Upload
phambao
View
295
Download
10
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Textbook of Clinical Pediatrics
Abdelaziz Y. Elzouki
Harb A. Harfi, Hisham M. Nazer, F. Bruder Stapleton, William Oh and
Richard J. Whitley (Editors)
Textbook ofClinical Pediatrics
Second Edition
With 990 Figures and 812 Tables
EditorsAbdelaziz Y. Elzouki
Professor of PediatricsFaculty of MedicineUmm Al-Qura UniversityMakkahSaudi ArabiaHarb A. HarfiDirectorNational Center of Allergy,Asthma & Immunology (NCAAI)RiyadhSaudi Arabia
Hisham M. NazerConsultant Pediatric Gastroenterology & HepatologyIslamic HospitalAmmanJordan
F. Bruder StapletonProfessor and Chair Department of PediatricsSeattle Children’s Hospital University of WashingtonSchool of MedicineSeattle, WAUSA
William OhProfessor of PediatricsAlpert Medical School of Brown UniversityWoman and Infants HospitalProvidence, RIUSA
Richard J. WhitleyProfessor of PediatricsUniversity of AlabamaBirmingham, ALUSA
ISBN 978-3-642-02201-2 e-ISBN 978-3-642-02202-9ISBN (print þ eReference) 978-3-642-02203-6DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-02201-2Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York
Library of Congress Control Number: 2011931523
First Edition Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 2001
This Edition © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2012
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rightsof translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage indata banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the GermanCopyright Lawof September 9,1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution underthe German Copyright Law.The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specificstatement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.Product liability: The publishers cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information about dosage and application contained in this book. Inevery individual case the user must check such information by consulting the relevant literature.
Printed on acid-free paper
Springer is part of Springer ScienceþBusiness Media (www.springer.com)
Preface to the Second Edition
I am pleased to present the second edition of the Textbook of Clinical Pediatrics. The first edition of this textbook
(published in 2001) proved to be both a scientific and a clinical success. Scholarly reviews recommended the book as a
primary textbook for residents andmedical students and an excellent resource for practicing pediatricians as well as other
pediatric health care providers.
The primary goal of the editor of any clinically oriented textbook is to make sure that the text is comprehensive, with
updated knowledge, and draws together best practices in practical clinical management. This can be achieved only by
utilizing the expertise of those colleagues who have special knowledge and talent in the discipline of pediatrics as a whole
and in its various sub-specialties. It is with great pleasure that I welcome along with Harb Harfi and Hisham Nazer, the
new co-editors—Dr. Bruder Stapleton (University of Washington School of Medicine), Dr. William Oh (Brown
University School of Medicine) and Dr. RichardWhitley (University of Alabama School of Medicine) who have brought
in their deep knowledge and practical expertise to harness the best available knowledge in pediatrics. All of us together are
also delighted to welcome our very eminent panel of outstanding leaders who performed the role of editing various
topical sections on pediatric sub-specialties strengthening them with their specialized knowledge, authority, and
experience. The second edition includes an expanded team of 17 new section editors who contribute to a wider coverage
and scope of this new edition. We are pleased to welcome our 389 expert contributors from leading medical schools and
medical centers around the world who contributed chapters.
This second edition constitutes a major revision, update, and reorganization of the textbook based on systematic
reviews of advances in pediatric science and clinical application while retaining the reader- and practitioner-friendly
features of the first edition. It is designed to cover contemporary pediatrics totally in logical sequence and withmaximum
authority. All pediatric sub-specialties are covered and discussed. The textbook’s size and number of illustrations have
been increased significantly. The scope of this text is wider thanmost other textbooks of pediatrics—this is deliberate and
reflects the growth of knowledge in the field as well as the changing trends in medical practice and education. The
contents have therefore been redeveloped to serve as a substantial and comprehensive pediatric text, balanced scientif-
ically and clinically to be a problem- and evidence-based global reference for clinicians.
To this end, many fields have been extensively rewritten, including—genetic disorders, neonatology, infectious
diseases, blood diseases, endocrine disorders, cardiology, pediatric oncology, developmental, learning and behavioral
disorders, allergic disorders, primary immunodeficiency disorders, respiratory disorders, neurology, kidney and urinary
tract disorders, disturbances in acid-base and electrolyte disorders, critical care, rheumatology, pediatric orthopedics,
and disorders of the skin. Three new sections have been added on pediatric surgery (intended to help practitioners to
benefit from the knowledge and clinical management experience of medically important pediatric surgery problems
through the eyes of expert pediatric surgeons), on adolescent medicine (an important new area of knowledge related to
the practice of pediatrics), and on drug dosing in pediatrics (providing important reference information to busy
practitioners on dosage and value).
A total of 155 new chapters have been added including—principles of genetic testing, treatment of genetic disorders,
surfactant replacement therapy, ECMO, neonatal neurology, common procedures in neonatology, ethics and decision
making in neonatology, autism spectrum disorders, children in disaster, nutritional modulation of intestinal gene
expression, animal and human bites, infection associated with medical devices, Chlamydial infections, Listeria
monocytoenes, Mycoplasma infection, Actinomycosis, influenza, 2009 H1N1, rotaviruses and noro-and caliciviruses,
innate immune defect, immune dysregulation, cutaneous disorders of neonate, pediatric surgical dermatology,
skin barrier management and topical treatment in pediatric dermatology, pain amplification syndromes,
autoinflammatory diseases, post-infectious arthritis and related conditions, probiotics in gastrointestinal disorders,
capsule endoscopy in childhood, intestinal transplantation in children, mitochondrial hepatopathies and Reye’s
syndrome, pulmonary complications of the immunocompromised patients, cardiovascular genetics, sudden cardiac
vi Preface to the Second Edition
death and pre-participation sports screening, secondary cardiac morbidities, noninvasive cardiovascular imaging,
interventional cardiology, cardiomyopathies and heart transplantation, acute respiratory failure, mechanical ventilation,
and infections in PICU.
In addition there are chapters on the management of snake bites and spider bites, clinical disorders associated with
altered potassium metabolism, care of the child refusing blood products, thrombosis, sleep and its disorders in
childhood, stroke in children, headache and head pain, pediatric neurorehabilitation and many others.
The textbook places special emphasis on the clinical aspects of various practical pediatric problems. Actual prototype
case histories, intended to reinforce the basic principles in clinical management, are presented in sections where it
contributes to an enhanced understanding of the subject, such as genetic disorders, inborn errors of metabolism and
immunology.
Sections also have been enriched with chapters on clinical scenarios that form the basis for discussion of the relevant
clinical problem and are commonly encountered by practitioners and residents, such as anemia, child with recurrent
infections, failure to thrive, cough, chest pain, abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal masses, limping child,
heart murmur, metabolic acidosis, metabolic alkalosis, proteinuria, hematuria, and enlarged lymph nodes. These
chapters provide an overview of the background for these clinical problems as well as an approach for managing the
problem.
Wherever possible, the textbook has based its contents on the best available evidence. The level of evidence preferred
is the systematic review of randomized control trials. It is the editors’ earnest hope that these efforts provide for
a significant enhancement of the management and care for sick children around the world.
On a personal note, I would also like to add for those interested, a short history of the development of this work. It
was several years ago in Benghazi (Libya), my home town, where I thought to edit a textbook that would cover new
ground clinically and yet be of global relevance. Dr. Hassan Majeed was the first person who accepted the idea and gave
his guidance and support. Dr. Ahmad Teebi contributed to the first edition as section editor for genetic disorders. Both
were inspiring teachers with unique clinical competence (Majeed syndrome, Teebi syndrome). It is sad that both these
giants of clinical pediatrics passed away in 2010.Majeed and Teebi will not be forgotten and will bemissed by all whowere
inspired by them to work with children.
The editors and I also thank the staff at Springer who did a great job to ensure the best major reference work possible.
Particularly, Sandra Fabiani, Anil Chandy, and Sunali Mull from Springer’s major reference work division as well as
Marion Kraemer and Sverre Klempe from the Clinical Medicine editorial division.
For this new edition, I also appreciate and acknowledge the support of the Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura
University.
The editors and I like to dedicate this textbook to our contributors and section editors. It is their book and it is their
work that has given our textbook its strength and authority.
September 2011 Abdelaziz Y. Elzouki
Makkah, Saudi Arabia
Preface to the First Edition
It is with great pleasure, that we launch the first edition of the Textbook of Clinical Pediatrics. The textbook went through
several stages of ideas, development, design, writing, revision, editing and extensive critical review by authorities in their
field before it was submitted for publication. All the above stages demanded a great amount of effort. The aim was to
produce a textbook that has both a global appeal and interest and would help practicing pediatricians, pediatric residents
and family practitioners to manage sick children in a practical way, but on a sound scientific basis. The textbook is also
intended to help pediatricians in training who are preparing for board or membership examinations and to function as
a desk reference with updated information for practicing physicians and pediatricians. Our aim was also to develop
a textbook that covers in some detail prevalent childhood diseases. In doing so, we are privileged to acknowledge the
contribution of over 100 distinguished pediatricians and scientists from 34 well-knownmedical schools, major hospitals
and health centers from five continents. Therefore, this textbook is enriched with international experience in childhood
health care.
Almost all pediatric subspecialties are well covered in this textbook, including blood diseases, neoplastic disorders,
infectious diseases, respiratory disorders, allergic disorders, immunodeficiency disorders, inborn metabolic disorders,
rheumatic disorders, cardiovascular disorders, diseases of the kidney and urinary tract, nutritional disorders, neonatol-
ogy, endocrinology, oral and craniofacial disorders, gastrointestinal and liver disorders, neurological disorders, skin
diseases, orthopedic, otolaryngology, ophthalmological disorders, pediatric poisoning, critical care, burns, acid base and
electrolytes disturbance. The textbook puts special emphasis on the clinical aspects of various practical pediatric
problems. Prototype actual case histories, to enforce the basic principles in clinical management, are presented in
sections where we think it will make the subject more understandable, such as in inborn errors of metabolism and
immunology. Some sections also have been enriched with a chapter on a clinical scenario that forms the basis for
discussion of relevant clinical problems. For example, in the hematology section, there is a chapter on approach to a child
with anemia; in the kidney and urinary tract disorders section there is a chapter on clinical approach to a child with
urinary tract obstruction; in the section on malignant and neoplastic disorders, there is a chapter on clinical approach to
a child with abdominal mass, and lymph node enlargement; in the immunology section, there is a chapter on approach to
a child with recurrent infection; and in the genetic section, there is a chapter on approach to the child with dyamorphic
features.
We would like to dedicate this textbook to all those who contributed to it either directly, such as our contributors,
section leaders and supportive staff, or indirectly by being supportive and patient during the preparation, writing and
editing of this text, including our families and colleagues. Special appreciation is due to the staff of LippincottWilliams &
Wilkins who took a keen interest and labored to ensure the best book possible. We particularly thank Ellen DiFrancesco
and James D. Ryan, Vice President of Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
We wish to give a special mention and acknowledgment to King Khalid Foundation, Saudi Arabia for their generous
contribution and support.
Abdelaziz Y. Elzouki
Harb A. Harfi
Hisham M. Nazer
Editor
Abdelaziz Y. Elzouki
Professor of Pediatrics
Faculty of Medicine
Umm Al-Qura University
Makkah
Saudi Arabia
Co-Editors
Harb A. Harfi
Director
National Center of Allergy,
Asthma & Immunology (NCAAI)
Riyadh
Saudi Arabia
Hisham M. Nazer
Consultant Pediatric Gastroenterology & Hepatology
Islamic Hospital
Amman
Jordan
F. Bruder Stapleton
Professor and Chair Department of Pediatrics
Seattle Children’s Hospital University of Washington
School of Medicine
Seattle, WA
USA
William Oh
Professor of Pediatrics
Alpert Medical School of Brown University
Woman and Infants Hospital
Providence, RI
USA
Richard J. Whitley
Professor of Pediatrics
University of Alabama
Birmingham, AL
USA
Section Editors
Abdul-Rahman M. Abu-Taleb
Department of Pediatrics
King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences –
National Guard Health Affairs
Western Region
Jeddah
Saudi Arabia
Section: Critical Care
Mohamed O. Abuzeid
Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery
King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre
Riyadh
Saudi Arabia
Section: Pediatric Otolaryngology
Khaled Al Haidari
Scientific Board of Pharmacy
Saudi Commission for Health Specialties
Riyadh
Saudi Arabia
Section: Pediatric Poisoning
Selwa A. F. Al-Hazzaa
Department of Ophthalmology
King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre
Riyadh
Saudi Arabia
Section: Pediatric Ophthalmology
Nada S. Al-Qadheeb
Division of Pharmacy Services
King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre
Riyadh
Saudi Arabia
Section: Pediatric Poisoning
Peter N. Cox
Department of Critical Care Medicine
Hospital for Sick Children
Toronto, ON
Canada
Section: Critical Care
J. Burton Douglass
Cumberland Gap Orthodontics, Inc.
Harrogate, TN
USA
Section: Oral and Craniofacial Disorders
Craig P. Eberson
Division of Pediatric Orthopedics
Alpert Medical School of Brown University
Providence, RI
USA
Section: Pediatric Orthopedics
Generoso G. Gascon
RHCI for Children
Forestdale, MA
USA
Section: Neurology
Gabriel G. Haddad
Divisions of Respiratory Medicine and Neurosciences
Department of Pediatrics
University of California San Diego
Rady Children’s Hospital San Diego
San Diego, CA
USA
Section: Respiratory Disorders
Harb A. Harfi
Director
National Center of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology
(NCAAI)
Riyadh
Saudi Arabia
Sections: Allergic Disorders
Primary Immunodeficiency Disorders
Fuad K. Hashem
Department of Surgery
King Faisel Specialist Hospital and Research Center
Riyadh
Saudi Arabia
Section: Pediatric Burns
xiv Section Editors
Pamela High
Developmental, Learning and Behavioral Disorders
The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University
Providence, RI
USA
Section: Developmental, Learning and Behavioral
Disorders
Khalid Hussain
The London Centre for Paediatric Endocrinology
and Metabolism
Hospital for Children NHS Trust
London
UK
Section: Endocrine Disorders
Martin Keszler
Department of Pediatrics
Women and Infants Hospital,
Warren Alpert Medical School
Brown University
Providence, RI
USA
Section: Neonatology
Bruce R. Korf
Department of Genetics
University of Alabama
Birmingham, AL
USA
Section: Genetic Disorders
Mark B. Lewin
Heart Center
Seattle Children’s Hospital
Seattle, WA
USA
Section: Cardiology
Alberto Martini
Department of Pediatrics
University of Genoa
Pediatria II e Reumatologia Istituto G. Gaslini
Genoa
Italy
Section: Rheumatology
Hisham M. Nazer
Consultant Pediatric Gastroenterology & Hepatology
Islamic Hospital
Amman
Jordon
Sections: Gastrointestinal and Liver Disorders
Pediatric Nutrition
Stacy Nicholson
Department of Pediatrics
Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology
Oregon Health & Science University
Portland, OR
USA
Section: Pediatric Oncology
Pinar T. Ozand
Department of Pediatrics and Department of Biological
and Medical Research
King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre
Riyadh
Saudi Arabia
Section: Inborn Errors of Metabolism
Kristine A. Parbuoni
Department of Pharmacy Services
University of Maryland Medical Center
Baltimore, MD
USA
Section: Drug Dosing in Pediatrics
Michael Recht
Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology
Oregon Health and Science University
Portland, OR
USA
Section: Blood Diseases
Zbigniew Ruszczak
Division of Dermatology
Department of Medicine
Institute of Medicine
Sheikh Khalifa Medical City
Abu Dhabi
UAE
Section: Disorders of the Skin
Section Editors xv
F. Bruder Stapleton
Department of Pediatrics
Seattle Children’s Hospital University of
Washington School of Medicine
Seattle, WA
USA
Sections: Disturbances in Acid - base and Electrolytes
Disorders
Kidney and Urinary Tract Disorders
Thomas F. Tracy
Department of Surgery
Alpert Medical School Brown University
Providence, RI
USA
Section: Pediatric Surgery
Leslie R. Walker
Division of Adolescent Medicine
Department of Pediatrics
Children’s Hospital and Regional Medical Center
University of Washington
Seattle, WA
USA
Section: Adolescent Medicine
Richard J. Whitley
Professor of Pediatrics
University of Alabama
Birmingham, AL
USA
Section: Infectious Diseases
Yvette E. Yatchmink
Pediatric Developmental Behavioral Health
Providence, RI
USA
Section: Developmental, Learning and Behavioral
Disorders
List of Contributors
Shaden Abdel Hadi
Division of Dermatology
Institute of Medicine
Sheikh Khalifa Medical City
Abu Dhabi
UAE
Ruba A. Abdelhadi
Department of Pediatrics and Communicable
Diseases, Pediatric Gastroenterology
University of Michigan Medical School
C. S. Mott Children’s Hospital
Ann Arbor, MI
USA
Asaad M. A. Abdullah Assiri
Head Division, Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology
& Nutrition
King Khalid University Hospital
King Saud University
Riyadh
Saudi Arabia
Anisha Abraham
Department of Pediatrics, Adolescent Medicine
Georgetown University School of Medicine
Washington, DC
USA
Kabir M. Abubakar
Division of Neonatology
Georgetown University Children’s Medical Center
Washington, DC
USA
Abdul-Rahman M. Abu-Taleb
Department of Pediatrics
King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences –
National Guard Health Affairs
Western Region
Jeddah
Saudi Arabia
Mohamed O. Abuzeid
Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery
King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre
Riyadh
Saudi Arabia
William P. Adelman
Walter Reed Army Medical Center and National
Naval Medical Center
Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences
Bethesda, MD
USA
Adetunji Adeyokunnu
Department of Pediatrics
King Fahad National Guard Hospital
Riyadh
Saudi Arabia
H. Hesham A-Kader
Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition
College of Medicine
University of Arizona
Tucson, AZ
USA
and
Department of Pediatrics
College of Medicine
University of Arizona
Tucson, AZ
USA
Kathryn Akong
University of California, San Diego
Rady Children’s Hospital of San Diego
San Diego, CA
USA
Tekin Akpolat
Department of Nephrology
Ondokuz Mayis University
School of Medicine
Samsun
Turkey
xviii List of Contributors
Sulaiman Al Alola
Department of Pediatrics
King Fahad National Guard Hospital
Riyadh
Saudi Arabia
Roaa Al Gain
Pharmacy Division
King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre
Riyadh
Saudi Arabia
M. M. Al Qattan
Department of Surgery
King Saud University
Riyadh
Saudi Arabia
Manal Alasnag
Pediatric Intensive Care Unit/King Fahd Armed
Forces Hospital
Jeddah, KSA
Saudi Arabia
Zaina H. Albalawi
Department of Internal Medicine
University of Alberta
Edmonton, AB
Canada
Assunta Albanese
Paediatric Endocrine Unit
St George’s Hospital
London
UK
J. Elaine-Marie Albert
Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine
Seattle Children’s Hospital
University of Washington School of Medicine
(J.E.A. and H.E.J.)
Seattle, WA
USA
Youssef A. Al-Eissa
Department of Pediatrics
College of Medicine
King Saud bin Abdulaziz
University for Health Sciences
Riyadh
Saudi Arabia
Mohammed Al-Essa
Department of Biological and Medical Research
King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre
Riyadh
Saudi Arabia
Khaled M. Al-Haidari
Scientific Board of Pharmacy
Saudi Commission for Health Specialties
Riyadh
Saudi Arabia
Sami Al-Hajjar
Department of Pediatrics
King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre
Riyadh
Saudi Arabia
and
Department of Pathology and Laboratories
King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center
Riyadh
Saudi Arabia
Selwa A. F. Al-Hazzaa
Department of Ophthalmology
King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre
Riyadh
Saudi Arabia
Rana AlMaghrabi
Department of Pediatrics
King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre
Riyadh
Saudi Arabia
Fadheela Al-Mahroos
College of Medicine and Medical Sciences
Arabian Gulf University
Manama
Bahrain
Saleh Al-Muhsen
Pediatric Allergy and Immunology
Department of Pediatrics
King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre
Riyadh
Saudi Arabia
List of Contributors xix
Mohammad Almutawa
Medical School Division of Internal Medicine
Kuwait University
Aljabria
Kuwait
Abdallah Al-Nasser
King Fahad National Centre for Children’s Cancer
King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre
Riyadh
Saudi Arabia
Nada S. Al-Qadheeb
Division of Pharmacy Services
King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre
Riyadh
Saudi Arabia
Soud A. Al-Rasheed
Pediatrics
King Saud bin Abdulaziz
University for Health Sciences
Riyadh
Saudi Arabia
Mohammad Al-Shaalan
Department of Pediatrics
King Soud bin Abdulaziz
University for Health Sciences
Riyadh
Saudi Arabia
Jeffrey Alten
Division of Pediatric Critical Care
University of Alabama at Birmingham
Birmingham, AL
USA
Asa’d Al-Toonsi
Department of Pediatrics
King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre
Riyadh
Saudi Arabia
and
Saudi Board Program
Maternity Children Hospital
Makkah
Saudi Arabia
Mercedes C. Amado
Section of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology
The Children’s Mercy Hospitals & Clinics
University of Missouri-Kansas
City School of Medicine
Kansas City, MO
USA
Kyle Anderson
Dermatology and Plastic Surgery Institute
Cleveland Clinic
Cleveland, OH
USA
Kathleen Angkustsiri
Department of Pediatrics
UC Davis Children’s Hospital and UC Davis MIND
Institute
Sacramento, CA
USA
Ronen Arnon
Department of Pediatrics
Mount Sinai Kravis Children’s Hospital
Mount Sinai School of Medicine
New York, NY
USA
Stephen Ashwal
Department of Pediatrics
Loma Linda University School of Medicine
Loma Linda, CA
USA
Farahnak Assadi
Professor of Pediatrics, Director, Section of Nephrology
Rush Children’s Hospital
Rush University Medical Center
Chicago, Illinois
USA
Tadej Avcin
Department of Allergology, Rheumatology and Clinical
Immunology
University Children’s Hospital Ljubljana
University Medical Center
Ljubljana
Slovenia
xx List of Contributors
Yasser Awaad
King Fahad Medical City
Riyadh
Saudi Arabia
Kenneth S. Azarow
Children’s Hospital Omaha
University of Nebraska
Omaha, NE
USA
Sakra S. Balhareth
Pharmacy Services Division
King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center
Riyadh
Saudi Arabia
Mark Ballow
Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology
Department of Pediatrics
Women and Children’s Hospital of Buffalo
Buffalo, NY
USA
Robert S. Baltimore
Department of Pediatrics
Yale University School of Medicine
Associate Hospital Epidemiologist
For Pediatrics Yale-New Haven Hospital
New Haven, CT
USA
Hany Banoub
Queen Mary’s Hospital for Children
Epsom & St. Helier University Hospitals NHS Trust
Carshalton, Surrey
UK
Dinesh Banur
Queen Mary’s Hospital for Children,
Epsom St Helier University NHS Trust
Carshalton, Surrey
UK
Keith J. Barrington
Department of Pediatrics
University of Montreal
Sainte-Justine Hospital
Montreal, Quebec
Canada
Cristina Basso
Cardiovascular Pathology
Department of Medical-Diagnostic Sciences
University of Padua
Padua
Italy
Asim Belgaumi
King Fahad National Centre for Children’s Cancer
King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre
Riyadh
Saudi Arabia
Alexandre Belot
Unit of Pediatric Nephrology and Rheumatology
Femme Mere Enfant Hospital, Lyon 1 University
Lyon
France
Fabrizio de Benedetti
Direzione Scientifica
IRCCS Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesu
Rome
Italy
Henry Berman
Adolescent Medicine
Seattle Children’s Hospital, M/S: W-7831
Seattle, WA
USA
Jorge A. Bezerra
Pediatric Liver Care Center and Division of Pediatric
Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition of
Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and the
Department of Pediatrics
University of Cincinnati
Cincinnati, OH
USA
Ibrahim Bin-Hussain
Department of Pediatrics
King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre
Riyadh
Saudi Arabia
Michael S. Blaiss
College of Medicine
University of Tennessee Health Science Center
Germantown, TN
USA
List of Contributors xxi
Gregory Blaschke
Department of Pediatrics
Oregon Health & Science University
Portland, OR
USA
Joseph M. Bliss
Department of Pediatrics
Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island
The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University
Providence, RI
USA
Suresh B. Boppana
Department of Pediatrics
University of Alabama School of Medicine
Birmingham, AL
USA
Lynn Boshkov
Medicine & Pediatrics
Oregon Health & Science University
Portland, OR
USA
Mahmoud Bozo
Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition
Damascus Hospital
Damascus
Syria
Heather Bradeen
Department of Pediatrics
University of Vermont
Burlington, VT
USA
Brian R. Branchford
The Children’s Hospital Denver
Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders
Aurora, CO
USA
David J. Breland
Adolescent Medicine
Seattle Children’s Hospital M/S: W-7831
University of Washington
Seattle, WA
USA
Cora Collette Breuner
Division of Adolescent Medicine
Department of Pediatrics
Orthopedics and Sports Medicine
Seattle Children’s Hospital, M/S: W-7831
Seattle, WA
USA
Nicola A. Bridges
Chelsea and Westminster Hospital
NHS Foundation Trust
London
UK
Vivian Brown
Walgreens
Sequim, WA
USA
William D. Brown
Department of Clinical Neuroscience
Brown University
Seekonk, MA
USA
Khalid K. Bshesh
Cardiovascular Department
Pediatric Intensive Care Unit/King Faisal Specialist
Hospital and Research Center
Jeddah, KSA
Saudi Arabia
Ruben Burgos-Vargas
Department of Rheumatology
Hospital General de Mexico Universidad Nacional
Autonoma de Mexico
Mexico, DF
Mexico
Tyler Burpee
Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition
Seattle Children’s Hospital
Seattle, WA
USA
xxii List of Contributors
Gale R. Burstein
Department of Pediatrics
Division of Adolescent Medicine
State University of New York at Buffalo School of
Medicine and Biomedical Sciences
Buffalo, NY
USA
Karen Buysse
Center for Medical Genetics
Ghent University Hospital
Ghent
Belgium
William J. Cashore
Department of Pediatrics
Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island
Providence, RI
USA
Bill H. Chang
Pediatric Hematology & Oncology
Doernbecher Children’s Hospital
Oregon Health & Science University
Portland, OR
USA
Eugenia Chang
St. Luke’s Mountain States Tumor and Medical
Research Institute
Boise, ID
USA
and
Department of Pediatrics
University of Utah
SLC, UT
USA
Margaret A. Chen
PreventionGenetics
Marshfield, WI
USA
Ravi Chetan
Endocrinology & Diabetes
Southend University Hospital
London
UK
Robert L. Chevalier
Department of Pediatrics
School of Medicine
University of Virginia Health System
Charlottesville, VA
USA
Edward Chien
Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Women and Infants’ Hospital of Brown University
Providence, RI
USA
Tanuja Chitnis
Partners Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center
Department of Pediatric Neurology
Massachusetts General Hospital for Children
Boston, MA
USA
Sonny K. F. Chong
Queen Mary’s Hospital for Children
Epsom & St. Helier University Hospitals NHS Trust
Carshalton, Surrey
UK
and
St. George’s Hospital Medical School
London
UK
Nadine F. Choueiter
Division of Pediatrics
University of Washington
Seattle, WA
USA
Thomas H. Chun
Departments of Emergency Medicine and Pediatrics
Department of Pediatric Emergency Medicine
The Alpert Medical School of Brown University
Providence, RI
USA
Terrence U. H. Chun
Heart Center
University of Washington School of Medicine
Seattle Children’s Hospital
Seattle, WA
USA
List of Contributors xxiii
Christina E. Ciaccio
Section of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology
The Children’s Mercy Hospitals & Clinics
University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine
Kansas City, MO
USA
Rachel Clingenpeel
Child Protection Program
Department of Pediatrics
Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University
Providence, RI
USA
Pierre Cochat
Centre de reference des maladies renales rares &
Inserm U820
Hospices Civils de Lyon & Universite de Lyon
Lyon
France
and
Service de pediatrie
Hopital Femme Mere Enfant
Bron cedex
France
Gordon Cohen
Heart Center
Seattle Children’s Hospital
Seattle, WA
USA
Jeffrey A. Conwell
Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Heart Center
University of Washington School of Medicine
Seattle Children’s Hospital
Seattle, WA
USA
Rosanna Coppo
Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit
Regina Margherita University Children’s Hospital
Turin
Italy
Domenico Corrado
Division of Cardiology
Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences
University of Padua Medical School
Padova
Italy
Paula Costanzo
Division of Respiratory Medicine
Rady Children’s Hospital of San Diego
San Diego, CA
USA
Robert A. Cowles
Morgan Stanley Children’s Hospital of
NewYork-Presbyterian
Columbia University Medical Center
New York, NY
USA
Peter N. Cox
Department of Critical Care Medicine
Hospital for Sick Children
Toronto, ON
Canada
Mara G. Coyle
Department of Pediatrics
Alpert Medical School of Brown University
Providence, RI
USA
and
Department of Pediatrics
Brown Medical School Women & Infants Hospital
Providence, RI
USA
T. Coyne-Beasley
Division of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine
University of North Carolina
Chapel Hill, NC
USA
Amanda W. Dale-Shall
Department of Pediatrics
Division of Nephrology and Hypertension
Levine Children’s Hospital at Carolinas Medical Center
Charlotte, NC
USA
xxiv List of Contributors
Peter Davis
The Royal Women’s Hospital
Melborne, VIC
Australia
Meghan Delaney
Puget Sound Blood Center
Seattle, WA
USA
Thomas G. DeLoughery
Division of Hematology/Medical Oncology
Department of Medicine and Division of
Laboratory Medicine
Department of Pathology, Hematology L586
Oregon Health Sciences University
Portland, OR
USA
Penelope H. Dennehy
Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases
Department of Pediatrics
Hasbro Children’s Hospital
The Alpert Medical School of Brown University
Providence, RI
USA
Meena P. Desai
Sir Hurkisondas Nurrotumdas Hospital &
Research Centre
Mumbai
India
Maria Descartes
Department of Genetics
University of Alabama
Birmingham, AL
USA
Shireesha Dhanireddy
Division of Allergy & Infectious Diseases
University of Washington
Seattle, WA
USA
Alicia Dixon Docter
Department of Family and Child Nursing
Seattle Children’s Hospital M/S: W-3726
University of Washington
Seattle, WA
USA
William K. Dolen
Department of Pediatrics
Division of Allergy-Immunology and Rheumatology
Medical College of Georgia at the Georgia Health
Sciences University
Augusta, GA
USA
Tavey Dorofaeff
Royal Children’s Hospital
Herston, Brisbane
Australia
Ami Doshi
Division of Hospital Medicine
Department of Pediatrics
University of California San Diego
Rady Children’s Hospital
San Diego, CA
USA
J. Burton Douglass
Cumberland Gap Orthodontics, Inc.
Harrogate, TN
USA
Craig P. Eberson
Department of Orthopaedics
Warren Alpert School of Medicine Brown University
Providence, RI
USA
Burhan Edrees
Umm Al-Qura University
Makkah
Saudi Arabia
Jochen H. H. Ehrich
Department of Pediatric Kidney, Liver and
Metabolic Diseases
Children’s Hospital
Hannover Medical School
Hannover
Germany
Mohammad El Baba
Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology
Wayne State University School of Medicine
Children’s Hospital of Michigan
Detroit, MI
USA
List of Contributors xxv
Mohamed A. El Guindi
Hepatology, and Nutrition, National Liver Institute
Menoufiya University
Cairo
Egypt
Mohammad I. El Mouzan
Department of Pediatrics (gastroenterology)
College of Medicine & King Khaled University Hospital
King Saud University
Riyadh
Saudi Arabia
Hassan El Solh
King Fahad National Centre for Children’s Cancer
King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre
Riyadh
Saudi Arabia
Mohammed El-Bali
Department of Medical Parasitology
Umm Al-Qura University
Makkah
Saudi Arabia
Afif El-Khuffash
Department of Neonatology
Hospital for Sick Children
Toronto, ON
Canada
Mortada El-Shabrawi
Department of Pediatrics
Cairo University
Mohandesseen, Cairo
Egypt
Abdelaziz Y. Elzouki
Faculty of Medicine
Umm Al-Qura University
Makkah
Saudi Arabia
Ilgi O. Ertem
Department of Pediatrics
Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics Unit
Ankara University School of Medicine
Ankara
Turkey
Yolanda Evans
Adolescent Medicine, General Pediatrics
Seattle Children’s Hospital, M/S: W-7831
Seattle, WA
USA
Melanie D. Everitt
Division of Pediatric Cardiology
University of Utah
Salt Lake City, UT
USA
Paul D. Fadale
Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University/
Rhode Island Hospital
Providence, RI
USA
Leonard G. Feld
Department of Pediatrics
Levine Children’s Hospital at Carolinas Medical Center
Charlotte, NC
USA
Heidi M. Feldman
Department of Pediatrics
Stanford University School of Medicine
Palo Alto, CA
USA
and
Department of Pediatrics
Stanford University School of Medicine
Stanford, CA
USA
Philip R. Fischer
Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine
Mayo Clinic
Rochester, MN
USA
Peter G. Fitzgibbons
Department of Orthopedics
Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University
Providence, RI
USA
xxvi List of Contributors
Thomas A. Fleisher
Department of Laboratory Medicine
NIH Clinical Center
National Institutes of Health
Bethesda, MD
USA
Veronica H. Flood
Department of Pediatrics
Medical College of Wisconsin
Milwaukee, WI
USA
Joseph T. Flynn
Division of Nephrology
Seattle Children’s Hospital
Seattle, Washington, DC
USA
John W. Foreman
Department of Pediatrics
Duke University Medical Center
Durham, NC
USA
John R. Fowler
Department of Orthopaedics
Temple University Hospital
Philadelphia, PA
USA
Doris Franke
Department of Pediatric Kidney, Liver and
Metabolic Diseases
Children’s Hospital
Hannover Medical School
Hannover
Germany
Aaron Friedman
Medical School Dean’s Office
University of Minnesota
Minneapolis, MN
USA
John N. Gaitanis
Division of Biology and Medicine
The Warren Alpert School of Medicine at
Brown University
Hasbro Children’s Hospital
Providence, RI
USA
Christopher Gasbarre
Dermatology and Plastic Surgery Institute,
Cleveland Clinic
Cleveland, OH
USA
Generoso G. Gascon
RHCI for Children
Forestdale, MA
USA
Marco Gattorno
UO Pediatria II (2nd Division of Pediatrics)
G. Gaslini Scientific Institute for Children
Genoa
Italy
Nicole Gebran
Department of Pharmacy Services
Tawam Hospital
Al Ain, Abu Dhabi
UAE
Fayez K. Ghishan
Department of Pediatrics
Steele Children’s Research Center
University of Arizona
Tucson, AZ
USA
and
Department of Pediatrics
College of Medicine University of Arizona
Tucson, AZ
USA
Ann Giesel
Pediatrics, Adolescent Medicine
Seattle Children’s Hospital M/S: W-7831
Seattle, WA
USA
List of Contributors xxvii
Mark A. Gilger
Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition,
Baylor College of Medicine
Texas Children’s Hospital
Houston, TX
USA
Mary Margaret Gleason
Tulane University School of Medicine
New Orleans, LA
USA
Jason Glover
Pediatric Hematology & Oncology
Doernbecher Children’s Hospital, Oregon Health &
Science University
Portland, OR
USA
Neil A. Goldenberg
Department of Hematology
The Children’s Hospital-Denver and University of
Colorado Hemophila and Thrombosis Center
Aurora, CO
USA
Allan M. Goldstein
Department of Pediatric Surgery
Massachusetts General Hospital
Harvard Medical School
Boston, MA
USA
Harald P. M. Gollnick
Department of Dermatology & Venereology
Otto-von-Guericke University
Magdeburg
Germany
Marah Gotcsik
Department of Pediatrics
University of Washington
Seattle, WA
USA
Phillip W. Graham
Behavioral Health and Criminal Justice Division
RTI International
NC
USA
Daniel Greenberg
Oregon Health Sciences University
Portland, OR
USA
Elke Griesmaier
Department of Pediatrics IV, Neonatology,
Neuropaediatrics and Metabolic Diseases
Medical University Innsbruck
Innsbruck
Austria
Erica R. Gross
Division of Pediatric Surgery
Morgan Stanley Children’s Hospital
New York-Presbyterian
Columbia University
New York, NY
USA
Linda S. Grossman
Baltimore County Department of Health
Baltimore, MD
USA
James T. Guille
Division of Pediatrics Orthopaedics
Brandywine Orthopaedics
Pottstown, PA
USA
Michelle Gurvitz
Department of Cardiology/BACH
Children’s Hospital Boston
Boston, MA
USA
Robin H. Gurwitch
National Center for School Crisis and Bereavement
Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics
Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center
Cincinnati, OH
USA
Generoso Gutierrez-Gascon
Pediatric Neurology Unit
Department of Neurology
Massachusetts General Hospital
Boston, MA
USA
xxviii List of Contributors
Raul Gutierrez-Suarez
Department of Rheumatology
Hospital General de Mexico
Mexico DF
Mexico
Gabriel G. Haddad
Divisions of Respiratory Medicine and Neurosciences
Department of Pediatrics
University of California San Diego
Rady Children’s Hospital San Diego
San Diego, CA
USA
Issam M. Halabi
Department of Pediatrics
University of Illinois
College of Medicine
Peoria, IL
USA
Kristina M. Haley
Pediatric Hematology/Oncology
Oregon Health & Science University
Portland, OR
USA
Margaret R. Hammerschlag
Division of Infectious Diseases
Department of Pediatrics
State University of New York Downstate Medical Center
Brooklyn, NY
USA
Abdel-Hai Hammo
Department of Pediatrics
Tufts University Brockton Hospital
Brockton, MA
USA
Eckart Haneke
Dermatology Practice
Dermaticum
Freiburg
Germany
and
Department of Dermatology
University of Berne
Inselspital
Switzerland
and
Centro de Dermatologıa
Inst CUF
Porto
Portugal
and
Department of Dermatology
Acad Hosp, University of Ghent
Belgium
Coral D. Hanevold
Division of Pediatric Nephrology
University of Washington School of Medicine Seattle
Children’s Hospital
Seattle, WA
USA
Robin L. Hansen
Department of Pediatrics
UC Davis Children’s Hospital and UC Davis MIND
Institute
Sacramento, CA
USA
Bruce G. Hardy
Division of Pediatric Cardiology
University of Washington School of Medicine
Seattle, WA
USA
Harb A. Harfi
National Center of Allergy, Asthma
and Immunology (NCAAI)
Riyadh
Saudi Arabia
Fuad Hashem
Department of Surgery
King Faisel Specialist Hospital and Research Center
Riyadh
Saudi Arabia
Fetouh Hassanin
Misr International University
Cairo
Egypt
Kirsten Hawkins
Department of Pediatrics, Adolescent Medicine
Georgetown University School of Medicine
Washington, DC
USA
List of Contributors xxix
Elise M. Herro
Division of Dermatology
University of California
San Diego - Rady Children’s Hospital
San Diego, CA
USA
Geoffrey Heyer
Division of Child Neurology
Ohio State College of Medicine
Columbus, OH
USA
Rosemary D. Higgins
Pregnancy and Perinatology Branch, Center for
Developmental Biology and Perinatal Medicine
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child
Health and Human Development, National Institutes of
Health
Bethesda, MD
USA
Pamela High
Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics
The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University
Providence, RI
USA
Omar M. Hijazi
Division of Pediatric Cardiac ICU
Department of Cardiac Sciences
King Abdul Aziz Cardiac Center
King Abdul Aziz Medical City
King Fahad National Guard Hospital
Riyadh
Saudi Arabia
Yamini Jagannath Howe
Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics
The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University
Providence, RI
USA
Peter F. Hoyer
Department of Pediatric Nephrology
University Children’s Hospital
Essen
Germany
Taosheng Huang
Department of Pediatrics
University of California
Irvine, CA
USA
Michael J. Hulstyn
Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University/
Rhode Island Hospital
Providence, RI
USA
Khalid Hussain
The London Centre for Paediatric Endocrinology and
Metabolism
Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust
London
UK
and
Developmental Endocrinology Research Group
Molecular Genetics Unit
Institute of Child Health
University College London
London
UK
Jeffrey W. Hutchinson
Department of Adolescent Medicine
National Naval Medical Center and Walter Reed Army
Medical Center
Uniformed Services University
Bethesda, MD
USA
Donna Huynh
University of Maryland School of Pharmacy
Baltimore, MD
USA
Lisa F. Imundo
Department of Pediatrics
Columbia University Medical Center
New York, NY
USA
Natascia Di Iorgi
Department of Pediatrics, IRCCS
Giannina Gaslini - University of Genova
Genova
Italy
xxx List of Contributors
Michael B. Ishitani
Division of Pediatric Surgery
Mayo Clinic and Foundation
Rochester, MN
USA
Sharon E. Jacob
Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery
University of California
San Diego - Rady Children’s Hospital
San Diego, CA
USA
Richard F. Jacobs
Department of Pediatrics
University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences College of
Medicine
Little Rock, AR
USA
Chela James
The London Centre for Paediatric Endocrinology and
Metabolism
Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust
WC1N 3JH and the Institute of Child Health University
College
London
UK
Annie Janvier
Department of Pediatrics and Clinical Ethics
Sainte-Justine Hospital
University of Montreal
Montreal, Quebec
Canada
Howard E. Jeffries
Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine
Seattle Children’s Hospital
University of Washington School of Medicine
(J.E.A. and H.E.J.)
Seattle, WA
USA
Troy A. Johnston
Heart Center
University of Washington/Seattle Children’s Hospital
Seattle, WA
USA
Deborah P. Jones
University of Tennessee Health Science Center
Children’s Foundation Research Center at Le Bonheur
Children’s Medical Center
Memphis, TN
USA
Suliman Al Jumaah
Department of Pediatrics, MBC 58
King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre
Riyadh
Saudi Arabia
Tara Karamlou
Heart Center
Seattle Children’s Hospital
Seattle, WA
USA
Clifford E. Kashtan
Department of Pediatrics
Division of Pediatric Nephrology
University of Minnesota Medical School
Minneapolis, MN
USA
Laura Kastner
Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences
School of Medicine
University of Washington
Seattle, WA
USA
Julia A. Katarincic
Department of Orthopedic Surgery
Warren Alpert Medical School Brown University
Providence, RI
USA
Jeremy Katcher
Kirkwood, MO
USA
Elizabeth M. Keating
Mayo Medical School
Mayo Clinic
Rochester, MN
USA
List of Contributors xxxi
Steven Keiles
Ambry Genetics
Aliso Viejo, CA
USA
Matthias Keller
Department of Pediatrics I, Neonatology and Pediatric
Neurology
University Hospital Essen
Essen
Germany
Mariska S. Kemna
Division of Cardiology
Department of Pediatrics
Seattle Children’s Hospital
University of Washington
Seattle, WA
USA
Sean E. Kennedy
Department of Nephrology
Sydney Children’s Hospital & School of Women’s &
Children’s Health University of New South Wales
Sydney, NSW
Australia
Martin Keszler
Department of Pediatrics
Women and Infants Hospital of Rhode Island
The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University
Brown University
Providence, RI
USA
Melissa Ketunuti
Division of Infectious Diseases
Department of Pediatrics
The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia
University of Pennsylvania
Philadelphia, PA
USA
Najwa Khuri-Bulos
Pediatric Infectious Diseases
Jordan University Hospital
Amman
Jordan
David W. Kimberlin
Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases
Sergio Stagno Endowed Chair in Pediatric
Infectious Diseases
The University of Alabama at Birmingham
Birmingham, AL
USA
Shyla Kishore
Paediatric Gastroenterology
St. George’s Hospital NHS Health Care Trust
London
UK
Aziz Koleilat
Department of Pediatrics
Makassed University General Hospital
Beirut
Lebanon
Isabelle Kone-Paut
Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Rheumatology
National Reference Center for
Auto-Inflammatory Disorders
Bicetre University Hospital
Le Kremlin Bicetre
France
Bruce R. Korf
Department of Genetics
University of Alabama
Birmingham, AL
USA
Michael P. Koster
Hasbro Children’s Hospital
Alpert Medical School of Brown University
Providence, RI
USA
Sanjeev Kothare
Division of Sleep Medicine
Harvard Medical School
Boston, MA
USA
Martin A. Koyle
Division of Pediatric Urology
The Hospital for Sick Children
Toronto, ON
USA
xxxii List of Contributors
James Krebs
Experiential Education
University of New England
College of Pharmacy
Portland, ME
USA
Douglas W. Kress
Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh
University of Pittsburgh 11279 Perry Highway
Wexford, PA
USA
Vibha Krishnamurthy
Ummeed Child Development Center
Mumbai, Maharashtra
India
Karthik Krishnan
Department of Pediatrics
Division of Allergy-Immunology and Rheumatology
Medical College of Georgia at the Georgia Health
Sciences University
Augusta, GA
USA
Matthew P. Kronman
Division of Infectious Diseases
Department of Pediatrics
Seattle Children’s Hospital
University of Washington
Seattle, WA
USA
Arlet G. Kurkchubasche
Department of Surgery
Alpert Medical School of Brown University
Providence, RI
USA
and
Hasbro Children’s Hospital
Providence, RI
USA
Peter Kurre
Department of Pediatrics
Oregon Health and Science University
Portland, OR
USA
John D. Lantos
Children’s Mercy Bioethics Center
Children’s Mercy Hospital
Kansas City, MO
USA
Bianca Lattanzi
Dipartimento di Scienze Pediatriche G. De Toni
Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico
G. Gaslini
Genoa
Italy
Yuk M. Law
Division of Cardiology
Department of Pediatrics
Seattle Children’s Hospital
University of Washington
Seattle, WA
USA
Mark C. Lee
Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgery
University of Connecticut
Connecticut Children’s Medical Center
Hartford, CT
USA
Ting-Wen An Lee
Division of Pediatric Endocrinology
Children’s Hospital at Montefiore
Albert Einstein College of Medicine
Bronx, NY
USA
Mark B. Lewin
Heart Center
Seattle Children’s Hospital
Seattle, WA
USA
Meerana Lim
Division of Respiratory Medicine
University of California, San Diego
Rady Children’s Hospital of San Diego
San Diego, CA
USA
List of Contributors xxxiii
Susan J. Lindemulder
Department of Pediatrics
Oregon Health and Science University
Portland, OR
USA
Jonathan Lipton
Department of Neurology
Center for Pediatric Sleep Disorders
Children’s Hospital Boston
Boston, MA
USA
Warren Lo
Division of Child Neurology
Ohio State College of Medicine
Columbus, OH
USA
Sara A. Lohser
Department of Dermatology
Institute of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery
Cleveland Clinic Foundation
Cleveland, OH
USA
Rebecca Loret de Mola
Department of Pediatrics
Division of Hematology/Oncology
Oregon Health and Science University
Portland, OR
USA
Edward J. Lose
Department of Genetics
University of Alabama
Birmingham, AL
USA
Michael Loubser
Infinity Health Clinic
Dubai
UAE
Francois I. Luks
Division of Pediatric Surgery
Hasbro Children’s Hospital
Providence, RI
USA
and
Division of Pediatric Surgery
Alpert Medical School of Brown University and
Hasbro Children’s Hospital
Providence, RI
USA
John B. Lynch
University of Washington School of Medicine
Seattle, WA
USA
Andrew James Lyon
Simpson Centre for Reproductive Health
Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh
Edinburgh, Midlothian
UK
Michelle M. Macias
Medical University of South Carolina
Charleston, SC
USA
Benjamin Mackowiak
University of Washington Medical Center
Seattle, WA
USA
Kenneth J. Mack
Division of Child and Adolescent Neurology
Mayo Clinic
Rochester, MN
USA
Mohamad Maghnie
Department of Pediatrics
IRCCS Giannina Gaslini, Gaslini
University of Genova
Genova
Italy
Anthony E. Magit
Rady Children’s Hospital of San Diego
San Diego, CA
USA
Pierre Quartier dit Maire
Hematology and Rheumatology Unit
Universite Paris-Descartes and Pediatric Immunology
Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital
Paris
France
xxxiv List of Contributors
Suman Malempati
Department of Pediatrics
Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology
Oregon Health & Science University
Portland, OR
USA
Daniel P. Mallon
Department of Pediatrics
University Washington School of Medicine
Seattle, WA
USA
Ahmad A. Mallouh
Jordan Hospital
Amman
Jordan
Trond Markestad
Department of Pediatrics
Institute of Clinical Medicine
Haukeland University Hospital
University of Bergen
Bergen
Norway
Carol Marquez
Department of Radiation Medicine
Oregon Health and Science University
Portland, OR
USA
Alberto Martini
Department of Pediatrics
University of Genoa
Pediatria II e Reumatologia
Istituto G. Gaslini
Genoa
Italy
Michael J. Mason
Department of Education and Human Services
366 Villanova University
Villanova, PA
USA
Christine A. Matarese
Division of Child and Adolescent Neurology
Mayo Clinic
Rochester, MN
USA
Abdulrahman M. Al Mazrou
Section of Pediatric Infectious Diseases
Department of Pediatrics
King Saud University and King Fahad Medical City
Riyadh
Saudi Arabia
Evelina Mazzolari
Department of Pediatrics
University of Brescia
Brescia
Italy
Elizabeth McCauley
Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences
Division of Child Psychiatry
University of Washington/Seattle Children’s Hospital
Seattle, WA
USA
Kenneth L. McClain
Department of Pediatrics
Texas Children’s Cancer Center and Hematology Service
Baylor College of Medicine
Houston, TX
USA
Jonathan A. McCullers
Department of Infectious Diseases
St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital
Memphis, TN
USA
Patrick J. McNamara
Department of Neonatology
Hospital for Sick Children
Toronto, ON
Canada
Robyn Mehlenbeck
Department of Psychology
George Mason University
Fairfax, VA
USA
Hector Mendez-Figueroa
Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Women and Infants’ Hospital of Brown University
Providence, RI
USA
List of Contributors xxxv
David J. Michelson
LLU Division of Child Neurology
Loma Linda University School of Medicine
Loma Linda, CA
USA
Giorgina Mieli-Vergani
Paediatric Liver, GI and Nutrition Centre
King’s College London School of Medicine at King’s
College Hospital
London
UK
Federico Migliore
Division of Cardiology
Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences
University of Padua Medical School
Padova
Italy
Michelle A. Miller
Pediatric Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
The Ohio State University Medical School/Nationwide
Children’s Hospital
Columbus, OH
USA
Tamir Miloh
Department of Pediatrics
Mount Sinai School of Medicine New York University
New York, NY
USA
Mohamad Miqdady
Pediatric Institute
Sheikh Khalifa Medical City/Managed by
Cleveland Clinic
Abu Dhabi
UAE
Neena Modi
Section of Neonatal Medicine
Department of Medicine
Imperial College London
Chelsea & Westminster campus
London
UK
Hadi Mohseni-Bod
Department of Critical Care Medicine
University of Toronto
Hospital for Sick Children
Toronto
Canada
Keith O. Monchik
Department of Orthopedic Surgery
Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University/
Rhode Island Hospital
Providence, RI
USA
John Moore
Section of Cardiology
Department of Pediatrics
University of California San Diego School of Medicine
Rady Children’s Hospital
San Diego, CA
USA
Jill A. Morgan
University of Maryland School of Pharmacy
Baltimore, MD
USA
Colin J. Morley
Department of Neonatal Medicines
Royal Women’s Hospital
Carlton, VIC
Australia
Amir Mostofi
Hand and Upper Extremity Surgery
Risser Orthopaedic Group
Pasadena, CA
USA
Manuel Moya
Pediatric Department
University M. Hernandez/Hospital Universitario S.Juan
San Juan, Alicante
Spain
Maka Mshvildadze
Chachava Scientific-Research Institute of Perinatal
Medicine Obstetrics and Gynecology
Tbilisi, GA
USA
xxxvi List of Contributors
Mary K. Mulcahey
Department of Orthopedic Surgery
Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University/
Rhode Island Hospital
Providence, RI
USA
Christopher S. Muratore
Department of Surgery
Division of Pediatric Surgery
Rhode Island Hospital/Hasbro Children’s Hospital
Providence, RI
USA
Mahmoud M. Mustafa
Jimmy Everest Cancer Center
Children’s Hospital of Oklahoma
Oklahoma City, OK
USA
Radhika Muzumdar
Division of Pediatric Endocrinology
Children’s Hospital at Montefiore
Albert Einstein College of Medicine
Bronx, NY
USA
Arti Nanda
Pediatric Dermatology
As’ad Al-Hamad Dermatology Center
Salmiya
Kuwait
Jack H. Nassau
Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University
Providence, RI
USA
David Nathalang
Division of Pediatric Critical Care
University of Arizona
Tucson, AZ
USA
Simona Nativ
Department of Pediatrics
Columbia University Medical Center
Children’s Hospital of New York
New York, NY
USA
Kellie J. Nazemi
Department of Pediatrics
Division of Hematology/Oncology
Oregon Health and Science University
Portland, OR
USA
Dena Nazer
Department of Pediatrics
Wayne State University
Children’s Hospital of Michigan
Detroit, MI
USA
Lama H. Nazer
Department of Pharmacy
King Hussein Cancer Center
Amman
Jordan
Hisham M. Nazer
Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Clinical
Nutrition
University of Jordan
Islamic Hospital
Amman
Jordan
Deepika Nehra
Department of Surgery
Massachusetts General Hospital
Harvard Medical School
Boston, MA
USA
Eneida R. Nemecek
Department of Pediatrics
Oregon Health and Science University
Portland, OR
USA
Josef Neu
Division of Neonatology
University of Florida
Gainesville, FL
USA
List of Contributors xxxvii
Patrick Niaudet
Service de Nephrologie Pediatrique
Hopital Necker-Enfants Malades
Universite Paris-Descartes
Paris
France
H. Stacy Nicholson
Department of Pediatrics
Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology
Oregon Health & Science University
Portland, OR
USA
Cory Noel
Seattle Children’s Hospital
Seattle, WA
USA
Luigi D. Notarangelo
Division of Immunology
Children’s Hospital Harvard Medical School
Boston, MA
USA
Cyrus Nozad
Cordova, TN
USA
William Oh
Department of Pediatrics
Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University
Women and Infants Hospital
Providence, RI
USA
Aaron K. Olson
Heart Center
Seattle Children’s Hospital
University of Washington
Seattle, WA
USA
Jordan S. Orange
Department of Pediatrics
The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia University of
Pennsylvania School of Medicine
Philadelphia, PA
USA
Fatih Ozaltin
Department of Pediatric Nephrology and
Rheumatology
Hacettepe University
Ankara
Turkey
Pinar T. Ozand
Department of Genetics
King Faisal Specialist Hospital
Riyadh
Saudi Arabia
and
Department of Pediatrics and Department of Biological
and Medical Research
King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre
Riyadh
Saudi Arabia
Seza Ozen
Department of Pediatric Nephrology and
Rheumatology
Hacettepe University
Ankara
Turkey
M. Jason Palmer
The Hand Center
Greenville, SC
USA
Vincent J. Palusci
Frances L. Loeb Child Protection and Development
Center Bellevue Hospital Center
New York University School of Medicine
New York, NY
USA
Lars Pape
Department of Pediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic
Diseases
Children’s Hospital
Hannover Medical School
Hannover
Germany
Kristine A. Parbuoni
Department of Pharmacy Services
University of Maryland Medical Center
Baltimore, MD
USA
xxxviii List of Contributors
Sung Min Park
Division of Respiratory Medicine
Rady Children’s Hospital of San Diego
San Diego, CA
USA
Bradley Peterson
Division of Pediatric Critical Care
Rady Children’s Hospital of San Diego
San Diego, CA
USA
Juan Piantino
Department of Pediatrics
University of Chicago Medical Center
Chicago, IL
USA
Richard Plavka
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Division of Neonatology
Charles University
Prague
Czech Republic
Nina Poliak
Department of Pediatrics
The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia University of
Pennsylvania School of Medicine
Philadelphia, PA
USA
Jennifer K. Poon
Medical University of South Carolina
Charleston, SC
USA
Jay M. Portnoy
Section of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology
The Children’s Mercy Hospitals & Clinics
University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine
Kansas City, MO
USA
Priya Prabhakaran
Division of Pediatric Critical Care
University of Alabama at Birmingham
Birmingham, AL
USA
Rowena C. Punzalan
Department of Pediatrics
Medical College of Wisconsin
Milwaukee, WI
USA
and
Blood Center of Wisconsin
Milwaukee, WI
USA
Jose Bernardo Quintos
Department of Pediatrics
The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University
Providence, RI
USA
Tonse N. K. Raju
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child
Health and Human Development
Bethesda, MD
USA
Jayashree Ramasethu
Division of Neonatology
Georgetown University Hospital
Washington, DC
USA
Soud Al Rasheed
King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences
Riyadh
Saudi Arabia
Angelo Ravelli
Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico
G. Gaslini
Genoa
Italy
and
Dipartimento di Scienze Pediatriche G. De Toni
Universita degli Studi di Genova
Genoa
Italy
Mohamed Rawashdeh
Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology & Nutrition,
The Medical School
Jordan University of Science & Technology
Irbid
Jordan
List of Contributors xxxix
Jamal Raza
National Institute of Child Health
Karachi
Pakistan
Michael Recht
Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology
Oregon Health and Science University
Portland, OR
USA
Lesley Rees
Department of Nephrology
Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust
London
UK
Gabriela M. Repetto
Centro de Genetica Humana
Department of Pediatrics and Unidad de Gestion
Clınica del Nino
Facultad de Medicina
Clınica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo
Clınica Alemana and Hospital Padre Hurtado
Lo Barnechea, Santiago
Chile
Jorge D. Reyes
Department of Surgery
University of Washington School of Medicine
Seattle, WA
USA
Nameeta P. Richard
Pediatric Hematology/Oncology
Oregon Health & Science University
Portland, OR
USA
Steve E. Roach
Division of Child Neurology
Ohio State College of Medicine
Columbus, OH
USA
Stephen S. Roberts
Department of Pediatrics
Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences
Bethesda, MD
USA
C. Anita Robinson
Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine
Albert Einstein Medical Center
Philadelphia, PA
USA
Andrew R. Rosenberg
Department of Nephrology
Sydney Children’s Hospital & School of Women’s &
Children’s Health University of New South Wales
Sydney, NSW
Australia
Carlos D. Rose
Pediatric Rheumatology
DuPont Children’s Hospital and Thomas Jefferson
University
Wilmington, DE
USA
Shannon A. Ross
Department of Pediatrics
University of Alabama School of Medicine
Birmingham, AL
USA
Nicolino Ruperto
IRCCS G. Gaslini
Universita di Genova
Pediatria II – Reumatologia – PRINTO
EULAR Centre of Excellence in Rheumatology
2008-2013
Genoa
Italy
Zbigniew Ruszczak
Division of Dermatology
Department of Medicine
Institute of Medicine
Sheikh Khalifa Medical City
Abu Dhabi
UAE
Julie Ryu
Department of Pediatrics
Division of Respiratory Medicine
University of California San Diego and
Rady Children’s Hospital of San Diego
La Jolla, CA
USA
xl List of Contributors
Camille Sabella
Center for Pediatric Infectious Diseases
Children’s Hospital
Cleveland Clinic Foundation
Cleveland, OH
USA
Paul Saenger
Division of Pediatric Endocrinology
Children’s Hospital at Montefiore
Albert Einstein College of Medicine
Bronx, NY
USA
Brian Safier
Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology,
Department of Pediatrics
Women and Children’s Hospital of Buffalo
Buffalo, NY
USA
Mustafa A. M. Salih
Division of Pediatric Neurology
Department of Pediatrics
College of Medicine and King Khalid University Hospital
King Saud University
Riyadh
Saudi Arabia
Maria A. Salinas
Department of Pediatrics
Stanford University School of Medicine
Stanford, CA
USA
Hugh A. Sampson
Department of Pediatrics
Jaffe Food Allergy Institute
The Mount Sinai Medical Center
New York
USA
Ian R. Sanderson
Centre for Digestive Diseases
Blizard Institute
Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry
Queen Mary
University of London
London
UK
Sami A. Sanjad
Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine
American University of Beirut
Beirut
Lebanon
Fernando Santos
Facultad de Medicinia
Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias
University of Oviedo
Oviedo, Asturias
Spain
Jonathan R. Schiller
Department of Orthopaedics
Warren Alpert Medical School Brown University
Providence, RI
USA
David J. Schonfeld
National Center for School Crisis and Bereavement
Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics
Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center
Cincinnati, OH
USA
Amy H. Schultz
Heart Center
Seattle Children’s Hospital
Seattle, WA
USA
Andrea Secco
Department of Pediatrics, IRCCS
Giannina Gaslini - University of Genova
Genova
Italy
Senthil Senniappan
The London Centre for Paediatric Endocrinology and
Metabolism
Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust
WC1N 3JH and the Institute of Child Health
University College London
London
UK
List of Contributors xli
Stephen P. Seslar
Heart Center
Seattle Children’s Hospital
Seattle, WA
USA
Taraneh Shafii
Department of Pediatrics
Division of Adolescent Medicine
University of Washington School of Medicine
Seattle, WA
USA
and
Public Health-Seattle & King County
Seattle, WA
USA
Nalini S. Shah
Seth G. S. Medical College
K. E. M. Hospital
Parel, Mumbai
India
Jumana Shammout
Franklin Lakes, NJ
USA
Stephanya Shear
Pediatric Urology
Seattle Children’s Hospital
Seattle, WA
USA
Samir Shehab
Department of Pediatrics
Doernbecher Children’s Hospital
Oregon Health and Science University
Portland, OR
USA
Masako Shimamura
Department of Pediatrics
University of Alabama School of Medicine
Birmingham, AL
USA
Salah Shohieb
Faculty of Medicine
Tanta University
Tanta
Egypt
Janelle Shumate
Wake Teen Medical Services
Raleigh, NC
USA
Namita Singh
Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition
Seattle Children’s Hospital
Seattle, WA
USA
Justin Skripak
Department of Pediatrics
The Mount Sinai Medical Center
New York
USA
Rania Slika
Department of Pharmacy Services
Tawam Hospital
Al Ain, Abu Dhabi
UAE
Brian D. Soriano
Heart Center
Seattle Children’s Hospital
Seattle, WA
USA
Mark A. Sperling
Department of Pediatrics
Division of Endocrinology
University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh, PA
USA
F. Bruder Stapleton
Department of Pediatrics
Seattle Children’s Hospital University of Washington
School of Medicine
Seattle, WA
USA
Laurel Steinmetz
Seattle Children’s Hospital
University of Washington School of Medicine
Seattle, WA
USA
xlii List of Contributors
Bonnie E. Stephens
The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University
Providence, RI
USA
and
Department of Pediatrics
Women and Infants Hospital
Providence, RI
USA
Karen Stout
Heart Center
Seattle Children’s Hospital
University of Washington
Seattle, WA
USA
Stephanie H. Stovall
Department of Pediatrics
University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences College of
Medicine
Little Rock, AR
USA
Erin R. Stucky
Division of Hospital Medicine
Department of Pediatrics
University of California San Diego
Rady Children’s Hospital San Diego
San Diego, CA
USA
S. H. Subramony
Department of Neurology
McKnight Brain Institute
University of Florida
College of Medicine
Gainesville, FL
USA
Fredrick J. Suchy
The Children’s Hospital Research Institute
The Children’s Hospital
Department of Pediatrics
Child Health Research University of Colorado School of
Medicine
Aurora, CO
USA
and
Department of Pediatrics
Mount Sinai School of Medicine New York University
New York, NY
USA
Gaafar I. Suliman
Dr. Gaafar Ibnauf Children’s Specialized Hospital
Khartoum
Sudan
Andrea P. Summer
Department of Pediatrics
Medical University of South Carolina
Charleston
USA
Manika Suryadevara
Department of Peidatrics
Upstate Medical University
Syracuse, NY
USA
Jordan M. Symons
Department of Pediatrics
University of Washington School of Medicine
Seattle, WA
USA
Brian G. Tang
Department of Pediatrics
Stanford University School of Medicine
Stanford, CA
USA
Lloyd Y. Tani
Division of Pediatric Cardiology
University of Utah
Salt Lake City, UT
USA
J. Channing Tassone
Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin
Milwaukee, WI
USA
List of Contributors xliii
James S. Taylor
Department of Dermatology
Institute of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery
Cleveland, OH
USA
AbdulWahab M. A. Telmesani
Department of Pediatrics
College of Medicine
Umm Al-Qura University
Makkah
Saudi Arabia
Rajan K. Thakkar
Department of Surgery
Alpert Medical School of Brown University and Rhode
Island Hospital
Providence, RI
USA
Gaetano Thiene
Cardiovascular Pathology
Department of Medical-Diagnostic Sciences
University of Padua
Padua
Italy
Kenneth J. Tomecki
Department of Dermatology
Institute of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery
Cleveland Clinic Foundation
Cleveland, OH
USA
Jeffrey A. Towbin
Department of Pediatrics
Divisions of Pediatric Cardiology and Genetics
Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and
University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
Cincinnati, OH
USA
Thomas F. Tracy
Department of Surgery
Alpert Medical School Brown University
Providence, RI
USA
Tu-Anh Tran
Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Rheumatology
National Reference Center for Auto-Inflammatory
Disorders
Bicetre University Hospital
Le Kremlin Bicetre
France
Richard S. Trompeter
Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust
London
UK
Daniel S. Tsze
Department of Pediatrics
Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine
Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons
New York, NY
USA
Christer Ullbro
Department of Dentistry
King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center
Riyadh
Saudi Arabia
Anton H. van Kaam
Department of Neonatology
Emma Children’s Hospital
Academic Medical Center
Amsterdam
The Netherlands
Marcia Wenner VanVleet
Department of Pediatrics
The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University
Providence, RI
USA
and
Women and Infants Hospital
Providence, RI
USA
Roshni Vara
Department of Inherited Metabolic Disease
Evelina Children’s Hospital
St Thomas’ Hospital
London
UK
xliv List of Contributors
Louise Elaine Vaz
Department of Pediatrics
Virgina Mason Medical Center
Sand Point Pediatrics
Seattle, WA
USA
Maximo Vento
Neonatal Research Unit
Division of Neonatology
University Hospital Materno-Infantil La Fe
Valencia
Spain
Joris Robert Vermeesch
Center for Human Genetics
Catholic University of Leuven
Leuven
Belgium
Margaret MacMillan Vernon
Heart Center
Seattle Children’s Hospital
Seattle, WA
USA
Bernadette Vitola
Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin
Milwaukee, WI
USA
Betty R. Vohr
The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University
Providence, RI
USA
and
Department of Pediatrics
Women and Infants Hospital
Providence, RI
USA
Leslie R. Walker
Division of Adolescent Medicine
Department of Pediatrics
Children’s Hospital and Regional Medical Center
University of Washington
Seattle, WA
USA
John A. Walker-Smith
University Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology
Royal Free Hospital
London
UK
Bradley A. Warady
Pediatric Nephrology
Children’s Mercy Hospital
Kansas City, MO
USA
Garry L. Warne
Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes
Royal Children’s Hospital
Melbourne
Australia
Sandra L. Watkins
Department of Pediatrics
University of Washington Seattle Children’s Hospital
Seattle, WA
USA
Elizabeth W. Weber
Orthopedic Surgery
Connecticut Children’s Medical Center
Hartford, CT
USA
Lucy R. Wedderburn
Rheumatology Unit
Institute of Child Health
University College London (UCL)
London
UK
and
Great Ormond Street Hospital
London
UK
Lynn M. Wegner
Division of Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics
University of North Carolina
Chapel Hill, NC
USA
List of Contributors xlv
Leonard Weiner
5410 University Hospital
Upstate Medical University
Syracuse, NY
USA
Eric Werner
Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology
Children’s Specialty Group
Eastern Virginia School of Medicine
Children’s Hospital of The King’s Daughters
Norfolk, VA
USA
Richard J. Whitley
Department of Pediatrics
The University of Alabama at Birmingham
Birmingham, AL
USA
Matthew S. Wilder
Division of Pediatric Critical Care
Department of Pediatrics
University of California
San Diego
Rady Children’s Hospital
San Diego, CA
USA
Joseph I. Wolfsdorf
Department of Medicine (Division of Endocrinology)
Children’s Hospital Boston
Boston, MA
USA
Trisha E. Wong
Puget Sound Blood Center
Seattle, WA
USA
and
Pediatric Hematology/Oncology
Seattle Children’s Hospital
Seattle, WA
USA
Carine H. Wouters
Pediatric Rheumatology
Leuven University Hospital
Leuven
Belgium
Hassan M. Yaish
Department of Pediatrics
Primary Children Hospital
University of Utah
Salt Lake City, UT
USA
Hui-Kim Yap
Department of Pediatrics
Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine
National University of Singapore
Singapore
Ilya Yemets
Cardiac Surgery
The Children’s Cardiac Center
Kyiv
Ukraine
Rae S. M. Yeung
Department of Pediatrics, Immunology and
Medical Science
University of Toronto
The Hospital for Sick Children
Toronto, ON
Canada
Karyn Yonekawa
Nephrology A-7931
Seattle Children’s Hospital
Seattle, WA
USA
Christopher Young
Division of Neonatology
University of Florida
Gainesville, FL
USA
Delphine Yung
Division of Pediatric Cardiology
University of Washington
School of Medicine, Seattle Children’s Hospital
Seattle, WA
USA
xlvi List of Contributors
Alessandro Zorzi
Division of Cardiology
Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences
University of Padua Medical School
Padova
Italy
Francesco Zulian
Pediatric Rheumatology Unit
Department of Pediatrics
University of Padova
Padua
Italy
Table of Contents
Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
Co-Editors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
Section Editors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
List of Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii
Volume 1
Section 1 Genetic Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Bruce R. Korf
1 Genetics in Pediatric Medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Bruce R. Korf
2 Approach to Single-Gene Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Taosheng Huang . Steven Keiles
3 Congenital Malformation Syndromes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Gabriela M. Repetto
4 Cytogenetic Testing and Chromosomal Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Joris Robert Vermeesch . Karen Buysse
5 Principles of Genetic Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Margaret A. Chen
6 Principles of Therapeutics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Maria Descartes . Edward J. Lose
Section 2 Neonatology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83Martin Keszler
7 The Field of Neonatology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
William Oh
8 Intrauterine Development/Pregnancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Hector Mendez-Figueroa . Edward Chien
9 Transition to Extrauterine Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Anton H. van Kaam
10 Delivery Room Management of the Newly Born Infant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Maximo Vento
xlviii Table of Contents
11 General Care of the Newborn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Marcia Wenner VanVleet
12 Birth-Related Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Marcia Wenner VanVleet
13 The High-Risk Infant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Tonse N. K. Raju
14 Thermoregulation/Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Andrew James Lyon
15 Respiratory System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Martin Keszler . Kabir M. Abubakar
16 Oxygen Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Maximo Vento
17 Noninvasive Respiratory Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Peter Davis
18 Surfactant Replacement Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Richard Plavka
19 Conventional Mechanical Ventilation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Martin Keszler . Colin J. Morley
20 Mechanical Ventilation: HFV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
Anton H. van Kaam . Martin Keszler
21 Complications of Mechanical Ventilation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
Kabir M. Abubakar
22 ECMO (Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
Martin Keszler
23 Cardiovascular System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
Afif El-Khuffash . Patrick J. McNamara
24 Fluids, Electrolytes, Renal Function and Acid-Base Balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
Neena Modi
25 Gastrointestinal System and Neonatal Nutrition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
Christopher Young . Maka Mshvildadze . Josef Neu
26 Hyperbilirubinemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
William J. Cashore
27 Infections of the Fetus and Newborn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
Joseph M. Bliss
Table of Contents xlix
28 Common Endocrine Problems in Neonatology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
Jose Bernardo Quintos
29 Disorders of Glucose Homeostasis in the Newborn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
William Oh
30 Infant of Diabetic Mother . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
William Oh
31 Neonatal Hematology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
Eric Werner
32 Neonatal Neurology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
Matthias Keller . Elke Griesmaier
33 Eye Disorders of the Newborn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
Rosemary D. Higgins
34 Miscellaneous Chapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
Mara G. Coyle
35 Common Procedures in Neonatology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
Jayashree Ramasethu
36 Neurodevelopmental Follow-up and Outcomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431
Betty R. Vohr . Bonnie E. Stephens
37 Ethics and Decision Making in Neonatology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441
Annie Janvier . Keith J. Barrington . John D. Lantos
Section 3 Inborn Errors of Metabolism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449Pinar T. Ozand
38 Disorders of Organic Acid and Amino Acid Metabolism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451
Pinar T. Ozand . Mohammed Al-Essa
39 Lysosomal Storage Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515
Pinar T. Ozand . Mohammed Al-Essa
40 Osteopetrosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557
Soud A. Al-Rasheed
41 The Porphyrias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561
Hisham M. Nazer
Section 4 Developmental, Learning and Behavioral Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569Pamela High and Yvette Yatchmink
42 Normal Child Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571
Linda S. Grossman
l Table of Contents
43 Behavior Management of Medical Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583
Yamini Jagannath Howe . Robyn Mehlenbeck . Jack H. Nassau . Pamela High
44 Sensory Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 597
Heidi M. Feldman . Maria A. Salinas . Brian G. Tang
45 Disorders of Cognition, Attention, Language, and Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 613
Lynn M. Wegner . Jennifer K. Poon . Michelle M. Macias
46 Behavioral Disorders of Childhood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 635
Mary Margaret Gleason
47 Autism Spectrum Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 657
Kathleen Angkustsiri . Robin L. Hansen
48 Child Abuse and Neglect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 665
Fadheela Al-Mahroos . Dena Nazer . Vincent J. Palusci . Rachel Clingenpeel
49 Global Perspectives on Child Development and Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 681
Ilgi O. Ertem . Vibha Krishnamurthy
50 Children in Disasters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 687
David J. Schonfeld . Robin H. Gurwitch
Volume 2
Section 5 Pediatric Nutrition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 699Hisham M. Nazer
51 Breast Feeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 701
Salah Shohieb . Hisham M. Nazer
52 Formula Feeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 707
Aziz Koleilat . Hisham M. Nazer
53 Malnutrition in Infancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 711
Manuel Moya . Mahmoud Bozo . Hisham M. Nazer
54 Nutritional Modulation of Intestinal Gene Expression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 723
Ian R. Sanderson
55 Enteral Feeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 729
Mahmoud Bozo . Hisham M. Nazer
56 Parenteral Nutrition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 733
Mohamad Miqdady . Ruba A. Abdelhadi . Hisham M. Nazer
57 Vitamin Deficiencies and Excess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 745
Gaafar I. Suliman . Hisham M. Nazer
Table of Contents li
58 Rickets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 757
Trond Markestad
59 Obesity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 769
Mohammad El Baba
Section 6 Infectious Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 779Richard J. Whitley
60 Animal and Human Bites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 781
Richard J. Whitley
61 Bacterial Sepsis and Shock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 783
Jeffrey Alten . Priya Prabhakaran
62 Bone and Joint Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 791
Mohammad Al-Shaalan
63 Congenital Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 799
Sami Al-Hajjar
64 Endocarditis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 805
Aaron K. Olson
65 Fever of Unknown Origin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 813
Asa’d Al-Toonsi
66 Healthcare-Associated Infections in Pediatrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 821
Robert S. Baltimore
67 Infection Associated with Medical Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 833
J. Elaine-Marie Albert . Howard E. Jeffries
68 Infections in the Immunocompromised Host . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 847
Ibrahim Bin-Hussain
69 Meningitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 853
Melissa Ketunuti . Matthew P. Kronman
70 Otitis Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 863
Marah Gotcsik
71 Sexually Transmitted Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 873
Margaret R. Hammerschlag
72 Viral Exanthem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 881
Mohammad Al-Shaalan
73 Antibacterial Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 887
Mohammad Al-Shaalan
lii Table of Contents
74 Antiviral Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 903
David W. Kimberlin
75 Laboratory Diagnosis of Viral Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 923
Sami Al-Hajjar
76 Vaccination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 929
Abdulrahman M. Al Mazrou
77 Brucellosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 961
Youssef A. Al-Eissa
78 Chlamydial Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 967
Margaret R. Hammerschlag
79 Cholera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 977
Louise Elaine Vaz
80 Diphtheria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 985
Mohammad Al-Shaalan
81 Haemophilus influenzae Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 989
Mohammad Al-Shaalan
82 Infant Botulism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 995
Mohammad Al-Shaalan
83 Listeria Monocytogenes (Including Listeriosis) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 997
Benjamin Mackowiak
84 Lyme Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1001
Michael P. Koster
85 Mycoplasma Infection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1005
Manika Suryadevara . Leonard Weiner
86 Neisseria Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1011
Melissa Ketunuti . Matthew P. Kronman
87 Pertussis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1017
Mohammad Al-Shaalan
88 Pneumococcal Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1021
Mahmoud M. Mustafa
89 Rickettsial Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1025
Stephanie H. Stovall . Richard F. Jacobs
90 Salmonella Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1031
Mohammad Al-Shaalan
Table of Contents liii
91 Shigellosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1035
Mohammad Al-Shaalan
92 Staphylococcal Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1037
Mohammad Al-Shaalan
93 Streptococcal Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1045
Mahmoud M. Mustafa
94 Tetanus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1051
Sulaiman Al Alola
95 Tuberculosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1053
Suliman Al Jumaah
96 Fungal Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1061
Ibrahim Bin-Hussain
97 Intestinal Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1071
Mohammad Al-Shaalan
98 Actinomycosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1087
Rana AlMaghrabi . Ibrahim Bin-Hussain
99 Hydatid Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1091
Mohammed El-Bali . Adetunji Adeyokunnu
100 Leishmaniasis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1097
Mohammed El-Bali . Adetunji Adeyokunnu
101 Malaria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1103
Shireesha Dhanireddy . John B. Lynch
102 Nocardiosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1115
Rana AlMaghrabi . Ibrahim Bin-Hussain
103 Schistosomiasis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1117
Elizabeth M. Keating . Andrea P. Summer . Philip R. Fischer
104 Hemorrhagic Fevers Including Dengue Fever . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1129
Richard J. Whitley
105 Hepatitis Viruses A Through G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1133
Daniel P. Mallon
106 CMV Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1145
Shannon A. Ross . Masako Shimamura . Suresh B. Boppana
107 Epstein-Barr Virus Infection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1163
Sami Al-Hajjar
liv Table of Contents
108 Herpes Simplex Virus Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1167
David W. Kimberlin
109 Human Herpes Viruses Type 6 and 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1181
David W. Kimberlin
110 Varicella-Zoster Virus Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1185
Penelope H. Dennehy
111 Human Immunodeficiency Virus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1195
Sami Al-Hajjar
112 Influenza . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1199
Jonathan A. McCullers
113 2009-H1N1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1209
Sami Al-Hajjar
114 Measles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1221
Najwa Khuri-Bulos
115 Mumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1229
Richard J. Whitley
116 Non-Polio Enterovirus: Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1231
Sami Al-Hajjar
117 Parvovirus B 19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1235
Mahmoud M. Mustafa . Kenneth L. McClain
118 Poliomyelitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1243
Mohammad Al-Shaalan
119 Respiratory Syncytial Virus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1245
Suliman Al Jumaah
120 Rotavirus and Noro- and Caliciviruses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1249
Namita Singh . Tyler Burpee
121 Rubella . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1259
Richard J. Whitley
Section 7 Primary Immunodeficiency Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1263Harb A. Harfi
122 The Immune System: Development and the Immune Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1265
Michael Loubser
123 Innate Immune Defects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1275
Jordan S. Orange . Nina Poliak
Table of Contents lv
124 Humoral Immune Defect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1285
Mark Ballow . Brian Safier
125 T-Cell Immune Defects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1297
Evelina Mazzolari . Luigi D. Notarangelo
126 Immune Dysregulation Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1307
Thomas A. Fleisher
127 Miscellaneous Immunodeficiencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1315
Harb A. Harfi
128 Approach to the Child with Recurrent Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1321
Mohammad Almutawa . Zaina H. Albalawi
129 Primary Immunodeficiency Syndromes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1329
Harb A. Harfi
Section 8 Allergic Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1345Harb A. Harfi
130 Allergy and the Allergic Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1347
Karthik Krishnan . William K. Dolen
131 Allergic Rhinitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1361
Michael S. Blaiss . Cyrus Nozad . Jeremy Katcher
132 Pediatric Asthma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1371
Christina E. Ciaccio . Mercedes C. Amado . Jay M. Portnoy
133 Atopic Dermatitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1391
Harb A. Harfi
134 Food Allergy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1397
Justin Skripak . Hugh A. Sampson
135 Urticaria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1405
Harb A. Harfi
136 Anaphylaxis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1409
Harb A. Harfi
137 Drug Allergy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1413
Harb A. Harfi
138 Insect Allergy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1415
Harb A. Harfi
139 Miscellaneous Allergies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1417
Harb A. Harfi
lvi Table of Contents
Volume 3
Section 9 Disorders of the Skin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1419Zbigniew Ruszczak
140 Pediatric Dermatology: Scope and Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1421
Zbigniew Ruszczak
141 Cutaneous Disorders of the Newborn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1425
Shaden Abdel Hadi
142 Eczematous Skin Disorders and Atopic Dermatitis in Childhood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1441
Douglas W. Kress
143 Acne and Related Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1447
Harald P. M. Gollnick
144 Contact Dermatitis: Diagnosis and Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1467
Sharon E. Jacob . Elise M. Herro . James S. Taylor
145 Papulosquamous and Related Disorders Including Psoriasis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1477
Eckart Haneke
146 Hair Disorders and Alopecia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1489
Zbigniew Ruszczak
147 Nail Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1509
Eckart Haneke
148 Pigmentary Disorders and Vitiligo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1517
Arti Nanda
149 Infectious Diseases of the Childhood, Including Fungal and Viral Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1527
Sara A. Lohser . Camille Sabella . Kenneth J. Tomecki
150 Vascular Malformations and Neoplasms in Childhood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1555
Arti Nanda
151 Pediatric Surgical Dermatology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1565
Kyle Anderson . Christopher Gasbarre
152 Pediatric Skin Care: Skin Barrier Management and Topical Treatment in Pediatric Dermatology . . . 1573
Zbigniew Ruszczak
Section 10 Rheumatology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1581Alberto Martini
153 Clinical Approach to a Child with Suspected Rheumatic Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1583
Alberto Martini
Table of Contents lvii
154 Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1587
Alberto Martini
155 Juvenile Ankylosing Spondylitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1601
Ruben Burgos-Vargas . Raul Gutierrez-Suarez
156 Post-infectious Arthritis and Related Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1611
Alberto Martini
157 Miscellaneous Conditions Associated with Arthritis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1615
Alexandre Belot . Pierre Quartier dit Maire
158 Pain Amplification Syndromes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1623
Lisa F. Imundo . Simona Nativ
159 Systemic Lupus Erythematosus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1629
Bianca Lattanzi . Angelo Ravelli
160 Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1641
Tadej Avcin
161 Juvenile Dermatomyositis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1649
Lucy R. Wedderburn
162 Juvenile Scleroderma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1657
Francesco Zulian
163 Sjogren Syndrome, Raynaud’s Phenomenon, Overlap Syndromes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1667
Fabrizio de Benedetti
164 Henoch–Schoenlein Purpura . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1671
Nicolino Ruperto
165 Kawasaki Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1675
Rae S. M. Yeung
166 Childhood Polyarteritis Nodosa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1685
Fatih Ozaltin . Seza Ozen
167 Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody (ANCA)-Associated Small-Vessel Vasculitides . . . . . . . . . 1689
Fatih Ozaltin . Seza Ozen
168 Takayasu Arteritis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1695
Fatih Ozaltin . Seza Ozen
169 Other Forms of Vasculitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1697
Fatih Ozaltin . Seza Ozen
170 The Autoinflammatory Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1701
Marco Gattorno
lviii Table of Contents
171 Behcet’s Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1713
Isabelle Kone-Paut . Tu-Anh Tran
172 Sarcoidosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1717
Carlos D. Rose . Carine H. Wouters
173 Amyloidosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1721
Tekin Akpolat . Seza Ozen
Section 11 Oral and Craniofacial Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1725J. Burton Douglass
174 The Oral Cavity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1727
J. Burton Douglass . Christer Ullbro
Section 12 Gastrointestinal and Liver Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1747Hisham M. Nazer
175 Major Symptoms and Signs of Gastrointestinal Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1749
Abdel-Hai Hammo . AbdulWahab M. A. Telmesani . Hisham M. Nazer
176 Cyclical Vomiting Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1769
Sonny K. F. Chong . Dinesh Banur
177 The Esophagus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1775
Mark A. Gilger . Hisham M. Nazer
178 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1787
Mohammad I. El Mouzan
179 The Stomach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1791
Jumana Shammout . Hisham M. Nazer
180 Infantile Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1799
Dena Nazer . Hisham M. Nazer
181 Peptic Ulcer Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1803
Mohamed A. El-Guindi . Hisham M. Nazer
182 Intestine: Normal Development, Structure and Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1811
Shyla Kishore . Sonny K. F. Chong
183 Approach to a Child with Failure to Thrive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1817
Ruba A. Abdelhadi
184 Approach to a Child with Malabsorption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1823
Mohammad El Baba
185 Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1829
Hany Banoub . Hisham M. Nazer . Sonny K. F. Chong
Table of Contents lix
186 Gut Motility Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1839
Abdel-Hai Hammo . Hisham M. Nazer
187 Acute Gastroenteritis in Infants and Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1847
Asaad M. A. Abdullah Assiri
188 Intractable Diarrhea of Infancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1861
Ian R. Sanderson . John A. Walker-Smith
189 Congenital Chloride Diarrhea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1865
Hisham M. Nazer
190 Chronic Diarrhea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1869
Jumana Shammout . Hisham M. Nazer
191 Gastrointestinal Food Allergy in Infancy and Early Childhood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1883
Ian R. Sanderson . John A. Walker-Smith
192 Probiotics in Gastrointestinal Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1887
Aziz Koleilat
193 Protein-Losing Enteropathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1891
Hisham M. Nazer
194 Celiac Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1895
Hisham M. Nazer . Mohamed Rawashdeh
195 Inflammatory Bowel Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1901
Fayez K. Ghishan
196 Short Bowel Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1913
Ruba A. Abdelhadi . Hisham M. Nazer
197 Intestine Transplantation in Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1919
Jorge D. Reyes
198 The Pancreas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1925
H. Hesham A-Kader . Fayez K. Ghishan
199 Gastrointestinal Bleeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1937
Mark A. Gilger . Hisham M. Nazer
200 Gastrointestinal Tumors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1951
Issam M. Halabi
201 Capsule Endoscopy in Childhood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1955
Issam M. Halabi
lx Table of Contents
202 The Liver and Biliary System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1959
Bernadette Vitola . Jorge A. Bezerra
203 Practical Approach to a Child with Hepatobiliary Disorder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1971
H. Hesham A-Kader
204 Disorders of the Gallbladder and the Biliary System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1979
Mortada El-Shabrawi . Fetouh Hassanin
205 Neonatal Cholestasis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1987
Ronen Arnon . Fredrick J. Suchy
206 Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2003
H. Hesham A-Kader . Fayez K. Ghishan
207 Inherited Deficient Conjugation of Bilirubin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007
Dena Nazer . Hisham M. Nazer
208 Congenital Hepatic Fibrosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2013
Dena Nazer . Hisham M. Nazer
209 Metabolic Liver Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2017
Fayez K. Ghishan
210 Wilson Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2033
Hisham M. Nazer
211 Noninvasive Diagnosis of Liver Fibrosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2043
Mortada El-Shabrawi . Fetouh Hassanin
212 Cirrhosis and Ascites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2049
Jumana Shammout . Hisham M. Nazer
213 Budd–Chiari Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2061
Hisham M. Nazer
214 Portal Hypertension and Esophageal Varices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2065
Mohamed A. El Guindi . Hisham M. Nazer
215 Chronic Hepatitis in Childhood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2075
H. Hesham A-Kader . Fayez K. Ghishan
216 Fulminant Hepatic Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2095
Tamir Miloh . Frederick J. Suchy
217 Mitochondrial Hepatopathies and Reye’s Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2101
Roshni Vara . Giorgina Mieli-Vergani
218 Pyogenic Liver Abscess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2109
Mortada El-Shabrawi . Fetouh Hassanin
Table of Contents lxi
219 Drug-Induced Liver Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2113
Lama H. Nazer . Hisham M. Nazer
220 Pediatric Liver Transplantation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2119
Michael B. Ishitani
Volume 4
Section 13 Respiratory Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2123Gabriel G. Haddad
221 Development of the Lung and Respiratory System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2125
Gabriel G. Haddad
222 History and Physical Examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2129
Anthony E. Magit
223 Pulmonary Function Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2133
Gabriel G. Haddad
224 Diagnostic Imaging and Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2137
Julie Ryu
225 Respiratory Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2141
Gabriel G. Haddad . Erin R. Stucky
226 The Pathophysiology of Cough . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2149
Gabriel G. Haddad
227 Chest Pain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2153
John Moore
228 Hemoptysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2159
Julie Ryu
229 Pulmonary Edema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2163
David Nathalang . Bradley Peterson
230 Pulmonary Embolism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2171
Julie Ryu
231 Congenital Anomalies of the Respiratory Tract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2175
Anthony E. Magit
232 Acute Bronchiolitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2181
Erin R. Stucky
233 Management of the Wheezing Infant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2189
Erin R. Stucky
lxii Table of Contents
234 Acute Upper Airway Obstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2195
Anthony E. Magit
235 Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (BPD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2199
Julie Ryu
236 Pneumonias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2203
Erin R. Stucky . Meerana Lim
237 Cystic Fibrosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2209
Kathryn Akong . Meerana Lim
238 ALTE and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2215
Ami Doshi . Erin R. Stucky
239 Upper Airway Obstruction and Hypoventilation During Sleep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2221
Gabriel G. Haddad
240 Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2225
Gabriel G. Haddad
241 Inhalation Lung Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2229
Erin R. Stucky
242 Pulmonary Complications of Bone Marrow Transplant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2235
Julie Ryu
243 Near Drowning and Drowning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2239
Matthew S. Wilder . Erin R. Stucky
244 Neuromuscular Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2245
Paula Costanzo . Sung Min Park
Section 14 Cardiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2249Mark B. Lewin
245 Fetal Cardiology and Neonatal Transition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2251
Margaret MacMillan Vernon
246 Cardiovascular Genetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2261
Aaron K. Olson . Jeffrey A. Towbin
247 Murmur Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2275
Jeffrey A. Conwell
248 Left to Right Shunt Lesions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2295
Cory Noel . Mark B. Lewin
Table of Contents lxiii
249 Cyanotic Heart Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2309
Stephen P. Seslar
250 Obstructive Cardiac Lesions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2331
Amy H. Schultz
251 The Single Ventricle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2347
Nadine F. Choueiter . Mark B. Lewin
252 Noninvasive Cardiovascular Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2355
Brian D. Soriano
253 Interventional Cardiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2367
Troy A. Johnston
254 Cardiovascular Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2373
Tara Karamlou . Ilya Yemets . Gordon Cohen
255 Abnormalities of Cardiac Rhythm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2383
Terrence U. H. Chun
256 Sudden Cardiac Death and Preparticipation Sports Screening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2399
Domenico Corrado . Federico Migliore . Alessandro Zorzi . Cristina Basso . Gaetano Thiene
257 Pulmonary Hypertension/Eisenmenger Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2413
Delphine Yung
258 Rheumatic Heart Disease/Acute Rheumatic Fever . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2425
Bruce G. Hardy
259 Secondary Cardiac Morbidities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2433
Melanie D. Everitt . Lloyd Y. Tani
260 Adult Congenital Heart Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2443
Michelle Gurvitz . Karen Stout
261 Cardiomyopathies and Heart Transplantation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2459
Mariska S. Kemna . Yuk M. Law
Section 15 Critical Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2477Abdul-Rahman M. Abu-Taleb and Peter N. Cox
262 Pediatric Intensive Care Physical Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2479
Abdul-Rahman M. Abu-Taleb
263 Pediatric Resuscitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2485
Abdul-Rahman M. Abu-Taleb
264 Shock Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2497
Abdul-Rahman M. Abu-Taleb
lxiv Table of Contents
265 Fluid Management in Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2511
Abdul-Rahman M. Abu-Taleb
266 Acute Respiratory Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2519
Khalid K. Bshesh . Manal Alasnag
267 Mechanical Ventilation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2525
Omar M. Hijazi
268 Infections in the PICU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2537
Tavey Dorofaeff . Hadi Mohseni-Bod . Peter N. Cox
269 Diabetic Ketoacidosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2565
Omar M. Hijazi
Section 16 Pediatric Burns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2573Fuad Hashem
270 Burns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2575
Fuad Hashem . M. M. Al Qattan
Section 17 Pediatric Poisoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2583Khaled M. Al-Haidari and Nada S. Al-Qadheeb
271 General Management of Poisoned Patients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2585
Khaled M. Al-Haidari
272 Acetaminophen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2593
Rania Slika
273 Alcohol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2597
Sakra S. Balhareth
274 Antidepressants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2601
Rania Slika
275 Digoxin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2605
Nicole Gebran
276 Household Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2609
Vivian Brown
277 Iron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2621
Nicole Gebran
278 Salicylates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2625
Nada S. Al-Qadheeb
279 Self-Poisoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2627
James Krebs
Table of Contents lxv
280 Snakebites and Spider Bites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2631
Roaa Al Gain
281 Theophylline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2643
Nada S. Al-Qadheeb
Section 18 Disturbances in Acid-base and Electrolytes Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . 2647F. Bruder Stapleton
282 Maintenance Fluid Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2649
Jordan M. Symons
283 Hyponatremia and Hypernatremia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2653
Aaron Friedman
284 Clinical Disorders Associated with Altered Potassium Metabolism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2663
Farahnak Assadi
285 A Practical Approach to Metabolic Acidosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2671
Farahnak Assadi
286 A Practical Approach to Metabolic Alkalosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2677
Farahnak Assadi
287 Idiopathic Hypercalciuria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2683
Fernando Santos
Section 19 Kidney and Urinary Tract Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2687F. Bruder Stapleton
288 Overview of Renal Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2689
Sami A. Sanjad
289 Approach to Renal Disease in the Neonate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2697
Robert L. Chevalier
290 Approach to the Child with Hematuria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2705
Coral D. Hanevold . F. Bruder Stapleton
291 Approach to the Child with Proteinuria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2711
Amanda W. Dale-Shall . Leonard G. Feld
292 Systemic Hypertension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2723
Joseph T. Flynn
293 Poststreptococcal Acute Glomerulonephritis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2743
Abdelaziz Y. Elzouki
294 IgA Nephropathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2749
Rosanna Coppo
lxvi Table of Contents
295 Alport Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2757
Clifford E. Kashtan
296 Henoch Schonlein Purpura Nephritis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2763
Richard S. Trompeter
297 Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2769
Sandra L. Watkins
298 Lupus Nephritis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2773
Jochen H. H. Ehrich . Lars Pape . Doris Franke
299 Goodpasture Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2789
Karyn Yonekawa
Volume 5
300 Congenital Nephrotic Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2793
Patrick Niaudet
301 Nephrotic Syndrome in Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2799
Patrick Niaudet
302 Juvenile Nephronophthisis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2809
Abdelaziz Y. Elzouki . Laurel Steinmetz
303 Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease/Autosomal Recessive Polycystic
Kidney Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2815
Abdelaziz Y. Elzouki . Laurel Steinmetz
304 Proximal Renal Tubular Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2821
Sami A. Sanjad
305 Disorders of Distal Tubular Transport of Sodium and Potassium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2835
Sami A. Sanjad . John W. Foreman
306 Distal Renal Tubular Acidosis (TYPE I, DRTA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2843
Sami A. Sanjad
307 Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2853
Deborah P. Jones
308 Urinary Stone Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2857
Burhan Edrees . Soud Al Rasheed
309 Interstitial Nephritis and Primary Hyperoxaluria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2879
Pierre Cochat
310 Urinary Tract Infection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2883
Sean E. Kennedy . Andrew R. Rosenberg
Table of Contents lxvii
311 Obstructive Nephropathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2897
Stephanya Shear . Martin A. Koyle
312 Acute Kidney Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2907
Hui-Kim Yap
313 Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2921
Lesley Rees
314 Dialysis in Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2929
Bradley A. Warady
315 Pediatric Kidney Transplantation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2935
Peter F. Hoyer
Section 20 Blood Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2947Michael Recht
316 Practical Approach to Anemia in Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2949
Ahmad A. Mallouh
317 Immune Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2957
Jason Glover . Bill H. Chang
318 Iron Metabolism and Iron Deficiency Anemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2963
Heather Bradeen . Samir Shehab . Michael Recht
319 Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2969
Veronica H. Flood . Michael Recht
320 Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2975
Hassan M. Yaish
321 Other Red Cell Enzymopathies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2981
Ahmad A. Mallouh
322 Red Blood Cell Membrane Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2985
Ahmad A. Mallouh
323 Microangiopathic Hemolytic Anemias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2995
Ahmad A. Mallouh
324 Sickle Cell Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3005
Ahmad A. Mallouh
325 Hemoglobinopathies-Non-Sickle Cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3023
Ahmad A. Mallouh
326 Thalassemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3029
Nameeta P. Richard . Kristina M. Haley . Michael Recht
lxviii Table of Contents
327 Polycythemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3037
Hassan M. Yaish
328 Transfusion of Blood and Blood Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3041
Trisha E. Wong . Meghan Delaney
329 Care of the Child Refusing Blood Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3055
Lynn Boshkov
330 Disorders of Heme Biosynthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3061
Thomas G. DeLoughery
331 Platelet Structure, Function, and Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3067
Daniel Greenberg
332 The Phagocytic System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3079
Hassan El Solh . Abdallah Al-Nasser . Saleh Al-Muhsen
333 Bone Marrow Failure Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3091
Hassan El Solh . Abdallah Al-Nasser . Peter Kurre
334 Developmental Hemostasis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3101
Rowena C. Punzalan . Veronica H. Flood
335 Bleeding Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3115
Hassan M. Yaish . Eugenia Chang
336 Introduction to Hemostasis and Bleeding Disorders Other Than Hemophilia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3131
Hassan M. Yaish . Eugenia Chang
337 Pediatric Venous Thromboembolism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3145
Brian R. Branchford . Neil A. Goldenberg
Section 21 Pediatric Oncology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3159H. Stacy Nicholson
338 Incidence, Epidemiology and Survival . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3161
H. Stacy Nicholson
339 Evaluation of Abdominal Masses and Enlarged Lymph Nodes in Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3165
Gregory Blaschke . H. Stacy Nicholson
340 Principles of Diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3167
Gregory Blaschke . H. Stacy Nicholson
341 Principles of Cancer Chemotherapy in Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3169
H. Stacy Nicholson
342 Pediatric Radiation Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3173
Carol Marquez
Table of Contents lxix
343 Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3179
Hassan El Solh . Abdallah Al-Nasser . Eneida R. Nemecek
344 Supportive Care of the Child with Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3187
H. Stacy Nicholson
345 Childhood Leukemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3193
Hassan El Solh . Abdallah Al-Nasser . Asim Belgaumi
346 Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3203
H. Stacy Nicholson
347 Hodgkin Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3207
H. Stacy Nicholson
348 The Histiocytoses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3211
Suman Malempati . H. Stacy Nicholson
349 Central Nervous System Tumors in Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3217
Rebecca Loret de Mola . Kellie J. Nazemi
350 Neuroblastoma and Other Sympathetic Nervous System Tumors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3227
Stephen S. Roberts
351 Wilms’ Tumor and Other Primary Renal Neoplasms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3233
Susan J. Lindemulder
352 Hepatic Tumors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3239
H. Stacy Nicholson . Suman Malempati
353 Soft Tissue Sarcomas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3241
Suman Malempati . H. Stacy Nicholson
354 Primary Malignant Tumors of Bone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3245
Suman Malempati
355 Retinoblastoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3251
H. Stacy Nicholson
356 Germ Cell Tumors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3255
Suman Malempati . H. Stacy Nicholson
357 Late Effects of Cancer Chemotherapy in Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3257
Susan J. Lindemulder
Section 22 Neurology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3265Generoso G. Gascon
358 Clinical Approach to Infants, Children, and Adolescents with Neurologic Problems . . . . . . . . . . 3267
Generoso G. Gascon
lxx Table of Contents
359 Congenital Brain Malformations and Hydrocephalus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3281
John N. Gaitanis
360 Neonatal Neurological Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3291
William D. Brown . Mara G. Coyle
361 Neonatal Seizures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3315
Juan Piantino . John N. Gaitanis
362 Epilepsy in Infancy and Childhood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3325
John N. Gaitanis
363 Movement Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3339
Yasser Awaad
364 Sleep and Its Disorders in Childhood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3363
Jonathan Lipton . Sanjeev Kothare
365 Coma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3379
David J. Michelson . Stephen Ashwal
366 Acute, Subacute, and Chronic Progressive Encephalopathies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3399
Generoso Gutierrez-Gascon
367 Ataxias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3421
S. H. Subramony
368 Approach to Diagnosis and Treatment of a Child with Motor Unit Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3445
Mustafa A. M. Salih
369 Cranial Nerve Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3457
Mustafa A. M. Salih
370 Anterior Horn Cell Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3463
Mustafa A. M. Salih
371 Plexopathies and Radiculopathies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3471
Mustafa A. M. Salih
372 Peripheral Nerve Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3475
Mustafa A. M. Salih
Volume 6
373 Neuromuscular Transmission Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3493
Mustafa A. M. Salih
374 Hereditary and Acquired Myopathies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3503
Mustafa A. M. Salih
Table of Contents lxxi
375 Parainfectious and Autoimmune Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3543
Tanuja Chitnis
376 Cerebrovascular Disorders in Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3555
Warren Lo . Geoffrey Heyer . Steve E. Roach
377 Head Injury in Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3567
Daniel S. Tsze . Thomas H. Chun
378 Headache and Head Pain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3581
Christine A. Matarese . Kenneth J. Mack
379 Pediatric Neurorehabilitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3595
Michelle A. Miller
Section 23 Endocrine Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3607Khalid Hussain
380 Introduction to Endocrine Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3609
Khalid Hussain
381 Disorders of Calcium Homeostasis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3611
Ravi Chetan . Assunta Albanese
382 Disorders of Puberty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3631
Nicola A. Bridges
383 Disorders of Sexual Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3649
Jamal Raza . Garry L. Warne
384 Disorders of the Adrenal Gland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3675
Meena P. Desai . Nalini S. Shah
385 Disorders of the Posterior Pituitary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3717
Mohamad Maghnie . Andrea Secco . Natascia Di Iorgi
386 Growth Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3739
Ting-Wen An Lee . Radhika Muzumdar . Paul Saenger
387 Diabetes Mellitus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3759
Joseph I. Wolfsdorf . Mark A. Sperling
388 Thyroid Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3791
Senthil Senniappan . Khalid Hussain
389 Hypoglycemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3803
Chela James . Khalid Hussain
lxxii Table of Contents
Section 24 Adolescent Medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3819Leslie R. Walker
390 Normal Adolescent Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3821
Laura Kastner . Elizabeth McCauley
391 Adolescent Nutrition and Weight Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3829
Alicia Dixon Docter . Cora Collette Breuner
392 Adolescent Gynecology: Approach to the Female Adolescent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3839
Taraneh Shafii . Gale R. Burstein
393 Adolescent Gynecology: Birth Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3843
Yolanda Evans
394 Adolescent Gynecology: Menstrual Irregularities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3847
Ann Giesel
395 Adolescent Gynecology: Sexually Transmitted Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3851
Taraneh Shafii . Gale R. Burstein
396 Approach to the Adolescent Male and Reproductive
Health Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3855
David J. Breland
397 Behavioral and Mental Health Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3865
Henry Berman
398 Substance Abuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3871
Michael J. Mason . Leslie R. Walker
399 Community Violence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3877
T. Coyne-Beasley . Phillip W. Graham . Janelle Shumate
400 Delivery of Adolescent Health Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3885
Anisha Abraham . Kirsten Hawkins
401 Special Adolescent Concerns: Complementary and Alternative Medicine in Adolescents . . . . . . 3891
Cora Collette Breuner
402 Special Adolescent Concerns: Military Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3897
C. Anita Robinson . Jeffrey W. Hutchinson . William P. Adelman
403 Special Adolescent Concerns: Transition to Adult Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3901
Anisha Abraham . Kirsten Hawkins
Section 25 Pediatric Orthopedics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3903Craig P. Eberson
404 About Children Bones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3905
Elizabeth W. Weber
Table of Contents lxxiii
405 Limping Child . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3909
John R. Fowler . James T. Guille
406 Orthopedic Management of Systemic Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3917
J. Channing Tassone
407 The Spine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3921
Craig P. Eberson
408 Pediatric Upper Extremity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3927
Julia A. Katarincic . M. Jason Palmer . Amir Mostofi
409 Hip Pathology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3933
Mark C. Lee
410 Foot Pathology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3937
Jonathan R. Schiller
411 Pediatric Sports Medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3945
Mary K. Mulcahey . Keith O. Monchik . Michael J. Hulstyn . Paul D. Fadale
412 Trauma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3953
Peter G. Fitzgibbons . Craig P. Eberson
Section 26 Pediatric Otolaryngology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3957Mohamed O. Abuzeid
413 Nasal Obstruction and Rhinorrhea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3959
Mohamed O. Abuzeid
414 Pediatric Epistaxis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3965
Mohamed O. Abuzeid
Section 27 Pediatric Ophthalmology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3971Selwa A. F. Al-Hazzaa
415 Ophthalmologic Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3973
Selwa A. F. Al-Hazzaa
Section 28 Pediatric Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3987Thomas F. Tracy
416 Surgical Conditions Presenting During Fetal Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3989
Rajan K. Thakkar . Francois I. Luks
417 Chest and Abdominal Wall Anomalies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4003
Kenneth S. Azarow
418 Congenital Intestinal Obstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4011
Deepika Nehra . Allan M. Goldstein
lxxiv Table of Contents
419 Acquired Abdominal Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4027
Arlet G. Kurkchubasche . Francois I. Luks . Thomas F. Tracy
420 Thoracic Surgical Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4037
Erica R. Gross . Robert A. Cowles
421 Head and Neck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4045
Christopher S. Muratore
422 Vascular and Lymphatic malformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4059
Arlet G. Kurkchubasche
Section 29 Drug Dosing in Pediatrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4069Kristine A. Parbuoni
423 Drug Dosages: Pediatric Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4071
Donna Huynh . Kristine A. Parbuoni
424 Drug Dosages: Administration of Medications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4073
Jill A. Morgan . Kristine Parbuoni
425 Drug Dosages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4077
Donna Huynh . Jill A. Morgan . Kristine A. Parbuoni
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4109