The Age of JacksonMr. Pagliaro

Election of 1824

• Senator Jackson-99 electoral, 41% of vote

• Sec. of State Adams-84 electoral, 31%

• Sec. of the Treasury Crawford-41 electoral, 11%

• Speaker of the House Clay-37 electoral, 13%

• 131 needed to win

Election Results

• Top 3 to House• Crawford’s stroke• Corrupt bargain?

• Speaker Clay named Sec. of State after Adams named winner

• Secretary of State = gateway to presidency?

• Jacksonians broke away• Jacksonian Democrats

Expanded Suffrage

• New Western states• 1824-350,000 voters• 1828- >1,000,000 voters

• Land requirements ended in East• Free adult male suffrage!

Election of 1828

Jackson received

642,000 votes, a 56% majority,

and won the election 178-83

The Inaugural Brawl

• Jacksonian’s invade the White House

Spoils System

• 10% of all federal jobs given to supporters• Rotation of office

• Cabinet vs. Kitchen Cabinet

The Jackson Cabinet

Vice President John C. Calhoun 1829–1832

None 1832–1833

Martin Van Buren 1833–1837

Secretary of State

Martin Van Buren 1829–1831

Edward Livingston 1831–1833

Louis McLane 1833–1834

John Forsyth 1834–1837

Secretary of Treasury

Samuel D. Ingham 1829–1831

Louis McLane 1831–1833

William J. Duane 1833

Roger B. Taney 1833–1834

Levi Woodbury 1834–1837

Secretary of War

John H. Eaton

1829–1831

Lewis Cass 1831–1836

Attorney General

John M. Berrien

1829–1831

Roger B. Taney

1831–1833

Benjamin F. Butler

1833–1837

Postmaster General

William T. Barry

1829–1835

Amos Kendall

1835–1837

Secretary of the Navy

John Branch 1829–1831

Levi Woodbury

1831–1834

Mahlon Dickerson

1834–1837

The Tariff of Abominations

• Tariff of 1828• Supported by Jackson

for National Unity• South lost $

• Cotton exports to England dropped

• Forced to buy expensive Northern goods

House Vote on Tariff of 1828

For Against

New England 16 23

Middle States (Mid-Atlantic)

57 11

West (OH, IN, IL, MO)

17 1

South (including LA)

3 50

Southwest (TN, KY)

12 9

Total 105 94

South Carolina Exposition (1828)

• Full title: South Carolina Exposition and Protest• John C. Calhoun (VP)

wrote it anonymously

• The Expo re-proposed concept of Nullification• Promoted states’ rights• Threatened Union

Webster Hayne Debate

Webster Hayne Debate, cont’d.

• Webster-MA• Unionmade by the

people• Nullification =

rebellion• Promoted

nationalism, tariff and American System

• Hayne-SC• Unionmade by an

agreement of states• Nullification = states’

right• Increased

sectionalism

Jefferson Day Dinner, 1830

• Democrat fundraiser

• Deteriorated relationship• Problems back to 1818

• Calhoun resigned as VP

“The Union, next to our liberty, the most

dear."

“Our federal Union, it must be

preserved.”

Nullification Crisis

• 1832-South Carolina declared Tariff of 1832 NULL & VOID• Secession?

• Jackson urged congress to pass “Force Bill”• Bloody Bill

• Compromise Tariff-1833• Henry Clay

• Lowered tariff % for 10 consecutive years• Maintained American System

Controversy

• May 1830• Maysville Road Veto

• Funds/Road entirely in Kentucky• Why veto?

• Clay rivalry?• Van Buren/NY/Erie Canal trade supremacy?

• Indian Removal Act• Southern states gain more land

• Settle Georgia/Cherokee dispute

The Trail of Tears

• Forced removal of 5 civilized tribes from to OK in 1830s

Cherokee sue Georgia/Feds

• Cherokee Nation v. Georgia 1831• Ruling: The Supreme Court did not have original jurisdiction

under Article III of the Constitution to hear a suit brought by the Cherokee Nation, which, as an Indian tribe, was not a sovereign nation.

• Chief Justice, John Marshall: “the relationship of the tribes to the United States resembles that of a ward to its guardian”

• Worcester v. Georgia 1832• Ruling: States were not permitted to redraw the boundaries

of Indian lands or forbid residence in those territories, because the Constitution granted sole authority to Congress to regulate relations with sovereign States. Superior Court of Gwinnett County, Georgia reversed and remanded.

• Treaty of New Echota-1835-Cherokee signed removal treaty• Cherokee travel Trail of Tears in 1838

John Marshall has made his decision;

now let him enforce it! ... Build a fire under them. When it gets hot

enough, they'll go.

Election of 1832

• Third Party-Anti-Masons• A. Jackson-Democrats-

219-54%• Henry Clay-National

Republicans-49-37%• William Wirt-Anti-Masons-

7

REVIEW

• 2nd BUS rechartered 1816• 20 year charter

• 1819 over extended-many loans for agriculture (farming boom post-Napoleon)• called in loans

• Panic of 1819• Hurt farmers in West & South

• Jackson hurt financially

The Bank War

• BUS-large corporation• Jackson distrusted it

• 1832 Clay pushed through recharter bill• VETO

• 1833-Jackson forced Sec. of Treasury to withdraw funds and deposit in state run banks• “Pet Banks” or “Wildcat Banks”

• BUS called in loans, angering clients

• 1833-Pocket veto of Distribution Act• Sale of federal lands; fund BUS

Jackson attacks the Bank, Biddle, & the Devil

Jackson and Van Burn slay the BUS Monster

Political Reaction

• Whig Party founded-1833• Henry Clay, Daniel Webster,

John C. Calhoun, John Q. Adams• compromise • balance in government, • national unity• territorial expansion• national transportation • domestic manufacturing

• Hoped to force BUS Recharter Bill, and overturn any veto in 1836

Specie Circular

• Executive Order by Jackson: Required payment for federal land in gold or silver• Run on banks-Panic of 1837

• Other causes:• excessive speculation.• Jackson's banking and financial policies.• financial problems abroad.• failure of wheat crops.

• 1/3 of nation unemployed!!!• 5 year depression

The effects of unemployment

Jackson as President

Pros• Expanded executive

power• Eliminated National

Debt• Took West to national

stage• Solidified Democratic

Party

Cons• Used veto for personal

vendettas• Crippled American

Banking• Indian Removal

1836 Election

• Van Buren v. William Henry Harrison

•An election of “Favorite Sons”: Van Buren (NY), Harrison (OH), Webster (MA), White (TN), Mangum (NC)•Little Van won by 35,000 popular votes, but 170-124 in the electoral college

G.T.T.

Timeline of American Migration to Texas & Texas Revolution

1821-Mexico independent

1821-24: Emprasarios- US Settlers move west, $0.125/acre

1827: President

Adams attempted

to buy Texas

1810: Moses Austin (TN)

granted colonization

rights

1829-Mexico outlawed

slavery; hurt Texas economy. Jackson offered $5m for Texas

1833-34: Convention of 1833 selects Stephen F. Austin to represent “new

state of Texas” to Mexico. Captured for treason

1834-Santa Anna

suspended Mexico’s

democratic gov’t.

Annex Texas?!

• Jackson and Van Buren wouldn’t for fear of results of extending slavery

Election of 1840

• Harrison presented as a “common man”• Symbolic: Log cabin & Hard Cider• Memorable: “Tippecanoe & Tyler, Too!”

Campaign Songs

Democrat Song• Rockabye, baby, Daddy's a

Whig/When he comes home, hard cider he'll swig/When he has swug/He'll fall in a stu/And down will come Tyler and Tippecanoe.

• Rockabye, baby, when you awake/You will discover Tip is a fake./Far from the battle, war cry and drum/He sits in his cabin a'drinking bad rum./

• Rockabye, baby, never you cry/You need not fear/ OF Tip and his Ty./What they would ruin, Van Buren will fix./Van's a magician, they are but tricks.

Whig Song• Tip and Ty

What's the cause of this commotion, motion, motion,Our country through?It is the ball a-rolling on

For Tippecanoe and Tyler too.For Tippecanoe and Tyler too.And with them we'll beat little Van, Van, Van,Van is a used up man (man man).And with them we'll beat little Van.

Election of 1840 Results

234 electoral

votes

60 electoral

votes

Whig tragedy• Harrison-

•longest inaugural address ever (2+ hours, no coat or hat)•Afterward, made appointments: alienated Clay, helped Webster

•Contracted pneumonia March 26• served the shortest term of any American president: March 4 – April 4, 1841, 31 days, twelve hours, and 30 minutes.

•John Tyler assumed presidency•Very autocratic

His Accidency