The Age of Enlightenment

The Age of Enlightenment

or The Age of Reason

18th Century

18th Century : The Age of EnlightenmentThe Age of Enlightenment (or simply the Enlightenment or Age of Reason) was an

elite cultural movement of intellectuals in 18th century Europe that sought to mobilize the

power of reason in order to reform society and advance knowledge. It promoted intellectual interchange and opposed intolerance and abuses in church and state.

Originating about 1650$1700, it was sparked by philosophers Baruch Spinoza (1632$

1677), John Locke (1632$1704), mathematician Isaac Newton (1643$1727) and Voltaire

(1694$1778). The Enlightenment flourished until about 1790$1800, after which the

emphasis on reason gave way to Romanticism's emphasis on emotion and a Counter-

Enlightenment gained force.Enlightenment gained force.

The centre of the Enlightenment was France, where it was based in the salons and culminated in the

great Encyclopédie (1751$72) edited by Denis Diderot (1713$1784) with contributions by hundreds of

leading philosophers (intellectuals) such as Voltaire (1694$1778), Rousseau (1712$1778) and

Montesquieu (1689$1755). Some 25,000 copies of the 35 volume set were sold, half of them outside

France. The new intellectual forces spread to urban centers across Europe, then jumped the Atlantic into

the European colonies, where it influenced Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson, among many others,

and played a major role in the American Revolution. The political ideals influenced the American

Declaration of Independence, the United States Bill of Rights, the French Declaration of the Rights of Man

and of the Citizen, and the Polish$Lithuanian Constitution of May 3, 1791.

17-18th Century : Period of Revolution and Restoration

-- NeoclassicismNeoclassicism

-- Romanticism Romanticism

-- RealismRealism

Age of Enlightenment : Neoclassicism

Neoclassicism is the name given to Western movements in the

decorative and visual arts, literature, theatre, music, and architecture

that draw inspiration from the "classical" art and culture of Ancient

Greece or Ancient Rome. One such movement was dominant in

Europe from the mid-18th to the 19th centuries.

18th-century Neoclassical art responded to the perceived 18th-century Neoclassical art responded to the perceived

excesses of the contemporary Rococo style with a greater restraint in

composition and severity of line. Neoclassical architecture, emulated

both classical and Renaissance structures, emphasizing order and

simplicity. The subject-matter of Neoclassical art and literature was

inspired by the emphasis on martial courage seen in the Greek and

Latin epics.

Neoclassicism ArtistsNeoclassicism Artists• Jacques Louis David

• Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres

Jacques Louis DavidJacques Louis David

Jacques-Louis David (French pronunciation: [ʒak

lwi david]) (30 August 1748 $ 29 December 1825) was an

influential French painter in the Neoclassical style,

considered to be the preeminent painter of the era. In the

1780s his cerebral brand of history painting marked a change

in taste away from Rococo frivolity toward a classical

austerity and severity, heightened feeling chiming with the

in taste away from Rococo frivolity toward a classical

austerity and severity, heightened feeling chiming with the

moral climate of the final years of the Ancien Régime.

David later became an active supporter of the French Revolution and friend of Maximilien Robespierre

(1758$1794), and was effectively a dictator of the arts under the French Republic. Imprisoned after

Robespierre's fall from power, he aligned himself with yet another political regime upon his release, that of

Napoleon I. It was at this time that he developed his Empire style, notable for its use of warm Venetian

colours. David had a huge number of pupils, making him the strongest influence in French art of the early

19th century, especially academic Salon painting.

Jacques Louis David

(30 August 1748 – 29 December 1825)

Jacques Louis David (30 August 1748 – 29 December 1825)


Sketch by Jacques-Louis David of the Tennis Court Oath. David later became a deputy in the National Convention in 1792

“Cupid and Psyche” (1817)


“Andromache mourns Hector”

(1783)

Jacques Louis David


Jacques Louis David


Jacques Louis

David

(30 August

1748 – 29

December

1825)



“The Lictors Bring to Brutus the Bodies of His Sons” (1789)


“Paris and Helen” (1788)



Jacques Louis David




Jacques Louis David


“Mars Being Disarmed by Venus and the Three Graces”

David's last great work (1824)

“Leonidas at Thermopylae” (1814)



“The Death of Socrates” (1787)


“The Coronation of Napoleon” (1806).


Jacques Louis David


Jacques Louis David



The Intervention of the Sabine Women (1799)


“Oath of the Horatii” (1784)


Jacques Louis David




“The Death of Marat” (1793)

Jacques Louis David


Jacques Louis David




Jacques Louis David


Jacques Louis David


Jacques Louis David


Jacques Louis David


Jacques Louis David


Jacques Louis David


Jacques Louis David


Jacques Louis David


Jacques Louis David


Jacques Louis David


Jacques Louis David


Jacques Louis David


Jacques Louis David


Jacques Louis David


Jacques Louis David


Jean Auguste Dominique IngresJean Auguste Dominique Ingres

Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres (French pronunciation: [ʒɑ� ogyst dɔminik ɛ�ɡʁ]; 29 August 1780 – 14 January 1867) was a French Neoclassical painter. Although he considered himself to be a painter of history in the tradition of Nicolas Poussin and Jacques-Louis David, by the end of his life it was Ingres's portraits, both painted

Self-portrait at age 24,1804 (revised ca. 1850)

life it was Ingres's portraits, both painted and drawn, that were recognized as his greatest legacy.

A man profoundly respectful of the past, he assumed the role of a guardian of academic orthodoxy against the ascendant Romantic style represented by his nemesis Eugène Delacroix. His exemplars, he once explained, were "the great masters which flourished in that century of glorious memory when Raphael set the eternal and incontestable bounds of the sublime in art ... I am thus a conservator of good doctrine, and not an innovator”. Nevertheless, modern opinion has tended to regard Ingres and the other Neoclassicists of his era as embodying the Romantic spirit of his time, while his expressive distortions of form and space make him an important precursor of modern art.

“Jupiter and Thetis” 1811

Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres 29 August 1780 – 14 January 1867







Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres

29 August 1780 – 14 January 1867


Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres

29 August 1780 – 14 January 1867

“Roger Freeing Angelica” 1819


“Oedipus and the Sphinx” 1808





“Joan of Arc at the Coronation of Charles VII” 1854





“The Envoys of Agammemnon” 1801



“The Turkish Bath” 1862


“The Turkish Bath” 1862 (detail)


“The Turkish Bath” 1862 (detail)

“The Valpinçon Bather” 1808



“Odalisque with a Slave” 1842


“La Grande Odalisque”1814





Portraiture

“Madame Riviere” 1805


Portraiture

“Mme. Moitessier” 1856


Portraiture

“Mme. Moitessier” 1856 (detail)


Portraiture


Portraiture

“Madame d'Haussonville” 1845


Portraiture


Portraiture


Portraiture


Portraiture

Raphael and the Fornarina, 1814


Portraiture


Portraiture


Portraiture


Portraiture

Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres , 29 August 1780 – 14 January 1867

Portraiture

“Madame Riviere” 1806


Portraiture

“Napoleon I on his Imperial Throne” 1806


Portraiture


Portraiture


Drawing


Drawing


Drawing


Drawing


Drawing


Drawing


Drawing


Drawing


Drawing


Drawing


Drawing


Drawing


Drawing


Drawing


Drawing


Documents

The Age of Enlightenment