Terms to KnowTerms to Know

Literary/Poetic Literary/Poetic DevicesDevices

Antithesis

juxtaposition of Contrasting Words or Ideas (Often, Although

Not Always, in Parallel Structure).

The repetition of consonant sounds

at the beginnings of words.

“Swiftly, swiftly

flew the ship”

A reference to a A reference to a historical figure, historical figure, place, or eventplace, or event.

The teams competed in a

David and Goliath struggle.

A broad comparison between two basically

different things that have some points in common.

Aspirations toward space are not new. Consider the worm that becomes a butterfly.

A direct comparison between two basically

different things. A simile is introduced by the words

“like” or “as”.

My love is like a red, red

rose.

An implied comparison between two basically different things. Is not

introduced with the words “like” or “as”.

His eyes were

daggers that cut

right through

me.

A great exaggeration to emphasize strong

feeling.

I will love you until all the seas go dry.

Human characteristics are given to non-human

animals, objects, or ideas.

My stereo walked out of

my car.

An absent person or inanimate object is

directly spoken to as though they were

present.

Brutus: “Ceasar, now

be still. I killed not thee with

half so good a will.”

A part stands for the whole or vice

versa.

The hands that created the work of

art were masterful.

Hints given to the reader of what is

to come.

“The stalwart hero was

doomed to suffer the

destined end of his days.”

The use of concrete details that appeal to

the five senses.

Cold, wet leaves

floating on moss-

colored water.

A contrast between what is said and what is meant.

Also, when things turn out different than what is

expected.

“The treacherous instrument is in

thy hand, unbated and envenomed. The foul practice has turned itself on me.” Laertes

The use of words whose sounds suggest the

sounds made by objects or activities.

“Blind eyes could

blaze like meteors”

Other examples:

buzz, hum, kiss

Other examples:

buzz, hum, kiss

Something concrete, such as an object, action, character,

or scene that stands for something abstract such as a

concept or an idea.

“Do not go gentle into that good nightRage, Rage against the dying of the

light”

Both phrases are symbols that

stand for death.

Both phrases are symbols that

stand for death.

Jumbo Shrimp

Three Kinds of Irony: 1. Verbal Irony Is a Discrepancy between What Is Said or Written and What Is Meant..2. Dramatic Irony Occurs When an Audience Perceives Something That a Character in the Literature Does Not Know.3. Irony of Situation Is a Discrepancy Between the Expected Result and Actual Results

Verbal Irony: a Discrepancy Between What Is Said or Written and What Is Meant

To: All English facultyFrom: Department ChairSubject: Big WordsI have received another complaint from a student. The student says her teacher uses big words. I was sympathetic. I told her that college teachers sometimes use big words. I told her college students sometimes try to learn big words. She was not convinced. She was not satisfied. That is not good. Walt Disney teaches us that the customer is always right. We should do what Walt Disney tells us. That is why I ask that you not use big words. Thank you for not using big words.

Dramatic Irony Occurs When an Audience Perceives Something That a Character in the Literature Does Not Know

In the Greek drama Oedipus Rex, the audience is aware that Oedipus has killed his father and married his mother long before he is aware of this situation.

irony of situation is a discrepancy between the expected result and actual results

In Kate Chopin’s “Story of an Hour,” the protagonist is expected to fall apart when she hears of her husband’s death in a train accident, but instead she experiences joy. When her husband walks in the door, instead of being delighted as observers might expect, she drops dead.

The overall atmosphere or

prevailing emotional feeling of a work.

“It was the best of

times, it was the worst of

times.”

Litotes:deliberate Understatement, Especially When Expressing aThought by Denying Its Contradictory

A seemingly self-contradictory

statement that still is true.

The more we

learn, the less

we know.

The repetition of identical sounds at the ends of lines of

poetry.

“He clasps the crag with

crooked handsClose to the sun in lonely lands”

from “The Eagle”

The repetition of identical sounds within a line of

poetry.

“We three shall flee across the sea to Italy.”

Or“Hold infinity in the palm of your hand

And eternity in an hour.”

A slant rhyme or half rhyme occurs when

the vowel sounds are not quite identical.

“And on that cheek and o’er that brow”

A mind at peace with all below”

The repeating of a sound, word, phrase,

or more in a given literary work.

“I sprang to the stirrup, and Jarvis, and he;I galloped, Derrick galloped, we galloped all

three”

The repetition of similar vowel sounds followed by different

consonant.

“. . .that hoard, and sleep, and feed, and know not

me.”

The repetition of consonant sounds

that are preceded by different vowel

sounds.

“Wherever we go

Silence will fall like dews”

Comparing two very dissimilar things. Usually involves cleverness and

ingenuity.

“Our love is like

parallel lines”

This is also a simile.This is also a simile.

A term naming an object is substituted for another

word with which it is closely associated with.

“Only through the sweat of

your brow can you achieve

success”

“Sweat” stands for hard work.“Sweat” stands for hard work.

A pair of rhymed verse lines that

contain a complete thought.

“But if the while I think on thee, dear friend,All losses are restor’d and sorrows end.”

Parallelism:similarity of Structure in a Pair or Series of Related Words,Phrases, or Clauses.

Elements of Elements of FictionFiction

A series of events that present and

resolve a conflict. The story being told.

The plot of “The Most Dangerous Game” is that

Rainsford is being hunted by General

Zaroff.

The vantage point from which an author presents the action in

a work.

1st person-tale related by a character in the story. “I or

me”3rd person-story told by

someone not participating in the plot. “he, she, they”

The time (both the time of day and period in history) and place in which the action of a literary work takes

place.

“Tiger! Tiger!

burning brightIn the

forests of the night”

The main idea or underlying

meaning of a literary work.

“Don’t judge a

man until you’ve

walked a mile in his

shoes”

CHARACTERIZATION• The method a writer uses to reveal the

personality of a character.

– Direct characterization: the writer makes direct statements about a character’s personality

– Indirect characterization: the writer reveals a character’s personality through the character’s words and actions and through what other characters think and say about the character

CHARACTER TYPES

• Static character – a character who remains the same

• Dynamic character – a character who changes

DICTION

• The writer’s choice of words; an important element in the writer’s voice or style

– Good writers choose their words carefully to convey a particular meaning or feeling

INFERENCE• The act of concluding from evidence;

deduction. In literature it describes the act of figuring something out by using what you already know.

– Example:

A + B = CIf A = 2 and B = 3 then using what you know,

you can deduce what C equals.

DENOTATION• The literal or dictionary meaning of a word

– Example: Home - a house, dwelling, a place where one lives permanently

CONNOTATION

• The suggested or implied meanings associated with a word beyond its dictionary meaning– Example: Home - family, loving, safe, warm

FORESHADOWING

• The use of clues by the author to prepare readers for events that will happen later in a story

MOOD

•The emotional quality or atmosphere of a story

– Example:“The ‘Red Death’ had long devastated the

country. No pestilence had ever been so fatal, or so hideous. Blood was its Avatar and its seal—the redness and the horror of blood.”

From “The Masque of the Red Death” by Edgar Allen Poe

TONE• A reflection of a writer’s or speaker’s

attitude toward the subject

– A writer’s tone may convey a variety of attitudes, including, sympathy, objectivity, seriousness, irony, sadness, bitterness, or humor

– Example: “Don’t talk to me about voting or politics. I’m not interested. All politicians are self-serving and corrupt. My vote won’t change a thing!”

References

• www.elko.k12.nv.us/ecsdtc/ppp/Roger/POETIC%20TERMS.ppt

• blue.utb.edu/gibson/Poetic%20devices.ppt

• www.scuc.txed.net/Campuses/Corbett/Language%20Arts%20Stuff/littermsppt.ppt