33
4trin.tier , 4FIV* . +1 , P4tti"......7r4tarZie r 'Art tit., 0 / - 6 9? UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 7.= R. TEST-OBSERVATION WELL NEAR DAVENPORT, WASHINGTON: DESCRIPTION AND PRELIMINARY RESULTS By A . r D. A. Myers 4 Prepared in cooperation with the State of Washington Department of Ecology g 5. 174. OPEN-FILE REPORT I Tacoma, Washington 1972 ( 200 ) M932 t .1•1 1 ...A.: '14;4177;

Test-observation well near Davenport, Washington ...15 750 160.4 7 Background and Ground-Water Problems of the Area The test-observation well is located near Davenport, Wash., in an

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  • • 4trin.tier,4FIV*.+1,P4tti"......7r4tarZier'Art

    tit., 0/-6 9?

    UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

    GEOLOGICAL SURVEY • 7.=

    R.

    TEST-OBSERVATION WELL NEAR DAVENPORT, WASHINGTON:

    DESCRIPTION AND PRELIMINARY RESULTS

    By A

    .r

    D. A. Myers

    4

    Prepared in cooperation with the State of Washington Department of Ecology

    g

    5.

    174.

    OPEN-FILE REPORT

    I

    Tacoma, Washington 1972

    ( 200 ) M932 t

    • .1•1 1 • ...A.:

    '14;4177;

  • _-....•mmmi

  • UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

    GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

    TEST-OBSERVATION WELL NEAR DAVENPORT, WASHINGTON:

    DESCRIPTION AND PRELIMINARY RESULTS

    By

    D. A. Myers , 9c;

    Prepared in cooperation with the State of Washington Department of Ecology

    OPEN-FILE REPORT

    218144 Tacoma, Washington

    1972

  • a.otoq,AL suki„,, •

    FEB 2 (6 19/3

  • CONTENTS

    Page

    Abstract- 1

    Introduction 3

    Background and ground-water problems of the area 8

    Results of the study 9

    Construction of the well 9

    Pumping tests 14

    Quality of water 17

    Geophysical logs 17

    Additional information expected 21

    References cited 23

    II

  • ILLUSTRATIONS

    Page

    FIGURE 1„ Map of Washington showing locations of

    test-observation wells 5

    2. Diagrammatic sketch of test-observation

    wen 10

    3. Geophysical logs 19

    TABLES

    TABLE 1. Depth to water during drilling 7

    2. Driller's log of well 10

    3. Water levels in piezometer pipes,

    Sept. 8, 1971 15

    4. Chemical quality of water from different

    depths in well 18

    III

  • TEST-OBSERVATION WELL NEAR DAVENPORT, WASHINGTON:

    DESCRIPTION AND PRELIMINARY RESULTS

    By D. A. Myers

    ABSTRACT

    The 750-foot test-observation well drilled near Davenport,

    Wash., is one of several drilled to date (1972) to provide

    information on ground-water conditions in selected areas of

    the State. The well provides information on aquifer charac-

    teristics in this area which are not available from existing

    deep irrigation wells. The well was drilled by air-rotary

    methods and penetrates eight aquifer zones (A through H);

    the upper 75 feet of the well is cased, and the remainder of

    the hole is open in basalt.

    Test pumping during drilling showed that the well had

    specific capacities of (1) 4-8 gpm (gallons per minute) per

    foot of drawdown when at the 255-foot depth and open to

    aquifers A through D, (2) 5.6 gpm per foot of drawdown when

    at the 640-foot depth and open to aquifers A through G, and

    (3) 76 5 gpm per foot of drawdown when at the full 750-foot

    1

  • depth and open to all eight aquifers. The tests indicate

    that most of the water available to the well is from the

    deepest aquifer (zone H).

    Borehole geophysical logging supplemented the drillers

    log of the well and provided information on natural gamma

    radiation, water temperature and resistivity, and borehole

    diameter. In the completed well each aquifer zone is isolated

    by cement seals, and piezometer pipes installed to zones B

    through H allow a basis for defining the vertical hydraulic

    gradient and ground-water movement in the area. The pipes

    also permit chemical-quality monitoring of water in the

    various aquifer zones. An additional pipe, installed for

    providing thermistor access, allows recording of the geo-

    thermal gradient in the well which provides a basis for

    estimating vertical ground-water movement in the area.

    2

  • INTRODUCTION

    The test-observation well described in this report was

    designed to yield key ground-water information for a highly

    productive agricultural area of Washington, where ground

    water is being used increasingly for irrigation. The data

    already obtained from the construction and testing of the

    well, and those expected in the future, are considered

    essential to the sound management of the ground-water

    resources of this area. Although some information on the

    ground water was available from previous studies, much of

    the knowledge being derived from this test-observation well

    could not have been obtained in any other way. This study

    will amplify and extend our understanding of the complex

    ground-water-flow system of this area.

    This study is part of an overall project designed for

    drilling, testing, and periodically collecting data from

    test-observation wells in selected areas of the State. The

    wells are being drilled where there is a critical need for

    ground-water data for water-management purposes, and where

    the data cannot be obtained from existing wells or by other

    reasonable means. This project is part of a continuing

    cooperative program of water-resources investigations in

    Washington, and is financed jointly by the U.S. Geological

    3

  • Survey and the State of Washington Department of Ecology.

    The data from this well will provide input to another current

    cooperative investigation--the development of a mathematical

    model, designed for analysis by use of a digital computer--of

    the ground-water-flow system in east-central Washington and

    of the relation between pumpage and decline of ground-water

    levels.

    The locations of this and other test-observation wells

    drilled under this project during fiscal year 1971 are shown

    in figure 1.

    In basalt, most ground water occurs and moves in well-

    defined permeable zones at or near the contacts between

    individual basalt flows. These water-bearing zones (aquifers)

    are separated from one another by the dense, nearly imperme-

    able central parts of the flows. Hydraulic heads in the

    individual aquifers, as reflected by water levels in wells

    that tap them, usually vary with depth. In much of east-

    central Washington the levels are highest in the shallow

    basalt wells and lowest in the deeper wells.

    Borehole geophysical logs and other data show that the

    shallower aquifers in this area are being drained almost

    continuously as a result of the short-circuiting effect of

    leakage in uncased deep wells. The deep wells simply act as

    4

  • 124° 123° 22° 121° 120° nso 1:8° 117° -r A N A — -7-1)

    A_ _

    1

    Everett

    Davenport

    Almira °

    1 1

    Spokone

    Venotchee-

    io

    Odessa —47°

    stv.,otpp r t

    1

    r

    L ,

    Wolin olto 4C°

    EXPLANATION

    • Test well and name

    of neorest town

    124° 1-230

    lyZOUVerj

    R

    1220

    L

    E

    • „.•••••••.,

    1210

    G

    -

    0

    120°

    N

    119°

    K) 0 10 20 30 40 Mlles

    119° 117°

    FIGURE 1.--Locations of test-observation wells in Washington.

  • open conduits in the basalt and interconnections between

    otherwise isolated aquifers; the wells thereby allow down-

    ward flow of ground water to deeper aquifers having lower

    water levels.

    In general, the downward leakage of ground water in an

    uncased deep well, from aquifers at different depths and

    with different hydraulic heads, results in a water level

    that is a composite of the water levels of all aquifers in

    hydraulic connection with the well. Table 1 presents the

    effect of this composite water level in the test-observation

    well at different depths during drilling. Virtually all

    deep wells available and used for observation in east-

    central Washington have such composite water levels. There-

    fore, a comparison of the composite water levels from

    various wells may be very misleading in an evaluation of

    the relation between volume of pumpage and water-level declines

    in a given area, Clearly, in view of the very serious degree

    of ground-water depletion that is occurring in some parts

    of the region, properly constructed test-observation wells

    are essential to obtain the detailed information necessary for

    a full understanding of the subsurface flow system and an

    accurate determination and prediction of aquifer response.

    6

  • TABLE 1.--Depth to water during drilling of Davenport test-observation well, September-October 1971

    Date

    Measurements in feet below land surface

    Well depth Water level

    Sept. 25 190 33

    26 262 32.25

    28 400 33.2

    30 450 40.0

    Oct. 1 520 34.5

    2 560 33.7

    5 588 33.8

    12 614 137.2

    14 664 156.2

    15 750 160.4

    7

  • Background and Ground-Water Problems of the Area

    The test-observation well is located near Davenport,

    Wash., in an area where the transition from dryland to

    irrigated wheat farming has recently begun. Water levels in

    the basalt-aquifer system are starting to decline locally.

    The Davenport area is thought to be in the same stage of

    ground-water development as that of the Odessa area to the

    south (fig. 1) during the 1960's.

    In the Odessa area, local areas of ground-water-level

    decline were noticed in the early 1960's. By 1968 the declines

    had increased and the areas of decline had coalesced and

    covered about 700 square miles (Luzier and others, 1968) , and

    by 1971 the area of decline had increased to more than 1,000

    square miles. Widespread declines of water levels--but at

    substantially lower annual rates--also have occurred in

    shallow aquifers tapped by numerous domestic and stock wells.

    Because these shallow wells normally are not much deeper

    than the level of the water they tap, an annual decline of

    only 1 or 2 feet may lower the water below the well bottoms,

    causIng'much inconvenience and added expense to the owners.

    8

  • RESULTS OF THE STUDY

    Construction of the Well

    The Davenport test-observation well was drilled by the

    air-rotary method, and tested during the period September 23,

    1970-May 14, 1971 by Adcock Drilling Co. of Lewiston, Idaho.

    Table 2 provides the driller's log of the 750-foot well.

    The well is cased to a depth of 75 feet and is open in

    basalt the remaining depth.

    Because water levels in wells that are open to all

    aquifers penetrated are composites of the hydraulic heads

    of all the aquifers, the well was designed to permit isola-

    tion and individual measurement of water levels in the eight

    aquifer zones penetrated. After final test pumping, 14-inch

    pipes were suspended in the test hole, with short well screens

    opposite each aquifer to be monitored. The hole then was back-

    filled around the pipes with permeable gravel, and a cement

    plug was placed at the base and top of each monitored zone

    to isolate it; additional plugs were placed between these

    major seals to prevent vertical circulation of water in the

    well. The diagrammatic sketch of the well in figure 2 shows

    aquifers A through H, the depths at which the cement plugs

    and piezometer pipes are set and the water levels of each

    aquifer just after installation, on September 8, 1971.

    9

  • 0 r-1 I /1

    'Geothermal \ 10-Inch casing access pipe .> st a 75 feet

    tr

    I 0 0 —

    14,--!'-1 1;2'4 100 0'0

    b.-4•200- cer-t—CN/ A\-\• 7\ s • • •

    • 7401..) r,

    /, \*N.//.. TT/ ft ///

    J 1° I" '2 '*';'0 O ° .• t. D300-' • °

    1,, 0 (//wic 0., a 0 AC:J! FER E

    0 '. °eo C

    i/4

    o 1001 r _ 0 o 0 Cemont plugs

    400- .11.°J 4 o' ' , 0 bee so. p V. IP • • II separating

    aquifers

    , I .•""""--. •"*„i\\ '\///A:\\\ U"" °L. J A d f" r

    A VI/ AQUIFER F-1 500- • •••04 •

    0 • I • a • 0 ,4 0 b • c„ •

    • G rc.vel

    backfill

    71 -NY/ \ 4, 4) o \\////\\\600- , 00c a - - a 00 • , 4 • •

    L.1

    .5 • ;1 42 V .° ///\\/X=; •• 1 , t , 4 06 . • 0

    rt7 d „ .A 0 •‘, 1j p • v 00 r1-4-7Z: .0 0 ° e-‘'S 0 0 O •t• ti a 0 • 1, /

  • TABLE 2.--Driller's log of well

    Thick-ness DepthMaterial (feet) (feet)

    Drilled by Adcock Drilling Co., Sept. 23, 1970-Mar. 17, 1971. Located 650 ft south and 1,200 ft west of the northeast corner of sec. 16, T. 24 N., R. 36 E. Altitude 2,372 ft msl. Casing 10 inches to 75 ft.

    Silt 2 2

    Basalt, cindery, and red clay, with trace of

    Basalt, medium hard, slightly honeycombed, much

    Basalt, broken and honeycombed, gray, with

    Clay, brown, and soft brown basalt, in layers

    Clay, soft, brown, and soft brown basalt, in

    Basalt, medium hard, gray, streak of clay, tan

    Basalt, hard, dark gray, drilled very rough, as if fractured from 184-190 ft, static water

    Basalt, very hard, mixed light and dark gray,

    (continued)

    Clay, buff 2 4 Basalt, rotten 3 7 Basalt, solid, black, honeycombed 5 12 Basalt, solid, gray 12 24 Basalt, brown, weathered 10 34

    water 7 41

    green opallike material 5 46 Basalt, medium hard, gray 14 60 Basalt, medium soft, gray-green 10 70 Basalt, medium hard, gray 21 91 Basalt, soft, light gray 3 94 Material, bright green, opallike 2 96 Basalt, soft, gray 4 100

    brown coating 31 131

    about 1 ft thick 3 134 Basalt, medium soft, gray 2 136 Clay, very soft, tan-yellow 1 137

    layers 1 to 2 ft thick 9 146

    at155 ft--- 14 160 Basalt, medium hard, gray 14 174

    level 33 ft---- 16 190

    appears to be fractured, some water at 195 ft- 16 206

    11

  • TABLE 2. --Driller's log of well--Continued

    Thick-Material ness Depth

    (feet) (feet)

    Basalt, very hard, creviced at 213 ft, lost some water at about 216-218 ft in fractured rock 22 228

    Basalt, hard, gray, with crevice at 229 ft and 247-250 ft 22 250

    Basalt, hard, gray, some small creviced zones, static water level 32.25 ft 12 262

    Basalt, gray, drilled a little faster than above 16 278

    Basalt, very soft, broken, brown, may be water-bearing 3 281

    Clay, black 2 283 Basalt, medium hard, black to dark gray,

    slightly fractured 38 321 Clay, black 9 330 Clay, tan-brown 8 338 Clay, red 7 345 Clay, green 4 349 Basalt, fractured, gray, with some soft streaks

    (clay?) 357-360 ft 11 360 Basalt, medium soft, dark gray 23 383 Basalt, medium hard, gray 17 400 Basalt, medium hard, gray, with some fractures at 403 and 420 ft 29 429

    Basalt, honeycomb or decomposed, drilled fast 1 430 Basalt, medium hard, fractured, dark gray 4 434 Basalt, medium hard, dark gray 10 444 Basalt, medium hard, fractured, dark gray 4 448 Basalt, medium hard, dark gray 2 450 Basalt, medium soft, dark gray 11 461 Basalt, hard to medium hard, dark gray 4 465 Basalt, soft, fractured, lost some drilling

    water 4 469 Basalt, medium hard, dark gray, fractured at

    494 ft 41 510 Basalt, fractured, dark gray 3 513 Basalt, medium hard, dark gray, some fractures 529-532 ft 27 540

    Basalt, very hard, fractured, dark gray 3 543 (continued)

    12

  • TABLE 2.--Driller s log of well--Continued

    Material

    Basalt, very hard, dark gray, fractured at 572.5 and 577-582 ft 45 588

    Basalt, very hard, dark gray Basalt, very hard, fractured, dark gray-----Cavity, water-yielding Basalt, fractured-----Clay Basalt, soft-Clay with some basalt or hard streaks Clay or basalt, soft Basalt, soft, fractured, dark gray Basalt, medium hard, fractured, dark gray Basalt, medium hard, dark gray Basalt, hard, dark gray Basalt, hard, fractured, dark gray Basalt, medium hard, dark gray Basalt, medium hard with soft streaks,

    fractured

    Basalt, soft, and dark clay -Basalt, medium hard, dark gray, with some

    fractures-Basalt, soft, fractured, and some dark clay(? Basalt, medium hard, with some fractures Basalt, soft, fractured -Basalt, medium hard, dark gray, with some

    Basalt, medium soft, dark gray, with some fractures

    Basalt, medium hard, dark gray, with some fractures--

    Basalt, hard, dark gray Basalt, medium hard, dark gray, with large

    fractures Basalt, soft, and dark clay Basalt, medium hard, fractured

    Thick-ness Depth

    (feet) (feet)

    11 599 4 603 2 605 1 606 3 609 2 611 3 614 1 615 2 617 13 630 16 646 6 652 4 656 8 664

    6 670 6 676

    4 680 6 686 6 692 3 695

    5 700

    12 712

    13 725 5 730

    3 733 5 738 12 750

    13

  • Table 3 lists the actual water levels measured by steel

    tape in each aquifer on that date.

    Natural vertical movement or leakage of water from one

    aquifer to another, through cracks and joint systems in the

    dense rock, may have a warming or cooling effect on the

    pattern of natural heat flow outward through the earth,

    thereby causing a distortion in the geothermal gradient, By

    careful measurement of this distortion, the rate of vertical

    gr-Dund-water movement--and recharge of one aquifer by an

    adjacent aquifer of higher head--may be calculated with

    greater precision and at far less expense than by most other

    methods available. For this purpose, a 11/4 -inch pipe (fig. 2)

    was installed to the full depth of the hole to accommodate a

    the rmistor (sensitive temperature-measuring device).

    Pumping Tests

    The Davenport well was test pumped during drilling, when

    it had reached depths of 255, 640, and 750 feet (final depth).

    The test at the 255-foot depth, with the well open to aquifers

    A through D, used a rig-mounted bailer. At a rate of 26 gpm

    (gallons per minute) for 6 hours, the drawdown was 5.4 feet,

    indicating a specific capacity of 4.8 gpm per foot of drawdown.

  • TABLE 3.--Water levels of aquifer zones A through H, Sept. 8, 1971

    Aquifer

    A

    B

    C

    D

    F

    G

    H

    Depth to water

    (ft)

    41.04

    41.26

    41.59

    42.91

    48.50

    87.91

    165.43

    165.64

    15

  • Utilizing a turbine pump for the testing at the 640-foot depth,

    open to aquifers A through G, the well was pumped at 510 gpm

    for 21 hours; the resultant drawdown of 90 feet indicated a

    Specific capacity of about 5.7 gpm per foot. The final test

    at the 750-foot depth--with the well open to aquifers A

    through H--also utilized a turbine pump; at a rate of 536 gpm

    for 21 hours, with a resultant drawdown of 6.8 feet, the

    specific capacity was 78.8 gpm per foot. The tests indicate

    that most of the water pumped from the well comes from the

    aquifer zones below 640 feet.

    Determinations of the transmissivity of the aquifer system

    were attempted from both the drawdown and recovery data of

    the final pumping test. In the absence of nearby wells to

    serve as observation wells, estimates of transmissivity were

    made by the graphical (straight-line) analysis of drawdown and

    residual drawdown in the test well versus time (Jacob, 1950;

    Theis, 1935). Recovery water levels during the test were

    erratic and, therefore, not suitable for determination of

    aquifer characteristics. However, the levels during pumping

    were more regular, and the calculated value of transmissivity

    was 40,000 square feet per day (300,000 gallons per day per

    foot) for the drawdown part of the test.

    16

  • Quality of Water

    During each of the pump tests, samples of the water were

    collected for chemical analysis. The results of these

    analyses, shown in table 4, indicate that the water from all

    the zones is of very good to excellent quality, suitable for

    all common uses.

    Geophysical Logs

    Borehole geophysical logs were run on May 13, 1971, and

    provided data on fluid temperature and resistivity, hole

    diameter, and natural gamma radiation (fig. 3). In addition,

    a flowmeter was used to determine the rate of vertical water

    movement in the borehole.

    The caliper log shows differences in the diameter of the

    borehole; an increase in diameter indicates a soft or broken

    zone in the basalt, which could be a source of water. The

    trace of the caliper log (fig. 3) is reproduced approximately

    in figure 2 to show its relation to the zones selected for

    monitoring. Variations in hole diameter and in the character

    of the rock materials also are reflected in the gamma log,

    which is a measure of the small amount of natural gamma

    radiation in the borehole.

    17

  • TABLE 4. --Chemical analysis of water from aquifer zones A-D, A-F, and A-H

    Values in milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated

    Item Well depth (ft)

    255 640 750 (zones A-D) (zones A-F) (zones A-H)

    Silica (SiO )240 45 55

    Calcium (Ca) 23 12 12

    Magnesium (Mg) 8.3 5.5 5.9

    Sodium (Na) 12 29 31

    Potassium (K) 2.7 3.9 3.6

    Bicarbonate (HCO3) 102 128 142

    Carbonate (CO )30 0 0

    Sulfate (SO )415 9.0 9.5

    Chloride (Cl) 8.2 3.9 3.5

    Fluoride (F) .3 .8 .8

    Nitrate (NO3)

    8.6 .4 .3

    Total dissolved solids 179 173 192

    Hardness:

    as CaCO 92 53 54 3

    Nonca rbona te 8 0 0

    Temperature (°C) 11 17.2 17.1

    pH, in units 7.9 7.9 8.3

    Specific conductance 246 231 238 (micromhos per centimeter at 25°C)

    18

  • 0 Increosing roaiotion

    I I

    Incrocsing resistance

    I RESISTIVITY r)

    LOG

    CALIPER LOG

    IN FEET BELOW LAND SURFACE

    O

    0-J

    T E

    MP

    ER

    AT

    U R

    E

    1 I ! 10 12 A 16 18 20 22 24 50 54

    INCHES TEMP°F

    FIGURE 3. --Geophysical logs of the Davenport test-observation well.

    19

  • The resistivity log shows the electrical resistivity of

    the water in the borehole; because water with small amounts

    of dissolved chemical constituents has a high electrical

    resistance, the resistivity log is a rough indicator of

    chemical quality of the water. The smooth, nearly vertical

    trace of this resistivity log (fig. 3) shows that the chemical

    quality of the ground water differs little from zone to zone

    and also from top to bottom of the water column in the well.

    This is confirmed by the chemical analyses (table 4) of water

    samples taken when the well was at different depths.

    The temperature log (fig. 3) shows a gradual increase in

    water temperature from the static water level to a depth of

    about 300 feet (near the top of aquifer zone E, fig. 2).

    This temperature increase is a normal result of the heat flow

    outward through the earth. However, the temperature log for

    greater depths shows virtually no change and indicates that

    there was an overall downward flow of water in the borehole

    from zone E to the bottom. This downward flow was confirmed

    by the flowmeter log (not shown) but the flow velocity was not

    determined.

    20

  • ADDITIONAL INFORMATION EXPECTED

    The test-observation well is in a key location to monitor

    the effects of irrigation pumpage in the Davenport area. In

    addition to the information obtained on the sequence of

    aquifers at the test site, the relative yields of various

    zones, the geophysical profiles, and the general quality of

    the ground water, the test-observation well is expected to

    yield additional data, as summarized below.

    1. Differences in the hydraulic head at the various depths

    monitored by the piezometer pipes will define vertical

    hydraulic gradients. These in turn will provide the

    basis for meaningful estimates of the vertical move-

    ment of water through the ground-water reservoir,

    which are essential for a quantitative understanding

    of the ground-water-flow system.

    2. seasonal fluctuation of the water levels in the individual

    piezometer pipes will clearly define the intensively

    pumped aquifers, and should allow a better evaluation

    of the vertical leakage from one aquifer to another.

    Accurate temperature measurements through the thermistor3.

    access pipe will assist in the interpretation of the

    general pattern of ground-water flow, and also may

    21

  • provide the basis for an independent method of estima-

    ting vertical ground-water movement through the basalt

    sequence.

    4. The piezometer pipes are available to monitor any sizable

    future changes in ground-water quality by means of

    downhole conductivity sensors and, if necessary, by

    withdrawal of water for chemical analysis.

    In summary, the data already provided by the test-

    observation well constitute valuable guidance for critical

    water-management decisions that are needed for the area.

    These data could not have been obtained by other practical

    means. Additional data that are expected from the well may

    prove to be even more helpful for management of the area's

    valuable ground-water resource.

    22

  • REFERENCES CITED

    Jacob, C. E-, 1950, Flow of ground water, chap. 5, in Rouse,

    Hunter, Engineering hydraulics: New York, John Wiley

    & Sons.

    Luzier, J. E., Bingham, J. W , Burt, R. J., and Barker, R. A.,

    1968, Ground-water survey, Odessa-Lind area, Washington:

    Washington Dept. Water Resources Water Supply Bull. 36,

    31 p.

    Theis, C. V., 1935, Relation between the lowering of the

    piezometric surface and the rate and duration of

    discharge of a well using ground-water storage: Am.

    Geophys. Union Trans., pt. 2, p. 519-524.

    23

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