Territories Taken before WWIITerritories Taken before WWII

�� See maps (See maps (wkstswksts) and p. 333) and p. 333

�� Rhineland (1936): resourceRhineland (1936): resource--rich area rich area

between France and Germanybetween France and Germany

�� Austria (Mar. 1938): *Austria (Mar. 1938): *AnschlussAnschluss: union: union

�� **SudetenlandSudetenland (1938): part of (1938): part of

Czechoslovakia w/majority German pop.Czechoslovakia w/majority German pop.

Jews forced to scrub the pavement in AustriaJews forced to scrub the pavement in Austria

Nazi Nazi

takeover of takeover of

the the

SudetenlandSudetenland

**AppeasmentAppeasment

�� Definition: the policy of granting concessions Definition: the policy of granting concessions (giving in) to an aggressor in hopes of (giving in) to an aggressor in hopes of maintaining peacemaintaining peace

�� **Munich PactMunich Pact: agreement giving Hitler control of : agreement giving Hitler control of the Sudetenlandthe Sudetenland

�� Nations involved:Nations involved:–– England (Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain)England (Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain)

�� Claimed Claimed ““Peace for our timePeace for our time””

–– France (Premier France (Premier EdouardEdouard DeladierDeladier))

–– Italy (Benito Mussolini)Italy (Benito Mussolini)

Chamberlain holding the Munich PactChamberlain holding the Munich Pact**NaziNazi--Soviet Nonaggression PactSoviet Nonaggression Pact

�� August 23, 1939August 23, 1939

�� Agreement between Hitler and StalinAgreement between Hitler and Stalin

–– Promised nonaggression toward each otherPromised nonaggression toward each other

–– Secret agreement to divide PolandSecret agreement to divide Poland

““Wonder how long the honeymoon will last?Wonder how long the honeymoon will last?””

WWII BeginsWWII Begins

�� Invasion of Poland (by Germany)Invasion of Poland (by Germany)

–– *Date: Sept. 1, 1939*Date: Sept. 1, 1939

–– **blitzkriegblitzkrieg: : ““lightning warlightning war””

�� **LuftwaffeLuftwaffe: German air force; aerial bombardment: German air force; aerial bombardment

�� **PanzersPanzers: German tank divisions: German tank divisions

�� Motorized vehicles and infantry followMotorized vehicles and infantry follow

�� U.S.S.R. also invades Poland (Sept. 17)U.S.S.R. also invades Poland (Sept. 17)

German forces in the outskirts of WarsawGerman forces in the outskirts of Warsaw

Polish cavalry in Polish cavalry in SochaczewSochaczewGerman troops parade through Warsaw German troops parade through Warsaw

after Polandafter Poland’’s surrenders surrender

The Phony WarThe Phony War

�� **sitzkriegsitzkrieg: : ““sitting warsitting war”” (8 month period)(8 month period)

–– Germans: Germans: **SiegfriedSiegfried LineLine: Defensive : Defensive

fortifications along the western border w/ fortifications along the western border w/

FranceFrance

–– French: *French: *MaginotMaginot LineLine: Defensive : Defensive

fortifications along the eastern border w/ fortifications along the eastern border w/

GermanyGermany

MaginotMaginot Line DefensesLine Defenses

A gun turret along the A gun turret along the MaginotMaginot LineLine

Invasion of FranceInvasion of France

�� Denmark and Norway fell in April 1940Denmark and Norway fell in April 1940

�� **Low CountriesLow Countries: (the Netherlands, : (the Netherlands,

Belgium, and Luxembourg) fell in May Belgium, and Luxembourg) fell in May

19401940

�� Invasion of France (MayInvasion of France (May--June 1940)June 1940)

–– Germans bypassed Germans bypassed MaginotMaginot LineLine

–– Tanks go through the Ardennes Forest (Tanks go through the Ardennes Forest (BelgBelg.).)

–– France falls in June 1940France falls in June 1940

–– Partition of France:Partition of France:

�� North: *North: *Occupied FranceOccupied France: German military control: German military control

�� South: *South: *Vichy FranceVichy France: : ““PuppetPuppet”” govgov’’tt under Nazisunder Nazis

Hitler poses in front Hitler poses in front

of the Eiffel Tower of the Eiffel Tower

with architect Albert with architect Albert

Speer (l.) and Speer (l.) and

sculptor Arno sculptor Arno

BreckerBrecker

Evacuation at DunkirkEvacuation at Dunkirk

�� British & French troops trapped against British & French troops trapped against

English ChannelEnglish Channel

�� 338,000 escaped (May 26338,000 escaped (May 26--June 4, 1940)June 4, 1940)

–– 900 vessels: battleships, merchant marine, 900 vessels: battleships, merchant marine,

fishing boats, and pleasure craftfishing boats, and pleasure craft

–– Cover provided by *Cover provided by *Royal Air ForceRoyal Air Force (RAF): (RAF):

British air forceBritish air force

–– Guns and equipment left behindGuns and equipment left behind

Dunkirk EvacuationDunkirk Evacuation Battle of Britain (JulyBattle of Britain (July--Oct. 1940)Oct. 1940)

�� Operation Sea Lion Operation Sea Lion –– HitlerHitler’’s planned s planned

invasion of Britaininvasion of Britain

–– Aerial bombingAerial bombing

–– **AmphibiousAmphibious attack: sea to landattack: sea to land

�� Air battle: RAF vs. Air battle: RAF vs. Luftwaffe Luftwaffe (commanded (commanded

by Hermann by Hermann GoGoeeringring))

�� Civilian targets; Civilian targets; ““BlitzBlitz”” of Londonof London

–– Reported in U.S. by Edward R. Reported in U.S. by Edward R. MurrowMurrow –– radioradio

�� Primary SourcePrimary Source

–– Nightly bombingNightly bombing

–– BlackoutsBlackouts

Brits take shelter in the “Tube”

London Home Guard Battle of Britain – cont’d

� Reasons for success:

– Fighter planes: Hurricane and Spitfire

– Courage of RAF pilots

– RADAR – to detect enemy planes

– Mistakes of Nazis

� Failure to take out central command/radar units

– Determination of British people

– Leadership of Prime Minister Winston Churchill

� See quote p. 334

The Hawker HurricaneThe Hawker Hurricane The Spitfire

The Messerschmitt Me 109