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SUMMARY OF TENSESpresentpastfutureWe use tenses of verbs to refer to actions or situations in the present, in the past and in the future

2presentpastfutureThere are different sorts of tenses:simple tensescontinuous tensesperfect tensesperfect continuous tenses

3presentpastfuturepresent tenses

present simplepresent continuouspresent perfectpresent perfect continuous4present simplepresent continuouspresent perfect present perfect continuousFORMThe present simple is formed with the infinitive of the main verb. The negative and interrogative are formed with the present tense of the verb to do + infinitive.

ExamplesI start ( he starts) work at 8.30 a.m. When do I start work?I dont start work until 9.00 a..m. / He doesnt start work until 9.00 a..m.

5present simplepresent continuouspresent perfect present perfect continuousUSE1. for habitual and repeated actions

ExampleI play blues harp and dobro guitar

6present simplepresent continuouspresent perfect present perfect continuousUSEfor habitual and repeated actionswith adverbs (or expressions) of frequency( often usually sometimes -seldom rarely always occasionally never twice a week - on Tuesdays most of the time ....)ExampleHe often arrives late

7present simplepresent continuouspresent perfect present perfect continuousUSEfor habitual and repeated actionswith adverbs (or expressions) of frequencyCertain verbs are usually only used in the simple form

verbs of the sensessee- hear- smell notice recognizeverbs of emotionswant desire refuse forgive wish care love hate like dislikeverbs of thinkingthink feel realize understand know mean suppose believe expect remember forget ExampleDo you see what I mean? She likes my brother very much.I suppose he realizes that now.

8present simplepresent continuouspresent perfect present perfect continuousUSEfor habitual and repeated actionswith adverbs (or expressions) of frequencyCertain verbs are usually only used in the simple formfor something that is permanently true

ExampleWater boils at 100 C.

9present simplepresent continuouspresent perfect present perfect continuouson the time diagram

nowpastfutureI get up at 7.30 a.m. every day. 10present simplepresent continuouspresent perfect present perfect continuousFORMThis tense is formed with the present tense of the verb to be + present participle of the main verb.

ExamplesIm watching television.What are you doing?He isnt coming.

11present simplepresent continuouspresent perfect present perfect continuousUSE1. For actions happening at the moment of speaking. ExampleShes reading the newspaper.

12present simplepresent continuouspresent perfect present perfect continuousUSEFor actions happening at the moment of speaking. For a temporary state.

ExampleThe company is reorganizing its services. 13present simplepresent continuouspresent perfect present perfect continuousUSEFor actions happening at the moment of speaking. For a temporary state. For a definite arrangement in the near future.

ExampleTheyre signing the contract tomorrow. 14present simplepresent continuouspresent perfect present perfect continuousUSEFor actions happening at the moment of speaking. For a temporary state. For a definite arrangement in the near future.

verbs of sensessee hear smell notice - recognizeverbs of emotionwant desire refuse forgive wish care love hate like - dislikeverbs of thinkingthink feel realize understand know mean suppose believe expect remember - forgetverbs of possessingown owe belong - possesssome other verbs seem appear (seem) contain consist keep (continue) - matter

Some verbs are not usually used in a continuous form15present simplepresent continuouspresent perfect present perfect continuouson the time diagram

nowIm adjusting the rotating speedpastfuture16present simplepresent continuouspresent perfect present perfect continuousFORMThis tense is formed with the present tense of the verb to have + past participle of the main verb.

ExamplesIve finished.Where have you been?I havent talked to him.

17present simplepresent continuouspresent perfect present perfect continuousUSEActions in the recent past with just, recently, already, at last, lately

ExampleHe has just immersed the temperature probe into the molten steel.

18present simplepresent continuouspresent perfect present perfect continuousUSEActions in the recent past with just, recently, already, at last, latelyGeneral experience with ever never before so far

Example

This is the highest carbon ratio Ive ever seen.

19present simplepresent continuouspresent perfect present perfect continuousUSEActions in the recent past with just, recently, already, at last, latelyGeneral experience with ever never before so far The indefinite past: we are interested in what happened, not in when it happened. ExampleI have seen the report. (I know what it is about.)He has sold the company.They have had lunch.

20present simplepresent continuouspresent perfect present perfect continuousUSEActions in the recent past with just, recently, already, at last, latelyGeneral experience with ever never before so far The indefinite past: we are interested in what happened, not in when it happened. Actions starting in the past and continuing to the present, with for or since. ExampleThe operation has been suspended for two months.The firm has had a Belgian branch since October last year.

21present simplepresent continuouspresent perfect present perfect continuouson the time diagram

nowpastfutureI ve just arrived.relationship with the present moment22present simplepresent continuouspresent perfect present perfect continuouson the time diagram

nowpastfutureHave you been to France????23present simplepresent continuouspresent perfect present perfect continuouson the time diagram

nowpastfutureThey have revised their report.24present simplepresent continuouspresent perfect present perfect continuouson the time diagram

nowpastfutureWe have conducted experiments on this phenomenon for almost two years.25present simplepresent continuouspresent perfect present perfect continuousFORMThis tense is formed with the present perfect of the verb to be + present participle of the main verb.

ExamplesI ve been writing code for our new data-mining program.Has she been trying to contact me?She hasnt been writing at all.

26present simplepresent continuouspresent perfect present perfect continuousUSEWe use this tense for actions started in the past, continuing to the present and probably continuing into the future. We often use it with for or since. ExamplesI ve been trying to persuade him for ten years now.We ve been practicing this routine since last Wednesday. 27present simplepresent continuouspresent perfect present perfect continuouson the time diagram

now2004pastfutureI ve been driving driving lorries for twenty years.....1984In this sentence, the duration is emphasized, either positively or negatively.So I know what Im talking about!So its high time I quit.28present simplepresent continuouspresent perfect present perfect continuouson the time diagram

now2004pastfutureI ve driven a Volkswagen for twenty years.....1984In this sentence, the duration is indicated, but the car brand is emphasized.Clearly I have confidence in this car.29presentpastfuturepast tensespast simplepast continuouspast perfectpast perfect continuous30past simplepast continuouspast perfect past perfect continuousFORMThis tense is formed by adding -ed to the infinitive. The negative and interrogative are formed with the past tense of the verb to do + infinitive of the main verb ExamplesThey arrived at head quarters an hour ago.When did he finalize this deal?I didnt finish until 12 oclock.

31past simplepast continuouspast perfect past perfect continuousUSE1. For actions completed at a definite time in the past. ExampleWe signed the contract last Friday at 2 oclock. 32past simplepast continuouspast perfect past perfect continuousUSEFor actions completed at a definite time in the past.For actions which are already completed in the past: the time is understood but not stated.

ExampleDid you arrive in time? 33past simplepast continuouspast perfect past perfect continuousUSEFor actions completed at a definite time in the past.For actions which are already completed in the past: the time is understood but not stated. The unreal past tense is used after the verb to wish and after words and phrases such as if only; its time; suppose etc. The simple past tense implies that the speaker knows that the wish or the idea is impossible. Note that the wish refers to the present time. ExamplesIf I only knew his name.I wish I were at home now.If I were in his shoes, I would fix his wagon without much scruples.Its time I went home. 34past simplepast continuouspast perfect past perfect continuouson the time diagram

nowpastfutureI arrived at 15.30 sharp. 15.3035past simplepast continuouspast perfect past perfect continuousFORMThis tense is formed with the past tense of the verb to be + present participle of the main verb.

ExamplesI was watching TV at 8 oclock yesterday.Where were you looking for my glasses this time?I wasnt eavesdropping at all!

36past simplepast continuouspast perfect past perfect continuousUSE1. To emphasize the continuity of the past action. ExamplesShe was playing tennis with a friend.He was discussing production planning for the coming week.

37past simplepast continuouspast perfect past perfect continuousUSETo emphasize the continuity of the past action. To describe an action in progress at a certain time in the past. ExamplesAt 6 p.m. I was still sleeping.At a quarter past nine I was having breakfast.Prices were going up all the time.

38past simplepast continuouspast perfect past perfect continuousUSETo emphasize the continuity of the past action. To describe an action in progress at a certain time in the past. To describe an interrupted past action. ExamplesWhen he arrived, I was studying the quarterly reports.

39past simplepast continuouspast perfect past perfect continuousUSETo emphasize the continuity of the past action. To describe an action in progress at a certain time in the past. To describe an interrupted past action. To express repeated past actions which caused irritation, annoyance. ( with always, forever) ExamplesHe was always trying to influence the personnel director.She was forever paring her nails during meetings. 40past simplepast continuouspast perfect past perfect continuouson the time diagram

nowpastfutureI was working all day yesterday.41past simplepast continuouspast perfect past perfect continuouson the time diagram

nowpastfutureI was working all day yesterday.pastnowfutureI worked all day yesterday.yesterday42past simplepast continuouspast perfect past perfect continuouson the time diagram

nowpastfuture1. I was working all day yesterday.pastnowfuture2. I worked all day yesterday.yesterdayWhile (1) emphasizes the continuity of the action, (2) only indicates that the action took place yesterday. 43past simplepast continuouspast perfect past perfect continuouson the time diagram

nowpastfutureI was watching TV at 8.30 last night.8.30 p.m.44past simplepast continuouspast perfect past perfect continuouson the time diagram

nowpastfuture3. I was watching TV at 8.30 last night.8.30 p.m.8.30 p.m.nowfuturepast4. I watched TV at 8.30 last night.Whereas 3. indicates that the action started before and continued after a certain point in time, 4. indicates that the action happened (started) at 8.30 45past simplepast continuouspast perfect past perfect continuouson the time diagram

nowpastfutureI was browsing through your report ...when he knocked at my office door.46past simplepast continuouspast perfect past perfect continuousFORMThis tense is formed with the past tense of the verb to have + past participle of the main verb.

ExamplesI had never seen so many measuring tools.What assistance had he given?He hadnt expected this outcome. 47past simplepast continuouspast perfect past perfect continuousUSE1. We use this tense to describe one past action happening before another past action.

ExampleThe customer had left the shop by the time I found his order form.

48past simplepast continuouspast perfect past perfect continuousUSEWe use this tense to describe one past action happening before another past action. We use it when necessary to indicate the sequence of two actions.ExampleHe had already cleared the screen when I got behind his desk.

49past simplepast continuouspast perfect past perfect continuousUSEWe use this tense to describe one past action happening before another past action. We use it when necessary to indicate the sequence of two actions. We often us it when the second action is understood, but not stated.

ExampleI hadnt realized! (until you told me.)

50past simplepast continuouspast perfect past perfect continuouson the time diagramnowpastfuturehaddinnerwatched TV1. When I had had dinner, I watched TV.haddinnerwatched TVpastnowfuture2. I had dinner before I watched TV.In (1) the sequence of actions is expressed by the past perfect tense; whereas in (2) the sequence of actions is indicated by the use of before 51past simplepast continuouspast perfect past perfect continuousFORMThis tense is formed with the past perfect tense of the verb to be + present participle of the main verb.

ExamplesShe had been working as a secretary for two years when she was promoted.What had she been writing all day?He hadnt been listening to that tape for that long. 52past simplepast continuouspast perfect past perfect continuousUSEWe use this tense to describe a continuous past action happening before another past action. We often use it with for + time period. ExampleWe had been waiting for thirty minutes when they arrived.

53past simplepast continuouspast perfect past perfect continuousUSEWe use this tense to describe a continuous past action happening before another past action. We often use it with for + time period. We use this tense to emphasize the continuity or duration of the past action.

ExampleI had been waiting for my exam results for six weeks. (before I got them.)

54past simplepast continuouspast perfect past perfect continuouson the time diagramnowpastfuture10 minutes1. I had been waiting for 10 minutes when she arrived.nowpast2. I waited for 10 minutes before she arrived.Whereas in (1) the past perfect continuous indicates both the sequence of the actions and the continuity of the first action; in (2) the sequence of the actions is indicated by before. (1.) emphasizes the duration.

55presentpastfuturefuture tensesfuture simplefuture continuousfuture perfectfuture perfect continuousgoing topresent continuouspresent simple56future simplefuture continuousfuture perfect future perfect continuousUSEWe use this tense to express a pure future. Actions expressed in the simple future are bound to happen because of the course of time. This means that the speaker has no power over the events, that he cannot control what will happen. For this reason this tense is also called the uncertain future.. ExamplesHe will be sixteen years old next Friday.The baby will be born next monthgoing to ...present continuouspresent simple57future simplefuture continuousfuture perfect future perfect continuousUSEWe often use this tense with particular verbs; such as think know believe suppose expect hope to express beliefs, convictions, hope, expectations, knowledge and opinions about the future.

ExamplesI think Brazil will win.I dont suppose she will be promoted now going to ...present continuouspresent simple58future simplefuture continuousfuture perfect future perfect continuousUSEWe often use this tense with particular verbs; such as think know believe suppose expect hope to express beliefs, convictions, hope, expectations, knowledge and opinions about the future. We often use it with particular adverbs such as: probably possibly perhaps to express uncertainty about the future.

ExamplesHe will probably ask the general manager.This matter will probably not be raised before the commissions first meeting going to ...present continuouspresent simple59future simplefuture continuousfuture perfect future perfect continuousUSEWe often use this tense with particular verbs; such as think know believe suppose expect hope to express beliefs, convictions, hope, expectations, knowledge and opinions about the future. We often use it with particular adverbs such as: probably possibly perhaps to express uncertainty about the future. The simple present is used in conditional clauses and time clauses. The simple future is used in the main clause (not in the if-clause). ExamplesHe ll help you if you ask him.I ll tell him the news as soon as I see him.He ll be arrested the moment he sets foot on Schengen soil.

going to ...present continuouspresent simple60future simplefuture continuousfuture perfect future perfect continuousFORMThis tense is formed with the present tense of the verb to be + going to + infinitive of the main verb.

ExamplesI m going to watch this football match on TV tonight.What are you going to do about this ?She isnt going to give this party next week going to ...present continuouspresent simple61future simplefuture continuousfuture perfect future perfect continuousUSEWe use this tense to talk about present intentions and plans for future actions.

ExamplesI m going to pass my exams next month.I m going to spend two weeks in Spain this summer.

going to ...present continuouspresent simple62future simplefuture continuousfuture perfect future perfect continuousUSEWe use this tense to talk about present intentions and plans for future actions. We also use going to in order to express subjective certainty on the part of the speaker.

ExamplesThis boat is going to sink.Its going to rain, by the look

going to ...present continuouspresent simple63future simplefuture continuousfuture perfect future perfect continuousUSEWe use this tense to indicate definite future arrangements, actions planned in the near future. We nearly always use a future time expression with it.

ExamplesHe s starting his new job next Monday.I m taking the 11 oclock train to Berlin going to ...present continuouspresent simple64future simplefuture continuousfuture perfect future perfect continuousUSEWe use this tense to indicate definite future arrangements, actions planned in the near future. We nearly always use a future time expression with it.Note: do not confuse intention ( to be + going to + verb) and arrangement (to be + present participle). ExamplesIm going to stay in London. = intentionIm going to London next weekend = arrangement going to ...present continuouspresent simple65future simplefuture continuousfuture perfect future perfect continuousFORMThis tense is formed with the infinitive of the main verb. The negative and interrogative are formed with the present tense of to do + infinitive

ExamplesThe plane takes off at 7.30 local time.The match begins at 14.00 hours.You leave from Kennedy airport at noon, and arrive in Paris at 15.00 hours GMT.

going to ...present continuouspresent simple66future simplefuture continuousfuture perfect future perfect continuousUSEWe use this tense to talk about planned future actions. We usually use it to describe travel plans, time tables, departures, arrivals.

ExamplesThe bus leaves at 15.30.The reception starts at 19.00 hours.The ferry leaves Dover at 12.30 tomorrow and we arrive at Calais at 13.15.

going to ...present continuouspresent simple67future simplefuture continuousfuture perfect future perfect continuousFORMThis tense is formed with the future simple of to be + present participle of the main verb.ExamplesWe ll be flying to Rome this time next week.What will you be doing this time next week?They wont be sitting in the classroom at 6 oclock tomorrow.

going to ...present continuouspresent simple68future simplefuture continuousfuture perfect future perfect continuousUSEWe use this tense for actions that will be in progress at a certain time in the future.ExamplesAt 11.45 next Friday, I ll be doing my chemistry exam.I ll be hiking through the States this time next year.

going to ...present continuouspresent simple69future simplefuture continuousfuture perfect future perfect continuouson the time diagramThis time next week Ill be taking my driving test.going to ...present continuouspresent simplenowpastfuture70future simplefuture continuousfuture perfect future perfect continuousUSEThe future continuous is also used to express long-term arrangements, especially for travelling.

ExamplesThe band will be travelling through Scandinavia at the end of the month. They will be giving three performances there.

going to ...present continuouspresent simple71future simplefuture continuousfuture perfect future perfect continuousUSEThe future continuous is also used to express long-term arrangements, especially for travelling. The future continuous is also used to ask very polite questions about future activities. By using the future continuous tense, the speaker asking the questions shows that he does not want to influence the other persons decision in any way at all.ExamplesWhere will you be having dinner, Sir? (secretary to boss)What will you be having, Madam? (waiter to customer)

going to ...present continuouspresent simple72future simplefuture continuousfuture perfect future perfect continuousUSEThe future continuous is also used to express long-term arrangements, especially for travelling. The future continuous is also used to ask very polite questions about future activities. By using the future continuous tense, the speaker asking the questions shows that he does not want to influence the other persons decision in any way at all. The future continuous is also used to make deductions about what is happening at the moment of speaking.ExamplesHe will be working in his garden now. Otherwise, he would have heard the phone.She hasnt begun making up the beds. She will still be doing the washing up.going to ...present continuouspresent simple73future simplefuture continuousfuture perfect future perfect continuousFORMThis tense is formed with will + have + past participle of the main verb.

ExamplesThey ll have finalized their business by noon.Will they have copied all that material by Friday morning?They wont have organized this course by the end of this year.

going to ...present continuouspresent simple74future simplefuture continuousfuture perfect future perfect continuousUSEWe use this tense to describe actions which we know will (or will not) be completed by a certain time in the future.

ExamplesI ll have finished this book by the end of the week.

going to ...present continuouspresent simple75future simplefuture continuousfuture perfect future perfect continuouson the time diagram

ExamplesBy the end of next week, Ill have finished my exams.

going to ...present continuouspresent simplenowpastfutureend of next week76future simplefuture continuousfuture perfect future perfect continuousFORMThis tense is formed with the future perfect tense of to be + present participle of rthe main verb.

ExamplesBy the end of this year, we ll have been experimenting with this polymer for more than three months.How long will you have been living in that shack by the end of this year?I wont have been living here for more than five years by the end of this year.going to ...present continuouspresent simple77future simplefuture continuousfuture perfect future perfect continuousUSEWe use this tense to describe continuous and repeated actions which begin before a certain time in the future and will probably continue after that time.ExamplesBy the end of this academic year, Ill have been teaching for 30 years.

going to ...present continuouspresent simple78future simplefuture continuousfuture perfect future perfect continuouson the time diagram

ExampleBy the end of this academic year, Ill have been teaching for 30 years.

going to ...present continuouspresent simplepastfuturenowend of this academic year79