TEST # 1• Next Week : Monday, 9 July 2012 (8:00 am)• Bring Scantrons & pencils• Picture ID & know your PID (or be penalized)• Covers anything assigned to date:

- Textbook: Intro & chapter 1- Class Lectures (including songs on YouTube links)- Podcasts (Publisher web site)

• Approximately 50-75 multiple-choice or T/F questions; some related to sound examples

• My review sheets have been posted on course web site• Counts 10% of course grade

Music Terminology

Some Useful Terms for Describing Music

(also see Covach Podcasts)

What is “Music”?

“Organized Sounds and Silences”--John Cage

What can you organize?

• The 4 Parameters of Sound• Pitch = the frequency of vibration (heard as

“high” vs. “low”)• Duration = the length of time a sound lasts

(heard as aspects of rhythm)• Timbre = tone color (the source of the sound, i.e., instrument, voice, other)

• Dynamics = Loudness/Softness

Musical Form

• The basic organizing principal in music

• “What comes next?”

• Three basic elementsRepetition – the same thingContrast – something newVariation – a mix of old and new

Melodic Structure

• Similar to Speech (words, phrases, sentences, paragraphs, etc.)

• Musical PHRASE – coherent subdivision of a larger unit (similar to sentences or clauses in speech)

• CADENCE – resting point at the end of a phrase (full or partial, cf. punctuation marks, periods, commas, etc.)

Some Formal Patterns• Alternating sections

- Verse (same music, but changing words)- Chorus (same music & words; “refrain”)

• “Song Form” – usually 4 equal phrases - A A B A or A A’ B A” or AABC, ABCD, etc.- Bridge (3rd phrase) often contrasts harmonically

• 12-Bar Blues – 3 phrases repeated over and overA - statementA’ - restatement (intensification)B – conclusion

• Call-Response

See Textbook (p. 18)

No other terms to be asked (for now).

Les Paul (1915-2009) &Mary Ford (1924-1977)

• Popular duo (1950-54)- 16 Top Ten Hits- 6 mil. records sold (1951)

• He – experience in all styles- country, jazz, etc.- radio & studio musician- guitar, banjo, etc.

• She – family of preachers- singer in many styles- gospel, country, etc.

• Divorced 1964

Gibson “Les Paul Studio” model

Solid Body Electric Guitar(invented in 1930s/40s & marketed from 1950s on)

Les Paul in Studio

• Home recording studio• Complete control of Sound• “Overdubbing” or

“multi-track” recording• ½ speed recording =

“Chipmunk” effect• Electronic effects• Ex. YouTube - Les Paul &

Mary Ford - I'm Sitting on top of the World (Textbook Listening Guide, p. 56-67)

Other Electric Guitars

Leo Fender (1909-1991)

1949 Telecaster

Rickenbacker “300” series (1958- )

Adolph Rickenbacker

w/ original electric guitar

(c. 1932)

“Popular”• “Tin Pan Alley” songwriting and selling• European “classical” instruments & ensembles

in written arrangements (technically advanced) • Trained vocalists (emphasis on ‘correct”

singing techniques, precise pitches, etc.) • Classical harmonies and melodies

(often complex or colorful)• Verse-chorus format• Song forms (A A B A)• Northern, educated white audiences

“Country & Western”• “Traditional” songs (or emulation of the style & type)• Emphasis on “string band” (often no drums); guitar,

fiddle, mandolin, autoharp, etc.; smaller ensembles in unwritten (improvised?) arrangements (simpler)

• “Natural” vocalists (unschooled singing techniques, nasal sound, Southern accent, etc.)

• Simplified harmonies and melodies, generally limited to fewer chords, pentatonic, etc.

• Verse-chorus format• Song forms (A A B A)• Southern rural white audiences

“Rhythm and Blues”• “Blues,” Gospel, Doo-Wop, etc.• Mixes some European “classical” instruments w/ a

few instruments of African origin, often in unwritten (oral) arrangements w/ improvisation, call & response

• Untrained vocalists (almost shouting or speaking for some performers, but not Gospel & Doo-Wop)

• Harmonies and melodies often reduced to pentatonic or just a few chords, e.g., Blues only uses I, IV, V

• “Circular forms” (open-ended) • Can include song forms (A A B A) and others• Black audiences

Jukebox(“juke” = disorderly, wicked”

in Gullah language)

Rockola (1948 model)

Seeburg M100C

“Select-o-matic”

(1952 model)

Seeburg“Wall-o-matic”

Test Materials end here

Anything after this slide ison Test # 2

1950s

• Dwight Eisenhower• Return to “Normalcy”• Move to the Suburbs• Car Culture• “Baby Boomers”• “Cold War”

McCarthyism• Race Relations

Levittown (Long Island, NY)

1950s Cars

1950s TV

Father Knows Best (1954-60)

Ex. Father Knows Best, "Season 1

Original Opening" – YouTube (1954)

The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet (1952-1966)

Ex. The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet Ricky Goes to a Dance –

YouTube (1952)

Leave It To Beaver (1957-1963)

Ex. Leave it to Beaver classic clip

season 3 – YouTube (1959)