COMPUTERPROGRAMS FOR RECORDING ANDANALYZING ELISA DATA

SOURCES AND SINKS OF NITROGEN -Er>HOSPHORUS-8ASED NUTRIENTS INCROPPING SYSTEMS

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION. PHASE IIPROJECT FINDINGS ANORECOMMENDATIONS

FOOD IRRADIATION PROCESS CONTROLMARKET TESTING AND ECONOMICFEASIBILITY RPH-PHASE III

COUNTRY PROGRAMME SUMMARIES,1982-1992

FATE OF TRYPANOCIDAL DRUGS IN CATTLE

ISOTOPES AND RADIATION INAGRICULTURAL RESEARCH, PROJECTFINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

FOOD IRRADIATION PROCESS CONTROLAND ACCEPTANCE RFfl-PHASE III

COUNTRY PROGRAMME SUMMARIES.1982-1992

COUNTRY PROGRAMME SUMMARIES.1982-1992

COUNTRY PROGRAMME SUMMARIES.1982-1992

COUNTRY PROGRAMME REVIEW

COUNTRY PROGRAMME SUMMARIES.1982-1992

COUNTRY PROGRAMME SUMMARIES.1982-1992

COUNTRY PROGRAMME SUMMARIES,1982-1992

FOOD IRRADIATION PROCESS CONTROLREGULATION AND ACCEPTANCE RPFI-PHASE III

MANPOWER DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICAAND THE REGIONAL MANPOWERDEVELOPMENT PROJECTISPECIAL EVALUATION)

A DESK EVALUATION REVIEW OF THEREGIONAL (ASIA AND THE PACIFIC]PROJECT IN RADIOIMMUNOASSAY OFTHYROID HORMONES

INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION OF ISOTOPESAND RADIATION TECHNOLOGY (PHASE 1)

INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION OF ISOTOPESAND RADIATION TECHNOLOGY (PHASE II)

THE ARCAL PROGRAMME(A SPECIAL EVALUATION)

DEFECTIVE FUEL PERFORMANCEEVALUATION

COUNTRY PROGRAMME SUMMARIES.1982-1992

COUNTRY PROGRAMME SUMMARIES.1982-1992

FOOD IRRADIATION PROCESS CONTROLREGULATION ANO ACCEPTANCE RPFI-PHASE II

COUNTRY PROGRAMME SUMMARIES.1982-1992

COUNTRY PROGRAMME REVIEW

COUNTRY PROGRAMME SUMMARIES.1982-1992

Projact cod*

INS/5/021

INS/S/021

INS/5/21

RAM/020

KEN/5/012

ROK/5/025

RAS/5/020

INT/0/053

RAS/5/020

RAF/0/003

RAS/6/011

RAS/8/061

RAS/8/061

ROMW/00J

RAS/5/020

INTAVO53

Author!*) / Corporate Author

EISLER. M C

WETSELAAR. R

INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCV

GIDDINGS. GEORGE GOS5EUN

EVALUATION SECTION. DEPT. OF TC. IAEA

KRATZER. R.

INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY

GIDDINGS, GEORGE GOSSEUN

EVALUATION SECTION. DEPT. OF TC. IAEA

EVALUATION SECTION. DEPT. OF TC. IAEA

EVALUATION SECTION. DEFT. OF TC. IAEA

DEPT. OF TECHNICAL COOPERATION.IAEA

EVALUATION SECTION. DEPT. OF TC. IAEA

EVALUATION SECTION, DEPT. OF TC. IAEA

EVALUATION SECTION. DEPT. OF TC, IAEA

GIDDINGS. GEORGE GOSSELIN

EVALUATION SECTION. DEPT. OFTC. IAEA

EVALUATION SECTION. DEPT. OF TC. IAEA

INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGV AGENCV

INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY

EVALUATION SECTION. MPT. OF TC, IAEA

LEWIS. B J.

EVALUATION SECTION. DEPT. OF TC. IAEA

EVALUATION SECTION, DEPT. OF TC, IAEA

GIDDINGS. GEORGE GOSSELIN

EVALUATION SECTION. DEPT. OF TC. IAEA

CUARON. A.HANCE. R.YURTSEVER. VMAUDARBOCUS.V

EVALUATION SECTION. DEPT OF TC. IAEA

R«f*r«nc« no.

IAEA/UNDPHNS/88/013-24

IAEA/UNOfMNS/88/013-25

IAEAAJNDP4NS/88/013-TR

IAEA/UNDP-RAS/89/04443

IAEA-CPS-92/15

IAEA/UN0P-KEN/90/D23-TR

IAEA/UNDP-flOK/84/003-TR

IAEA/UNOP-RAS/89AU4-05

IAEA-CPS-92/14

IAEA-CPS-9S/17

IAEA-CPS-92/24

IAEA-TC-PM-004

IAEA-CPS-92/21

IAEA-CPS-92/10

IAEA-CPS-92A33

IAEA/UNOP-RAS/89AM4-O4

IAEA-SE-92AJ2

IAEA-PDE-92/0)

IAEAAINDP-RAS/79/061-TR

IAEA/UNDP-flAS/86/073-TR

IAEA-SE-92/D1

IAEAAJNDP-ROM/87/002-03

IAEA-CPS-92/07

IAEA-CPS-92/22

IAEA/UNDP-RAS/89/044-06

IAEA-CPS*2/11

IAEA-TC-PM-003

IAEACPS-92/06

Recipient

THAILAND

TURKEY

UGANDA

URUGUAY

VENEZUELA

VIETNAM

ZAIRE

ZAMBIA

Subject of report

BREEDING FOR RESISTANCE TO DISEASESIN COTTON

BREEDING FOR SOYBEAN RESISTANCE TOANTHRACNOSE DISEASE

SCREENING PLANTS FOR DISEASERESISTANCE

IMPROVING FOOD AND AGRICULTURALPRODUCTION. (PROJECT FINDINGS ANDRECOMMENDATIONS)

ROOD IRRADIATION PROGRAMMEPLANNING FACILITY OPERATIONS ANDPILOT SCALE STUDIES RPH-PHASE III

DEVELOPING OF NONDESTRUCTIVETESTING TERMINAL REPORT

COUNTRY PROGRAMME SUMMARIES.1982-1992

COUNTRY PROGRAMME SUMMARIES.1982-1W2

CENTRE FOR NUCLEAR AGRICULTURE

FOOD IRRADIATION PROGRAMMEPLANNING FACILITY OPERATION ANDPILOT SCALE STUDIES RPH-PHASE 111

COUNTCY PROGRAMME SUMMARIES.1982-1992

COUNTRV PROGRAMME SUMMARIES.1982-1992

Project code

THA/5/031

THA/5/031

THA/5/031

THA/5rt)31

RAS/&020

TUR/8/010

VEN/5/009

RAS/STOO

Authors) / Corporate Author

TED P. WALLACE

PAUL A. tACKMAN

GARY A. STOOBEL

INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY

GIDDINGS. GEORGE GOSSEUN

ALAT. Al lZATOLOMN. BORIS

EVALUATION SECTION. DEPT. OF TC. IAEA

EVALUATION SECTION. DEPT. OF TC. IAEA

GIL. J. L.

GIDDINGS. GEORGE GOSSEUN

EVALUATION SECTION. DEPT. OF TC. IAEA

EVALUATION SECTION. DEPT. OF TC. IAEA

Reference no.

IAEAAJNOP-THA/SSXXM'23

IAEA/UNDP-THA/85/004-24

IAEA/UNOP-THA/85/004-25

IA£AAJNDP-THA/85ra)4-TR

IAEA/UNDP-RAS/89/004-07

IAEAAJNOP-TW87/016-TR

IAEA-CPS^2/23

IAEA-CPS-92/04

IAEA-TA-2J58

IAEAAJNOP-RAS/89B4a-06

IAEA-CPS-92/12

IAEACPS-92/13

Pag . 223

ANNEX IV

VOLUNTARY CONTRIBUTIONS PLEDGED AND PAID TO THETECHNICAL ASSISTANCE AND CO-OPERATION FUND FOR 1992

(as at 31 D«c*mb«r 1992)

Member Stale

Afghanistan

Albania

Algeria

Argentina

Australia

Austria

Bangladesh

Belarus

Belgium

Bolivia

Brazil

Bulgaria

Cambodia

Cameroon

Canada

Chile

China

Colombia

Costa Rica

Cote d'hcoire

Cuba

Cyprus

Czech & Slovak F.R.

Dem. P.R. Korea

Denmark

Dominican Republic

Ecuador

Egypt

El Salvador

Ethiopia

Finland

France

Gabon

Germany

Ghana

Greece

Guatemala

Haiti

Holy See

Hungary

Iceland

India

Indonesia

Base rate%

0.01

0.01

0.15

0.65

1.55

0.73

0.01

0.33

1.16

0.01

1.43

0.15

0.01

0.01

3.06

0.08

078

0.14

0.02

0.02

0.09

0.02

0.65

0.05

0.68

0.03

0.03

0.07

0.01

0.01

0.50

6.19

0.03

9.27

0.01

0.39

0.02

0.01

0.01

0.21

0.03

0.37

0.15

Share of S52.5million targettor voluntary

contributions for1992 using base rate

5,250

5.250

78,750

341.250

813.750

383.250

5,250

173,250

609.000

5.250

750.750

78.750

5.250

5.250

1.606,500

42,000

409,500

73,500

10,500

10,500

47.250

10,500

341.250

26,250

357,000

15,750

15,750

36,750

5,250

5,250

262.500

3,249,750

15.750

4.666,750

5.250

204,750

10,500

5.250

5.250

110.250

15.750

194.250

78,750

Pledged

0

0

0

252,525

820,313

383,250

5,250

0

127.796

0

265,000

10,000

0

5,250

1,050,395

42,000

409.500

50,000

0

0

47.250

9.800

341,250

26,250

357,000

0

0

0

0

0

262.500

3,249,750

0

4,866,750

0

204,750

0

0

2,625

122.829

15.750

194,250

39,000

Paid

0

0

0

252.525

820.313

383,250

5,250

0

0

0

0

9,939

0

0

1,050,395

540

409,500

0

0

0

47,250

9,800

341.250

0

357.000

0

0

0

0

0

262,500

3,249.750

0

4.866.750

0

204,750

0

0

2,625

122,829

15,750

194,250

39.000

Pag» 22-S

Member State

Iran. 1. R.

Iraq

Ireland

Israel

Italy

Jamaica

Japan

Jordan

Kenya

Korea. Rep. of

Kuwait

Lebanon

Liberia

Libyan A. J.

Liechtenstein

Luxembourg

Madagascar

Malaysia

Mai!

Mauritius

Mexico

Monaco

Mongolia

Morocco

Myanmar

Namibia

Netherlands

New Zealand

Nicaragua

Niger

Nigeria

Norway

Pakistan

Panama

Paraguay

Peru

Philippines

Poland

Portugal

Qatar

Romania

Russian Federation

Saudi Arabia

Senegal

Sierra Leone

Singapore

South Africa

Spain

Base rate%

0.68

0.12

0.18

0.21

3.95

0.01

11.26

0.01

0.01

0.22

0.29

0.01

0.01

0.28

0.01

0.06

0.01

0.11

0.01

0.01

0.93

0.01

0.01

0.04

0.01

0.01

1.63

0.24

0.01

0.01

0.20

0.54

0.06

0.02

0.03

0.06

0.09

0.55

0.18

0.05

0.19

9.89

1.01

0.01

0.01

0M

0.44

1.93

Share of $52.5million targetfor voluntary

contributions for1992 using base rate"

357,000

63,000

94,500

110,250

2.073.750

5.250

5.911.500

5.250

5.250

115.500

152,250

5,250

5,250

147,000

5,250

31,500

5,260

57,750

5,250

5.250

488.250

5.250

5.250

21.000

5,250

5.250

855,750

126,000

5,250

5,250

105,000

283.500

31,500

10,500

15,750

31,500

47,250

288,750

94,500

26,250

99.750

5,192,250

530,250

5,250

5,250

57.750

231.000

1.013,250

Pledged

0

0

20.000

0

0

0

5.911,500

0

5,250

115,500

0

0

0

0

5,250

0

0

57,750

0

0

488,250

0

5.250

21,640

0

0

855,750

0

0

0

105.000

283,500

31,500

0

0

0

5,376

288,750

94,500

0

0

66,470

0

0

0

0

0

339.623

Paid

0

0

20.000

0

0

0

5,911,500

0

0

115,500

0

0

0

0

5,250

0

0

57,750

0

0

488,250

0

0

21,640

0

0

855,750

0

0

0

105.000

283,500

31,500

0

0

0

5,376

181,165

94,500

0

0

66.470

0

0

0

0

0

180.000

Poos 225

Member State

Sri Lanka

Sudan

Sweden

Switzerland

Syrian A. R.

Thailand

Tunisia

Turkey

Uganda

Ukraine

U. A. Emirates

United Kingdom

U. R. Tanzania

USA

Uruguay

Venezuela

Viet Nam

Yugoslavia

Zaire

Zambia

Zimbabwe

Sub-total

Base rate%

0.01

0.01

1.20

1.07

0.04

0.10

0.03

0.32

0.01

1.24

0.19

4.81

0.01

25.00

0.04

0.56

0.01

0.45

0.01

0.01

0.02

100.00

Share of S52.5million targetfor voluntary

contributions for1992 using base rate*

5.250

5.250

630.000

561.750

21,000

52,500

15.750

168.000

5.250

651,000

99.750

2,525,250

5,250

13,125,000

21,000

294,000

5.250

236.250

5,250

5,250

10,500

52,500,000

Pledged

0

0

630,000

561,750

0

52.500

0

168.000

0

0

0

2,525,250

5,250

11,500,000

15,000

0

5,250

236.250

1.500

5.250

0

37,567,892

Paid

0

0

630.000

561,750

0

52,500

0

168,000

0

0

0

2,525,250

0

11.214,262

0

0

5.250

0

0

5,250

0

36,230.629

New Members

Estonia**

Slovenia"

Sub-total

Grand Total

0.07

0.09

0.16

100.16

36,750

47,250

84,000

52,584.000

0

47,250

47,250

37,615.142

0

0

0

36.230,629

* As recommended in GC(V)/RES/100 and amended In GC(XV)/RES/286.

" Estonia became a Member of the Agency on 31 January 1992.

" Slovenia became a Member of the Agency on 21 September 1992.

Poo* 226

ANNEX V

COST-FREE FELLOWSHIPS: 1992

Donor

Austria

Belgium

Denmark

France

Germany

India

Israel

Italy

Spain

United Kingdom

USA

Number offellowship*offered In

months

a

a

a

a

a

a

45

a

78

a

b

Number offallow*ptaoed

1

2

12

6

1

1

1

5

4

27

Number ofmonthsptQvWQ

1

-

4

32

13

3

1

6

27

36

147

Number offellow*trained

1

1

2

14

13

3

2

1

5

6

37

Number ofmount*

of flfcrinlnQ

1

n4

23

37

6

2

6

14

35

131

a No formal offer made however type II fellowships have been accepted.b A specific amount of money was made available (S1,250,000) for administration and placement of fellows rather than

a given number of months.

P o o . 227

ANNEX VI

APPROVED AND ON-GOING UNDP PROJECTSAS AT 31 DECEMBER 1992

(in thousands of dollars)

Raciptsnt Short t f f l .Project Total

amountapproved

Prior to1992

Approved budg*b

1992 1993 1994

A. Pl»|Mlt«MUt*tf»rth»IAIA

ALBANIA

BRAZIL

CHINA

EGYPT

INDONESIA

ROMANIA

THAILAND

TURKEY

VENEZUELA

REGIONALASIA

REGIONALLATINAMERICA

STRENGTHENING O f NUCLEAR TECHNIQUESAPPLICATIONS USING RESEARCH REACTOR

NUCLEAR TECHMQUES IN AGRICULTURE

MANPOWER DEVELOPMENT FOR NUCLEAR POWERPROGRAMME

NATIONAL CENTRE FOR RADIATION TECHNOLOGY,PHASE IH

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION. PHASE II

NUCLEAR SAFETY

IMPROVING FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION

INDUSTRIAL STERILIZATION OF MEDICAL SUPPLIES

CENTRE FOR NUCLEAR AGRICULTURE

INDUSTRIAL APPUCATION OF ISOTOPES AND RADIATIONTECHNOLOGY

FOOD IRRADIATION PROCESS CONTROL ANDACCEPTANCE

INCREASING TVE CAPABILITIES OF COMMON GRAINLEGUMES

NOI+OESTRUCTTVE TESTING IN QUALITY CONTROLPROGRAMMES

NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING NETWORK

ALB87001

BRA91008

CPRSS085

EGV8901S

INS88013

ROM87002

THA85004

TUR88040

VEN86007

RAS86O73

RAS89044

RAS89O45

RLA92021

RLA84T01

tub-total

2.000

17

1.748

331

46S

579

1.500

700

268

3.270

660

970

27

1.611

14,136

1.372

17

1.709

255

425

413

1.479

417

259

3.245

307

456

0

1.588

12.142

338

0

39

76

40

60

21

60

9

25

170

236

27

23

1.124

215

0

0

0

0

106

0

23

0

0

173

204

0

0

721

75

0

0

0

0

0

0

a

0

0

0

74

0

0

149

t . Project! lor which IAEA If w w e l a t o d agency

CHINA

INTER-REGIONAL

REGIONALARABSTATES

NUCLEAR SAFETY ADMINISTRATION

ENVIRONMENTAL REHABILITATION OF LAKE MAN2ALA INEGYPT

TRAINING OF TECHNICIANS IN WATER RESOURCES USEIN LEAST DEVELOPED ARAB COUNTRIES (LDAC)

PROJECT FORMULATION MISSION FOR UNDP PROJECTSYW92/005

CPR85067

INTV1G31

RABB6008

RAB92002

Sub-total

TOTAl

617

58

21

10

706

14.842

544

a

17

0

561

12.703

73

58

4

10

145

1.269

0

0

0

D

0

721

0

0

0

0

0

149

Poo* 228

ANNEX VII

FOOTNOTE-g/ PROJECTS MADE OPERATIONALOR EXTENDED DURING 1992

IIRecipient I I Protect title a n d c o d *

BRAZIL

COLOMBIA

COSTA RICA

CZECHS SLOVAK FR

ECUADOR

EGYPT

GHANA

GUATEMALA

HUNGARY

INDONESIA

JORDAN

KENYA

MALAYSIA

NIGER

NIGERIA

Radiation protection in medical p/acftc*.BRA/9/035

Tiopical radioecdogy. BRA/9/040

Upgrading of research reactorinstrumentation (Phaie III COL/4/011

Production ot DNA probes. COS/5/013

Use of burnable absorbers In WWER-typereacton. CZEM/003

Assessment of environmental risks in the NorthBohemia. CZE/9/007

Study of sedimentation using nucleartechniques. ECU/8/015

Training in solid physics. EGYM/021

Personnel dosimetry. EGV/9/026

Radiological emergency preparedness.EGY/9/028

Nuclear instruments and computerinterlacing. GHA/4/0O9

Genetic improvement at cocoa and coffee.GHA/5/016

Non-destructive testing (NOT), GHA/8/005

Nuclear medicine. GUA/6/010

Establishing univenity courses in nuclearengineering. HUN/0/002

Uranium exploration a n d development.INS/3/009

Establishment of a radioimmunoassaylaboratory. INS/6/009

Internal dosimetry sen/ice. INS/9/01B

Upgrading radiotherapy a t Al Bajhir Hospital,JOR/6/008

Radioactivity in ground a n d drinking water.JORWOCM

Nitrogen fiiation by multipurpose tree species.KEN/5/015

Pesticide research. KEN/5/O16

Nuclear Instrumentation centre. MAL/4/0O6

National nuclear training centre. MEX/O7OO9

Quality control appl ied to the use of ionizingradiation. MEX/1/017

Improvement of plant species. MEX/5/017

Isotopic studies on groundwater resources.MEX/8/013

Upgrading the radiation protectioninspectorate. NER/9/ooo

Environmental monitoring of radkmuclides.MR/9/006

Eipertservices(months)

2

1

1

1

1

1

2

0

3

3

4

1

1

2

1

3

1

2

3

4

2

2

1

1

0

3

1

1

4

Equipment

[SI

0

0

35.000

35.700

10.000

0

6.000

85.000

55.000

20.000

85.000

25.000

27.000

100.000

50.000

10.000

30.000

50.000

15.000

30.000

60.000

30.000

40,000

80.000

150.000

68.000

0

40.000

30.000

Fellowships

(S)

0

9.900

0

0

29.700

6.600

0

0

0

0

0

3.300

a

0

0

13.200

0

0

19.800

9.900

18.000

0

0

0

0

19.800

19.800

0

0

Trainingcourses

(S)

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

10.000

0

Source01

GFR

FRA

USA

USA

FRA

FRA

UK

UK

USA

USA

USA

UK

USA

USA

USA

FRA

USA

USA

UK

UK

UK

USA

USA

USA

USA

UK

UK

FRA

USA

Page S29

Recipient

PEW

PHILIPPINES

PORTUGAL

ROMANIA

THAILAND

TUNISIA

URUGUAY

REGIONAL AFRICA

REGIONAL ASIA &PACIFIC

REGIONAL LATIN

Project title and c o d *

Energy and power assessment programme,PER/0/019

Method} for neutron activation analysis.PER/S/O12

Central computer facility. KR/4KHS

Impact of pesticides on the ecosystem.FH/5/021

Applications of X-ray analysis. PH/8/017

Training on radiation protection. POR/9/010

Radiofmmunoassay standardization andquality control. ROMW010

Establishment of a new gamma greenhouse.THA/5/039

Food irradiation on commercial scale.THA/5/040

Advanced norvdestructive testing techniquesIn Industry. TUN/8KH0

Maintenance and repair of nuclearInstrumentation URU/4O09

Local preparation of radioimmunoassayreagents (AFRA V). RAR6/0D7

Norvdestructive testing techniques (AFRA VI).RAR8/D17

Radiotsotopes In industry (RCA). RASM062

Marine contaminant and sediment transport.RASW065

Strengthening of radiation protectionInfrastructures (RCA). RAS/9/006

Immunoassay in animal production andhealth (ARCAL III). RLA/57028

Radiation protection - Phase II (ARCAL I).RLA/9/011

Expertservices(months)

3

:

2

1

1

t

1

1

2

2

2

2

2

13

5

2

6

0

EquipmentIS)

0

75.000

60.000

30.000

50.000

10.500

50.000

195,000

0

55.000

40.000

55.500

17.800

0

25.000

0

0

20.000

Fellowships(S)

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

i».eoo

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Trainingcourses

IS)

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

25.000

15,000

163.300

0

25.000

0

60.000

Sourco0*

USA

UK

USA

USA

USA

FRA

USA

UK

UK

FRA

USA

FRA

TACF

JPN

USA

JPN

SWE

FRA

a l Explanation ot abbreviations: FRA i France; GFR*Federal Republic of Germany.- JPN'Japan,- SWE»SwedenTACF.Technical Assistance and Cooperation Fund: UK.United Kingdom; USA* United States of America.

Pog«i230

ANNEX VIM

APPROVALS AGAINST THE RESERVE FUND IN 1992

Recipient II Project t i l t * and numberIxpert

M/D Expert) Equipment Other $ Total $

A. Mew Projects

Bolivia

Bulgaria

Ecuador

Egypt

Hungary

Lebanon

Namibia

Pakistan

Philippines

Poland

Turkey

Ukraine

Brachytherapy service. BOL/6/017

Nuclear safety and radiationprotection standards, BUL/9/013

Application of nuclear techniques Inenvironmental studies, ECU/7/004

Upgrading of an electron beamaccelerator. EGY/8/011

Spent fuel storage technology.HUN/4/010

Radiation protection, LEB/9/002

Nuclear law and radiation safety,NAM/0/002

Site evaluation of Chasma NuclearPower Plant. PAK/9/013

Workshop on the management andevaluation of TC projects, PHI/0/008

Health effects of Ionizing radiation,POL/9/016

Rinderpest seromonitoring, TUR/5/017

Operational safety missions to nuclearpower plants, UKR/9/003

Sub-total

1/00

0/00

0/27

0/00

1/00

3/00

3/00

3/00

1/15

0/25

0/15

4/00

16/82

9,300

0

20.000

0

9,300

27,900

27,900

50.000

18,000

23.000

4.650

42.120

232.170

40,700

50,000

0

45,000

0

10,000

0

0

0

0

19,650

0

165,350

0

0

0

0

0

9,000°

0

0

0

0

0

0

9,000

50,000

50.000

20,000

45.000

9.300

46.900

27,900

50,000

18,000

23,000

24,300

42.120

406,520

I . Supplementary aulftance to exlttlng project*

Bangladesh

Brazil

Bulgaria

Chile

China

Cuba

Czech andSlovak Fed. Rep.

Romania

Food irradiation. BGD/5/010

Safety review - Angra I, BRA/9/041

Upgrading of INIS system in Bulgaria.BUL/0/003

Radiation technology, BUL/8/009

OSART Missions to Kozloduy andBelene NPP's, BUL/9/011

Radiation protection, CHI/9/013

In-Core PWR fuel management,CPR/4/009

Upgrading of irradiation facility.CUB/8/012

Quality assurance and site safety ofNPP's. CZE/9/008

Environmental radiation monitoring,ROM/9/010

Sub-total

TOTAL

0/00

0/19

0/00

0/00

0/28

0/26

0/00

0/00

1/00

1/10

2/83

19/65

0

18,000

0

0

6.408

8,060

0

0

9,300

12.430

54.198

286.368

30,000

0

4.300

47,403

0

16,240

50.000

50,000

0

20,000

217.943

383,293

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

16,550°

16,550

25,550

30,000

18.000

4.300

47.403

6,408

24,300

50.000

50,000

9,300

48.980

288,691

695,211

° Approval tor fellowship

Pag* 231

ANNEX IX

NET PROGRAMME CHANGES BY RECIPIENT: 1992

Recipient

AFGHANISTAN

ALBANIA

ALGERIA

ARGENTINA

BANGLADESH

BOLIVIA

BRAZIL

BULGARIA

CAMEROON

Componaitf

EXPERTS (M/D)

EXPERTS (M/D)

EQUIPMENT (CC)

FELLOWSHIPS (CC)

EXPERTS (M/D)

EQUIPMENT (CC)

EQUIPMENT (NCC)

FELLOWSHIPS (CC)

EQUIPMENT (CC)

FELLOWSHIPS (CC)

EXPERTS (M/D)

EQUIPMENT (CC)

EQUIPMENT (NCC)

FELLOWSHIPS (CCJ

EXPERTS (M/D)

EQUIPMENT (CC)

EQUIPMENT (NCC)

FELLOWSHIPS (CC)

TRAINING COURSES (CC)

EXPERTS (M/D)

EQUIPMENT (CC)

FELLOWSHIPS (CC)

FELLOWSHIPS (NCC)

EXPERTS (M/D)

EXPERTS (M/D) (NCC)

EQUIPMENT (CC)

EQUIPMENT (NCC)

FELLOWSHIPS (CC)

FELLOWSHIPS (NCC)

SUB-CONTRACTS (CC)

EXPERTS (M/D)

EQUIPMENT (CC)

EQUIPMENT (NCC)

FELLOWSHIPS (CC)

Existing Approval

6/00

3/15

608.623

30,740

23/23

712,863

284,600

71,800

73,500

102,900

24/12

1,375,782

1,093,643

273,580

31/24

595,365

2,583

46,578

11.938

203/22

2,444,609

407,057

0

18/00

0

910,649

•1.275.488

107.150

10.105

42.480

20/01

117.500

5,000

54,000

N»t ehang*

-1/1B

-0/20

17,300

13,080

-4/03

81.042

•32,283

•17,913

9,900

37.600

-2/12

80.348

•128.885

-56,216

-4/04

30,976

-2.541

23,522

10,300

-10/18

-9,030

-11,298

3.400

-0/11

0/28

62,753

-115.280

7,590

-195

-2.000

-6/29

12.050

-5.000

-24,996

Poga 232

R.olpl.nt

CHILE

CHINA

COLOMBIA

COSTA RICA

COTE DWOIRE

CUBA

CYPRUS

CZECH AND SLOVAKFEDERAL REPUBLIC

Component

EXPERTS (M/D)

EQUIPMENT (CC)

EQUIPMENT (NCC)

FELLOWSHIPS (CC)

EXPERTS (M/D)

EQUIPMENT (CC)

EQUIPMENT (NCC)

FELLOWSHIPS (CC)

FELLOWSHIPS (NCC)

SUB-CONTRACTS (CC)

EXPERTS (M/D)

EQUIPMENT (CC)

FELLOWSHIPS (CC)

EXPERTS (M/D)

EQUIPMENT (CC)

FELLOWSHIPS (CC)

EXPERTS (M/D)

EQUIPMENT (CC)

EQUIPMENT (NCC)

EXPERTS (M/D)

EQUIPMENT (CC)

EQUIPMENT (NCC)

FELLOWSHIPS (CC)

FELLOWSHIPS (NCC)

EXPERTS (M/D)

EQUIPMENT (CC)

EQUIPMENT (NCC)

FELLOWSHIPS (CC)

MISCELLANEOUS (CC)

EXPERTS (M/D)

EQUIPMENT (CC)

FELLOWSHIPS (CC)

SUB-CONTRACTS (CC)

IxltHng Approval

27/10

1,221.618

49.000

183,290

44/28

1.492,474

10.000

713.895

11.000

9.S10

20/04

1.608.079

124,000

29/21

393,080

73,150

12/01

238.943

116.830

30/12

1.364.705

471.229

177.709

8,860

3/25

472,584

25,000

70,350

10/00

58.730

60.585

32.000

N»tehang*

•6/19

50,821

-1,610

69,853

-5/06

139,004

-1,240

-9,913

-6,856

-9,510

-4/24

31.146

-33,876

-9/09

162.558

-28,887

•1/16

9,145

-5,857

-7/06

84.568

•330.895

-4,307

9,831

-0/28

19,736

•25,000

3,261

2.550

3/01

22,660

1,280

-32.000

fc: ,

Pag* 233

Rtclplant

DEM. PR. KOREA

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC

ECUADOR

EGYPT

EL SALVADOR

ETHIOPIA

GABON

GHANA

GREECE

Component

MISCELLANEOUS (NCC)

EXPERTS (M/D)

EQUIPMENT (CC)

EQUIPMENT (NCC)

FELLOWSHIPS (CC)

FELLOWSHIPS (NCC)

EXPERTS (M/D)

EQUIPMENT (CC)

EQUIPMENT (NCC)

FELLOWSHIPS (CC)

EXPERTS (M/D)

EQUIPMENT (CC)

EQUIPMENT (NCC)

FELLOWSHIPS (CC)

FELLOWSHIPS (NCC)

EXPERTS (M/D)

EQUIPMENT (CC)

EQUIPMENT (NCC)

FELLOWSHIPS (CC)

SUB-CONTRACTS (NCC)

EXPERTS (M/D)

EQUIPMENT (CC)

EQUIPMENT (NCC)

EXPERTS (M/D)

EQUIPMENT (CC)

EQUIPMENT (NCC)

FELLOWSHIPS (CC)

EXPERTS (M/D)

EQUIPMENT (CC)

EXPERTS (M/D)

EQUIPMENT (CC)

EQUIPMENT (NCC)

FELLOWSHIPS (CC)

EXPERTS (M/D)

EQUIPMENT (CC)

EQUIPMENT (NCC)

FELLOWSHIPS (CC)

IxltHng Approval

10.000

8/23

1.358,722

2,375.568

96,000

13,012

12/11

364,950

4,945

92.564

32/06

1,842,216

70,122

146,785

12.500

24/06

1.770,947

2,700.000

90.050

6,700

17/18

522.878

10,000

40/04

337,300

320,000

20,000

4/27

34,265

34/15

638,348

261.870

51.600

3/00

50.000

571.409

31,500

N*t ohang*

9,384

-1/27

43,023

-167,238

-25,353

•12,779

-2/03

37.731

-4,855

-5,501

-1/08

69.101

-738

15,328

-3.703

-5/11

72,856

-2.091,321

-25.555

-135

-2/29

25,080

-4,885

-16/15

135.440

-314,400

-4,000

-2/05

-1.318

-3/25

21,040

-108,058

5,000

-0/08

10,111

•560.082

-7.631

r Recipient

GUATEMALA

HAITI

HUNGARY

INDONESIA

INTERREGIONAL

IRAN. ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF

IRAQ

JAMAICA

JORDAU

KENYA

Component

EXPERTS (M/D)

EQUIPMENT (CC)

EQUIPMENT (NCC)

FELLOWSHIPS (CC)

EXPERTS (M/D)

EQUIPMENT (CC)

EQUIPMENT (NCC)

EXPERTS (M/D)

EQUIPMENT (CC)

FELLOWSHIPS (CC)

EXPERTS (M/D)

EQUIPMENT (CC)

EQUIPMENT (NCC)

FELLOWSHIPS (CC)

FELLOWSHIPS (NCC)

SUB-CONTRACTS (CC)

EXPERTS (M/D)

EQUIPMENT (NCC)

EXPERTS (M/D)

EQUIPMENT (CC)

EQUIPMENT (NCC)

FELLOWSHIPS (CC)

FELLOWSHIPS (NCC)

EXPERTS (M/D)

EQUIPMENT (CC)

EQUIPMENT (NCC)

FELLOWSHIPS (CC)

FELLOWSHIPS (NCC)

EQUIPMENT (CC)

FELLOWSHIPS (CC)

EXPERTS (M/D)

EQUIPMENT (CC)

EQUIPMENT (NCC)

FELLOWSHIPS (CC)

EXPERTS (M/D)

EQUIPMENT (CC)

EQUIPMENT (NCC)

FELLOWSHIPS (CC)

Ixlttlng Approval

11/26

781,369

22,952

149,365

5/13

137.165

7.970

10/19

273.663

15.682

99/10

1.413.347

130,000

455.426

0

8.000

451/06

77.363

50/11

1,560,735

1,212,500

557.821

25,026

49/21

10.000

800.000

13.200

2.000

120,000

39.800

52/20

518,182

56.056

137,582

15/08

896,886

15,000

163.500

Net ohang*

-1/17

-16.072

-14.056

-26.943

-4/12

-46.071

-4.659

•0/04

3.763

2.820

0/26

18.285

-13,172

•33.935

12,077

5,000

-28/25

-1.249

1/26

34,540

-180,073

350

-1.0S2

-4/09

-10.000

-800.000

-13.200

-304

-1,300

-24.448

-7/29

16,712

-1.764

23.607

-5/01

58,660

-1.894

-11.750

Pag* 235

Recipient

KOREA. REPUBLIC OF

LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA

MADAGASCAR

MALAYSIA

MALI

MAURITIUS

MEXICO

MONGOLIA

MOROCCO

MYANMAR

II Component

EXPERTS (M/D)

FELLOWSHIPS (CC)

EXPERTS (M/D)

EQUIPMENT (CC)

FELLOWSHIPS (CC)

EXPERTS (M/D)

EQUIPMENT (CC)

EQUIPMENT (NCC)

FELLOWSHIPS (CC)

EXPERTS (M/D)

EQUIPMENT (CC)

FELLOWSHIPS (CC)

EXPERTS (M/D)

EQUIPMENT (CC)

FELLOWSHIPS (CC)

SUB-CONTRACTS (CC)

EXPERTS (M/D)

EQUIPMENT (CC)

EQUIPMENT (NCC)

EXPERTS (M/D)

EQUIPMENT (CC)

EQUIPMENT (NCC)

FELLOWSHIPS (CC)

FELLOWSHIPS (NCC)

SUB-CONTRACTS (CC)

EXPERTS (M/D)

EQUIPMENT (CC)

EQUIPMENT (NCC)

FELLOWSHIPS (CC)

FELLOWSHIPS (NCC)

SUB-CONTRACTS (CC)

EXPERTS (M/D)

EQUIPMENT (CC)

FELLOWSHIPS (CC)

EXPERTS (M/D)

EQUIPMENT (CC)

EQUIPMENT (NCC)

FELLOWSHIPS (CC)

IxMIng Approval

49/24

407.000

68/21

447,130

401,800

8/12

277.730

22.450

3.000

48/15

447.000

302.248

6/00

224.444

39,600

25.000

10/09

291.650

32.922

57/22

963.074

810.760

212.585

24.700

172.700

9/19

724.230

293.876

307.657

62,672

36,895

54/17

847.411

405.032

9/00

194.947

69.600

133.300

Nat ohang*

-0/16

•5.270

-2/22

18,290

-140,195

-2/03

•158

•1.066

17,738

-2/28

25.208

-6,918

-2/00

-2.165

-25.136

-15.000

-0/14

-7.660

-17.502

-2/08

5.782

-749.197

17,208

-9,057

-3,500

1/09

95.807

-21.808

-77.897

-12.073

-30.000

-11/24

54.332

-7.738

0/26

30.640

-6

-6.490

Recipient

NAMIBIA

NICARAGUA

NIGER

NIGERIA

PAKISTAN

PANAMA

PARAGUAY

PERU

PHILIPPINES

POLAND

C o m p o n e n t

EXPERTS (M/D)

EXPERTS (M/D)

EQUIPMENT (CC)

EQUIPMENT (NCC)

FELLOWSHIPS (CC)

EXPERTS (M/D)

EQUIPMENT (CC)

EQUIPMENT (NCC)

FELLOWSHIPS (CC)

TRAINING COURSES (CC)

EXPERTS (M/D)

EQUIPMENT (CC)

EQUIPMENT (NCC)

FELLOWSHIPS (CC)

SOB-CONfiftACiS (CC)

EXPERTS (M/D)

EQUIPMENT (CC)

EQUIPMENT (NCC)

FELLOWSHIPS (CC)

FELLOWSHIPS (NCC)

TRAINING COURSES (CC)

SUB-CONTRACTS (CC)

EXPERTS (M/D)

EQUIPMENT (CC)

FELLOWSHIPS (CC)

EXPERTS (M/D)

EXPERTS (M/D)

EQUIPMENT (CC)

EQUIPMENT (NCC)

FELLOWSHIPS (CC)

EXPERTS (M/D)

EQUIPMENT (CC)

FELLOWSHIPS (CC)

EXPERTS (M/D)

EQUIPMENT (CC)

EQUIPMENT (NCC)

FELLOWSHIPS (CC)

ixlittng Approval

2/00

19/00

381,560

473.244

159.950

25/20

228.911

42.426

86,500

10,000

42/25

1.244.593

417.371

215,368

220,000

68/11

1.481.250

139.031

326.663

0

0

52.078

7/00

370.032

62,300

12/00

50/01

1.116,030

746,345

176.170

7/01

1.123.645

239.052

8/28

894.630

945.772

125.560

Net change

1/00

-11/19

218.423

-365,764

-114,234

-9/28

-17,640

•1.935

•39.300

-10,000

-7/01

-6.230

-412.123

14,307

55,000

-15/00

120,042

-13,201

-73.300

5.350

48,600

55.800

-1/15

4.360

-5.530

-0/20

-11/07

395,696

-193,701

-89,720

0/12

57.910

-41.330

-3/16

62.351

-305,292

-29.491

Pag* 237

f •

Recipient

PORTUGAL

REGIONAL AFRICA

REGIONAL ASIA AND PACIFIC

REGIONAL EUROPE

REGIONAL LATIN AMERICA

Component

EXPERTS (M/D)

EQUIPMENT (CC)

EQUIPMENT (NCC)

FELLOWSHIPS (CC)

EXPERTS (M/D)

EQUIPMENT (CC)

EQUIPMENT (NCC)

FELLOWSHIPS (CC)

FELLOWSHIPS (NCC)

TRAINING COURSES (CC)

SUB-CONTRACTS (CC)

EXPERTS (M/D)

EQUIPMENT (CC)

FELLOWSHIPS (CC)

FELLOWSHIPS (NCC)

TRAINING COURSES (CC)

TRAINING COURSES (NCC)

MISCELLANEOUS (CC)

MISCELLANEOUS (NCC)

EXPERTS (M/D)

EQUIPMENT (CC)

EQUIPMENT (NCC)

FELLOWSHIPS (CC)

FELLOWSHIPS (NCC)

TRAINING COURSES (CC)

TRAINING COURSES (NCC)

SUB-CONTRACTS (CC)

SUB-CONTRACTS (NCC)

MISCELLANEOUS (CC)

EXPERTS (M/D)

EQUIPMENT (CC)

FELLOWSHIPS (CC)

FELLOWSHIPS (NCC)

TRAINING COURSES (CC)

TRAINING COURSES (NCC)

SUB-CONTRACTS (CC)

IxltHng Approval

18/06

652.242

1.009.921

70.201

378/08

1.605.646

5,064

4,384,215

485,324

972,160

20,000

290/14

1,116.967

4,130,222

1.379.958

1,219.892

3,684

1,000

2,850

224/08

988.329

291,935

3.110.204

328,351

674,894

13,005

378.262

40.000

0

294/04

2,379.239

1.352,928

326,811

3.946,583

58,586

54.870

N»t ohang*

•2/20

-11,014

•368,866

-12.132

26/21

106.066

-1.863

252.577

-62,231

-129,156

6,000

-12/13

-41,300

-136,472

-690,919

200,797

22,494

113

10,123

31/22

-110,058

-25.500

-91.654

-140,681

-121,231

-8,736

38,877

-773

100

7/02

236.039

-113.811

-164,170

-36,529

-396

-6,486

tag* 238

Rvclptonl

ROMANIA

SAUDI ARABIA

SENEGAL

SIERRA LEONE

SINGAPORE

SRI LANKA

SUDAN

SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC

Component

EXPERTS (M/D)

EQUIPMENT (CC)

EQUIPMENT (NCC)

FELLOWSHIPS (CC)

FELLOWSHIPS (NCC)

TRAINING COURSES (CC)

EXPERTS (M/D)

EQUIPMENT (CC)

FELLOWSHIPS (CC)

EXPERTS (M/D)

EQUIPMENT (CC)

EQUIPMENT (NCC)

FELLOWSHIPS (CC)

EXPERTS (M/D)

EQUIPMENT (CC)

EQUIPMENT (NCC)

FELLOWSHIPS (CC)

FELLOWSHIPS (NCC)

EXPERTS (M/D)

EQUIPMENT (CC)

FELLOWSHIPS (CC)

EXPERTS (M/D)

EQUIPMENT (CC)

EQUIPMENT (NCC)

FELLOWSHIPS (CC)

EXPERTS (M/D)

EQUIPMENT (CC)

EQUIPMENT (NCC)

FELLOWSHIPS (CC)

EXPERTS (M/D)

EQUIPMENT (CC)

EQUIPMENT (NCC)

FELLOWSHIPS (CC)

FELLOWSHIPS (NCC)

TRAINING COURSES (CC)

SUB-CONTRACTS (CC)

•xltttng Approval

28/16

584.988

55,668

202,403

6,857

72,345

17/19

15,080

14.250

10/00

232.500

10,000

39,600

13/24

270,786

220,000

336.300

0

1/23

115,000

84,660

14/04

1.112.078

63.950

83.950

30/21

1,025,534

55,300

225.650

36/22

1.785,941

915.993

138.924

1.400

22.000

7,602

N»t change

4/00

49,737

-3.131

25,617

•17

-72,345

•0/29

31.423

6.200

-2/25

-12.250

-10.000

-39.600

-5/15

60,000

•23,239

-83,208

3,500

1/00

3.382

-34.777

-1/15

13,670

-2,049

-10,100

-1/09

6.365

-266

1,261

-5/26

95.550

-544.659

34,751

8.062

-22.000

-7.602

Pag* 239

Recipient

THAILAND

TUNISIA

TURKEY

UGANDA

UK (HONG KONG)

UKRAINE

UNITED ARAB EMIRATES

U.R. TANZANIA

URUGUAY

VENEZUELA

Component

EXPERTS (M/D)

EQUIPMENT (CC)

EQUIPMENT (NCC)

FELLOWSHIPS (CC)

FELLOWSHIPS (NCC)

EXPERTS (M/D)

EQUIPMENT (CC)

FELLOWSHIPS (CC)

EXPERTS (M/D)

EQUIPMENT (CC)

EQUIPMENT (NCC)

FELLOWSHIPS (CC)

FELLOWSHIPS (NCC)

EXPERTS (M/D)

EQUIPMENT (CC)

EQUIPMENT (NCC)

FELLOWSHIPS (CC)

EXPERTS (M/D)

FELLOWSHIPS (CC)

EXPERTS (M/D)

EQUIPMENT (CC)

FELLOWSHIPS (CC)

EXPERTS (M/D)

EQUIPMENT (CC)

EXPERTS (M/D)

EQUIPMENT (CC)

EQUIPMENT (NCC)

FELLOWSHIPS (CC)

FELLOWSHIPS (NCC)

EXPERTS (M/D)

EQUIPMENT (CC)

EQUIPMENT (NCC)

FELLOWSHIPS (CC]

EXPERTS (M/D)

EQUIPMENT (CC)

FELLOWSHIPS (CC)

Existing Approval

41/22

1.382.382

272.000

307.960

5,250

12/29

457.155

34,161

21/24

668,588

165,400

106,113

0

21/04

495.475

750,000

233,100

7/19

88.000

1/00

75.350

6.000

12/06

924,183

42/18

625.245

25.395

162,093

300

12/01

529,616

5.500

58,086

18/13

416.079

75.726

Nat change

•6/06

43.820

-2,675

-23.534

-235

-3/05

3.075

-14,600

•1/27

44,250

-74,208

•16,080

19,000

•7/19

191,991

-736,875

-43,000

0/24

-56,055

-0/08

-727

6,307

-1/20

6.200

4/20

5.550

-14,539

-7,450

-151

-0/20

12,710

-300

185

-2/29

46.517

-12,327

Page 240

f 3»elpl»nt

VIET NAM

YUGOSLAVIA

ZAIRE

ZAMBIA

ZIMBABWE

TOTALS

Component

EXPERTS (M/D)

EQUIPMENT (CC)

EQUIPMENT (NCC)

FELLOWSHIPS (CC)

FELLOWSHIPS (NCC)

TRAINING COURSES (CC)

EXPERTS (M/D)

EQUIPMENT (CC)

EQUIPMENT (NCC)

FELLOWSHIPS (CC)

EXPERTS (M/D)

EQUIPMENT (CC)

EQUIPMENT (NCC)

FELLOWSHIPS (CC)

EXPERTS (M/D)

EQUIPMENT (CC)

EQUIPMENT (NCC)

FELLOWSHIPS (CC)

SUB-CONTRACTS (CC)

EXPERTS (M/D)

EQUIPMENT (CC)

EQUIPMENT (NCC)

FELLOWSHIPS (CC)

MISCELLANEOUS (CC)

MISCELLANEOUS (NCC)

EXPERTS (M/D)

EXPERTS (S)

EXPERTS ($)(NCC)

EQUIPMENT (CC)

EQUIPMENT (NCC)

FELLOWSHIPS (CC)

FELLOWSHIPS (NCC)

TRAINING COURSES (CC)

TRAINING COURSES (NCC)

SUB-CONTRACTS (CC)

SUB-CONTRACTS (NCC)

TOTAL ALLOTTED

Existing Approval

17/13

1.489.574

2,299,014

492,139

62,985

0

33/21

768,408

2.391,821

9.000

36/10

169.360

1,300.000

234,587

56/14

1,839,115

147,928

122.619

10,000

10/02

120,360

5,021

12,000

1,000

12.850

3.703/14

29,831,230

114,600

59.423,422

25,942,837

24,276.533

2,767,113

6,929,812

75.275

1.069.399

46.700

150.490,771

N»t chang*

-0/14

193,988

-506,079

-39,277

-35,277

620

-10/00

-144.131

-475.576

-9.000

•14/15

19,717

-1.300.000

-107.479

-6/16

54,959

•14,028

-7,450

-10,000

-1/11

13,568

-1,548

-858

2,763

19,507

-244/17

-2,002,738

116,647

3,249,554

-11,104,052

-1,307.701

-1.078,486

-130,944

13,361

44.578

-908

-12,178,419

Pag* 241

ANNEX X

NET REPHASINGS UNDERTAKEN DURING 1992

B«olpl«nt

BOLIVIA

PERU

PORTUGAL

TOTALS

Prejaotcomponent

EQUIPMENT

(CC)

EQUIPMENT

(CC)

EQUIPMENT

(CC)

EQUIPMENT

(CC)

N*t allotted/N«t raphawd

ALLOTTED

REPHASED

ALLOTTED

REPHASED

ALLOTTED

REPHASED

ALLOTTED

REPHASED

TOTAL ALLOTTED

TOTAL REPHASED

Current y»or

212,907

16,000

29,195

5,000

282,195

30.000

524,297

51,000

524.297

51,000

1993

60.000

-16.000

5.000

-5.000

120,000

-30,000

185,000

-51,000

185.000

-51,000

Pag* 342

ANNEX XI

EXTRABUDGETARY CONTRIBUTIONS FOR ACTIVITIES RELATING TOTECHNICAL CO-OPERATION WHICH ARE NOT INCLUDED IN THE

TECHNICAL CO-OPERATION PROGRAMME: 1992

Donor

AUSTRIA

BRAZIL

CYPRUS

IRAN. I R

ITALV

JAMAICA

JAPAN

KUWAIT

LIBYAN A J

NETHERLANDS

NORWAY

QATAR

SPAIN

SWEDEN

SWITZERLAND

UK

OTHER DONORS a/

AoNvHy

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN SUPPORT OF NEW WORLD SCREWWORM ERADICATION FROM NORTHAFRICA

INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR THEORETICAL PHVSICS. TRIESTE

INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR THEORETICAL PHVSICS. TRIESTE

INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR THEORETICAL PHVSICS. TRIESTE

INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR THEORETICAL PHVSICS. TRIESTE

IMPROVEMENT OF BASIC FOOD CROPS IN AFRICA THROUGH PLANT BREEDING INCLUDING THE USE OFINDUCED MUTATIONS

DEVELOPMENT AND FIELD APPLICATION OF NUCLEAR TECHNIQUES FOR MALARIA RESEARCH AND CONTROL

INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR THEORETICAL PHVSICS. TRIESTE

NUCLEAR MEDICINE

RADIATION THERAPV

RADIATION PROTECTION

INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR THEORETICAL PHVSICS. TRIESTE

INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR THEORETICAL PHVSICS. TRIESTi

NUCLEAR DESALINATION PROJECT

IMMUNOASSAY TECHNIQUES TO IMPROVE THE REPRODUCTIVE EFHCIENCV ANO HEALTH STATUS OFINDIGENOUS AFRICAN LIVESTOCK

INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR THEORETICAL PHVSICS, TRIESTE

AGRICULTURAL COUNTERMEASURES FOLLOWING ACCIDENTAL RELEASE OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL IN THEENVIRONMENT

INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR THEORETICAL PHVSICS. TRIESTE

INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR THEORETICAL PHVSICS. TRIESTE

ASSISTANCE IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE NEXT NUCLEAR POWER PLANT IN THE CSFR

INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR THEORETICAL PHVSICS, TRIESTE

IMMUNOASSAV AND DNA PROBE METHODS FOR SEROSURVEILLANCE OF RINDERPEST IN AFRICA ANO FOR THEDIAGNOSIS AND CONTROL OF ANIMAL DISEASES IN LATIN AMERICA

ADVERSE SIDE EFFECTS ON FLORA ANO FAUNA FROM THE USE OF ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDES ON THEAFRICAN CONTINENT

INCREASING AND STABILIZING PLANT PRODUCTIVITY IN LOW PHOSPHATE AND SEMI-ARID AND SUB-HUMIDSOILS OF THE TROPICS AND SUSTROP1CS

INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR THEORETICAL PHVSICS. TRIESTE

INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR THEORETICAL PHVSICS. TRIESTE

INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR THEORETICAL FHYSICS. TRIESTI

ERADICATION PROGRAMME OF THE TSETSE FLV IN ZANZIBAR

TOTAt

rund4 (ooohod•

310.200

16.000

500

7.800

28.438.000

305.000

105.000

1.000

48.000

33,900

50.000

39.100

24.700

53.100

450.900

15.300

150.000

1.300

15.000

151,700

568.600

349.500

354.600

89.900

10.400

34.000

765.900

50.000

32.441.400

includes contributions from various international organizations and national institute*.

Pag* 243