Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
/fiP
UH2TED STATES OF AGRICtJIMIE
Agricultural Research Administrationuf©g& of SfctoiKology and
Division of Fruit Xoeeet
Tfoivorsitgr of California Harvjadi AgyicultiaxuL Station
Territorial Board of Agrieultw© ex& Fox*ests?2r
Institute Kdnaiiaa Sugar ?lontes?e? Association
Station
oa? imiCT races in mi/ais
r REJFOKP
1 - Kb^ch 31, 1953
cOo
WORK PROJECT 2~&~7. Goasscdity ?r8&tfi&nts* «- X> W. Baloekj, Froj®et
SUMMSH?
Eighteen s&tsrials w®?© screened as fizs&gstats against mk®d eggs andlanrae of the oriQ&tal fruit fly. Three wor© offeotivs at low dosages5
xaortalltgr of eggs asd lar^a© nas 95 per eeat at 30 asg./li'^ with bis(ehlor-oia9t^rl)0thsPj? at 19 JBg*/Uter with 2~feroiao©t!iyX acetate, and at 3*2Eg«>/iitar with ethyl isothiocyamt®. Tests tf©r© iaadft to detonninQ thetolerance of egg plant aud toisato to tsa isaterials previously found to be
affective fumigants.
Heat ,~
py rans wore conducted at tlio IBkG eheiBbes?1 to ehack th®room and th® possibility of applying tfoe quick run-^p B3^iod to papagTHO*
Difficulty was ©ncoimtorod la obtaining saturation* te hundred ox& Binst
sight fs-uits y®re conditioned for 6 hou?3' in sir tenqperaturas of 103° to12Oe5° P. and 93 to 9&5S& relative hnmidity. Rredt fly populations in thefruit were estiBiated at 6304. eggs ar$ XarvB8« Ifetality ^*as cos^lot©* la
a t©st for tolerance 11 out of IS mbwc& gra©n fruits jsiha^sd heatas a result of this treat&ant«
Cold Stor^ggv,p,antfe gyg
Results of two tests only indicate that papayas stored at a temperature
of 47° F» or less during tJUe E&aiTGUin of five days in storage ©nroute to the
mainland tjgr boat weald not ba likely to develop infestations from eggs laid
in them during transfer from warehouse to ship's cold roosssj, if this !att©r
interval war© less than S hours* Some flies developed from older eggs (22«»24- hours old) asd fi^om lanrae in papers that x-j©r© stored at 46*-/*?° & for5 dayso
^>f
Twenty-four tests wdiro oooductod with toiaatoos wrr.pped.an£ paclEsd for
in yaoo&sn tosato Ings; twonty---tao tosts wes?a ecnductad i& 10 eu«
ft« chambers and t$o in tha 100 cu« ft« cSiasabor* FcmgatiKg loads were
oqusl to batwean 53 and 62 par cent of tas freo cha^bsr space* Dosaga p-'"waa 2 lb#AOCK) cu* ft, at e%i3osuros of 1/2 hour to 3 3/2 hours at 70° fFruits isere oage«* aad fieM«-infQG"bcd and populations were 72$ ssalon .f?
27«S^ oriental fruit fly, and about 1,0? Bfedfly* Mbrtalitiee ranged iarormd 80^ at 1/2 hour exposure, to 99*66^ at 2 hours, &ad 100? at 2 2,aad 3 hours*
. Eigiit tosts were conducted with SDB on prs-paclcsd stsdng boans, ball
peppers P and cucumbers in 10 eu. ft« cliambers at dosages of 2 to 8 /(3/8 to 1/2 lb« par 1000 cu« ft,,) for 2 hours at 70° P» Fruit flyappeared higher in ball pepper than in the other ooaBsodltiss* The reason
is being studied^
tests were condisctod ttiih papj^is to detorsin© tha r®3ativ®
resistance of the oriental fcait fly asd the M2dit©jTan®an fn&t £3^v The
results corroborated thos© of the 2aot qiaarto? ^fearo it uas sho«sa that the
iiazaatura stages of the flfediterrenean fruit £2y are aQsts^sat more yoaiatasat
to furaigation with SDB than sra siseila? popvilatious c£ the oriental Trait
Tests conducted to 3©te:ratei© loss of ED3 *£h?ough ths water
th© 10 cxu ft- ehambars indicated tsat loss from this source is
at aost to 1*2% of tha iaitial
Tests wera coadiseted with stylng b©as»s acd papayas to detorsiinQ EDB
and bpoudde residues x^s-oltiag f^om fatsigstrlon at a dosage of 3/4 lfc»/lO00cuo ft« axd a ^hom* esposniro at 70° P*- EBB recoveries from string boans
dropped fma 23*9 p*p«Bjft ism^diately following fuiaigatioa to 0 after 6
days* An inersass of 6-X4 p«p»ifla in hiPOEsidas was indicated after 6 days*EDB recovery ia papajTas dropped from 9*1 p«p*m* isastsdiately follcwing
flaaigation to 0 after 7 dajs* Bromide residuas did aot increase in papayasa
6» Sthylene Chlog^obg'OKiide .,,fl,iariLgat^p^ Bof, Baclcsged P9jpa^asP
Results aro showa fop 22 tosta id.th papayas wrappad and packed fos»
ehipBsnt ia paper carbons and fmaigaisd idth etflyleiis* chlorob3?OEid©« Ifeita
are also summarized for 78 tests with packaged fruit aad a ssortality curve
is shoim which indicates that a desago of 1 2/4 lbi> par 1C00 cuu, ft0 for2 hours at 70° F, uould provide sseuidt^ at probit 9«
WBK PROJECT I-a~7« CcE-modity BrcsafaasBis - -I* tf« B&Xecl^ Fxojeet
Lin©. Project I-a^l. S^sgBjagjgOs©^
jtf^ screened as ftaoigaats
against naked ®ggs aud third**d&8tar> lanmsn The results ®pq sfc&m in
tabl© 2, A total of 26*7 jHateri&le hswa bas-n tested, to Sat®.
Three of th© eotegKronds tested durisg th® quarisr- killoS all ©ggs
at loss than 2 slL per liters e
acetate ? and fJ
Ethyl i9othiocyaaat©5 k5J2iat^ 95 per cs-at of the eggs and larvae at
less than 4- *Bg« P®^ ■lifcsjplr was esoj?© offectirre agaiJist both stages than
etl^l th£oc^anat9» Corapared with a©thyl tMocyasmts it was sore effeetiva
against eggs bat loss effective against la
acstate. klXliHg 95 per cent of the eggs and larvae at
less tfaaa 20 mg.a per liter, seems to hs&e aWat in® ssan© degree of ef
titreness as "Hie ethyl ax3,d 3aetljgrl ofcloatoe.cotstes and b
Bis (ehlos'ometb^l)ether killed the lasreae better tfo&ss amr o:f the othorethers tested to dato (95 pe>r cei'at rsortali'^v- at 23 ag»/Htezv«
\. Xrlqtsid para'&blon was tested ]2£>cjaus© Bsloek &a<5 fouEd tSiat it gave high
mortalities of D* dgr^lls in fiold-infestssd Isaissoai zusfcs (^ly--Sopt.»qiiartarly rspart^ 1949» "Sp* 1W5) whsn volatilifssd by b^atiaag* VJhenTolatiliaed osa an ovaporaii2sg dish heatsd 1:f a KLcar&orciiy 0.2 3aL» in a 10etio ft* chsiistosr (approx* 0»43 28g, psp'Htsr) gavs a noytality of 99 peyc@nt in a two-teas? test at a cha»b«p tempers-sis*© of i^O«453e> F« This is atoxicity coraparsble- to tliG.t of the most offactive ftaEigasts testad agalssst
the fruit fly* Mortalities were noii as great vSssm paratMon t3sl& wlatilised
in dishes loss hot, asd warn ■rolatilisad over 'boiling watsa?, it -v?as
negligible* In the present ajcpe^isssiit imers it wlq used vithcnat hsatj, itwas fonod to be- complotal^ inoffeetiyo* • Bavathioa :1s not irajry ^rolQtil©t-It has a high bo52i33g poir& (375° G,} aad g Igb vapox* paeeesura (arousdl 0o03aicrons at ?5° F*)« It ses-as probabls thsit tha faisigant effect of theheated couipouod \m& due to a dtecojapositiea product i^leassd at high t®mpera.»tturese Beoim (laaect Gonvs?ol by Chemicals), quoting itetla, states that" %tterapsraturss of 130-»I40::> C-» parsthios, coasaaacss to iisojasi'ia©. til© tli&aao
sulfar bseoidj^g Tuercapto gsilfus'o:{ llazoapbsnB sr© lEKown to ba effecti^a
fcaaigants fet it seeas :i?^:j?oba.ble that ths^1 nauM -kill at; less tbaa 1 s»«p©r liter*
by EDB fSSiattSi, m?e~ treated in 5-galloi?. osus wit& 10 c!Iffsreat ^terialsto test t&eir toXoTanoe to additioa&l oosspoarjcls vhieh Iind "bs'sa found to be
eff©ctiv© tosigants agaiasst aa&ed eggs and Isrirae of SS£S£ fl?X§§M§ %& screeE-"ing tests* After fusjigation thay were stored and es?.Hiaed "by Jit* k ASaraiaeof the UniiTGrsity of Hawaii Plant Physiology Dspartiaant« The- results oftfees-3 tests ar© prosontcd in ¥&« JUeaadna's report,,
78S*
fciW
f-»
<*4
f.71
aMw
£io
g
3 i I
I
J>2SH
CK
Vr\5U
to
!•*
UCO
8^v
.v
?-O
r.O
^O
Vt
'..o
i-1H
03,
V:O
«iJ<O
-<3
\.nO
tes
>g
SiIr
*omb
I* !-JVi
JS8r <^_
v>•
Is8F
^8
8
o^i
o
^~!O
%.?»
5-r.
3o
\n
C
&£
&$P
•'Vi
vj:O
i^.Crt
IS 8'S'V
^v
V>:<
GT'-Q
\.n
iC>
t-^
i'-
Cft
{-■'
Jo
C?
vji
••>.']
•■■-.'
5v;
>.o
Ti
o-a6
c
E O3
OOO
O0?
^;JS
!;5._
.,_
Ida© Projeet X-a-7-2* igm^^LS^M^Mm^^MAJ^^MM^MEof Fruit Fly IafestatioariJ^ W, B&lock, FrGTMaraaa, and T» Sosraa)
Two trial russ w©re conducted in the Isai&atspial R&sesrch Mvisory
Council's vapor«hsat eharabar at tfc© University of Hawaii %?Iculti2raL
Ebcperimeai Station as a preliminary step ia detersiiirLng th© possibility of
adapting th© vapor~h©at quick rai«-up treatment fox* papaya.
Papayas M&st ba conditioned st arotsad HO® ?• and low braaidiiy fo:?
around 6 hours in order to tolorat© treatment at high temperatures imdar
saturation* For this reason th© conditioning period was iziolixteei as an
integral part of the treatemt ia determinism fruit fly mortality as wa?JL
as fruit tolerane©0
Th© first tost tsss conducted on March 18* Kie entire floor of th©
vapor«h@at chamber was covered with 22 fiold boses with 18 ?ip©f isfestsd
papayas in each altoynat© box. The fruits ware picked full ripa and were
infested by the oriental fruit f3yc -This infestation was supplemanted 1^
essposing 1/3 of the fnaJ.ts to caged flies* Eighteen naatwre-grean fruits
ware treated at the sas© tin© to determine tolerance to treatment p
ture of the room during a 6 l/Z-'houS' condition^ period was saintaiaed at210® F« dry bulb? a»d 86° F« wet fculb (about 40^ R«Htt) "bjy saeanB of a TaylorPulscope toa^sraturo^umidity eontrolle2Vi?eQorder«. Fsfuit p
were recorded at approxiHato?^- 2/4" depth and center by useg-ns ofconstantan ^ermocoiiplss asd & Leeds & Sforthmp 16 point multiple
At th© end of the conditioning period 2/4" readings varied from 106 to108° F«j» and 104. to 109° F» at tho canter, at which time the controls wereset for 200/S RoH* with th© objective of raising the. fruit at graduallyincreasing tea3>9rattires to 115° F. ia Qpproxl2£at©2y 4 hoara. During the
succeeding 2 hoiara iBonedrlately folloirin^j conditioning, the fruit texapsra--
tures failed to level off or rise aboro 108a i\ at the center even whoa the
entering aix> issirturo wss raised to 13.5° ?• Site es^eriTaeat x«as contixrosSsd
for 4- E»re hours, 6 altogothor in addition to 6 1/2 koiirs of conditio»i23g«>Although air taEperatures during the 4th through the 6th hour ¥©r« saintainedbetween 113 and 120° F«, fruit tesBperatures at Vae ©nd of the 6th hour
varied bstwesn lll«115e at the c©ntsr and 1X3 and 117° F* at the 2/4" <*©pth*CheckB on ths R»H» during the last 6 hours irith a sling ps^shrosseter ga.v®yet bulb depressions of 1/2 to 1° F, with occasional readings shcssiisg nodepression,, This ttrould indicate rela&iv© htmsiditios of 9? to 3J0O& During
the last 2 hours, 2 thermocouples were zdggod as a wet and dxy bislb asad
suspended under th© baffle* For* the wet bulb a muslin saekvas wrappedaround one couple so that a portion of the sack estsnded beyond the end of
the needle and vorksid as a wick toaersed in a bsaicar of vater* !«rt# bulbdepressions ranging from 3/2 to 1° P^ were I'oeor&Qd wiih ono reading shewingao depression* Botti couples genre sindlar r«adl-iTgs yhea stsspended side fcyside without any covering* This would further indicate that tha R*E*
approached but \ma not quite at saturation throughout practicaHj th© entiroperiods
A second cheek on the room wa3 uade on I-farch 25* At this tisae a strip
of tarred roofing paper was used to co^ey about a three-foot section arouraithe entire sdge of the gtoor reducing the cpQn floor spaca stout 50^ and
12 field boxes containing ojaly 1 p^pa^ each were uzq& to cover the contra!
Table 2»«~TenHp6rati2r© and taaldifcy during vapojcuhsat eocp&i*lnaszb of
18, 1953.
Hour
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
B&B£S of TesiipQrata*es O5I.
Dry bulb
109-121
it
a
R
110-111
111-15
111-17
117-21
1U-1S3/
Wst bulb
86-S7
«
tt
n
10S-10•
110-16
116-20
n>i73/'
117-203/
Fer cGnt
H. H.
38-40
93-97
97
97
97
.97
9$* 5
90-97
97-101
104-X07
106*108
106-108
106*108
108-111
110-114
109-115
103-11?
coiitor
89-99
101-108
104-109
iot-2joa
107*109
106-109
109-113
109-115
1/ Wet ami dry bulb readings >^r t%S£ns of I«sg6p & Itotrirup portable pot©2>tion©toy and coppor-cocataixtaa couplon* Other hiarlclity'i^oadiags* fro<aTayloA'-Fulscop^ racordor.
g/ Ttaraperatur© zanga :la G Arudto, 2ac!i r^ciit «?:lth 1 ceppor constacotipled at 1/4" pnd ojic c.t app^s2c:ln?nt3 csjitQi* ci" ^slt.
-X25-
floo? araa* %a control uaro set for saturation at tha start and airtemperatures betwoan 111*5 and H/>* ?♦ were aalntained tor 5 hours at th©ond of which tin© teffiperaturQg at fruit centers ranged from 107 to 110° F«Wet bulb depressions at various tiisas on both a aling psydbupoaster and wetand dry thermocouples ranged from 0c5 to 2° P« throughout most of this
of the
Th© room is not entirely of conventional design, especially tho
struction of the exit duct end tho location of the vater spray® \Mch ar©halfway up the vertical portion of th© duct instead of la tho usual
horisontal section above tho chamber* Fafftfadriaw?©* tho -tosipevatiira
sprays i8 controlled diroctly by heating th© rarter in Q hsat osReMn
the condaasats is reeirculated by a pump* This in itself vould appear togive the sara© effect as laisiag cold vat®? sprays with stsam to reach the
desired tou^orattiro so the failm*© to maintain saturatlczs mo3t proi^bly
ia due to placoa^nt of the water sprays at ouch a remote distance from the
entrance duet, or possibly to iasufficiont spray pressure* To correct
this, Dr* Slioji of the University of Hawaii Espsrisienfc Station has coei«
tacted the ©cgiaeers who built the chamber- to determine necessary changes*
PVirther testa will then be conducted to check tho p®rfonoance of the room*
Table 3 Fniit fly mortality In p^iayas ©sposad in vaposvheat room for
6 hours to 110° P» asuH 38-40? H»H* aad for 6 hoiirs to tcnoDeratures of U0° to 121° P, and 97 to 9$«5%
Hoc of
papayas
198 (treated
108 (controls)
Fruit fly
eg$s & larvae
6304
1
Ptiijaria
0
4272
D^dorsalis
0
• 1388
Survivors
D*cucurbitae
0
U
0«oophilus3
0
3
It was not possible to control tho t&sporat'.ss'd and tefddity in this
as closely as desired* The plan was to rim the fruit teiapsratur®
up to 115° F# tmder satiirat5.cn after tho 6«hour conditioning period 9
but thig could not be accomplished o?en t>?:ith the very light load testada
Howo'ifQr, the treatmont %as entirely letfeal to all stag&s cf the fruit £3y
even though tes^eratmres at the clcso of trsatsDnt uore orrly 111~115O at th©
fruit center and 113 to 117° at 3/4n« Tha tolerance of asatare grocsn fruitsto the treatraent was disappointint; as roportad by Atoaine in bis section at
the end of oin» report* Oirfc of IS fruits treated* 11 fruits shoved
heat ixijtiry» Seven ware uoaffected earcept for reduced
426-
Project I«a«-?«»3<Fly Infeatatioau,
Ae Effect of
Cold Storage to Hid Fraits .and' jTegQtablea of ggutt
Ion r&oa...gefalgggafeiPfl, on
oriental fruit fffo; in mmma* (PTi Hiraaanoriental fru&t flv i gaE*Bflaa« ( & ^shipped to tha mainland are stored in the sbip?s refrigamtors fox* a
of 5 days ©a rout©* The follosilsg tests weira made to detara&a®
t
^ o 5 y * g
the effect of refrigeration on the iBnnatvj?o stages of
a light dosage of EBB*
On each of 5 days, 19 2, 3, 4* aat2 ? before fnadgationff a d!ff©s»~y, 9 , , *
ent lot of 48 previously laBinfested papayas was aspossd for two hours tothe flies in cages* Each lot was ttai cLiirided aa fc^Jonsj half ^as
fumigated tiith 0«7 02. of 3Dft per 1000 cu. ft« a^a 1-^lf was left unfumi-
These two lots wore again divided and half vas kept at room tan*-
p tMle half was kept iu a reefer at 4.3-45° F^ for five days and
then taken out and kept at room teixrp©raturG3« The experlmani was 3?epeated
a second time using a slightly greater amount of fuir&gant (0*# oz^AOcu« ft«) asd keepisag fuiaigated fruits in tho raefsr for 5 3/4 days at47° K
The aanbar of puj^e later sifted from ©aeh lot is shown in table 4*
Table 4«-»«Kffect of fimiigation and refrigeration on tne issnatur©
the oriental fruit f2y in papayas*
Intervals
infestation
and
treatment
(Bays)
TEST 2
1 347
Totals
Interval
between
infestation
a&d
treatiaant
(Days)
TEST g
2 3
47
Totals
Fruits t
(0o7 os* EE'Kept at
room
6265
298345
1617
©A0(X> ft«3)
(5 days at
0
17
9
40
1 30
Fruits ftuaigatod
(0*8 oa* EDB/1000 ft,3)Kept at
room
271
39
99
§4
553
Hefrigaratad
(5 3/4 dsya
0
0
2
13
23
2*
©loped
Fruits not futaigated
Kept at
reoia
800
255
655BZ
2573
RefilgeEiated
(5 days at43-45° P.)
560
16
1321
106
Paff-'dts not ftmdgatedSept. at
rocea
1351239
A&7
661
251a
Refrigerated
(5 days at46-47* P.)
0
12516
14
155
Papaya® infested the day before fms&gatioa eont&ii&dt eggs y$
papayas infested two days before fumigation contained Just hatching orvery young larvaej and papayas infested 3, 4* swi 7 days before fusdga-tion contaisasd larvae la different stages of development.
Differences between treated lots were obscured because of wide varia«»tions In infestations in different lets but several effects are indicated*
(1) The cosbimtion of fumigation plus refrigeration vsub asst effee~
tiv© against the ogg stage, eliminating the isifastation in both tests.
(2) Fmaigation alone was least effective against tba eggs? laor© pupa©
developed from papayas fumigated in the ©gg stage thaa from ceiapsnion lots
(3) Lateral infestations, redtieed by fuiixlgation, w©3?8 further reduced
by fumigation pltis rsfsrigerationo Poraigation alon© appoarad jnost effee*tive against the very yowng larsme in papayss infested wo days il
The data indicate that the larva© are aor© susceptible thaa the eggs
to SDB fumigation, but tlet the eggs ar© iboi*s susceptible than the larvae
to cold tenspsratnres follcsrijQg ftadgatilon,.
B» Effect of f^^ationr aisd refri^QZ-at^on on..egga of, tha .oriental^rait
lly. ■ ^..psPffipaT' Tf* SI HinrnoR and T* KomsE£Tn~~in 19ABS Flitters fouadthat eggs of dorsa^is only a few hours old trare very sw.scsptibl© to cold
temperatures and suggested that storage teiEparatm*©s en route to ths
nainland aight kill the fly in the &gg stage* At the present t±n% Plant
Quarantine inspectors convoy pineapples to the boat in order to guard
against reinfestation after fumigation, This wotild be uxmacessary if it
were foucd that the egr:s would not hatch if tfcoy u®r& laid Just before the
fruit was loaded in the ship's refrigerators*
To test the effect on the eggs of a temperature of 47° F* (a frequentlyused shipping temperature) for fivo days (the iaSjiimum timo of refrigerationon ships going to the mainland), papayas wer© faadgated with BDB 30 to 4-8hours before they war© infested fcy §££§§££& ^ cagas* The treatB^nt r©»quired for commercial shipments Ts-as used {X/2 poxcsd of SDB for 2 hotsrs at70° Fo)« Half of the previously fumigated papajpas was infested 22 to 24hours befc-r© refrigeration^ asd ha3f was infested 6 to 8 hours bsforsrefrigsratiosu
The results are shown .in table 3*
After 5 days at 4.7° F, f tho mortality of ths older sgga (or of larvaedeveloped from thesa) irae 91*5% in fus&gat-sd fruit and 92«9^ 1b fdfruits based on the mortalities in th« sama mstih®? o£ fruits held
tinuously at room temperatures* 7h& mortalities in th© ycui^or eggs
100 per cent in fumigated f&slt and 99*3 par cent (4 pupae r©covOi?ed)unfuraigated fruit*
TabX© 5*^3brtal£ii©s of oriental feait fly eggs in-
47° F« fo? 5
I,
Infested 22-24-
hours bsfor©
refrigeration
.11.Infested 6-8hours bsfo2*G
refrigoratios
Fumigated
befop©
Infestation
Tea
Ho
Tea
Kb
FE^pae r®ciavGZ'®& from
papa^ae leapt at:Rocm
tsfE^soratis?®
3455
4509
933
533
47tt ?•for 5 3ajs
322
0
■
S&rtalities (Su© to
rafrigeraticm^
based pa pupa®
dsvalopsd at s>oo&
teropa^itiire
91.4
92.9
99o3
It is doubtful t^ethsa0 fooaigatlon 30 hcnisps (Lot 1) to 48 hoisrs (X»ot 2}before the fruits were iafested had any effect on egg sso.Ha!iii©s undo?refrigeration.
-029-
Idne Project
of BVuit Fly
data, (Baloek and Kosuaa)
experiia&ats uore coaduetad dusdng th© quarter with tonatoes
wrapped individually in tissue and packed ia wooden tcs&to lugs containing
16 to 25 lb« of fruit pop lug (fig* !)• TuontsMivo tasts were conductedin two 10 cubic foot chambers aiid 2 ia a 1C0 cubic foot charabay* The lugs
used were of 2 elaes* standard lugs (6 2 14 x 19-2/2*) for th© large ehambesrtests and cut-dorm lugs (6 s 10«2/2 s: 17") for the sniall chaaibax1 tasta«Fumigating loads vere 56 lugs ia the 100 cu* f-i* chasabs? and 8 lugs in the10 cue ft« ehaiabers, occupying apprc&iiBatsl^r 62 pop cont and 53 pay cent ofthe free air space.
The dosage uas 2 IK per 1000 eu. ft* at exposures of 30 ainutes to
3-2/2 hou?s at 70° P. with continuous air circulation* To supplement fieldiafestation at loast 0310-^salf the fruits in ©ach tost was opposed in largeoutdoor cages to laixed populations corapossd principally of th© aslosa flyasd the oriental fruit f2^r, and Td.th small aosbers of the ?fediter?aneanfruit fly. Infeatation hy each speelse ©otiuated frcm control fyuits inasaolon fly—?2ol4^, oriental f3mit f3^--27*76^. and Jfoditerrenoasa fruit fly^approadniat©^ 0*1^. Kal-red sggs (24- boura old) of the oriental fruit flyand the sjsIoe fly were exposed on aoiet KLotting papor* in opea patri dishesinside the cartons in various positions in the ehaiabars*
The fusaigated fruits H@ighod 5772 lb, mid ccntaiaed an estimated fruitfly population of over 30,000 ©ggs and isrrae* Mortalities ranged fromarouad 80 per coat at the 2/2-&our exposure to 99«66 per cent at the 2-hourexposurQo Ho survivors were recorded at 2-1/2 or 3-1/2 hours* Th& resultsare presented ia table 6, Tablo 7 sunsssrises the data from 34 osperiiaantsto date vith paelsagsd tomtoes* A mortality ciu»ve is sho^m in tig« 26
uripff fuajgatioa id.th inethyl teoagijg,. (Ohimts)
^s analycos asad© in the 100 cu* fto chamber during an oxposur© of3-1/2 hours aro shoua in table &
The results indicate that matJjyl brcadd© penetration was uniformthroughout the chamber* Approxirnatoly 65 per coast of the gm rsiaained after3-1/2 hours»
^Q
Wi
•a
If
w
-131-
Table 6 .—The morality of tho iramatu?© etages of tho oriental fruit fly and the mslon fly in tomatoes,wrapped in tissue and packed in vooden lugs, fumigated with methyl brooide at 2 1b. per 1000
en* ft* for •sariows exposures at 70° F» (Expt* 156-179)
Bspt*
Ho*
156166
157
160167
163
158
161
164169173IT/
159162
163165ito
171
172
175
Exposure
holies
1/Z
1
1 2/2
2
Fruits
Ho. !
840
840
1,630
840
700
3,520
840840
840
700
840
840
4,900
840840
840
840700
768
768720
6,316
lbs*
152
149
301
151
xa145
139
576
152
152
148
243.
139159
891
153149242
148
138
143141133
1347
Fniit fly
population
37O
1,708
370
516l?708
932
3,526
370
5161,708
932
1,564644.
5,734
370
516516
X 70S
932
8
8
416
4*474
144270
414
1
11
6511
CO
0
0
0
. 2
U0
6
0
0
0
7
8
0
0
0
15
Dor.
1459
7"
0
2
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
2
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cue*
20
89
109
0
0
50
9
59
0
0
0
2
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
z0
0
0
2
Other
0<
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
o,
ai/0
0
0
0
2
For cent isort&iity
Jlaked eggs
Do.?»
2a £rait No,
61*66
34*19
SO, OS
99*73
97.87
96,199B»iS2
97* 50
100*0
100*0
100,0
99c 79
99*74.100,0
99*90
100,0
200*0100c0
99*59
100*0
100*0
100»0
99o66
400
400
800
400
400
400
1594
4001
400
400
400
«,
1600
400
400
400
400
1600
OuCftfir * "ft?
35.312© 8
34.3
97*1
98.5
50«0
72*1
99c498«7
99*0
100*0
99.3
99*399*7100»0
99»4
en
99,6
•2*
-
30
50
200
300
50
55
ZOO
800
160
3265
50
50
IS- ■■
200«
120
420
5§ Ssort*
71*0
97*7
3jOO.O
94-S
100.0100*0
1COCO
100,0
100*0
100.0
o/jpe7
1CK)«O
lOOoOto ■
fat
200«0
Sis© of
10 ou, ft*n
j
j
tt
w!t
n
tf
!7
n
!f
B
tf
n
K
n
ft
n
H
r?
Table 6 (eosrt'fi)
Espto
Boo
174176
178179
.
Exposure
2 3/2
3 3/2
Fumigated
Granu Totals
156-159 j160-463164-167168-170
171-172
173«174175~176
177
178179
Control
Totals
Fruits ' i
840720
1,560
7,560
7,700
13,260i
|32*0%
1*400
1,400
2,200
1,400
990
720
420
2,100
2,100
13,470
lbs.
136
231
267
1278
1312
2590
5772
240
281
339279172
134342
76
367352
2382
Frait fly
population
1,564416
1,980
3*532
7f297
■13V%9
."30,621
-
as
8594,270
1,86410
1,564
416322
1,649
1,994
13,566
Puparia
0
0
0
0
0
0
618
8594270
186410
1564416322
16491994
13,566
Dor.
0
0
0
0
0
0
CtlCe
0
0
0
0
0
0
•
Controls
37
56
507
240
0
480
61
24419269
.2093
210
356
2177
973
4448
125
24492
630
5439
Other
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 ,
Is/i&0
0
0
0
0
0
y
Per C8nt mortality
In fyuit
100.0
100,0
Baked oggs
Eta*ft I Cue,
•**
1500
1600
3100
800
120
100o0
100.0
1C0.0
800
300
noo
% !£ort«
100*0
100*0
100,0
100*0
100*0
100.0
Sise of
10 era* ft*
100 eu, ft«0
*
caoitata Wied»
-133-
Table 7««~SaBsaaxy of results with matbyl teomid© at 2
oa ffruit f2y mortality in toisato©3 wrapped and
sssnafc ia 10 and 100 eu« f&, chambers at 70° ?„
P ou*
for ship-
146-179).'
Ho« of
tests
2
4
9
10
4
2
3_ «M <w «ft
34
Exposure
houss;
3/2
1
1 1/2
2
2 1/2
3
3 1/2■a ««» ■» «• oa
Faults
Wo*
11,680
3,220
7*180
7,836
3*080
1,520
15*940k» «- «o or, c
40*456
lbs*
301
579
1,342
1,447
575
300
2,736
7,280
population
2*07®
3*526
7,787
7,026
4,522
2*552
14,082W >W V< A •«» tow •
41,573
414
id
0
0
o• — — •»-«
Boy coat
: 30.03
97.50
99.91
100.0
100.0
100.0» <» ta am «i m»
-234.-
2»«*»Msrtalitgr of th© melon fly and the oriental fruit fly in toza&toss wrapped and packed for shipment and
fumigated uith methyl bsoudd© et 2 Ib« par 1000 cu* ffc9 at 70° Fe (Bsptc 3.56-179) •
I■8*0 ©
Hotes Airoty ii^icatee one survivor assisasd whss*© noas
was obtained
3U0 2oO
-3L35.
Table 8*—*Gas analyses durlag fumigation of tosaatoes isiith(2 lb«/lOOO cvu tt. for 3-4/2 hows at 70* P»).
Positioa
saspled
in chaste1
Base, inside lug
Base, outside lug
Top, inside lug
Top, outside lug
Base, inside Ing
Base, outside log
Top* inside lug
Top; outside log
Base, inside lug
Base, outside lug
Top* inside lug
Top, outside lug
Tim® ofter
start; of
fumigation
10 minutes
10 mnutee
10 Tfdnutes
10 minutes
2 hours
2 hours
2 hours
2 hours
3-1/2 hours3~l/2 hours3-3/2 hours
3~3/2 hours
KatiJiyi bromide rsooverod
1
109
107
111
106
76
7176
76
6361
6562
2
97
107108
107
78
7879
79'
67676768
Averag©
103107
109106
77
7478
7&
65
6466
65
t__l£»F esafc]_Air©ffage for
oatira
dfessbsz? :
2:06
77
65
I»ine Project L«a~?~5«. Efchyleno PibrcaflidQ PtaaJgatipn,to Hid Frufttq , and
Vegetables of ^Jfrnit Jfy ^sfffefr*0!** 0* **• Baloek, D. Kostazna, and K*Ofainata)
Work on this lias project was restricted to determining (l) th© fumigation requirements for pre«pacb©d coiasoditiesj sad (2) the cosnparatiY©effectiveness of etljylano dlhroiaitte on the Maditemmoan fruit fly andth© oriental fruit fly in papaya, cad (3) ch©Hical analyses fox* SDB andbromine residues during and after foErlgation*,
lo The fuaj^atipn, of pr^acked comoditiaa nith efrforlena dibgomide*
(Baiock and Komnsa)T^Papayas wore relatively difficult to obtain andthe large chamber tests needed with this fruit before fumigation recom
mendations for packaged fruit can be aado vore taraporarily postj>oned untilthe next quarter when papayas will hs mxch ffiora abundant*
Availability of bell pepper, cucinaberp a»d string beans md© it
possible to conduct a liraited number of instigation tests iiith thes© cox&-
aodities packed for shijanent* The method, of packing fcCLkyjSod that which
would be used by exporters and is illustrated in fig* 3a and 3b*
The fruits were esposed 1 to 4. days before fumigation in Goys large out
door cage stocked uith rarlxed populatioB3 of malon fly and the oriental
fruit flyf in order to supplement field infestation and to assure the
presence of both ©gg asd larval stages*
Fumigation vas conducted in 10 on,. ft» chambers at 70° P. Tho spac©
occupied by the fruit and containers vas appro?:itaat®2y 5 en* ft* Jfeked
eggs, about 2£ hours oM, of D. dcrssl^ and D* cviwurbl^ac u<qtq exposed
on Hoist blotting papsr in open patri dishoa i» the canter of fruit con
tainers at various -levela in the fagdgating
The results of theso tests are shcun in table 9.
Fruit fly survival in boll psppor was apparently higher than that in
cucumber and string beans fuxaigatsd under- eimila? conditions, and a3^o
higher than survival in papayas fuoigsted in soeled cartons^ The reason
for this is being investigated*
2o The conrparatiye effectiveness, of Q'j^ylQne/l^bpoiaids pii^the
fruit fly and the oriental ..^uijji fly^ Piffl*TOo fBaloek 833dBapaya fruits were collected as they wer© broalcizig color before field
infestation by fruit flies was extensive* They wers divided into two
equal lots and one lot vast exposed to caged Msdfiios end th© other tooriental fruit flies for periods of from 3 to 6 hours at lp 2* and 5 days
before ftaaigation so that egg and larval stages would bs present in the
fruit when funigs.ted* The fruits -were wrapped SQperately in tissue and
packed with wood excelsior in cardboard cartons (6-X/2 2 11 x 16"}« Eightcartons, each with four Medfly^infastsd sad A Soriajyyg^iafestod fruits were
fumigated at one tin© in a 10 cu* ft, chamber for 2 horn's at 70° F* Eight
tests were run at dosages of 3 to 7 mg*/liter (3/16 to 7/16 lb»/l000 ctuft»)» No oriental fruit flios sianrived st any dosage tested^ stA Medflyil \ms recorded on3y at 3 reg./litor*
*"tf 1 /I*
r
Fjlgur© 3*-"'Methods used for paekiog bell pepper, eueuabar, oad
string bsasas before £&s3 patios with ethyleno dibrosnids*
(a) String baaas in a voo&on (6 x :L0-l/2 :-: 17!))Ii7>3d with wragsplng papos similar1 fco tha pack its
for toraatooj?, Wsight of baajas approximately .13
lb« par Hat, gig^it flats fumigated at cno tirasin 10 cm. ft. S
•13S-
r
crates ftsaigatsd at ona tins in 10 <ai, ft.hb
for
Table 9 *«~Fndt fly mortality in string beaB3, bell pcppors* and cucxoribera
packed in paper-liasd wooden containers and tmd.ga.ted in a 10
etu ft. chamber tfith ethylena dibroiaide at various dosages fox*
2 hows at 70° P. (Ebspt* 322-329)*
Etxpt*
No*
325
326
324327
5oto.lt
328
322
323
Total*
Dosage
XSgo/Ito
2
3
4it
5
8
i
329(a| 8
329(b) 8
Itaigatsd
totals
Fruit
Kind
B©11 pepper
« n
n n
ti a
K ri
n n
String beansr a
tr n
Ball pappQr
Cucumber
IK
96
96
96
96
192
96
104104
208
72
45
SOS
322-323324
325-326 .
327-328
329a
329b
Control
Totals
String bsans
B©11 peppern »
w a
« n
Cucumber
5248
75
72
24
15
283
Rru£t flypopulation
3970
3970
2368
3819
6107
3819
126
126
232
3237
414
21,049
tovivor^Pup*
595
604
274880
13.54
665
0
0
0
no
0
Controls
53118429852865X079338
fi3Q4
53
2985
28651079
138
Vctp*
195
228
153330
m
257
68
0
Cue
166
134
51139
190
56
0
0
85.01
84*79
88*4376*96
81.35
82^59
ioolo
100,0
96*60
32
759
123460410
2863
5746
1248
763489
2055
Nake
95a
97,6
100*0
am
<*»
ality3/d eggs
100,0
100^0
100.0
100,0
86,82
93,8
lOOoO
1/ Pup* sspupariai Bca^-D* doraalis^ Cue, =2*2/ Based on larvae surviving aud3/ F f2/ g jpg.3/ Four hundred eggs of dorgaj^g, and 100-4CK3 of
four locals.
(24 hr» old) at
The results presented ia tablo 10 corroborate those given in the lastquarterly report on p* 157. It ie quite apparent that ftedfly is sore
resistant to ethylone dibromide than is the oriental fruit fly, but the
difference is not great*
3. Ohemieal analyses for /ten® difemajde snd bromide residues during
[OhiaataJT
(a) I5DB solution inj&mter_ of 10 cu* ft« chambers() i , ft■used for small-scale fmaigatioa tests ar© ssade gas-tight hy the use of
built-in water seals* The depth of tha eleven liters of water in tfo© seal
is approodJBately seven inches ond the total water surface exposed during
fumigation is about 16 sq. ino Tc determine whether aay appreciable aasount
of SDB is taken up by this seal water (solubility of SDB in water at 25° C,is O«43 ga* per 100 at.), suitable aliquots w©z*e analysed after a 2-hourfumigation period in an empty chairbsr at a dosage of ana 1b* per 1000 cu»
ffco Even after correction was mde for a 60 par cent recover, S)B takenup by this water averaged only 1«2 per cent cf the total amount added*
(b) EPS and, l^oaide residues In str5jys? with_
nine-pound (net) loads cf string bee;as, packsd in woden lugs
lined vith pap«r«
Size of Chaaibeg^-lO cu* fta
Dosage» Tiaa^ and Temperatuye«»*»3/A 1b. ESB por 1000 cju*. ft* for 3 hours at70° F* Stored at 50° F* be
Gas recoveries at various intervals dusia* fumigation uer© as follows:
% of 3DB recovered
68*310
1 hr*
2 hr«
3 hr\> 24*1
The SDB and broraid© residues fouacl just after fumigation and at
intervals of 1, 2, 3> and 6 days sftsr fiaaigatioa aro shown in table H«
Recoveries of kaowa amounts (0« 5-1*2 n^0 sasplss) of EDB added to 10-saraples of string beans avjeregod about 92 per e©nt«
(c) EDB and broaside residues, in papayas ^faa^^sated, vith SDB.
cardboard carfccas of S papayas each,. Papayas individually
tn?appsd idth tiosue paper cxd packed a^- wood excelsior as for shipping*
Sfelzo of Ghambei>~10 evu :ft»
-3/4- lb. E"DB p3r 1000 cu» ft, for 3 hour3 atDosage and
70° F.
Gas sa^los \«?©rs taken during fxrjiigation* The eigount of EBB present
l!n the chamber during various tim© intervals vaxa as follows s
-141-
% of ESB recovered
10 J8ia« 4^»0
2 hz*« 1?«2
3 hr« 16*4
(These recoveries represent anaverage of 2 tests*,}
EDB and broroid© residuss foiacd in the skin and flesh 0, lf 29 39 aisd
7 days after fumigation are shcam in tables 12 and 13«
A con^jarativoly small azaouat of WB was taken i^> by ih© fjpult during
fumigation (9 p*p»tn. in slsia &o& 5 p.p^m, in flesh) i*h©a th© papayas w©r©fumigated as they are packed for ehipasnt. Host of this SDB disappeared
tjy the third day sftar faxEigatioii and at the aad of a vwek, noeo was
detectable,,
Bromides in treated papaya skin shoved aa excess of between 2 to 5
poPoflu i^ien compared with untreated fruit* In the fleeh, no apparent
increase was soted*
-142-
Tffible 10,-~Comparativo mortality of the oriental fruit fly and the Jfediterranean fruit fly ia papayas wrapped incitrus tisaae and packed in excelsior in sealed paper cartons and fumigated with ©thylene dibromLde in
10 en, ft. chambers at varying dosages for 2 hoars at 70° P. (Bxpt. 35^42).
Escpt*
No.
35
36
39
37
40
ToiaX,-
3S
41
42
3
44
5
5
6
6
7
_ 1
35-38
39-42
Control
totals'
Cage iafastad with dorsalis
fru3
No.
32
32
32
6,4
32
G.',
32
32
32
32
32
its
lb.
40
40
43
40
43
85
40
42
44
40
43
Estimated
population
1,771
lfl771
2,253
4,024
1,771
2,253
4,024
1,771
i,02i
2,253
16,095
1,771
2,253
4,024
Survivors*1^Pup*
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Dor. Gap. 0,0.
1771
2253
4024
308
302
1110
59
0
59
0
0
0
aorfc.
100
100
100
!<J0
100
-
Cage infested with Medfly
FruitsHo.
32
32
32
64
32
32
32
32
32
256
Is
32
32
Si
lb,
40
40
42
C2
40
43
S3
40
43
S3
42
330
40
43
B3
Estimated
population
793
793778
1,571
793778
1,571
793778
1.571
778
6,234
793778
1,571
Susroivors**
PiiPo
21
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
■
Dor*
0
793
778
1571
21
30
'5*
Cap.
3
OcOo
0
43230
8
0
3'
97,35
100
.100
.100.
100
■
dor0
54.8
82e475.8
85.12
45.5
9428
69*7
cape
91.4
1Q0.0
100090,2
200.0
71*3
Based on larvae susrviving and pap&tixlg*Fotas* honored eggs (24 &$** old) of each species in open p©tel dishsa at 4 leirals—100 ®ggB at each
-U3-
Tablo Ho—EDB and hroB&de residues la string beans* Eighteen pounds in
10 cuo ft. chamber ftxa&gated uith 3/4 lb« of EDB per 1000 emft* for 3 hoars at 70° E,
Days after
fua&aation
0
1
2
3
6
Controls
EBB in t
Ho« of
determinations
4
3
4
4
3
12
string beans
Range
23*7-26»l
3*6-^.5
l«d-»3«6
2o 7-4*2
i,7~2o2
OoO-3«6
Average
P.P*K
23-9
3.9
2.7
3o4
1*9
Brosddes in string beans
No, otdeterminations
A
3
4
3
3
12
TOM,Ha»ga
3a-12*9
2.5-17o4
19.3-20.2
13o3-16,9
0»0»2«8
d?erage
PeP»M.
7«4
10*3
10.9
!9o4
14.9
1»2
The results indicate that the EDB taken up by the beans during fumi
gation Is rapidly lost* After two days* only a very small amount is
left and by the sixth day, none remlns*
Increase in bromide content due to fumigation is apparent, there
being an excess of 6~L4 p»poia« over that of untreated bsans»
Table 12*«-EDB residues in papaya skin and flesh (average of two tests).Tare© cardboard cartons with 8 papayas each* Papayas indivi
dually wrapped in tissue paper end packed in wood excelsior
as for shipping* Fumigated in 10 cu* ft» chamber with 3/4 lb.of SDB for 3 hours at 70° F.
Bays after
fumigation
0
1
2
3
7
Checks
EDB in
Ho, of
determinations
4
7
7
5
8
17
papasa aid
P.P.M.
range
6o7-12,2
lo3-3.2
0o 9-1.9
OoO~2o2
0*0«0.9
0.0-0,9
La
Average
&aP«®o
9*1
2.3
2*6
1*2
0o3
0«3
EDB in i
Wo. of
determinations
4
7
7
5
8
17
oapaya flesh
range
3* &-5. 6
2.2-5,6
lo 8*2.8
0*9-2.7
0*0*0©9
0.CWU9
Average
pop»i3»
4.7
3«4
2a3
1*8
0o7
1*0
Table 13»—Bromide rosidiies in papaya skin axsd fleah (average of two tests)Three cardboard cartons with S papayas each. Papayas indivi
dually wrapped in tissuo paper and packed in wood excelsior asfor shipping. Fumigated in 10 cti, ft. chamber with. 3/4 lb. ofEDB for 3 houra at 70° F.
Days after
fumigation
0
1
2
3
7
Checks
Bromides :
No. of
determinationsj
4
4
4
5
8
14
Ln papaya t
range
9o8-11*2
lo 9-10*3
0*0^17* 8
5.CKL5oO
2»S»15.0
0o6~12*7
3kia
Average
p«p«s»
10e7
7.8
8Q3
10.7
9,1
5*7
Bromides in papaya flesh
Ho. of
determinations
3
7
7
5
7
19
PoP.M.
range
4*3-9.6
0o6-i0o5
5o 7-10.9
1*4-I2c9
2*5-13*4
0.0-!2C0
Average
PcP.Qe
7o5
6.5
7.9
7o3
7«7
6.5
-145-
Xdae Project I«a«»7~6» Etfoylone ChlorobroroidQ Fumigation to Rid Fruits and
Vegetables ojg-lfeuit Fly Initestatioiju (J. W» Balock and T« Kozmaa)
Tv8nty~two tests were conducted with papayas mapped and packed as
for shipment in sealed cardboard carbons and fumigated in 10 eu» ft.
chambers with ethylene ehlorobiPOJnide at dosages ranging from 3 to 20 Eg./liter for 2 hours at 70° F* The total fumigating load for each test was
8 cartons each with 8 papayas wrappsd individually in tissue and packedin uood excelsior.
The fruits tested consisted of both field- and cag@*dnfGsted lots in
each tost. Cage infestation was controlled so that fruit fly stages from
1 to 4 days old were present. Most of the field infestation was in thelarval stage since the fruits t>er© collected I to 4- days before fumigation*
Survivors -were recorded only at dosages of 3 and 5 lag*/liter (3/16and 5/16 1b. per 1000 cu. ft*) and none at dosages of 6 to 20 h&v/liter(3/8 to 1-1/4 lb« per 1000 cu* ft»). Mortality data for the currantquarter are shown in taKU 14, and & summary of the results to dato with
EBB and packaged papaya in table 15 and figure 4«
Table 24 •—-Rrait fly mortality in papayas wrapped in citrus tissue and
packed with wood escoloior in sealed cartons and fumigated in
a 10 em ft, chamber with ethylena ehlorob?onide at various
dosages for 2 hours at 70° F.
No*
116
117
108
109
no
in
100
112
U3
201
2jQ4
96
202
105
224H5
97
103106
98
107
99
Dosage
ing./U
3
5
6
6
8
8
10
10
10
12
12
2424142414
16
1616
18
18
20
totals
Fruits
No.
64
64
6464
123
6464
123
6464
64
192
6464
12c
6464646464
320
646464
192
6464
123
64
.403
1b*
69
69
72
72
1M-
7112
143
8671
72
229
£483
7486
8372
72
337
848583
252
71
83
154
74
1633
Erult fly
infestation
4,175
4,175
2,091
2,091
4,182
2,091
2,091
4,182
2,230
2,091
2,091
6,412
2,230
6,190
3,6312,230
6,190
2,0912,091
16,233
3,6312,230
6,190
12,051
3,6316,190
9,32!
3,631
75,£:J2
Survivors****
Pup*
2370
623
0
0
0
0
0
a
0
0
0
0
0
o
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Dor*
930
108
Cue,
2
0
0,0*
0
0
43*23
85* 08
100*0
100.0
100,0
100*0
lOOoO
100c 0
100*0
100*0
100*0
.100*0
200,0
200.0
100.0
100.0
100*0
100,0
200*0
100*0
100.0
100*0
100,0
200*0
100.0
100»0
200*0
100.0
100*0
mk®d eggs
0
67*5
■»
•u
99o0
a*
100*0
93*4
93.6
99«O
100,0MO
100I0200,0
200*0
100*0
100,0
eont'd.
-147*
Table 14 (eont'd)
Espto
NOe
Dosage Fruits
100-103104-107
108-115116-117
Control
totals
646464
128
64
384.
lb*
76
8583
14469
457
SVuit fly
iafestatics
3,6312,230
6,1904,183
858
17,092
ftjsp*
Joatpc
36312230
6190
4183
Dor*
>1#
501
256
8051128
391
Cue*
3711
10
450
103
0*Oe
23
32
10
310
96
2/ Basod op individtaals euff^ivisag fumigation, emd papatiag3/ Foup himdred eggs par test; 100 eggs psir pats! dish, inside car&oas at
fora? levels inside the chacsbexv
Table 154»«~Suiasary of tests conducted with papaya wrapped sad packed for
shipment in sealed cardboard certoas aofi fuin&gated ia 10 en*ft* chambers with ©t^lena eiilorobmnide at various dosages
for 2 hours at 70° F. (Hbjpt, 40-317) •
No, of
tasts
2
5
4
5
6
4
7
4
7
2
5
3
8
3
8
1
4
1
Totals
78
Doaaga
2
3
4
5
6
7
6
9
10
11
13
U
15
16
17
18
20
R?o±
123
256
256
320
3U
256
448
256
448
128
320
192
512
192
512
64
256
6&
4992
Ibo
129
261
262
331
410
269
479
270
502
135
374
215
602
223
602
77
292
74
ro07
Fruit fly
popalatioa
706
6,187
3,762
8,930
11,096
12,597
18,529
12,009
1#,,792
3,767
23,673
21//4S
21,927
22,732
21,089
2,596
13,027
3,631
;a6,73S
Survivors
157
10SX
663
929
140
37
38
39
91
0
17
7
0
0
5
0
1
0
Stei» coat
aortallty
77.76
82*53
82«24
89*60
98*74
99o71
99.79
99*68
99*52
!G0«0
99,88
99*97
100.0
100«0
99.976
100*0
99*992
lOOcO
-U9-
Figure 4*-"»^brtalit^r of the oriental fruit fly in papaya packed for shipn©at in paper cartons and ftaaigated in 10 cu«ft» chanibers with sthylsne chlorobromida for 2 hours at 70° F»
5oO
1 1 »
99.9966
2
Dosage
Line Ee-ojeci £«&-5*£<» Hosts off Jfruifr glioa Aa, flawaii*
Supplement - Safegtation indices An BsBoyf&ble Hawal&aa ffizt&ts and Ifegefrableg.
( and T. Kbsxsaa) ' "~
Infestations In 14- lots (733 lb») of fnaita aad "vegetables
£ananas» Cs^©n«is«i
Boll p3pp82?
Cucumber
Egg plant
Papaya - matare green
2/4 ripe
1/2 rip©
Snap beans
Tomato - 1/4 ~ipa
60
118
30
109
132
126
64.
20
85
G
0,03
0
0
0
0»05
0*64
0
' 0
Fourteen lots of fruits and vegetables (73& lb*) war© hold during thetap to determine the degree of. fruifc fly infestsvtlon. The coisnicdiibies
Gavsndish banana^ ball psppor^ cuctanber? egg plazit, papaya* &mp beans
and tomato =■
Data including cumulative totals for all collection a-, sla^.- t&e vrork
started are shotjn in table I6
Tabl© 16.-—Fruit f3y iaf©station in exportable fruits and TregotaKLee* Totala are eumLativs for all eollsctions
sines studisa wsro started in 1949.
Fruit.
Avocado
Totals?
Totals
Bell psgpay
Bsll popper
Totslo
Bitte? melon
Totals
Totals .
Eggplant
Egg plant
E^g plant
Tctels
Masgo
Totals
Bapaya
Totals
Varied
Ca^ndish
rt
V
?
Calif» Wonder
?
FOt2oS typa
roimd type
Missd. typ$
Solo
Deg3fQ8 of
^tisrltj
l/4 3?ip®
imtxirQ groan
3/4 rtpe1/2 rip&
mtu?$ gs?®enB ft
Collootion
Bo*
A6
11
36
37
7
29
16
17
IB
44
66
6?
1953Date
1/28
2/26
2/28
1/28
2A2/26
2/282/26
Km
KbloSsi
I5wa
Kaaeohe
Bfo.
173.7
220
3.230
160
260
57«
-
320
60
3901.
51
30
45
527
13IS
.13
50
60
6133
1735
60
474
171
38
SO
1411
275
30
2564
30
29
50
'476
11
1511
6$
77
7363
Larraa
Total
117
0
0
■
o
0
7
1601
0
3739
0
0
0
0
17
119
94
0
0
75
per 1b,
.068
0
0
0
0*08
0.32
5*82
1,46
0
0
0
0
1,557.93
8O55
0
0
.01
Dor.
■
0
0
0
77
71
53
Cue. jO,p«
0
i
305
2.125
25f>5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
o
0
0
0,o«
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Other
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-152-
Table 16 (cont'd)
Efcuit
or v$g®talxL®
Papaya
Totals
- Totals
Haaappleif
Totals
Saap baaaa
Totals
Tomto
Totals
Tomato
Totals
Zueehiai cquasb
Totals
Grand Total
Quarter ctsaajlat:
Varietsr
Solon
tf
n
Smooth Cayenne
?
a&ttiritgr
1/4 rip®n
u
2/2 *"ip©
2/4-3/4 2-ipa
HatuKS gjK>9Q
2/4 S'ips
Colleotioa
Bo.
mAB
36
06
20
28
29
10
24490
3L953Date
X/282/26
1/26
1/28
a/28
So«s?o©
Kaaeoks
Kaneohe
Eailua
Sailus
Emit
Ho.
50
56
25S5
50
1790
3.744
170
42.97
691
1b,
6462
64
i ■',-".*.■■ T
20
155S
S5
3460
73S
30,312
Lax*?sa
Total
33
134
41
1727
■j
0
l<iO7
.10^9
0
1765
1083
ps? lb»
0.050*05
0*04.
Oc64
os 74
0.C0O3
0
3,63
0,66
0
1.21
3*97
30
£J4
35
SDl
■|
.<.
27
5
0
Cuo0
0
0
0
0
10
0
1433
677
1273
946
0
0
0
0
6
0
0
0
0
0
0tO«
0
0
0
0
77
0
0
0
0
0
Other
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
or«,o pgalag u** g p jg^ 234181Studios discontiiai^d* Fpults shelled tefa?© piaciag In holding boKQaj all other eoasso&itios held
H&WA2X AGRXCULTEML EXEERBOT STA1OT
to JfosrmM^Etaat Hayssiology Dept,* H» A, E* S*} •
Th© following is a resum© of the sttaiies conducted la? the Department ofPlant Physiology TMversity of Eara&i Agricultiiral Sspsriffiesrfc Station,daring the period ending March 31» 1953, on tfao tolerance of tlie ratricttscoEancditiea to treatments required for destroying the oriental fruit fly*Certain treatment, storage, and personnel facilities of Grant 5& of th®Industrial Research Msrisory Cornell* Territory of Hawaii? w©r© ©ijplogpia
these studies.
Tests -tferQ contiimod on the tolessinco of Ghi&ese'baranas to ydibromide fasssigatioa* Indications are that tiio dsgroa of tolerance is
related to amoont of rairfallp Fruits hsrtfasfced dv2"lng th«s raingr seasonsoem to tolerate the gas treatsssnt battsr than thoso barrastad diarisg the
dry season*
J^pa^as treated in sealed cartons with euhgrlono dibrcaide at the rat®
of 3A poimd par 1000 cubic feet for 3 iioisre at 70° F^ war© tolerant to th©
treatment (Fruit F3^ Laboratory tests 166, 267$ tests 113* H4)«
Vapor heat-trGated papayas ware injured (Finait Fly Laboratory tost 179tost 118)* About 61 per cearo of the fruits exhibited typical h®at injuryayEptoiBQ asd 39 per cont of the £raita lost their srom to quit® an osteat*
The treatrasmt %ias 6 hoiars conditioning at 108 to 111° F* snd AO per oeirf»relative humidity plus 6 bcrars under near saturated -vapor (95.98%) togradtmlly increasing vapor teaparaturQ up to 120° F. (fruit ttu115° F* at close of treatrosnt).
In a preliriiimry tost (tost .115) it was shown that probaixSy a low tern-*peratxsre stos'age trdatsaeaat zuat prior 'to siorse^l storage say help to controlanthracnos® rot in ethylone dibrorddo-treated pap
It ma dstenniasd that rapor heat at 215ft F. for 2*1/2 hotsrs controlsantliracnose rot, TbfAt the fruits ars injxirsd if they sire not conditionedfirst* A gradual, hsating with rapor hoat from room tsfi^ratiaPQ to 115° F,in 3-1/2 hours bafore holding at this teaoparattirQ for 1-1/S hotsrs could nolibe used to replace the conditioning por-iod (test 216),
Three irarieties of bell peppers GKhibitod o. sisdlGs* degree of tolerance
to approved treatissnt with ©thyleao dibromide*. Varieties tested included
California Wonder, Tolo Wonder, and Waialusu 'Hhsa stored contipaoits'iy at35° acd 45° P» after treatrssnt, -bh® poppers remained :ln a salable C02^5.tioufor at least 14 days,, Itfhen stored at room temparatvxra after cold storage,
however^ they rotted in 2 to 3 days* Coiaparabl© ccatrol lots rosaS-md in aasrketable condition for the duration of the teat period (test 38)« Thsr©was some indication that 55° F* is probably a better teapsrattiro then 35° and4.5° F» for storing ethylene dibroi»ide-treat©d peppers (test 39)*
String bsasss (flat typo) fuaaigatad with etftylen® dibroraide at th© rateof 3A 3.k» P®2" 1000 cubic feet for 3 hours at 70° F» toleratod the treatment(Rrait Fly laboratory t©st 180$ test 18)» The beans w©r© b^satod in coveredtossato lug lined with tarapping paper. -Aftor treatw&t, thay *J@rs stored at
45° F« for ? days, then for 3 additional days at room
Five varieties (Long Pod, Fall Green, Queen Velvet, Byarf Green, andWhite Velvet) of cOcra *J©ra subjected to etfcgrleae dibroaide at a dosage of1/2 lb« psr 1000 cubic feet for 2 hours at 70° F» (test l}« All varietiesoxe©pt Dwarf Gro@a tolerated the fusaigatioa treataeat* Th© tips of the pods
of this imristy turned dark asd rotted aft®? tbree days at roos?.
subsequent to storage at 55° P. for 7 days*
The tolerance* of tc?Dato©s to 10 nav? fi^nigfasts was ddtenoi£@d (FniitIiaboratoiy tests 168 to 1775 ^s"^ 51)* FundgaBts used
Cyclopentyl b^oadd©^ l-chlorc«*/^b?omo butasss^ !~eKLorc~3~'b:p0iGo propsne,
isobutyl iodide, illl used at dosage of 1 lb. -per 1000 cubie f^et for 2
hours at 72° F*
l-chloro-4-iodo butats©, etbyl iodid®^ ally! iodide, metl^rl chlo3?oae9tat@,
ethyl bromoacetate, allyl isothiooyanate* AH ussd at dosage of 1/2 lb* per1000 cubic feet for 2 hours at 72° Ffl
Allyl iodide, methyl chloroacotata, ethyl bronsoacetata, aod ally! iso«
thiocyasats \mw definite3y issjurious to toimto©s» The tomatoes were
tolerant to t&e other fumigants ©Kcejyt l«chlorc-^b^oBo butane* This
gant produced inconsistent results*
Tomatoes fumigated in crates vith a&tbyl'feToa&de at a dosage of 2per 1000 cubic feet for 3*1/2 hours at 72° F. vere no diffbrsat from *fcuntreated fruits* Over SO per ceat of the fruits in both the treated
untreated lots became uater~loggscl, P&%&* blotchy in, coloring, aad startedto rot on tfaa third day at room toiaper&turo aftsr a 7«day storage period at
JL5° F* The treatssent also delayed the reipsaiiig of the fruit 2 to 3 days
(Fruit F2y Laboratory test 178| tost 52) ♦ Suspecting that 45° F» wasprobably too low a storage toisperaturo, another siiiiilarly treated lot was
stored at 55° F. before storage at room tex^pe?ature« M in the previous ease,
the treated fruits were again delayed about 3 days ia ripening* Tuenty-five
per cent of the treated fruits becaiae water-logged9 whereas nono of the
control fruits wero affected (Fruit Fly Laboratory test 181; test 33)«
gggplant (Round, typs,),
Eggplants fumigated iritis etl?ylena chlorobromid© (1-1/2 lb* per 1000cubic feet for 2 hours at 70° F») wer© s&v®v®l& injured (J'^uxt Fly Laboratorytest I635 test 24)« The ti'oatmDnt caus3d ths gq3&l to rot coraplotely andanthracnos© d©v©lopsd on both stem end and side of the fruit* fXhe sssds
uera also darkenedo
Eggplants tarsatsd with ot^lsna dita^oid© at & dasag© of 1/2 lfe» per1000 cubic feet £os? 2 hours at 70° F* ia wi^eooisafi cratss trare injured in
the calyx uhie& turned brctm and vaxgr mouldy I'Haon steam-cooksd and oaten,homvQFp no diff®5?€me9 <30oM be <3oteetad bstveea treated assd untreated
ftraits vFrait Kly Labomto3?y tests 164, 8)
Attosipts wore m&® to elisdoat® the mcralding of the us&jzl in otb^lene
dib5fomid©*-t?©ated ©ggp3jants -yitii hot wafberv Ho satisfactory treatasant has
been found to <Sato« T0l^pe^at^Qp9 hi^i ©noragh to control tho mm2&%ag
soaHed th© fg'ait (tests 25, 26, 27)* GoM fusagioidal dips wespe also txdedto elissiaa'&a the s^nlding^ hxt as yet no satisfactory s&tfcod has b
(test 29)*
The new fumigassfcs iised for treating tomtoss (above) ver© alsoon oggplaafts (Fsmit F2y laboffatosy tesrfes 168 i*o YH$ tast 30)« Th© follow-ing injured tSio e^piaats in that tfesgr caused th« :ta&ts to scald aad th©
caly>: to Kotsld: l«tsshloPo«»4-4aro3EO butaas, l~oh!c3?o~>toD!so p^opsas, allyliodido, satbyl chloreaeotata, st^biyl bromoacetato, aad a!3yl isothlocya&ata*
The eggplants were not injtsred l^r th© follot^iag .fiaaigaatss cyclopontyl
l«chlos^>»4»iodo batano, isofeutyl iodide, aiad ethyl d
