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Pompeii and Herculaneum

ASPECT POMPEII SOURCE HERCULANEUM SOURCE

ERUPTION

Marble reliefs from Household

shrine of House of Lucius

Caecilius Iucundus –

Earthquake of AD62

Seneca “flock of 600 sheep

died, statues were cracked”

“those who have abandoned

Campania, emigrated from this

calamity” – Earthquake of AD

62

Bread and walnuts preserved

at Pompeii by ash from

Vesuvius

Charred crib and skeleton of a

baby

Plaster cast of person cupping

hands – death by asphyxiation

Floor of the House of the

Mosaic Atrium – irregularly

shaped

Plaster cast of a dog that died

in agony found in the House of

the Vestals

300 skeletons found at the

boat sheds – skulls fractured

and blackened = thermal

shock

GEOGRAPHICAL SETTING

Fresco in House of Centenary

of wine god Bacchus next to

Vesuvius – wine industry

Strabo – dust from hot ashes

provides fertility as it ‘fattens

the soil’ making it fruitful with

crops

ECONOMY

Fulleries – Fullery of

Stephanus

Fishing industry -

Wine Industry – Winepress

found at the Villa of Mysteries

Clothing industry – Cloth press

found at House of Wooden

Partition



Garum – Mosaic of a garum

bottle from Scaurus’ home

Wine industry – House of the

Black Salon which has a sign

that lists sizes of wine jars and

prices

Bakery Industry – Bakery ofModestus

Thermopolium – Inn of

Asselina

SOCIAL STRUCTURE

Senatorial Elite Poppaea Sabina – wife of

Nero, lifted the ban on

gladiatorial games

Marcus Nonius Balbus – paid

for baths, basilica

Local Political Elite Marcus Holonius Rufus

Local Business Elite Julia Felix – business woman

who converted family home

into hotel/inn and public bath

Plebeian/Commoners 30+ brothels in Pompeii No evidence of prostitution so

far

Ex-Slave Vettii brothers owned largest

house in Pompeii

Herculaneum’s citizen list

showed 80% were ex-slaves

Slaves Slave bracelet ‘from the masterto his slave girl’

Painting from Herculaneumdepicting a slave attending to a

courtesan

LOCAL POLITICAL LIFE

Prefect of Colony Amphitheatre Inscription that

states due to earthquake,

elections were postponed and

Praefuctus Gaius Cuspius

Pansa

Patron of Colony Sulla established militarycolony

Marcus Nonius Balbus

Decurion (Town Council) Numerius Popidius Celsinus (6

year old) enrolled after

financing rebuilding of Temple

of Isis after earthquake



Duumviri Quinquennales

Duumviri (Senior Magistrates)

Aediles (Junior Magistrates)

The Comitium

EVERYDAY LIFE

Gladiatorial Contests Assortment of armour found in

the Gladiator’s barracks

Single gladiator’s helmet

Drinking and Gambling Series of wall paintings with

comic-strip style wording

showing customers gambling,

quarrelling and being thrown

out at the Inn of Salvius

Via Stabiana, names of two

women on the wall with date

and amount of debt

People gambled on gladiator’s

combats

Performances Bronze portrait found in

Temple of Isis affirming

popularity of Norbanus Sorex

Graffiti showed fan clubs

praising Paris as the ‘Pearl of

the Stage’

Food and Dining House of the Moralist showed

code of behaviour e.g. ‘Don’t

cast lustful glances, or make

eyes at another man’s wife’

Baths Stabian baths, Forum Baths

Julia Felix’ advertised as

‘elegant baths for respectable

people’

Central Baths and Suburban

Baths financed by Balbus

Suggested pimps and

prostitutes at baths were

becoming a nuisance ***

Water Supply Public fountains, 7 Aqueducts,

House of Vetti with 14

fountains

One public toilet, 62 private

house toilets



Large underground sewerage

system where 46 species of

fish were found

PUBLIC BUILDINGS

Amphitheatres Largest building found in

Pompeii

Inscriptions and mosaics that

give insight into blood sports

None found in Herculaneum

yet

Palaestra Includes central swimming

pool

1 block, additional features

such as spectator’s gallery

Theatres

Forum Basilica

PRIVATE BUILDINGS

Atrium House of the Vetti, House of

the Tragic Poet

House of the Stags, House of

the Wooden Partition

Shops

Villas Villa of Poppaea at Oplontis Villa of the Mysteries and Villa

of Papryi

INFLUENCE OF GREEK AND

EGYPTIAN CULTURES

Art Hunt mosaic from the House of

the Surgeon ***

Architecture Triangular Forum Doric

colonnade and the Doric

Templed believed to be

dedicated to Athena and

Heracles

Religion Altar from the Temple ofVespasian

RELIGION

Temples Doric-style temple in the

Triangular Forum



Household gods Priapus – Priapic Oil Lamp

Herakles – Doric-style Temple

dedicated to Herakles and

Minerva

Apollo – Temple of Apollo

Priapus – Bakery of Sextus

Patulcus Felix was adorned by

2 large phalli to ensure his

bread rose

Herakles – legend says

Herackles foundedHerculaneum,

Apollo -

Foreign cults Roman State Cult – Capitolum

Imperial Cult – Temple of

Vespasian

Cult of Venus – Image found in

houses, gardens and in graffiti

“Vote for me and the Venus of

Pompeii will bring success to

everything you do”

Cult of Dionysus/Bacchus –

Temple of Dionysus with

open-air triclinia directly in front

Cult of Isis – Statue of Isis at

the Temple

Roman State Cult – no temple

dedicated to these gods has

been unearthed yet

Imperial Cult – Collegium

Augustalium

Cult of Venus – Worshipped by

sailors (fishing) who sought her

protection

Cult of Dionysus/Bacchus –

Paintings from the Villa of

Mysteries depicting rituals

associated e.g. initiation

Cult of Isis – Painting showing

‘Boat of Isis’

Tombs Seat tomb for Priestess Mamia

Tomb of Saturninus –

elaborate tomb with dining

room donated by ex-slave

Callistus to former master

Saturninus

No tombs excavated yet

Minoan Crete



TOPIC APPLICABLE SOURCES USES/RELEVANCE

The Geographical Context Homer ‘fat and well fed’ Varying climate enabled

agriculture, where the fertile

valleys grew all types of cropse.g. lemons, mulberries, pears,

olive, wheat and grapes

Social Structure and Political

Organisation

Throne Room

‘Master Impression’ from

Khania

Sacred Tree and Dance

Fresco

Harvester’s Vase

The Economy Relief at Tomb of Rekhmire

Loomweights at Knossos

Tel-El-Daba fresco

Religion, Death and Burial Toreador Fresco - changing

theory of bull sports

Tel-El-Daba Fresco -evidence of bull sports

Campstool Fresco

Kaumasa rhyton

Cultural Life

Everyday Life Throne in Throne Room at

Knossos

Furniture

Alexander the Great



TOPIC THEMES RELEVANT SOURCES

Family Background Royalty

Divine

Dynamic

Plutarch ‘I will pay the price

of the horse’

Plutarch - anecdotes

Plutarch -’the domestic strife

that resulted from Philip’s

various marriages and love

affairs… led to bitter clashes

between father and son’

Relationship with Olympias

and Philip

Philip - Friendly Competition

Philip - Deteriorating

Relationship

Olympias - Mutual Care and

Concern

Plutarch ‘thirst for prestige,

fame and glory’

Plutarch - Alexander ‘flew

into a rage’ to which Philip

responded to by ‘drawing his

sword against his son’

Education and Early Career Parents

Tutors

Career - Diplomatic/Military

Plutarch ‘My boy, you must

find a kingdom big enough

for your ambitions’

Plutarch Aristotle ‘taught himhow to live well’

Plutarch ‘he did not trouble

them with any childish

inquiries’ when he received

Persian envoys at the age of

6 while Philip was on

campaign

Problems with Succession Poor Relationship with Philip

Philip failed to name an heir

Numerous Contenders

Plutarch - Alexander ‘flew

into a rage’ at the wedding of

Cleopatra

heir quote

Diodorus - Alexander

removed the threat of Attalus

who he ‘charged with treason



and executed’

Consolidation of Macedonian

control of Greek mainland

Northern Greece

Mainland Greece

Panhellenism

Plutarch - Alexander

‘decided that the only way to

make his kingdom safe was

to act with audacity’

Plutarch and Diodorus -

Alexander had succeeded in

‘terrifying the rest of Greece

into obedience’

Plutarch ‘anxious to give

other Greeks a share in the

victory’ and sent 300 shields

back to Athens

Generalship (TOE) Tactician

Opposition

Errors

Arrian - ‘he had an uncanny

instinct for the right course in

a difficult and complex

situation’

Arrian - Darius ‘’he was the

feeblest and incompetent of

men’

Worthington, Cawkwell and

Green - logistical debacle of

unforgivable proportions

Relationship with

Army/Generals (Reasons

Alexander Ain’t Pretty =

RAAP)

Respect

Ambition

Adoption of Orientalism

Personality (Vindictive)

Diodorus ‘no other

Macedonian had any other

thought than to strike the

king’

Arrian - Coenus’ Speech at

Mutiny of Hydaspes River ‘do

not lead men who are

unwilling to follow’

Plutarch ‘the sight greatly

displeased the Macedonians’

Woods ‘exhibited a sadistic

malevolence towards those

who crossed him’



Relationship with Greeks

(CPR)

Control

Persia

Rebellion

Plutarch - 20 000 Thebans

were sold into slavery and

the city was destroyed

Plutarch ‘’O you Athenians,

will you ever believe whatrisks I am running just to earn

your praise?’

Arrian tells us that after the

Granicus River, Alexander

seized four Greek traitors

from the cities of Sparta,

Athens and Thebes

Administration of Empire

(PPR)

Political

Religious Tolerance

Policy of Fusion

Arrian ‘he judged it unsafe to

put in the hands of one man’

Arrian - wanted the Persians

to ‘feel that they had a king

who was not wholly a

foreigner’

Tarn - ‘the torch Alexander lit

for long only smouldered…

but it never has been and

never can be quite put out’

Impact of Personality oncareer (AAS)

Ambitious

Affectionate

Suspicious

Arrian ‘Alexander heardthese old stories, they

inspired him to go one better

than Cyrus’

Arrian - Alexander showed

‘deep concern and visited

them all’

Woods ‘exhibited a sadistic

malevolence towards those

that crossed him’

Manner and Impact of Death

(MAG)

Manner

Army/Generals (Impact)

Greeks (Impact)

Plutarch ‘It was Aristotle who

advised Antipater to arrange

the murder’

Arrian ‘Alexander tasted no

food and paid no attention in



any way to his bodily needs’

Diodorus ‘to the strongest!’

Impact and Influence on histime (FAG)

Foreign/Conquered Peoples

Greece

Army/Generals

Arrian ‘wholly a foreigner’

Plutarch ‘O you Athenians,

will you ever believe what

risks I am running just to earn

your praise?’

Diodorus ‘no Macedonian

had any other thought than to

strike the king’

Legacy (GUT) Generalship

Trade

Unity

Cawthorne - ‘one of the

greatest generals’

Filders - these cities

prompted an ‘explosion of

international trade’

Tarn - ‘the torch Alexander lit

for long only smouldered…

but it never has been and

never can be quite put out’

Ancient and ModernInterpretations



Fourth Century Greece

Historian Quote Uses/Relevance

Plutarch Lysander gained ‘complete

autonomy over these cities’

Delphic Oracle ‘love of money and nothing

else will destroy Sparta’

Thucydides victor dominates vanquished’

Buckler the basic difficulty was that

the Spartans, like many other

conquerors, found it easier todefeat the enemy than to win

the peace’

Hammond ‘subject states’ in a Spartan

Empire

Xenophon ‘more and more men were

put to death and put to death

unjustly’

Buckler ‘the bribe sufficed to entice

what they had already

desired’

Plutarch ‘10 000 gold coins’

Xenophon Persian King was the ‘real

winner of the war’



Buckler ‘Artaxerxes claimed a right

that no other Persian King

had demanded’

Buckler ‘just as Lysander saw the

possibility of a SpartanEmpire after the

Peloponnesian War, so now

Agesilaus saw similar after

the Corinthian War’

Buckler ‘no one could any longer

doubt that the Greeks in Asia

were Persian subjects’

Hammond ‘alliance was intended to

DRIVE A WEDGE between

Persia and Sparta’

Buckler ‘Epaminondas destroyed

Sparta as a power of the first

rank’

SPARTA

Cotterill ‘all that was great in Theban

supremacy, was due to

Epaminondas’

THEBES

Cotterill ‘Theban influence, guided by

Epaminondas, was on the

side of liberty’

THEBES

Hammond ‘Philip of Macedon achieved

what only death denied

Epaminondas’

Callisthenes ‘Macedonians would never

have ruled Greece if the

Greeks had organised

themselves and solved their

decisions’

Hograth ‘he had no money, no allies,

and as for inheritance, the

sins of his fathers’

MACEDONIA

Hograth ‘an armed nation with a

common ideal’

MACEDONIA



Worthington ‘upper and lower Macedonia

were united as never before’

MACEDONIA

Pomeroy ‘this battle [First Sacred War]

transformed Philip’s

relationship with the rest ofGreece’

MACEDONIA

Plutarch ‘Philip preferred to be called

a good man for a long time

rather than a master for a

short time’

MACEDONIA

Documents

Th Key Sources